diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/1_broken_site.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/1_broken_site.yml
index c8d3de06bb..9602e64dfc 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/1_broken_site.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/1_broken_site.yml
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ body:
           required: true
         - label: I've searched [known issues](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/3766), [the FAQ](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/wiki/FAQ), and the [bugtracker](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues?q=is%3Aissue%20-label%3Aspam%20%20) for similar issues **including closed ones**. DO NOT post duplicates
           required: true
+        - label: I've read the [policy against AI/LLM contributions](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#automated-contributions-ai--llm-policy) and understand I may be blocked from the repository if it is violated
+          required: true
         - label: I've read about [sharing account credentials](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#are-you-willing-to-share-account-details-if-needed) and I'm willing to share it if required
   - type: input
     id: region
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/2_site_support_request.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/2_site_support_request.yml
index a9564c0c2a..5a3a5293f2 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/2_site_support_request.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/2_site_support_request.yml
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ body:
           required: true
         - label: I've searched the [bugtracker](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues?q=is%3Aissue%20-label%3Aspam%20%20) for similar requests **including closed ones**. DO NOT post duplicates
           required: true
+        - label: I've read the [policy against AI/LLM contributions](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#automated-contributions-ai--llm-policy) and understand I may be blocked from the repository if it is violated
+          required: true
         - label: I've read about [sharing account credentials](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#are-you-willing-to-share-account-details-if-needed) and am willing to share it if required
   - type: input
     id: region
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/3_site_feature_request.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/3_site_feature_request.yml
index 6e2380faec..c0640e4c2c 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/3_site_feature_request.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/3_site_feature_request.yml
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ body:
           required: true
         - label: I've searched the [bugtracker](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues?q=is%3Aissue%20-label%3Aspam%20%20) for similar requests **including closed ones**. DO NOT post duplicates
           required: true
+        - label: I've read the [policy against AI/LLM contributions](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#automated-contributions-ai--llm-policy) and understand I may be blocked from the repository if it is violated
+          required: true
         - label: I've read about [sharing account credentials](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#are-you-willing-to-share-account-details-if-needed) and I'm willing to share it if required
   - type: input
     id: region
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/4_bug_report.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/4_bug_report.yml
index 6fc523be00..2e0385a29a 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/4_bug_report.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/4_bug_report.yml
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@ body:
           required: true
         - label: I've searched [known issues](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/3766), [the FAQ](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/wiki/FAQ), and the [bugtracker](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues?q=is%3Aissue%20-label%3Aspam%20%20) for similar issues **including closed ones**. DO NOT post duplicates
           required: true
+        - label: I've read the [policy against AI/LLM contributions](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#automated-contributions-ai--llm-policy) and understand I may be blocked from the repository if it is violated
+          required: true
   - type: textarea
     id: description
     attributes:
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/5_feature_request.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/5_feature_request.yml
index 57a33bb71b..c60007259a 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/5_feature_request.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/5_feature_request.yml
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ body:
           required: true
         - label: I've searched the [bugtracker](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues?q=is%3Aissue%20-label%3Aspam%20%20) for similar requests **including closed ones**. DO NOT post duplicates
           required: true
+        - label: I've read the [policy against AI/LLM contributions](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#automated-contributions-ai--llm-policy) and understand I may be blocked from the repository if it is violated
+          required: true
   - type: textarea
     id: description
     attributes:
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/6_question.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/6_question.yml
index 28ec7cbe08..b276a058ff 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/6_question.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/6_question.yml
@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@ body:
           required: true
         - label: I've searched [known issues](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/3766), [the FAQ](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/wiki/FAQ), and the [bugtracker](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues?q=is%3Aissue%20-label%3Aspam%20%20) for similar questions **including closed ones**. DO NOT post duplicates
           required: true
+        - label: I've read the [policy against AI/LLM contributions](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#automated-contributions-ai--llm-policy) and understand I may be blocked from the repository if it is violated
+          required: true
   - type: textarea
     id: question
     attributes:
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE_tmpl/1_broken_site.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE_tmpl/1_broken_site.yml
index f1a2d30904..6dc46958b5 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE_tmpl/1_broken_site.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE_tmpl/1_broken_site.yml
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@ body:
           required: true
         - label: I've searched [known issues](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/3766), [the FAQ](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/wiki/FAQ), and the [bugtracker](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues?q=is%%3Aissue%%20-label%%3Aspam%%20%%20) for similar issues **including closed ones**. DO NOT post duplicates
           required: true
+        - label: I've read the [policy against AI/LLM contributions](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#automated-contributions-ai--llm-policy) and understand I may be blocked from the repository if it is violated
+          required: true
         - label: I've read about [sharing account credentials](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#are-you-willing-to-share-account-details-if-needed) and I'm willing to share it if required
   - type: input
     id: region
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE_tmpl/2_site_support_request.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE_tmpl/2_site_support_request.yml
index 31b89b683b..86db4a23ec 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE_tmpl/2_site_support_request.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE_tmpl/2_site_support_request.yml
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@ body:
           required: true
         - label: I've searched the [bugtracker](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues?q=is%%3Aissue%%20-label%%3Aspam%%20%%20) for similar requests **including closed ones**. DO NOT post duplicates
           required: true
+        - label: I've read the [policy against AI/LLM contributions](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#automated-contributions-ai--llm-policy) and understand I may be blocked from the repository if it is violated
+          required: true
         - label: I've read about [sharing account credentials](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#are-you-willing-to-share-account-details-if-needed) and am willing to share it if required
   - type: input
     id: region
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE_tmpl/3_site_feature_request.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE_tmpl/3_site_feature_request.yml
index 421766a753..ae65b54f2b 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE_tmpl/3_site_feature_request.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE_tmpl/3_site_feature_request.yml
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ body:
           required: true
         - label: I've searched the [bugtracker](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues?q=is%%3Aissue%%20-label%%3Aspam%%20%%20) for similar requests **including closed ones**. DO NOT post duplicates
           required: true
+        - label: I've read the [policy against AI/LLM contributions](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#automated-contributions-ai--llm-policy) and understand I may be blocked from the repository if it is violated
+          required: true
         - label: I've read about [sharing account credentials](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#are-you-willing-to-share-account-details-if-needed) and I'm willing to share it if required
   - type: input
     id: region
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE_tmpl/4_bug_report.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE_tmpl/4_bug_report.yml
index 31a19b292d..db8fc87a5d 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE_tmpl/4_bug_report.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE_tmpl/4_bug_report.yml
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ body:
           required: true
         - label: I've searched [known issues](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/3766), [the FAQ](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/wiki/FAQ), and the [bugtracker](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues?q=is%%3Aissue%%20-label%%3Aspam%%20%%20) for similar issues **including closed ones**. DO NOT post duplicates
           required: true
+        - label: I've read the [policy against AI/LLM contributions](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#automated-contributions-ai--llm-policy) and understand I may be blocked from the repository if it is violated
+          required: true
   - type: textarea
     id: description
     attributes:
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE_tmpl/5_feature_request.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE_tmpl/5_feature_request.yml
index b8ab6610bd..6490a7a832 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE_tmpl/5_feature_request.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE_tmpl/5_feature_request.yml
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ body:
           required: true
         - label: I've searched the [bugtracker](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues?q=is%%3Aissue%%20-label%%3Aspam%%20%%20) for similar requests **including closed ones**. DO NOT post duplicates
           required: true
+        - label: I've read the [policy against AI/LLM contributions](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#automated-contributions-ai--llm-policy) and understand I may be blocked from the repository if it is violated
+          required: true
   - type: textarea
     id: description
     attributes:
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE_tmpl/6_question.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE_tmpl/6_question.yml
index 062e963213..4076bb89c2 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE_tmpl/6_question.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE_tmpl/6_question.yml
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ body:
           required: true
         - label: I've searched [known issues](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/3766), [the FAQ](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/wiki/FAQ), and the [bugtracker](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues?q=is%%3Aissue%%20-label%%3Aspam%%20%%20) for similar questions **including closed ones**. DO NOT post duplicates
           required: true
+        - label: I've read the [policy against AI/LLM contributions](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#automated-contributions-ai--llm-policy) and understand I may be blocked from the repository if it is violated
+          required: true
   - type: textarea
     id: question
     attributes:
diff --git a/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md b/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md
index 4dcfcc48ce..f2c582edc3 100644
--- a/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md
+++ b/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ Fixes #
 ### In order to be accepted and merged into yt-dlp each piece of code must be in public domain or released under [Unlicense](http://unlicense.org/). Check those that apply and remove the others:
 - [ ] I am the original author of the code in this PR, and I am willing to release it under [Unlicense](http://unlicense.org/)
 - [ ] I am not the original author of the code in this PR, but it is in the public domain or released under [Unlicense](http://unlicense.org/) (provide reliable evidence)
+- [ ] I have read the [policy against AI/LLM contributions](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#automated-contributions-ai--llm-policy) and understand I may be blocked from the repository if it is violated
 
 ### What is the purpose of your *pull request*? Check those that apply and remove the others:
 - [ ] Fix or improvement to an extractor (Make sure to add/update tests)
diff --git a/.github/actionlint.yml b/.github/actionlint.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d6d5b9abd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/actionlint.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+self-hosted-runner:
+  labels:
+    # Workaround for the outdated runner list in actionlint v1.7.7
+    # Ref: https://github.com/rhysd/actionlint/issues/533
+    - windows-11-arm
+
+config-variables:
+  - KEEP_CACHE_WARM
+  - PUSH_VERSION_COMMIT
+  - UPDATE_TO_VERIFICATION
+  - PYPI_PROJECT
+  - PYPI_SUFFIX
+  - NIGHTLY_PYPI_PROJECT
+  - NIGHTLY_PYPI_SUFFIX
+  - NIGHTLY_ARCHIVE_REPO
+  - BUILD_NIGHTLY
+  - MASTER_PYPI_PROJECT
+  - MASTER_PYPI_SUFFIX
+  - MASTER_ARCHIVE_REPO
+  - BUILD_MASTER
+  - ISSUE_LOCKDOWN
+  - SANITIZE_COMMENT
+
+paths:
+  .github/workflows/build.yml:
+    ignore:
+      # SC1090 "Can't follow non-constant source": ignore when using `source` to activate venv
+      - '.+SC1090.+'
diff --git a/.github/workflows/build.yml b/.github/workflows/build.yml
index a211ae1652..fda92cea88 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/build.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build.yml
@@ -9,31 +9,27 @@ on:
         required: false
         default: stable
         type: string
+      origin:
+        required: true
+        type: string
       unix:
         default: true
         type: boolean
-      linux_static:
+      linux:
         default: true
         type: boolean
-      linux_arm:
+      linux_armv7l:
         default: true
         type: boolean
-      macos:
+      musllinux:
         default: true
         type: boolean
-      macos_legacy:
+      macos:
         default: true
         type: boolean
       windows:
         default: true
         type: boolean
-      windows32:
-        default: true
-        type: boolean
-      origin:
-        required: false
-        default: ''
-        type: string
     secrets:
       GPG_SIGNING_KEY:
         required: false
@@ -43,7 +39,9 @@ on:
       version:
         description: |
           VERSION: yyyy.mm.dd[.rev] or rev
-        required: true
+          (default: auto-generated)
+        required: false
+        default: ''
         type: string
       channel:
         description: |
@@ -55,37 +53,26 @@ on:
         description: yt-dlp, yt-dlp.tar.gz
         default: true
         type: boolean
-      linux_static:
-        description: yt-dlp_linux
+      linux:
+        description: yt-dlp_linux, yt-dlp_linux.zip, yt-dlp_linux_aarch64, yt-dlp_linux_aarch64.zip
         default: true
         type: boolean
-      linux_arm:
-        description: yt-dlp_linux_aarch64, yt-dlp_linux_armv7l
+      linux_armv7l:
+        description: yt-dlp_linux_armv7l.zip
         default: true
         type: boolean
-      macos:
-        description: yt-dlp_macos, yt-dlp_macos.zip
+      musllinux:
+        description: yt-dlp_musllinux, yt-dlp_musllinux.zip, yt-dlp_musllinux_aarch64, yt-dlp_musllinux_aarch64.zip
         default: true
         type: boolean
-      macos_legacy:
-        description: yt-dlp_macos_legacy
+      macos:
+        description: yt-dlp_macos, yt-dlp_macos.zip
         default: true
         type: boolean
       windows:
-        description: yt-dlp.exe, yt-dlp_win.zip
+        description: yt-dlp.exe, yt-dlp_win.zip, yt-dlp_x86.exe, yt-dlp_win_x86.zip, yt-dlp_arm64.exe, yt-dlp_win_arm64.zip
         default: true
         type: boolean
-      windows32:
-        description: yt-dlp_x86.exe
-        default: true
-        type: boolean
-      origin:
-        description: Origin
-        required: false
-        default: 'current repo'
-        type: choice
-        options:
-        - 'current repo'
 
 permissions:
   contents: read
@@ -94,44 +81,151 @@ jobs:
   process:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     outputs:
-      origin: ${{ steps.process_origin.outputs.origin }}
+      origin: ${{ steps.process_inputs.outputs.origin }}
+      timestamp: ${{ steps.process_inputs.outputs.timestamp }}
+      version: ${{ steps.process_inputs.outputs.version }}
+      linux_matrix: ${{ steps.linux_matrix.outputs.matrix }}
+
     steps:
-      - name: Process origin
-        id: process_origin
+      - name: Process inputs
+        id: process_inputs
+        env:
+          INPUTS: ${{ toJSON(inputs) }}
+          REPOSITORY: ${{ github.repository }}
+        shell: python
+        run: |
+          import datetime as dt
+          import json
+          import os
+          import re
+          INPUTS = json.loads(os.environ['INPUTS'])
+          timestamp = dt.datetime.now(tz=dt.timezone.utc).strftime('%Y.%m.%d.%H%M%S.%f')
+          version = INPUTS.get('version')
+          if version and '.' not in version:
+              # build.yml was dispatched with only a revision as the version input value
+              version_parts = [*timestamp.split('.')[:3], version]
+          elif not version:
+              # build.yml was dispatched without any version input value, so include .HHMMSS revision
+              version_parts = timestamp.split('.')[:4]
+          else:
+              # build.yml was called or dispatched with a complete version input value
+              version_parts = version.split('.')
+          assert all(re.fullmatch(r'[0-9]+', part) for part in version_parts), 'Version must be numeric'
+          outputs = {
+              'origin': INPUTS.get('origin') or os.environ['REPOSITORY'],
+              'timestamp': timestamp,
+              'version': '.'.join(version_parts),
+          }
+          print(json.dumps(outputs, indent=2))
+          with open(os.environ['GITHUB_OUTPUT'], 'a') as f:
+              f.write('\n'.join(f'{key}={value}' for key, value in outputs.items()))
+
+      - name: Build Linux matrix
+        id: linux_matrix
+        env:
+          INPUTS: ${{ toJSON(inputs) }}
+          PYTHON_VERSION: '3.13'
+          UPDATE_TO: yt-dlp/yt-dlp@2025.09.05
+        shell: python
         run: |
-          echo "origin=${{ inputs.origin == 'current repo' && github.repository || inputs.origin }}" | tee "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+          import json
+          import os
+          EXE_MAP = {
+              'linux': [{
+                  'os': 'linux',
+                  'arch': 'x86_64',
+                  'runner': 'ubuntu-24.04',
+              }, {
+                  'os': 'linux',
+                  'arch': 'aarch64',
+                  'runner': 'ubuntu-24.04-arm',
+              }],
+              'linux_armv7l': [{
+                  'os': 'linux',
+                  'arch': 'armv7l',
+                  'runner': 'ubuntu-24.04-arm',
+                  'qemu_platform': 'linux/arm/v7',
+                  'onefile': False,
+                  'cache_requirements': True,
+                  'update_to': 'yt-dlp/yt-dlp@2023.03.04',
+              }],
+              'musllinux': [{
+                  'os': 'musllinux',
+                  'arch': 'x86_64',
+                  'runner': 'ubuntu-24.04',
+              }, {
+                  'os': 'musllinux',
+                  'arch': 'aarch64',
+                  'runner': 'ubuntu-24.04-arm',
+              }],
+          }
+          INPUTS = json.loads(os.environ['INPUTS'])
+          matrix = [exe for key, group in EXE_MAP.items() for exe in group if INPUTS.get(key)]
+          if not matrix:
+              # If we send an empty matrix when no linux inputs are given, the entire workflow fails
+              matrix = [EXE_MAP['linux'][0]]
+          for exe in matrix:
+              exe['exe'] = '_'.join(filter(None, (
+                  'yt-dlp',
+                  exe['os'],
+                  exe['arch'] != 'x86_64' and exe['arch'],
+              )))
+              exe.setdefault('qemu_platform', None)
+              exe.setdefault('onefile', True)
+              exe.setdefault('onedir', True)
+              exe.setdefault('cache_requirements', False)
+              exe.setdefault('python_version', os.environ['PYTHON_VERSION'])
+              exe.setdefault('update_to', os.environ['UPDATE_TO'])
+          if not any(INPUTS.get(key) for key in EXE_MAP):
+              print('skipping linux job')
+          else:
+              print(json.dumps(matrix, indent=2))
+          with open(os.environ['GITHUB_OUTPUT'], 'a') as f:
+              f.write(f'matrix={json.dumps(matrix)}')
 
   unix:
     needs: process
     if: inputs.unix
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    env:
+      CHANNEL: ${{ inputs.channel }}
+      ORIGIN: ${{ needs.process.outputs.origin }}
+      VERSION: ${{ needs.process.outputs.version }}
+      UPDATE_TO: yt-dlp/yt-dlp@2025.09.05
+
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0  # Needed for changelog
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
         with:
           python-version: "3.10"
+
       - name: Install Requirements
         run: |
           sudo apt -y install zip pandoc man sed
+
       - name: Prepare
         run: |
-          python devscripts/update-version.py -c "${{ inputs.channel }}" -r "${{ needs.process.outputs.origin }}" "${{ inputs.version }}"
+          python devscripts/update-version.py -c "${CHANNEL}" -r "${ORIGIN}" "${VERSION}"
           python devscripts/update_changelog.py -vv
           python devscripts/make_lazy_extractors.py
+
       - name: Build Unix platform-independent binary
         run: |
           make all tar
+
       - name: Verify --update-to
         if: vars.UPDATE_TO_VERIFICATION
         run: |
           chmod +x ./yt-dlp
           cp ./yt-dlp ./yt-dlp_downgraded
           version="$(./yt-dlp --version)"
-          ./yt-dlp_downgraded -v --update-to yt-dlp/yt-dlp@2023.03.04
+          ./yt-dlp_downgraded -v --update-to "${UPDATE_TO}"
           downgraded_version="$(./yt-dlp_downgraded --version)"
-          [[ "$version" != "$downgraded_version" ]]
+          [[ "${version}" != "${downgraded_version}" ]]
+
       - name: Upload artifacts
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
@@ -141,99 +235,74 @@ jobs:
             yt-dlp.tar.gz
           compression-level: 0
 
-  linux_static:
+  linux:
+    name: ${{ matrix.os }} (${{ matrix.arch }})
+    if: inputs.linux || inputs.linux_armv7l || inputs.musllinux
     needs: process
-    if: inputs.linux_static
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - name: Build static executable
-        env:
-          channel: ${{ inputs.channel }}
-          origin: ${{ needs.process.outputs.origin }}
-          version: ${{ inputs.version }}
-        run: |
-          mkdir ~/build
-          cd bundle/docker
-          docker compose up --build static
-          sudo chown "${USER}:docker" ~/build/yt-dlp_linux
-      - name: Verify --update-to
-        if: vars.UPDATE_TO_VERIFICATION
-        run: |
-          chmod +x ~/build/yt-dlp_linux
-          cp ~/build/yt-dlp_linux ~/build/yt-dlp_linux_downgraded
-          version="$(~/build/yt-dlp_linux --version)"
-          ~/build/yt-dlp_linux_downgraded -v --update-to yt-dlp/yt-dlp@2023.03.04
-          downgraded_version="$(~/build/yt-dlp_linux_downgraded --version)"
-          [[ "$version" != "$downgraded_version" ]]
-      - name: Upload artifacts
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
-        with:
-          name: build-bin-${{ github.job }}
-          path: |
-            ~/build/yt-dlp_linux
-          compression-level: 0
-
-  linux_arm:
-    needs: process
-    if: inputs.linux_arm
-    permissions:
-      contents: read
-      packages: write # for creating cache
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.runner }}
     strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        architecture:
-          - armv7
-          - aarch64
+        include: ${{ fromJSON(needs.process.outputs.linux_matrix) }}
+    env:
+      CHANNEL: ${{ inputs.channel }}
+      ORIGIN: ${{ needs.process.outputs.origin }}
+      VERSION: ${{ needs.process.outputs.version }}
+      EXE_NAME: ${{ matrix.exe }}
+      PYTHON_VERSION: ${{ matrix.python_version }}
+      UPDATE_TO: ${{ (vars.UPDATE_TO_VERIFICATION && matrix.update_to) || '' }}
+      SKIP_ONEDIR_BUILD: ${{ (!matrix.onedir && '1') || '' }}
+      SKIP_ONEFILE_BUILD: ${{ (!matrix.onefile && '1') || '' }}
 
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Cache requirements
+        if: matrix.cache_requirements
+        id: cache-venv
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        env:
+          SEGMENT_DOWNLOAD_TIMEOUT_MINS: 1
         with:
-          path: ./repo
-      - name: Virtualized Install, Prepare & Build
-        uses: yt-dlp/run-on-arch-action@v2
+          path: |
+            venv
+          key: cache-reqs-${{ matrix.os }}_${{ matrix.arch }}-${{ github.ref }}-${{ needs.process.outputs.timestamp }}
+          restore-keys: |
+            cache-reqs-${{ matrix.os }}_${{ matrix.arch }}-${{ github.ref }}-
+            cache-reqs-${{ matrix.os }}_${{ matrix.arch }}-
+
+      - name: Set up QEMU
+        if: matrix.qemu_platform
+        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
         with:
-          # Ref: https://github.com/uraimo/run-on-arch-action/issues/55
-          env: |
-            GITHUB_WORKFLOW: build
-          githubToken: ${{ github.token }} # To cache image
-          arch: ${{ matrix.architecture }}
-          distro: ubuntu20.04 # Standalone executable should be built on minimum supported OS
-          dockerRunArgs: --volume "${PWD}/repo:/repo"
-          install: | # Installing Python 3.10 from the Deadsnakes repo raises errors
-            apt update
-            apt -y install zlib1g-dev libffi-dev python3.9 python3.9-dev python3.9-distutils python3-pip \
-              python3-secretstorage  # Cannot build cryptography wheel in virtual armv7 environment
-            python3.9 -m pip install -U pip wheel 'setuptools>=71.0.2'
-            # XXX: Keep this in sync with pyproject.toml (it can't be accessed at this stage) and exclude secretstorage
-            python3.9 -m pip install -U Pyinstaller mutagen pycryptodomex brotli certifi cffi \
-              'requests>=2.32.2,<3' 'urllib3>=1.26.17,<3' 'websockets>=13.0'
-
-          run: |
-            cd repo
-            python3.9 devscripts/install_deps.py -o --include build
-            python3.9 devscripts/install_deps.py --include pyinstaller  # Cached versions may be out of date
-            python3.9 devscripts/update-version.py -c "${{ inputs.channel }}" -r "${{ needs.process.outputs.origin }}" "${{ inputs.version }}"
-            python3.9 devscripts/make_lazy_extractors.py
-            python3.9 -m bundle.pyinstaller
-
-            if ${{ vars.UPDATE_TO_VERIFICATION && 'true' || 'false' }}; then
-              arch="${{ (matrix.architecture == 'armv7' && 'armv7l') || matrix.architecture }}"
-              chmod +x ./dist/yt-dlp_linux_${arch}
-              cp ./dist/yt-dlp_linux_${arch} ./dist/yt-dlp_linux_${arch}_downgraded
-              version="$(./dist/yt-dlp_linux_${arch} --version)"
-              ./dist/yt-dlp_linux_${arch}_downgraded -v --update-to yt-dlp/yt-dlp@2023.03.04
-              downgraded_version="$(./dist/yt-dlp_linux_${arch}_downgraded --version)"
-              [[ "$version" != "$downgraded_version" ]]
-            fi
+          platforms: ${{ matrix.qemu_platform }}
+
+      - name: Build executable
+        env:
+          SERVICE: ${{ matrix.os }}_${{ matrix.arch }}
+        run: |
+          mkdir -p ./venv
+          mkdir -p ./dist
+          pushd bundle/docker
+          docker compose up --build --exit-code-from "${SERVICE}" "${SERVICE}"
+          popd
+          if [[ -z "${SKIP_ONEFILE_BUILD}" ]]; then
+            sudo chown "${USER}:docker" "./dist/${EXE_NAME}"
+          fi
+
+      - name: Verify executable in container
+        env:
+          SERVICE: ${{ matrix.os }}_${{ matrix.arch }}_verify
+        run: |
+          cd bundle/docker
+          docker compose up --build --exit-code-from "${SERVICE}" "${SERVICE}"
 
       - name: Upload artifacts
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
-          name: build-bin-linux_${{ matrix.architecture }}
-          path: | # run-on-arch-action designates armv7l as armv7
-            repo/dist/yt-dlp_linux_${{ (matrix.architecture == 'armv7' && 'armv7l') || matrix.architecture }}
+          name: build-bin-${{ matrix.os }}_${{ matrix.arch }}
+          path: |
+            dist/${{ matrix.exe }}*
           compression-level: 0
 
   macos:
@@ -241,26 +310,35 @@ jobs:
     if: inputs.macos
     permissions:
       contents: read
-      actions: write  # For cleaning up cache
-    runs-on: macos-13
+    runs-on: macos-14
+    env:
+      CHANNEL: ${{ inputs.channel }}
+      ORIGIN: ${{ needs.process.outputs.origin }}
+      VERSION: ${{ needs.process.outputs.version }}
+      UPDATE_TO: yt-dlp/yt-dlp@2025.09.05
 
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
       # NB: Building universal2 does not work with python from actions/setup-python
 
-      - name: Restore cached requirements
-        id: restore-cache
-        uses: actions/cache/restore@v4
+      - name: Cache requirements
+        id: cache-venv
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
         env:
           SEGMENT_DOWNLOAD_TIMEOUT_MINS: 1
         with:
           path: |
             ~/yt-dlp-build-venv
-          key: cache-reqs-${{ github.job }}
+          key: cache-reqs-${{ github.job }}-${{ github.ref }}-${{ needs.process.outputs.timestamp }}
+          restore-keys: |
+            cache-reqs-${{ github.job }}-${{ github.ref }}-
+            cache-reqs-${{ github.job }}-
 
       - name: Install Requirements
         run: |
           brew install coreutils
+          # We need to use system Python in order to roll our own universal2 curl_cffi wheel
+          brew uninstall --ignore-dependencies python3
           python3 -m venv ~/yt-dlp-build-venv
           source ~/yt-dlp-build-venv/bin/activate
           python3 devscripts/install_deps.py -o --include build
@@ -299,7 +377,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Prepare
         run: |
-          python3 devscripts/update-version.py -c "${{ inputs.channel }}" -r "${{ needs.process.outputs.origin }}" "${{ inputs.version }}"
+          python3 devscripts/update-version.py -c "${CHANNEL}" -r "${ORIGIN}" "${VERSION}"
           python3 devscripts/make_lazy_extractors.py
       - name: Build
         run: |
@@ -314,7 +392,7 @@ jobs:
           chmod +x ./dist/yt-dlp_macos
           cp ./dist/yt-dlp_macos ./dist/yt-dlp_macos_downgraded
           version="$(./dist/yt-dlp_macos --version)"
-          ./dist/yt-dlp_macos_downgraded -v --update-to yt-dlp/yt-dlp@2023.03.04
+          ./dist/yt-dlp_macos_downgraded -v --update-to "${UPDATE_TO}"
           downgraded_version="$(./dist/yt-dlp_macos_downgraded --version)"
           [[ "$version" != "$downgraded_version" ]]
 
@@ -327,168 +405,124 @@ jobs:
             dist/yt-dlp_macos.zip
           compression-level: 0
 
-      - name: Cleanup cache
-        if: steps.restore-cache.outputs.cache-hit == 'true'
-        env:
-          GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-          cache_key: cache-reqs-${{ github.job }}
-          repository: ${{ github.repository }}
-          branch: ${{ github.ref }}
-        run: |
-          gh extension install actions/gh-actions-cache
-          gh actions-cache delete "${cache_key}" -R "${repository}" -B "${branch}" --confirm
-
-      - name: Cache requirements
-        uses: actions/cache/save@v4
-        with:
-          path: |
-            ~/yt-dlp-build-venv
-          key: cache-reqs-${{ github.job }}
-
-  macos_legacy:
-    needs: process
-    if: inputs.macos_legacy
-    runs-on: macos-13
-
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - name: Install Python
-        # We need the official Python, because the GA ones only support newer macOS versions
-        env:
-          PYTHON_VERSION: 3.10.5
-          MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET: 10.9 # Used up by the Python build tools
-        run: |
-          # Hack to get the latest patch version. Uncomment if needed
-          #brew install python@3.10
-          #export PYTHON_VERSION=$( $(brew --prefix)/opt/python@3.10/bin/python3 --version | cut -d ' ' -f 2 )
-          curl "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/${PYTHON_VERSION}/python-${PYTHON_VERSION}-macos11.pkg" -o "python.pkg"
-          sudo installer -pkg python.pkg -target /
-          python3 --version
-      - name: Install Requirements
-        run: |
-          brew install coreutils
-          python3 devscripts/install_deps.py --user -o --include build
-          python3 devscripts/install_deps.py --user --include pyinstaller
-
-      - name: Prepare
-        run: |
-          python3 devscripts/update-version.py -c "${{ inputs.channel }}" -r "${{ needs.process.outputs.origin }}" "${{ inputs.version }}"
-          python3 devscripts/make_lazy_extractors.py
-      - name: Build
-        run: |
-          python3 -m bundle.pyinstaller
-          mv dist/yt-dlp_macos dist/yt-dlp_macos_legacy
-
-      - name: Verify --update-to
-        if: vars.UPDATE_TO_VERIFICATION
-        run: |
-          chmod +x ./dist/yt-dlp_macos_legacy
-          cp ./dist/yt-dlp_macos_legacy ./dist/yt-dlp_macos_legacy_downgraded
-          version="$(./dist/yt-dlp_macos_legacy --version)"
-          ./dist/yt-dlp_macos_legacy_downgraded -v --update-to yt-dlp/yt-dlp@2023.03.04
-          downgraded_version="$(./dist/yt-dlp_macos_legacy_downgraded --version)"
-          [[ "$version" != "$downgraded_version" ]]
-
-      - name: Upload artifacts
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
-        with:
-          name: build-bin-${{ github.job }}
-          path: |
-            dist/yt-dlp_macos_legacy
-          compression-level: 0
-
   windows:
+    name: windows (${{ matrix.arch }})
     needs: process
     if: inputs.windows
-    runs-on: windows-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.runner }}
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+        - arch: 'x64'
+          runner: windows-2025
+          python_version: '3.10'
+          platform_tag: win_amd64
+          pyi_version: '6.16.0'
+          pyi_tag: '2025.09.13.221251'
+          pyi_hash: b6496c7630c3afe66900cfa824e8234a8c2e2c81704bd7facd79586abc76c0e5
+        - arch: 'x86'
+          runner: windows-2025
+          python_version: '3.10'
+          platform_tag: win32
+          pyi_version: '6.16.0'
+          pyi_tag: '2025.09.13.221251'
+          pyi_hash: 2d881843580efdc54f3523507fc6d9c5b6051ee49c743a6d9b7003ac5758c226
+        - arch: 'arm64'
+          runner: windows-11-arm
+          python_version: '3.13'  # arm64 only has Python >= 3.11 available
+          platform_tag: win_arm64
+          pyi_version: '6.16.0'
+          pyi_tag: '2025.09.13.221251'
+          pyi_hash: 4250c9085e34a95c898f3ee2f764914fc36ec59f0d97c28e6a75fcf21f7b144f
+    env:
+      CHANNEL: ${{ inputs.channel }}
+      ORIGIN: ${{ needs.process.outputs.origin }}
+      VERSION: ${{ needs.process.outputs.version }}
+      SUFFIX: ${{ (matrix.arch != 'x64' && format('_{0}', matrix.arch)) || '' }}
+      UPDATE_TO: yt-dlp/yt-dlp@2025.09.05
+      BASE_CACHE_KEY: cache-reqs-${{ github.job }}_${{ matrix.arch }}-${{ matrix.python_version }}
+      PYI_REPO: https://github.com/yt-dlp/Pyinstaller-Builds
+      PYI_WHEEL: pyinstaller-${{ matrix.pyi_version }}-py3-none-${{ matrix.platform_tag }}.whl
 
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
         with:
-          python-version: "3.10"
-      - name: Install Requirements
-        run: | # Custom pyinstaller built with https://github.com/yt-dlp/pyinstaller-builds
-          python devscripts/install_deps.py -o --include build
-          python devscripts/install_deps.py --include curl-cffi
-          python -m pip install -U "https://yt-dlp.github.io/Pyinstaller-Builds/x86_64/pyinstaller-6.11.1-py3-none-any.whl"
-
-      - name: Prepare
-        run: |
-          python devscripts/update-version.py -c "${{ inputs.channel }}" -r "${{ needs.process.outputs.origin }}" "${{ inputs.version }}"
-          python devscripts/make_lazy_extractors.py
-      - name: Build
-        run: |
-          python -m bundle.pyinstaller
-          python -m bundle.pyinstaller --onedir
-          Compress-Archive -Path ./dist/yt-dlp/* -DestinationPath ./dist/yt-dlp_win.zip
-
-      - name: Verify --update-to
-        if: vars.UPDATE_TO_VERIFICATION
-        run: |
-          foreach ($name in @("yt-dlp")) {
-            Copy-Item "./dist/${name}.exe" "./dist/${name}_downgraded.exe"
-            $version = & "./dist/${name}.exe" --version
-            & "./dist/${name}_downgraded.exe" -v --update-to yt-dlp/yt-dlp@2023.03.04
-            $downgraded_version = & "./dist/${name}_downgraded.exe" --version
-            if ($version -eq $downgraded_version) {
-              exit 1
-            }
-          }
+          python-version: ${{ matrix.python_version }}
+          architecture: ${{ matrix.arch }}
 
-      - name: Upload artifacts
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+      - name: Cache requirements
+        id: cache-venv
+        if: matrix.arch == 'arm64'
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        env:
+          SEGMENT_DOWNLOAD_TIMEOUT_MINS: 1
         with:
-          name: build-bin-${{ github.job }}
           path: |
-            dist/yt-dlp.exe
-            dist/yt-dlp_win.zip
-          compression-level: 0
-
-  windows32:
-    needs: process
-    if: inputs.windows32
-    runs-on: windows-latest
+            /yt-dlp-build-venv
+          key: ${{ env.BASE_CACHE_KEY }}-${{ github.ref }}-${{ needs.process.outputs.timestamp }}
+          restore-keys: |
+            ${{ env.BASE_CACHE_KEY }}-${{ github.ref }}-
+            ${{ env.BASE_CACHE_KEY }}-
 
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
-        with:
-          python-version: "3.10"
-          architecture: "x86"
       - name: Install Requirements
+        env:
+          ARCH: ${{ matrix.arch }}
+          PYI_URL: ${{ env.PYI_REPO }}/releases/download/${{ matrix.pyi_tag }}/${{ env.PYI_WHEEL }}
+          PYI_HASH: ${{ matrix.pyi_hash }}
+        shell: pwsh
         run: |
+          python -m venv /yt-dlp-build-venv
+          /yt-dlp-build-venv/Scripts/Activate.ps1
+          python -m pip install -U pip
+          # Install custom PyInstaller build and verify hash
+          mkdir /pyi-wheels
+          python -m pip download -d /pyi-wheels --no-deps --require-hashes "pyinstaller@${Env:PYI_URL}#sha256=${Env:PYI_HASH}"
+          python -m pip install --force-reinstall -U "/pyi-wheels/${Env:PYI_WHEEL}"
           python devscripts/install_deps.py -o --include build
-          python devscripts/install_deps.py
-          python -m pip install -U "https://yt-dlp.github.io/Pyinstaller-Builds/i686/pyinstaller-6.11.1-py3-none-any.whl"
+          if ("${Env:ARCH}" -eq "x86") {
+            python devscripts/install_deps.py
+          } else {
+            python devscripts/install_deps.py --include curl-cffi
+          }
 
       - name: Prepare
+        shell: pwsh
         run: |
-          python devscripts/update-version.py -c "${{ inputs.channel }}" -r "${{ needs.process.outputs.origin }}" "${{ inputs.version }}"
+          python devscripts/update-version.py -c "${Env:CHANNEL}" -r "${Env:ORIGIN}" "${Env:VERSION}"
           python devscripts/make_lazy_extractors.py
+
       - name: Build
+        shell: pwsh
         run: |
+          /yt-dlp-build-venv/Scripts/Activate.ps1
           python -m bundle.pyinstaller
+          python -m bundle.pyinstaller --onedir
+          Compress-Archive -Path ./dist/yt-dlp${Env:SUFFIX}/* -DestinationPath ./dist/yt-dlp_win${Env:SUFFIX}.zip
 
       - name: Verify --update-to
         if: vars.UPDATE_TO_VERIFICATION
+        shell: pwsh
         run: |
-          foreach ($name in @("yt-dlp_x86")) {
-            Copy-Item "./dist/${name}.exe" "./dist/${name}_downgraded.exe"
-            $version = & "./dist/${name}.exe" --version
-            & "./dist/${name}_downgraded.exe" -v --update-to yt-dlp/yt-dlp@2023.03.04
-            $downgraded_version = & "./dist/${name}_downgraded.exe" --version
-            if ($version -eq $downgraded_version) {
-              exit 1
-            }
+          $name = "yt-dlp${Env:SUFFIX}"
+          Copy-Item "./dist/${name}.exe" "./dist/${name}_downgraded.exe"
+          $version = & "./dist/${name}.exe" --version
+          & "./dist/${name}_downgraded.exe" -v --update-to "${Env:UPDATE_TO}"
+          $downgraded_version = & "./dist/${name}_downgraded.exe" --version
+          if ($version -eq $downgraded_version) {
+            exit 1
           }
 
       - name: Upload artifacts
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
-          name: build-bin-${{ github.job }}
+          name: build-bin-${{ github.job }}-${{ matrix.arch }}
           path: |
-            dist/yt-dlp_x86.exe
+            dist/yt-dlp${{ env.SUFFIX }}.exe
+            dist/yt-dlp_win${{ env.SUFFIX }}.zip
           compression-level: 0
 
   meta_files:
@@ -496,12 +530,9 @@ jobs:
     needs:
       - process
       - unix
-      - linux_static
-      - linux_arm
+      - linux
       - macos
-      - macos_legacy
       - windows
-      - windows32
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Download artifacts
@@ -530,34 +561,38 @@ jobs:
           lock 2023.11.16 (?!win_x86_exe).+ Python 3\.7
           lock 2023.11.16 win_x86_exe .+ Windows-(?:Vista|2008Server)
           lock 2024.10.22 py2exe .+
-          lock 2024.10.22 linux_(?:armv7l|aarch64)_exe .+-glibc2\.(?:[12]?\d|30)\b
-          lock 2024.10.22 (?!\w+_exe).+ Python 3\.8
+          lock 2024.10.22 zip Python 3\.8
           lock 2024.10.22 win(?:_x86)?_exe Python 3\.[78].+ Windows-(?:7-|2008ServerR2)
+          lock 2025.08.11 darwin_legacy_exe .+
+          lock 2025.08.27 linux_armv7l_exe .+
           lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp 2022.08.18.36 .+ Python 3\.6
           lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp 2023.11.16 (?!win_x86_exe).+ Python 3\.7
           lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp 2023.11.16 win_x86_exe .+ Windows-(?:Vista|2008Server)
           lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp 2024.10.22 py2exe .+
-          lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp 2024.10.22 linux_(?:armv7l|aarch64)_exe .+-glibc2\.(?:[12]?\d|30)\b
-          lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp 2024.10.22 (?!\w+_exe).+ Python 3\.8
+          lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp 2024.10.22 zip Python 3\.8
           lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp 2024.10.22 win(?:_x86)?_exe Python 3\.[78].+ Windows-(?:7-|2008ServerR2)
+          lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp 2025.08.11 darwin_legacy_exe .+
+          lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp 2025.08.27 linux_armv7l_exe .+
           lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-nightly-builds 2023.11.15.232826 (?!win_x86_exe).+ Python 3\.7
           lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-nightly-builds 2023.11.15.232826 win_x86_exe .+ Windows-(?:Vista|2008Server)
           lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-nightly-builds 2024.10.22.051025 py2exe .+
-          lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-nightly-builds 2024.10.22.051025 linux_(?:armv7l|aarch64)_exe .+-glibc2\.(?:[12]?\d|30)\b
-          lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-nightly-builds 2024.10.22.051025 (?!\w+_exe).+ Python 3\.8
+          lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-nightly-builds 2024.10.22.051025 zip Python 3\.8
           lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-nightly-builds 2024.10.22.051025 win(?:_x86)?_exe Python 3\.[78].+ Windows-(?:7-|2008ServerR2)
+          lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-nightly-builds 2025.08.12.233030 darwin_legacy_exe .+
+          lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-nightly-builds 2025.08.30.232839 linux_armv7l_exe .+
           lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-master-builds 2023.11.15.232812 (?!win_x86_exe).+ Python 3\.7
           lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-master-builds 2023.11.15.232812 win_x86_exe .+ Windows-(?:Vista|2008Server)
           lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-master-builds 2024.10.22.045052 py2exe .+
-          lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-master-builds 2024.10.22.060347 linux_(?:armv7l|aarch64)_exe .+-glibc2\.(?:[12]?\d|30)\b
-          lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-master-builds 2024.10.22.060347 (?!\w+_exe).+ Python 3\.8
+          lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-master-builds 2024.10.22.060347 zip Python 3\.8
           lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-master-builds 2024.10.22.060347 win(?:_x86)?_exe Python 3\.[78].+ Windows-(?:7-|2008ServerR2)
+          lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-master-builds 2025.08.12.232447 darwin_legacy_exe .+
+          lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-master-builds 2025.09.05.212910 linux_armv7l_exe .+
           EOF
 
       - name: Sign checksum files
         env:
           GPG_SIGNING_KEY: ${{ secrets.GPG_SIGNING_KEY }}
-        if: env.GPG_SIGNING_KEY != ''
+        if: env.GPG_SIGNING_KEY
         run: |
           gpg --batch --import <<< "${{ secrets.GPG_SIGNING_KEY }}"
           for signfile in ./SHA*SUMS; do
diff --git a/.github/workflows/cache-warmer.yml b/.github/workflows/cache-warmer.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..00ec1e1f96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/cache-warmer.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+name: Keep cache warm
+on:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+  schedule:
+    - cron: '0 22 1,6,11,16,21,27 * *'
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+    if: |
+      vars.KEEP_CACHE_WARM || github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch'
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/build.yml
+    with:
+      version: '999999'
+      channel: stable
+      origin: ${{ github.repository }}
+      unix: false
+      linux: false
+      linux_armv7l: true
+      musllinux: false
+      macos: true
+      windows: true
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
diff --git a/.github/workflows/core.yml b/.github/workflows/core.yml
index 9a4342a585..93442529f5 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/core.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/core.yml
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ on:
       - devscripts/**
       - test/**
       - yt_dlp/**.py
-      - '!yt_dlp/extractor/*.py'
+      - '!yt_dlp/extractor/**.py'
       - yt_dlp/extractor/__init__.py
       - yt_dlp/extractor/common.py
       - yt_dlp/extractor/extractors.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ on:
       - devscripts/**
       - test/**
       - yt_dlp/**.py
-      - '!yt_dlp/extractor/*.py'
+      - '!yt_dlp/extractor/**.py'
       - yt_dlp/extractor/__init__.py
       - yt_dlp/extractor/common.py
       - yt_dlp/extractor/extractors.py
@@ -37,23 +37,27 @@ jobs:
       matrix:
         os: [ubuntu-latest]
         # CPython 3.9 is in quick-test
-        python-version: ['3.10', '3.11', '3.12', '3.13', pypy-3.10]
+        python-version: ['3.10', '3.11', '3.12', '3.13', '3.14-dev', pypy-3.11]
         include:
         # atleast one of each CPython/PyPy tests must be in windows
         - os: windows-latest
           python-version: '3.9'
         - os: windows-latest
           python-version: '3.10'
+        - os: windows-latest
+          python-version: '3.11'
         - os: windows-latest
           python-version: '3.12'
         - os: windows-latest
           python-version: '3.13'
         - os: windows-latest
-          python-version: pypy-3.10
+          python-version: '3.14-dev'
+        - os: windows-latest
+          python-version: pypy-3.11
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
     - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
-      uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v6
       with:
         python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
     - name: Install test requirements
diff --git a/.github/workflows/download.yml b/.github/workflows/download.yml
index 6849fba9b6..8dbfee6f88 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/download.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/download.yml
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ jobs:
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
     - name: Set up Python
-      uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v6
       with:
         python-version: 3.9
     - name: Install test requirements
@@ -28,17 +28,17 @@ jobs:
       fail-fast: true
       matrix:
         os: [ubuntu-latest]
-        python-version: ['3.10', '3.11', '3.12', '3.13', pypy-3.10]
+        python-version: ['3.10', '3.11', '3.12', '3.13', '3.14-dev', pypy-3.11]
         include:
         # atleast one of each CPython/PyPy tests must be in windows
         - os: windows-latest
           python-version: '3.9'
         - os: windows-latest
-          python-version: pypy-3.10
+          python-version: pypy-3.11
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
     - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
-      uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v6
       with:
         python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
     - name: Install test requirements
diff --git a/.github/workflows/quick-test.yml b/.github/workflows/quick-test.yml
index 1a32bbfe31..1c0fb4e4da 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/quick-test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/quick-test.yml
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ jobs:
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
     - name: Set up Python 3.9
-      uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v6
       with:
         python-version: '3.9'
     - name: Install test requirements
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+    - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
       with:
         python-version: '3.9'
     - name: Install dev dependencies
@@ -38,3 +38,5 @@ jobs:
       run: ruff check --output-format github .
     - name: Run autopep8
       run: autopep8 --diff .
+    - name: Check file mode
+      run: git ls-files --format="%(objectmode) %(path)" yt_dlp/ | ( ! grep -v "^100644" )
diff --git a/.github/workflows/release-master.yml b/.github/workflows/release-master.yml
index 78445e417e..7dfda9f842 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/release-master.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release-master.yml
@@ -6,10 +6,12 @@ on:
     paths:
       - "yt_dlp/**.py"
       - "!yt_dlp/version.py"
-      - "bundle/*.py"
+      - "bundle/**"
       - "pyproject.toml"
       - "Makefile"
       - ".github/workflows/build.yml"
+      - ".github/workflows/release.yml"
+      - ".github/workflows/release-master.yml"
 concurrency:
   group: release-master
 permissions:
@@ -17,21 +19,20 @@ permissions:
 
 jobs:
   release:
-    if: vars.BUILD_MASTER != ''
+    if: vars.BUILD_MASTER
     uses: ./.github/workflows/release.yml
     with:
       prerelease: true
-      source: master
+      source: ${{ (github.repository != 'yt-dlp/yt-dlp' && vars.MASTER_ARCHIVE_REPO) || 'master' }}
+      target: 'master'
     permissions:
       contents: write
-      packages: write  # For package cache
-      actions: write  # For cleaning up cache
       id-token: write  # mandatory for trusted publishing
     secrets: inherit
 
   publish_pypi:
     needs: [release]
-    if: vars.MASTER_PYPI_PROJECT != ''
+    if: vars.MASTER_PYPI_PROJECT
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     permissions:
       id-token: write  # mandatory for trusted publishing
diff --git a/.github/workflows/release-nightly.yml b/.github/workflows/release-nightly.yml
index 8f72844058..13cce8c33f 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/release-nightly.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release-nightly.yml
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ permissions:
 
 jobs:
   check_nightly:
-    if: vars.BUILD_NIGHTLY != ''
+    if: vars.BUILD_NIGHTLY
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     outputs:
       commit: ${{ steps.check_for_new_commits.outputs.commit }}
@@ -22,9 +22,13 @@ jobs:
             "yt_dlp/*.py"
             ':!yt_dlp/version.py'
             "bundle/*.py"
+            "bundle/docker/compose.yml"
+            "bundle/docker/linux/*"
             "pyproject.toml"
             "Makefile"
             ".github/workflows/build.yml"
+            ".github/workflows/release.yml"
+            ".github/workflows/release-nightly.yml"
           )
           echo "commit=$(git log --format=%H -1 --since="24 hours ago" -- "${relevant_files[@]}")" | tee "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
 
@@ -34,17 +38,16 @@ jobs:
     uses: ./.github/workflows/release.yml
     with:
       prerelease: true
-      source: nightly
+      source: ${{ (github.repository != 'yt-dlp/yt-dlp' && vars.NIGHTLY_ARCHIVE_REPO) || 'nightly' }}
+      target: 'nightly'
     permissions:
       contents: write
-      packages: write  # For package cache
-      actions: write  # For cleaning up cache
       id-token: write  # mandatory for trusted publishing
     secrets: inherit
 
   publish_pypi:
     needs: [release]
-    if: vars.NIGHTLY_PYPI_PROJECT != ''
+    if: vars.NIGHTLY_PYPI_PROJECT
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     permissions:
       id-token: write  # mandatory for trusted publishing
diff --git a/.github/workflows/release.yml b/.github/workflows/release.yml
index 26b93e429c..52c61808fc 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -14,6 +14,10 @@ on:
         required: false
         default: ''
         type: string
+      linux_armv7l:
+        required: false
+        default: false
+        type: boolean
       prerelease:
         required: false
         default: true
@@ -43,6 +47,10 @@ on:
         required: false
         default: ''
         type: string
+      linux_armv7l:
+        description: Include linux_armv7l
+        default: true
+        type: boolean
       prerelease:
         description: Pre-release
         default: false
@@ -71,141 +79,63 @@ jobs:
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
 
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
         with:
-          python-version: "3.10"
+          python-version: "3.10"  # Keep this in sync with test-workflows.yml
 
       - name: Process inputs
         id: process_inputs
+        env:
+          INPUTS: ${{ toJSON(inputs) }}
         run: |
-          cat << EOF
-          ::group::Inputs
-          prerelease=${{ inputs.prerelease }}
-          source=${{ inputs.source }}
-          target=${{ inputs.target }}
-          version=${{ inputs.version }}
-          ::endgroup::
-          EOF
-          IFS='@' read -r source_repo source_tag <<<"${{ inputs.source }}"
-          IFS='@' read -r target_repo target_tag <<<"${{ inputs.target }}"
-          cat << EOF >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
-          source_repo=${source_repo}
-          source_tag=${source_tag}
-          target_repo=${target_repo}
-          target_tag=${target_tag}
-          EOF
+          python -m devscripts.setup_variables process_inputs
 
       - name: Setup variables
         id: setup_variables
         env:
-          source_repo: ${{ steps.process_inputs.outputs.source_repo }}
-          source_tag: ${{ steps.process_inputs.outputs.source_tag }}
-          target_repo: ${{ steps.process_inputs.outputs.target_repo }}
-          target_tag: ${{ steps.process_inputs.outputs.target_tag }}
+          INPUTS: ${{ toJSON(inputs) }}
+          PROCESSED: ${{ toJSON(steps.process_inputs.outputs) }}
+          REPOSITORY: ${{ github.repository }}
+          PUSH_VERSION_COMMIT: ${{ vars.PUSH_VERSION_COMMIT }}
+          PYPI_PROJECT: ${{ vars.PYPI_PROJECT }}
+          SOURCE_PYPI_PROJECT: ${{ vars[format('{0}_pypi_project', steps.process_inputs.outputs.source_repo)] }}
+          SOURCE_PYPI_SUFFIX: ${{ vars[format('{0}_pypi_suffix', steps.process_inputs.outputs.source_repo)] }}
+          TARGET_PYPI_PROJECT: ${{ vars[format('{0}_pypi_project', steps.process_inputs.outputs.target_repo)] }}
+          TARGET_PYPI_SUFFIX: ${{ vars[format('{0}_pypi_suffix', steps.process_inputs.outputs.target_repo)] }}
+          SOURCE_ARCHIVE_REPO: ${{ vars[format('{0}_archive_repo', steps.process_inputs.outputs.source_repo)] }}
+          TARGET_ARCHIVE_REPO: ${{ vars[format('{0}_archive_repo', steps.process_inputs.outputs.target_repo)] }}
+          HAS_SOURCE_ARCHIVE_REPO_TOKEN: ${{ !!secrets[format('{0}_archive_repo_token', steps.process_inputs.outputs.source_repo)] }}
+          HAS_TARGET_ARCHIVE_REPO_TOKEN: ${{ !!secrets[format('{0}_archive_repo_token', steps.process_inputs.outputs.target_repo)] }}
+          HAS_ARCHIVE_REPO_TOKEN: ${{ !!secrets.ARCHIVE_REPO_TOKEN }}
         run: |
-          # unholy bash monstrosity (sincere apologies)
-          fallback_token () {
-            if ${{ !secrets.ARCHIVE_REPO_TOKEN }}; then
-              echo "::error::Repository access secret ${target_repo_token^^} not found"
-              exit 1
-            fi
-            target_repo_token=ARCHIVE_REPO_TOKEN
-            return 0
-          }
-
-          source_is_channel=0
-          [[ "${source_repo}" == 'stable' ]] && source_repo='yt-dlp/yt-dlp'
-          if [[ -z "${source_repo}" ]]; then
-            source_repo='${{ github.repository }}'
-          elif [[ '${{ vars[format('{0}_archive_repo', env.source_repo)] }}' ]]; then
-            source_is_channel=1
-            source_channel='${{ vars[format('{0}_archive_repo', env.source_repo)] }}'
-          elif [[ -z "${source_tag}" && "${source_repo}" != */* ]]; then
-            source_tag="${source_repo}"
-            source_repo='${{ github.repository }}'
-          fi
-          resolved_source="${source_repo}"
-          if [[ "${source_tag}" ]]; then
-            resolved_source="${resolved_source}@${source_tag}"
-          elif [[ "${source_repo}" == 'yt-dlp/yt-dlp' ]]; then
-            resolved_source='stable'
-          fi
-
-          revision="${{ (inputs.prerelease || !vars.PUSH_VERSION_COMMIT) && '$(date -u +"%H%M%S")' || '' }}"
-          version="$(
-            python devscripts/update-version.py \
-            -c "${resolved_source}" -r "${{ github.repository }}" ${{ inputs.version || '$revision' }} | \
-            grep -Po "version=\K\d+\.\d+\.\d+(\.\d+)?")"
+          python -m devscripts.setup_variables
 
-          if [[ "${target_repo}" ]]; then
-            if [[ -z "${target_tag}" ]]; then
-              if [[ '${{ vars[format('{0}_archive_repo', env.target_repo)] }}' ]]; then
-                target_tag="${source_tag:-${version}}"
-              else
-                target_tag="${target_repo}"
-                target_repo='${{ github.repository }}'
-              fi
-            fi
-            if [[ "${target_repo}" != '${{ github.repository}}' ]]; then
-              target_repo='${{ vars[format('{0}_archive_repo', env.target_repo)] }}'
-              target_repo_token='${{ env.target_repo }}_archive_repo_token'
-              ${{ !!secrets[format('{0}_archive_repo_token', env.target_repo)] }} || fallback_token
-              pypi_project='${{ vars[format('{0}_pypi_project', env.target_repo)] }}'
-              pypi_suffix='${{ vars[format('{0}_pypi_suffix', env.target_repo)] }}'
-            fi
-          else
-            target_tag="${source_tag:-${version}}"
-            if ((source_is_channel)); then
-              target_repo="${source_channel}"
-              target_repo_token='${{ env.source_repo }}_archive_repo_token'
-              ${{ !!secrets[format('{0}_archive_repo_token', env.source_repo)] }} || fallback_token
-              pypi_project='${{ vars[format('{0}_pypi_project', env.source_repo)] }}'
-              pypi_suffix='${{ vars[format('{0}_pypi_suffix', env.source_repo)] }}'
-            else
-              target_repo='${{ github.repository }}'
-            fi
-          fi
-
-          if [[ "${target_repo}" == '${{ github.repository }}' ]] && ${{ !inputs.prerelease }}; then
-            pypi_project='${{ vars.PYPI_PROJECT }}'
-          fi
-
-          echo "::group::Output variables"
-          cat << EOF | tee -a "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
-          channel=${resolved_source}
-          version=${version}
-          target_repo=${target_repo}
-          target_repo_token=${target_repo_token}
-          target_tag=${target_tag}
-          pypi_project=${pypi_project}
-          pypi_suffix=${pypi_suffix}
-          EOF
-          echo "::endgroup::"
-
-      - name: Update documentation
+      - name: Update version & documentation
         env:
-          version: ${{ steps.setup_variables.outputs.version }}
-          target_repo: ${{ steps.setup_variables.outputs.target_repo }}
-        if: |
-          !inputs.prerelease && env.target_repo == github.repository
+          CHANNEL: ${{ steps.setup_variables.outputs.channel }}
+          # Use base repo since this could be committed; build jobs will call this again with true origin
+          REPOSITORY: ${{ github.repository }}
+          VERSION: ${{ steps.setup_variables.outputs.version }}
         run: |
+          python devscripts/update-version.py -c "${CHANNEL}" -r "${REPOSITORY}" "${VERSION}"
           python devscripts/update_changelog.py -vv
           make doc
 
       - name: Push to release
         id: push_release
         env:
-          version: ${{ steps.setup_variables.outputs.version }}
-          target_repo: ${{ steps.setup_variables.outputs.target_repo }}
+          VERSION: ${{ steps.setup_variables.outputs.version }}
+          GITHUB_EVENT_SENDER_LOGIN: ${{ github.event.sender.login }}
+          GITHUB_EVENT_REF: ${{ github.event.ref }}
         if: |
-          !inputs.prerelease && env.target_repo == github.repository
+          !inputs.prerelease && steps.setup_variables.outputs.target_repo == github.repository
         run: |
           git config --global user.name "github-actions[bot]"
           git config --global user.email "41898282+github-actions[bot]@users.noreply.github.com"
           git add -u
-          git commit -m "Release ${{ env.version }}" \
-            -m "Created by: ${{ github.event.sender.login }}" -m ":ci skip all"
-          git push origin --force ${{ github.event.ref }}:release
+          git commit -m "Release ${VERSION}" \
+            -m "Created by: ${GITHUB_EVENT_SENDER_LOGIN}" -m ":ci skip all"
+          git push origin --force "${GITHUB_EVENT_REF}:release"
 
       - name: Get target commitish
         id: get_target
@@ -214,10 +144,10 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Update master
         env:
-          target_repo: ${{ steps.setup_variables.outputs.target_repo }}
+          GITHUB_EVENT_REF: ${{ github.event.ref }}
         if: |
-          vars.PUSH_VERSION_COMMIT != '' && !inputs.prerelease && env.target_repo == github.repository
-        run: git push origin ${{ github.event.ref }}
+          vars.PUSH_VERSION_COMMIT && !inputs.prerelease && steps.setup_variables.outputs.target_repo == github.repository
+        run: git push origin "${GITHUB_EVENT_REF}"
 
   build:
     needs: prepare
@@ -226,10 +156,9 @@ jobs:
       version: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.version }}
       channel: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.channel }}
       origin: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.target_repo }}
+      linux_armv7l: ${{ inputs.linux_armv7l }}
     permissions:
       contents: read
-      packages: write  # For package cache
-      actions: write  # For cleaning up cache
     secrets:
       GPG_SIGNING_KEY: ${{ secrets.GPG_SIGNING_KEY }}
 
@@ -244,7 +173,7 @@ jobs:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
         with:
           python-version: "3.10"
 
@@ -255,16 +184,16 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Prepare
         env:
-          version: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.version }}
-          suffix: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.pypi_suffix }}
-          channel: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.channel }}
-          target_repo: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.target_repo }}
-          pypi_project: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.pypi_project }}
+          VERSION: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.version }}
+          SUFFIX: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.pypi_suffix }}
+          CHANNEL: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.channel }}
+          TARGET_REPO: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.target_repo }}
+          PYPI_PROJECT: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.pypi_project }}
         run: |
-          python devscripts/update-version.py -c "${{ env.channel }}" -r "${{ env.target_repo }}" -s "${{ env.suffix }}" "${{ env.version }}"
+          python devscripts/update-version.py -c "${CHANNEL}" -r "${TARGET_REPO}" -s "${SUFFIX}" "${VERSION}"
           python devscripts/update_changelog.py -vv
           python devscripts/make_lazy_extractors.py
-          sed -i -E '0,/(name = ")[^"]+(")/s//\1${{ env.pypi_project }}\2/' pyproject.toml
+          sed -i -E '0,/(name = ")[^"]+(")/s//\1'"${PYPI_PROJECT}"'\2/' pyproject.toml
 
       - name: Build
         run: |
@@ -298,7 +227,11 @@ jobs:
     permissions:
       contents: write
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-
+    env:
+      TARGET_REPO: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.target_repo }}
+      TARGET_TAG: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.target_tag }}
+      VERSION: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.version }}
+      HEAD_SHA: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.head_sha }}
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
         with:
@@ -308,87 +241,85 @@ jobs:
           path: artifact
           pattern: build-*
           merge-multiple: true
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
         with:
           python-version: "3.10"
 
       - name: Generate release notes
         env:
-          head_sha: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.head_sha }}
-          target_repo: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.target_repo }}
-          target_tag: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.target_tag }}
+          REPOSITORY: ${{ github.repository }}
+          BASE_REPO: yt-dlp/yt-dlp
+          NIGHTLY_REPO: yt-dlp/yt-dlp-nightly-builds
+          MASTER_REPO: yt-dlp/yt-dlp-master-builds
+          DOCS_PATH: ${{ env.TARGET_REPO == github.repository && format('/tree/{0}', env.TARGET_TAG) || '' }}
         run: |
           printf '%s' \
-            '[![Installation](https://img.shields.io/badge/-Which%20file%20to%20download%3F-white.svg?style=for-the-badge)]' \
-              '(https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}#installation "Installation instructions") ' \
-            '[![Discord](https://img.shields.io/discord/807245652072857610?color=blue&labelColor=555555&label=&logo=discord&style=for-the-badge)]' \
-              '(https://discord.gg/H5MNcFW63r "Discord") ' \
-            '[![Donate](https://img.shields.io/badge/_-Donate-red.svg?logo=githubsponsors&labelColor=555555&style=for-the-badge)]' \
-              '(https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/blob/master/Collaborators.md#collaborators "Donate") ' \
-            '[![Documentation](https://img.shields.io/badge/-Docs-brightgreen.svg?style=for-the-badge&logo=GitBook&labelColor=555555)]' \
-              '(https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}' \
-              '${{ env.target_repo == github.repository && format('/tree/{0}', env.target_tag) || '' }}#readme "Documentation") ' \
-            ${{ env.target_repo == 'yt-dlp/yt-dlp' && '\
+            "[![Installation](https://img.shields.io/badge/-Which%20file%20to%20download%3F-white.svg?style=for-the-badge)]" \
+              "(https://github.com/${REPOSITORY}#installation \"Installation instructions\") " \
+            "[![Discord](https://img.shields.io/discord/807245652072857610?color=blue&labelColor=555555&label=&logo=discord&style=for-the-badge)]" \
+              "(https://discord.gg/H5MNcFW63r \"Discord\") " \
+            "[![Donate](https://img.shields.io/badge/_-Donate-red.svg?logo=githubsponsors&labelColor=555555&style=for-the-badge)]" \
+              "(https://github.com/${BASE_REPO}/blob/master/Collaborators.md#collaborators \"Donate\") " \
+            "[![Documentation](https://img.shields.io/badge/-Docs-brightgreen.svg?style=for-the-badge&logo=GitBook&labelColor=555555)]" \
+              "(https://github.com/${REPOSITORY}${DOCS_PATH}#readme \"Documentation\") " > ./RELEASE_NOTES
+          if [[ "${TARGET_REPO}" == "${BASE_REPO}" ]]; then
+            printf '%s' \
               "[![Nightly](https://img.shields.io/badge/Nightly%20builds-purple.svg?style=for-the-badge)]" \
-              "(https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp-nightly-builds/releases/latest \"Nightly builds\") " \
+                "(https://github.com/${NIGHTLY_REPO}/releases/latest \"Nightly builds\") " \
               "[![Master](https://img.shields.io/badge/Master%20builds-lightblue.svg?style=for-the-badge)]" \
-              "(https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp-master-builds/releases/latest \"Master builds\")"' || '' }} > ./RELEASE_NOTES
-          printf '\n\n' >> ./RELEASE_NOTES
-          cat >> ./RELEASE_NOTES << EOF
-          #### A description of the various files is in the [README](https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}#release-files)
-          ---
-          $(python ./devscripts/make_changelog.py -vv --collapsible)
-          EOF
+                "(https://github.com/${MASTER_REPO}/releases/latest \"Master builds\")" >> ./RELEASE_NOTES
+          fi
+          printf '\n\n%s\n\n%s%s\n\n---\n' \
+            "#### A description of the various files is in the [README](https://github.com/${REPOSITORY}#release-files)" \
+            "The PyInstaller-bundled executables are subject to the licenses described in " \
+            "[THIRD_PARTY_LICENSES.txt](https://github.com/${BASE_REPO}/blob/${HEAD_SHA}/THIRD_PARTY_LICENSES.txt)" >> ./RELEASE_NOTES
+          python ./devscripts/make_changelog.py -vv --collapsible >> ./RELEASE_NOTES
           printf '%s\n\n' '**This is a pre-release build**' >> ./PRERELEASE_NOTES
           cat ./RELEASE_NOTES >> ./PRERELEASE_NOTES
-          printf '%s\n\n' 'Generated from: https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/commit/${{ env.head_sha }}' >> ./ARCHIVE_NOTES
+          printf '%s\n\n' "Generated from: https://github.com/${REPOSITORY}/commit/${HEAD_SHA}" >> ./ARCHIVE_NOTES
           cat ./RELEASE_NOTES >> ./ARCHIVE_NOTES
 
       - name: Publish to archive repo
         env:
           GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets[needs.prepare.outputs.target_repo_token] }}
           GH_REPO: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.target_repo }}
-          version: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.version }}
-          channel: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.channel }}
+          TITLE_PREFIX: ${{ startswith(env.TARGET_REPO, 'yt-dlp/') && 'yt-dlp ' || '' }}
+          TITLE: ${{ inputs.target != env.TARGET_REPO && inputs.target || needs.prepare.outputs.channel }}
         if: |
-          inputs.prerelease && env.GH_TOKEN != '' && env.GH_REPO != '' && env.GH_REPO != github.repository
+          inputs.prerelease && env.GH_TOKEN && env.GH_REPO && env.GH_REPO != github.repository
         run: |
-          title="${{ startswith(env.GH_REPO, 'yt-dlp/') && 'yt-dlp ' || '' }}${{ env.channel }}"
           gh release create \
             --notes-file ARCHIVE_NOTES \
-            --title "${title} ${{ env.version }}" \
-            ${{ env.version }} \
+            --title "${TITLE_PREFIX}${TITLE} ${VERSION}" \
+            "${VERSION}" \
             artifact/*
 
       - name: Prune old release
         env:
           GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
-          version: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.version }}
-          target_repo: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.target_repo }}
-          target_tag: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.target_tag }}
         if: |
-          env.target_repo == github.repository && env.target_tag != env.version
+          env.TARGET_REPO == github.repository && env.TARGET_TAG != env.VERSION
         run: |
-          gh release delete --yes --cleanup-tag "${{ env.target_tag }}" || true
-          git tag --delete "${{ env.target_tag }}" || true
+          gh release delete --yes --cleanup-tag "${TARGET_TAG}" || true
+          git tag --delete "${TARGET_TAG}" || true
           sleep 5  # Enough time to cover deletion race condition
 
       - name: Publish release
         env:
           GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
-          version: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.version }}
-          target_repo: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.target_repo }}
-          target_tag: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.target_tag }}
-          head_sha: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.head_sha }}
+          NOTES_FILE: ${{ inputs.prerelease && 'PRERELEASE_NOTES' || 'RELEASE_NOTES' }}
+          TITLE_PREFIX: ${{ github.repository == 'yt-dlp/yt-dlp' && 'yt-dlp ' || '' }}
+          TITLE: ${{ env.TARGET_TAG != env.VERSION && format('{0} ', env.TARGET_TAG) || '' }}
+          PRERELEASE: ${{ inputs.prerelease && '1' || '0' }}
         if: |
-          env.target_repo == github.repository
+          env.TARGET_REPO == github.repository
         run: |
-          title="${{ github.repository == 'yt-dlp/yt-dlp' && 'yt-dlp ' || '' }}"
-          title+="${{ env.target_tag != env.version && format('{0} ', env.target_tag) || '' }}"
-          gh release create \
-            --notes-file ${{ inputs.prerelease && 'PRERELEASE_NOTES' || 'RELEASE_NOTES' }} \
-            --target ${{ env.head_sha }} \
-            --title "${title}${{ env.version }}" \
-            ${{ inputs.prerelease && '--prerelease' || '' }} \
-            ${{ env.target_tag }} \
-            artifact/*
+          gh_options=(
+            --notes-file "${NOTES_FILE}"
+            --target "${HEAD_SHA}"
+            --title "${TITLE_PREFIX}${TITLE}${VERSION}"
+          )
+          if ((PRERELEASE)); then
+            gh_options+=(--prerelease)
+          fi
+          gh release create "${gh_options[@]}" "${TARGET_TAG}" artifact/*
diff --git a/.github/workflows/signature-tests.yml b/.github/workflows/signature-tests.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ae2221d28a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/signature-tests.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+name: Signature Tests
+on:
+  push:
+    paths:
+      - .github/workflows/signature-tests.yml
+      - test/test_youtube_signature.py
+      - yt_dlp/jsinterp.py
+  pull_request:
+    paths:
+      - .github/workflows/signature-tests.yml
+      - test/test_youtube_signature.py
+      - yt_dlp/jsinterp.py
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+concurrency:
+  group: signature-tests-${{ github.event.pull_request.number || github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' }}
+
+jobs:
+  tests:
+    name: Signature Tests
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest]
+        python-version: ['3.9', '3.10', '3.11', '3.12', '3.13', '3.14-dev', pypy-3.11]
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v6
+      with:
+        python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+    - name: Install test requirements
+      run: python3 ./devscripts/install_deps.py --only-optional --include test
+    - name: Run tests
+      timeout-minutes: 15
+      run: |
+        python3 -m yt_dlp -v || true  # Print debug head
+        python3 ./devscripts/run_tests.py test/test_youtube_signature.py
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test-workflows.yml b/.github/workflows/test-workflows.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..684ec6cc44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-workflows.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+name: Test and lint workflows
+on:
+  push:
+    paths:
+      - .github/workflows/*
+      - bundle/docker/linux/*.sh
+      - devscripts/setup_variables.py
+      - devscripts/setup_variables_tests.py
+      - devscripts/utils.py
+  pull_request:
+    paths:
+      - .github/workflows/*
+      - bundle/docker/linux/*.sh
+      - devscripts/setup_variables.py
+      - devscripts/setup_variables_tests.py
+      - devscripts/utils.py
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+env:
+  ACTIONLINT_VERSION: "1.7.7"
+  ACTIONLINT_SHA256SUM: 023070a287cd8cccd71515fedc843f1985bf96c436b7effaecce67290e7e0757
+  ACTIONLINT_REPO: https://github.com/rhysd/actionlint
+
+jobs:
+  check:
+    name: Check workflows
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
+        with:
+          python-version: "3.10"  # Keep this in sync with release.yml's prepare job
+      - name: Install requirements
+        env:
+          ACTIONLINT_TARBALL: ${{ format('actionlint_{0}_linux_amd64.tar.gz', env.ACTIONLINT_VERSION) }}
+        run: |
+          python -m devscripts.install_deps -o --include test
+          sudo apt -y install shellcheck
+          python -m pip install -U pyflakes
+          curl -LO "${ACTIONLINT_REPO}/releases/download/v${ACTIONLINT_VERSION}/${ACTIONLINT_TARBALL}"
+          printf '%s  %s' "${ACTIONLINT_SHA256SUM}" "${ACTIONLINT_TARBALL}" | sha256sum -c -
+          tar xvzf "${ACTIONLINT_TARBALL}" actionlint
+          chmod +x actionlint
+      - name: Run actionlint
+        run: |
+          ./actionlint -color
+      - name: Check Docker shell scripts
+        run: |
+          shellcheck bundle/docker/linux/*.sh
+      - name: Test GHA devscripts
+        run: |
+          pytest -Werror --tb=short --color=yes devscripts/setup_variables_tests.py
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 8fcd0de641..40bb34d2aa 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -105,6 +105,8 @@ README.txt
 *.zsh
 *.spec
 test/testdata/sigs/player-*.js
+test/testdata/thumbnails/empty.webp
+test/testdata/thumbnails/foo\ %d\ bar/foo_%d.*
 
 # Binary
 /youtube-dl
diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index fd7b0f1210..25cdf21e20 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
     - [Is your question about yt-dlp?](#is-your-question-about-yt-dlp)
     - [Are you willing to share account details if needed?](#are-you-willing-to-share-account-details-if-needed)
     - [Is the website primarily used for piracy](#is-the-website-primarily-used-for-piracy)
+- [AUTOMATED CONTRIBUTIONS (AI / LLM) POLICY](#automated-contributions-ai--llm-policy)
 - [DEVELOPER INSTRUCTIONS](#developer-instructions)
     - [Adding new feature or making overarching changes](#adding-new-feature-or-making-overarching-changes)
     - [Adding support for a new site](#adding-support-for-a-new-site)
@@ -126,7 +127,7 @@ By sharing an account with anyone, you agree to bear all risks associated with i
 While these steps won't necessarily ensure that no misuse of the account takes place, these are still some good practices to follow.
 
 - Look for people with `Member` (maintainers of the project) or `Contributor` (people who have previously contributed code) tag on their messages.
-- Change the password before sharing the account to something random (use [this](https://passwordsgenerator.net/) if you don't have a random password generator).
+- Change the password before sharing the account to something random.
 - Change the password after receiving the account back.
 
 ### Is the website primarily used for piracy?
@@ -134,6 +135,17 @@ While these steps won't necessarily ensure that no misuse of the account takes p
 We follow [youtube-dl's policy](https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl#can-you-add-support-for-this-anime-video-site-or-site-which-shows-current-movies-for-free) to not support services that is primarily used for infringing copyright. Additionally, it has been decided to not to support porn sites that specialize in fakes. We also cannot support any service that serves only [DRM protected content](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_rights_management).
 
 
+# AUTOMATED CONTRIBUTIONS (AI / LLM) POLICY
+
+Please refrain from submitting issues or pull requests that have been generated by an LLM or other fully-automated tools. Any submission that is in violation of this policy will be closed, and the submitter may be blocked from this repository without warning.
+
+If you submit an issue, you need to understand what your issue description is saying. You need to be able to answer questions about your bug report or feature request. Using an AI tool to *proofread* your issue/comment text is acceptable. Using an AI tool to *write* your issue/comment text is unacceptable.
+
+If you submit a pull request, you need to understand what every line of code you've changed does. If you can't explain why your PR is doing something, then do not submit it. Using an AI tool to generate entire lines of code is unacceptable.
+
+The rationale behind this policy is that automated contributions are a waste of the maintainers' time. Humans spend their time and brainpower reviewing every submission. Issues or pull requests generated by automation tools create an imbalance of effort between the submitter and the reviewer. Nobody learns anything when a maintainer reviews code written by an LLM.
+
+Additionally, AI-generated code conflicts with this project's license (Unlicense), since you cannot truly release code into the public domain if you didn't author it yourself.
 
 
 # DEVELOPER INSTRUCTIONS
@@ -272,7 +284,7 @@ After you have ensured this site is distributing its content legally, you can fo
 
     You can use `hatch fmt` to automatically fix problems. Rules that the linter/formatter enforces should not be disabled with `# noqa` unless a maintainer requests it. The only exception allowed is for old/printf-style string formatting in GraphQL query templates (use `# noqa: UP031`).
 
-1. Make sure your code works under all [Python](https://www.python.org/) versions supported by yt-dlp, namely CPython >=3.9 and PyPy >=3.10. Backward compatibility is not required for even older versions of Python.
+1. Make sure your code works under all [Python](https://www.python.org/) versions supported by yt-dlp, namely CPython >=3.9 and PyPy >=3.11. Backward compatibility is not required for even older versions of Python.
 1. When the tests pass, [add](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-add) the new files, [commit](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-commit) them and [push](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-push) the result, like this:
 
     ```shell
@@ -768,12 +780,10 @@ view_count = int_or_none(video.get('views'))
 ```
 
 
-# My pull request is labeled pending-fixes
+## My pull request is labeled pending-fixes
 
 The `pending-fixes` label is added when there are changes requested to a PR. When the necessary changes are made, the label should be removed. However, despite our best efforts, it may sometimes happen that the maintainer did not see the changes or forgot to remove the label. If your PR is still marked as `pending-fixes` a few days after all requested changes have been made, feel free to ping the maintainer who labeled your issue and ask them to re-review and remove the label.
 
 
-
-
 # EMBEDDING YT-DLP
 See [README.md#embedding-yt-dlp](README.md#embedding-yt-dlp) for instructions on how to embed yt-dlp in another Python program
diff --git a/CONTRIBUTORS b/CONTRIBUTORS
index 0b90c0e6cc..9064ebd7f8 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTORS
+++ b/CONTRIBUTORS
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ coletdjnz/colethedj (collaborator)
 Ashish0804 (collaborator)
 bashonly (collaborator)
 Grub4K (collaborator)
+seproDev (collaborator)
 h-h-h-h
 pauldubois98
 nixxo
@@ -403,7 +404,6 @@ rebane2001
 road-master
 rohieb
 sdht0
-seproDev
 Hill-98
 LXYan2333
 mushbite
@@ -742,3 +742,72 @@ lfavole
 mp3butcher
 slipinthedove
 YoshiTabletopGamer
+Arc8ne
+benfaerber
+chrisellsworth
+fries1234
+Kenshin9977
+MichaelDeBoey
+msikma
+pedro
+pferreir
+red-acid
+refack
+rysson
+somini
+thedenv
+vallovic
+arabcoders
+mireq
+mlabeeb03
+1271
+CasperMcFadden95
+Kicer86
+Kiritomo
+leeblackc
+meGAmeS1
+NeonMan
+pj47x
+troex
+WouterGordts
+baierjan
+GeoffreyFrogeye
+Pawka
+v3DJG6GL
+yozel
+brian6932
+iednod55
+maxbin123
+nullpos
+anlar
+eason1478
+ceandreasen
+chauhantirth
+helpimnotdrowning
+adamralph
+averageFOSSenjoyer
+bubo
+flanter21
+Georift
+moonshinerd
+R0hanW
+ShockedPlot7560
+swayll
+atsushi2965
+barryvan
+injust
+iribeirocampos
+rolandcrosby
+Sojiroh
+tchebb
+AzartX47
+e2dk4r
+junyilou
+PierreMesure
+Randalix
+runarmod
+gitchasing
+zakaryan2004
+cdce8p
+nicolaasjan
+willsmillie
diff --git a/Changelog.md b/Changelog.md
index 9c544feb92..ed61c3bc3c 100644
--- a/Changelog.md
+++ b/Changelog.md
@@ -4,6 +4,683 @@
 # To create a release, dispatch the https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/actions/workflows/release.yml workflow on master
 -->
 
+### 2025.09.23
+
+#### Important changes
+- **Several options have been deprecated**
+In order to simplify the codebase and reduce maintenance burden, various options have been deprecated. Please remove them from your commands/configurations. [Read more](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14198)
+
+#### Core changes
+- **compat**: [Add `compat_datetime_from_timestamp`](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/6a763a55d8a93b2a964ecf7699248ad342485412) ([#11902](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/11902)) by [pzhlkj6612](https://github.com/pzhlkj6612), [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **utils**
+    - `mimetype2ext`: [Recognize `vnd.dlna.mpeg-tts`](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/98b6b0d339130e955f9d45ce67c0357c633c1627) ([#14388](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14388)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+    - `random_user_agent`: [Bump versions](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/f3829463c728a5b5e62b3fc157e71c99b26edac7) ([#14317](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14317)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+
+#### Extractor changes
+- **10play**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/067062bb87ac057e453ce9efdac7ca117a6a7da0) ([#14242](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14242)) by [Sipherdrakon](https://github.com/Sipherdrakon)
+- **applepodcast**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/b2c01d0498653e0239c7226c5a7fcb614dd4dbc8) ([#14372](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14372)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **loco**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/f5cb721185e8725cf4eb4080e86aa9aa73ef25b3) ([#14256](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14256)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **mitele**: [Remove extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/820c6e244571557fcfc127d4b3680e2d07c04dca) ([#14348](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14348)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **newspicks**: [Warn when only preview is available](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/9def9a4b0e958285e055eb350e5dd43b5c423336) ([#14197](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14197)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080)
+- **onsen**: [Add extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/17bfaa53edf5c52fce73cf0cef4592f929c2462d) ([#10971](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/10971)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080)
+- **pixivsketch**: [Remove extractors](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/3d9a88bd8ef149d781c7e569e48e61551eda395e) ([#14196](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14196)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080)
+- **smotrim**: [Rework extractors](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/8cb037c0b06c2815080f87d61ea2e95c412785fc) ([#14200](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14200)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080), [swayll](https://github.com/swayll)
+- **telecinco**: [Support browser impersonation](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/e123a48f1155703d8709a4221a42bd45c0a2b3ce) ([#14351](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14351)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **tiktok**: live: [Fix room ID extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/5c1abcdc49b9d23e1dcb77b95d063cf2bf93e352) ([#14287](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14287)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **ttinglive**: [Adapt FlexTV extractor to new domain](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/4bc19adc8798e7564513898cf34adc432c6c5709) ([#14375](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14375)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **tunein**: [Fix extractors](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/7d9e48b22a780c2e8d2d2d68940d49fd2029ab70) ([#13981](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13981)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080)
+- **twitch**: clips: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/f8750504c2f71b54586fb857d60dce4e354a13ea) ([#14397](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14397)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **vimeo**: [Fix login error handling](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/679587dac7cd011a1472255e1f06efb017ba91b6) ([#14280](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14280)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **vk**
+    - [Support vksport URLs](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/b81e9272dce5844e8fba371cb4b4fd95ad3ed819) ([#14341](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14341)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+    - uservideos: [Support alternate URL format](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/bf5d18016b03a3f2fd5d3494d9efe85d3f8beeac) ([#14376](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14376)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **xhamster**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/a1c98226a4e869a34cc764a9dcf7a4558516308e) ([#14286](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14286)) by [nicolaasjan](https://github.com/nicolaasjan), [willsmillie](https://github.com/willsmillie) (With fixes in [677997d](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/677997d84eaec0037397f7d935386daa3025b004) by [arand](https://github.com/arand), [thegymguy](https://github.com/thegymguy))
+- **youtube**: [Force player `0004de42`](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/7f5d9f8543d19590eeec9473d54fa00151afa78a) ([#14398](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14398)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+
+#### Misc. changes
+- **build**
+    - [Fix cache warmer](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/8597a4331e8535a246d777bb8397bdcab251766c) ([#14261](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14261)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Post-release workflow cleanup](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/cd94e7004036e0149d7d3fa236c7dd44cf460788) ([#14250](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14250)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Refactor Linux build jobs](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/e2d37bcc8e84be9ce0f67fc24cb830c13963d10f) ([#14275](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14275)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Use PyInstaller 6.16 for Windows](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/df4b4e8ccf3385be6d2ad65465a0704c223dfdfb) ([#14318](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14318)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Use SPDX license identifier](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/48a214bef4bfd5984362d3d24b09dce50ba449ea) ([#14260](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14260)) by [cdce8p](https://github.com/cdce8p)
+    - [Use new PyInstaller builds for Windows](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/c8ede5f34d6c95c442b936bb01ecbcb724aefdef) ([#14273](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14273)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **ci**
+    - [Bump actions/setup-python to v6](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/22ea0688ed6bcdbe4c51401a84239cda3decfc9c) ([#14282](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14282)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Improve workflow checks](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/ae3923b6b23bc62115be55510d6b5842f7a46b5f) ([#14316](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14316)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Test and lint workflows](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/7c9b10ebc83907d37f9f65ea9d4bd6f5e3bd1371) ([#14249](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14249)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Test with Python 3.14](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/83b8409366d0f9554eaeae56394b244dab64a2cb) ([#13468](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13468)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **cleanup**
+    - [Bump ruff to 0.13.x](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/ba8044685537e8e14adc6826fb4d730856fd2e2b) ([#14293](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14293)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Deprecate various options](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/08d78996831bd8e1e3c2592d740c3def00bbf548) ([#13821](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13821)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+    - [Remove broken extractors](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/65e90aea29cf3bfc9d1ae3e009fbf9a8db3a23c9) ([#14305](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14305)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Remove setup.cfg](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/eb4b3a5fc7765a6cd0370ca44ccee0d7d5111dd7) ([#14314](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14314)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev) (With fixes in [8ab262c](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/8ab262c66bd3e1d8874fb2d070068ba1f0d48f16) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly))
+    - Miscellaneous: [2e81e29](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/2e81e298cdce23afadb06a95836284acb38f7018) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly), [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080), [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **docs**
+    - [Clarify license of PyInstaller-bundled executables](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/e6e6b512141e66b1b36058966804fe59c02a2b4d) ([#14257](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14257)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+    - [Establish AI/LLM contribution policy](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/8821682f15af59047bc1f92724ef8a9ba30d6f7e) ([#14194](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14194)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly), [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **test**: utils: [Fix `sanitize_path` test for Windows CPython 3.11](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/a183837ec8bb5e28fe6eb3a9d77ea2d0d7a106bd) ([#13878](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13878)) by [Grub4K](https://github.com/Grub4K)
+
+### 2025.09.05
+
+#### Core changes
+- [Fix `--id` deprecation warning](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/76bb46002c9a9655f2b1d29d4840e75e79037cfa) ([#14190](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14190)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+
+#### Extractor changes
+- **charlierose**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/603acdff07f0226088916886002d2ad8309ff9d3) ([#14231](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14231)) by [gitchasing](https://github.com/gitchasing)
+- **googledrive**: [Fix subtitles extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/18fe696df9d60804a8f5cb8cd74f38111d6eb711) ([#14139](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14139)) by [zakaryan2004](https://github.com/zakaryan2004)
+- **itvbtcc**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/0b51005b4819e7cea222fcbaf8e60391db4f732c) ([#14161](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14161)) by [garret1317](https://github.com/garret1317)
+- **kick**: vod: [Support ongoing livestream VODs](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/1e28f6bf743627b909135bb9a88537ad2deccaf0) ([#14154](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14154)) by [InvalidUsernameException](https://github.com/InvalidUsernameException)
+- **lrt**: [Fix extractors](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/ed24640943872c4cf30d7cc4601bec87b50ba03c) ([#14193](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14193)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **tver**: [Extract more metadata](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/223baa81f6637dcdef108f817180d8d1ae9fa213) ([#14165](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14165)) by [arabcoders](https://github.com/arabcoders)
+- **vevo**: [Restore extractors](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/d925e92b710153d0d51d030f115b3c87226bc0f0) ([#14203](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14203)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+
+#### Misc. changes
+- **build**: [Overhaul Linux builds and refactor release workflow](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/50136eeeb3767289b236f140b759f23b39b00888) ([#13997](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13997)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+
+### 2025.08.27
+
+#### Extractor changes
+- **generic**
+    - [Simplify invalid URL error message](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/1ddbd033f0fd65917526b1271cea66913ac8647f) ([#14167](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14167)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+    - [Use https as fallback protocol](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/fec30c56f0e97e573ace659104ff0d72c4cc9809) ([#14160](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14160)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **skeb**: [Support wav files](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/d6950c27af31908363c5c815e3b7eb4f9ff41643) ([#14147](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14147)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **youtube**
+    - [Add `tcc` player JS variant](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/8f4a908300f55054bc96814bceeaa1034fdf4110) ([#14134](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14134)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Deprioritize `web_safari` m3u8 formats](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/5c7ad68ff1643ad80d18cef8be9db8fcab05ee6c) ([#14168](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14168)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Player client maintenance](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/3bd91544122142a87863d79e54e995c26cfd7f92) ([#14135](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14135)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Use alternative `tv` user-agent when authenticated](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/8cd37b85d492edb56a4f7506ea05527b85a6b02b) ([#14169](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14169)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+
+### 2025.08.22
+
+#### Core changes
+- **cookies**: [Fix `--cookies-from-browser` with Firefox 142+](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/f29acc4a6e73a9dc091686d40951288acae5a46d) ([#14114](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14114)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly), [Grub4K](https://github.com/Grub4K) (With fixes in [526410b](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/526410b4af9c1ca73aa3503cdaf4d32e42308fd6) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly))
+
+#### Extractor changes
+- **mediaklikk**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/4dbe96459d7e632d397826d0bb323f3f0ac8b057) ([#13975](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13975)) by [zhallgato](https://github.com/zhallgato)
+- **steam**: [Fix extractors](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/fcea3edb5c5648638357f27431500c0aaf08b147) ([#14093](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14093)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080)
+- **youtube**
+    - [Improve `tv` client context](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/39b7b8ddc7a4d0669e0cf39105c3bb84cb2736cc) ([#14122](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14122)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Optimize playback wait times](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/5c8bcfdbc638dfde13e93157637d8521413ed774) ([#14124](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14124)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Replace `ios` with `tv_simply` in default clients](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/895e762a834bbd729ab822c7d17329fdf815aaf2) ([#14123](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14123)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly), [coletdjnz](https://github.com/coletdjnz)
+    - [Update `tv` client config](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/a03c37b44ec8f50fd472c409115096f92410346d) ([#14101](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14101)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+
+#### Misc. changes
+- **build**: [Post-release workflow cleanup](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/415b6d9ca868032a45b30b9139a50c5c06be2feb) ([#14090](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14090)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+
+### 2025.08.20
+
+#### Core changes
+- [Warn against using `-f mp4`](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/70f56699515e0854a4853d214dce11b61d432387) ([#13915](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13915)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **utils**: [Add improved `jwt_encode` function](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/35da8df4f843cb8f0656a301e5bebbf47d64d69a) ([#14071](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14071)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+
+#### Extractor changes
+- [Extract avif storyboard formats from MPD manifests](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/770119bdd15c525ba4338503f0eb68ea4baedf10) ([#14016](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14016)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080)
+- `_rta_search`: [Do not assume `age_limit` is `0`](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/6ae3543d5a1feea0c546571fd2782b024c108eac) ([#13985](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13985)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080)
+- **adobetv**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/c22660aed5fadb4ac29bdf25db4e8016414153cc) ([#13917](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13917)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080)
+- **bilibili**: [Handle Bangumi redirection](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/6ca9165648ac9a07c012de639faf50a97cbe0991) ([#14038](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14038)) by [grqz](https://github.com/grqz), [junyilou](https://github.com/junyilou)
+- **faulio**: [Add extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/74b4b3b00516e92a60250e0626272a6826459057) ([#13907](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13907)) by [CasperMcFadden95](https://github.com/CasperMcFadden95)
+- **francetv**: site: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/7b8a8abb98165a53c026e2a3f52faee608df1f20) ([#14082](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14082)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **medialaan**: [Rework extractors](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/86d74e5cf0e06c53c931ccdbdd497e3f2c4d2fe2) ([#14015](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14015)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080)
+- **mtv**: [Overhaul extractors](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/8df121ba59208979aa713822781891347abd03d1) ([#14052](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14052)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly), [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080), [Randalix](https://github.com/Randalix), [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **niconico**: live: [Support age-restricted streams](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/374ea049f531959bcccf8a1e6bc5659d228a780e) ([#13549](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13549)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080)
+- **nrktvepisode**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/7540aa1da1800769af40381f423825a1a8826377) ([#14065](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14065)) by [runarmod](https://github.com/runarmod)
+- **puhutv**: [Fix playlists extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/36e873822bdb2c5aba3780dd3ae32cbae564c6cd) ([#11955](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/11955)) by [e2dk4r](https://github.com/e2dk4r)
+- **steam**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/d3d1ac8eb2f9e96f3d75292e0effe2b1bccece3b) ([#14008](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14008)) by [AzartX47](https://github.com/AzartX47)
+- **svt**: [Extract forced subs under separate lang code](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/82a139020417a501f261d9fe02cefca01b1e12e4) ([#14062](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14062)) by [PierreMesure](https://github.com/PierreMesure)
+- **tiktok**: user: [Avoid infinite loop during extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/edf55e81842fcfa6c302528d7f33ccd5081b37ef) ([#14032](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14032)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly) (With fixes in [471a2b6](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/471a2b60e0a3e056960d9ceb1ebf57908428f752))
+- **vimeo**
+    - album: [Support embed-only and non-numeric albums](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/d8200ff0a4699e06c9f7daca8f8531f8b98e68f2) ([#14021](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14021)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - event: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/0f6b915822fb64bd944126fdacd401975c9f06ed) ([#14064](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14064)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **weibo**
+    - [Fix extractors](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/8e3f8065af1415caeff788c5c430703dd0d8f576) ([#14012](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14012)) by [AzartX47](https://github.com/AzartX47), [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Support more URLs and --no-playlist](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/404bd889d0e0b62ad72b7281e3fefdc0497080b3) ([#14035](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14035)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **youtube**
+    - [Add `es5` and `es6` player JS variants](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/f2919bd28eac905f1267c62b83738a02bb5b4e04) ([#14005](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14005)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Add `playback_wait` extractor-arg](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/f63a7e41d120ef84f0f2274b0962438e3272d2fa) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Default to `main` player JS variant](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/df0553153e41f81e3b30aa5bb1d119c61bd449ac) ([#14079](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14079)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Extract title and description from initial data](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/7bc53ae79930b36f4f947679545c75f36e9f0ddd) ([#14078](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14078)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Handle required preroll waiting period](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/a97f4cb57e61e19be61a7d5ac19665d4b567c960) ([#14081](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14081)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Remove default player params](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/d154dc3dcf0c7c75dbabb6cd1aca66fdd806f858) ([#14081](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14081)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - tab: [Fix playlists tab extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/8a8861d53864c8a38e924bc0657ead5180f17268) ([#14030](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14030)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+
+#### Downloader changes
+- [Support `available_at` format field](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/438d3f06b3c41bdef8112d40b75d342186e91a16) ([#13980](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13980)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+
+#### Postprocessor changes
+- **xattrmetadata**: [Only set "Where From" attribute on macOS](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/bdeb3eb3f29eebbe8237fbc5186e51e7293eea4a) ([#13999](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13999)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+
+#### Misc. changes
+- **build**
+    - [Add Windows ARM64 builds](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/07247d6c20fef1ad13b6f71f6355a44d308cf010) ([#14003](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14003)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Bump PyInstaller version to 6.15.0 for Windows](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/681ed2153de754c2c885fdad09ab71fffa8114f9) ([#14002](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14002)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Discontinue `darwin_legacy_exe` support](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/aea85d525e1007bb64baec0e170c054292d0858a) ([#13860](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13860)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **cleanup**
+    - [Remove dead extractors](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/6f4c1bb593da92f0ce68229d0c813cdbaf1314da) ([#13996](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13996)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080)
+    - Miscellaneous: [c2fc4f3](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/c2fc4f3e7f6d757250183b177130c64beee50520) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+
+### 2025.08.11
+
+#### Important changes
+- **The minimum *recommended* Python version has been raised to 3.10**
+Since Python 3.9 will reach end-of-life in October 2025, support for it will be dropped soon. [Read more](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13858)
+- **darwin_legacy_exe builds are being discontinued**
+This release's `yt-dlp_macos_legacy` binary will likely be the last one. [Read more](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13856)
+- **linux_armv7l_exe builds are being discontinued**
+This release's `yt-dlp_linux_armv7l` binary could be the last one. [Read more](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13976)
+
+#### Core changes
+- [Deprecate `darwin_legacy_exe` support](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/cc5a5caac5fbc0d605b52bde0778d6fd5f97b5ab) ([#13857](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13857)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- [Deprecate `linux_armv7l_exe` support](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/c76ce28e06c816eb5b261dfb6aff6e69dd9b7382) ([#13978](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13978)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- [Raise minimum recommended Python version to 3.10](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/23c658b9cbe34a151f8f921ab1320bb5d4e40a4d) ([#13859](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13859)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- [Warn when yt-dlp is severely outdated](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/662af5bb8307ec3ff8ab0857f1159922d64792f0) ([#13937](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13937)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **cookies**: [Load cookies with float `expires` timestamps](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/28b68f687561468e0c664dcb430707458970019f) ([#13873](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13873)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **utils**
+    - [Add `WINDOWS_VT_MODE` to globals](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/eed94c7306d4ecdba53ad8783b1463a9af5c97f1) ([#12460](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12460)) by [Grub4K](https://github.com/Grub4K)
+    - `parse_resolution`: [Support width-only pattern](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/4385480795acda35667be008d0bf26b46e9d65b4) ([#13802](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13802)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080)
+    - `random_user_agent`: [Bump versions](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/c59ad2b066bbccd3cc4eed580842f961bce7dd4a) ([#13543](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13543)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+
+#### Extractor changes
+- **archive.org**: [Fix metadata extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/42ca3d601ee10cef89d698f72e2b5d44fab4f013) ([#13880](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13880)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **digitalconcerthall**: [Fix formats extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/e8d2807296ccc603e031f5982623a8311f2a5119) ([#13948](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13948)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **eagleplatform**: [Remove extractors](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/1fe83b0111277a6f214c5ec1819cfbf943508baf) ([#13469](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13469)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080)
+- **fauliolive**
+    - [Add extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/3e609b2cedd285739bf82c7af7853735092070a4) ([#13421](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13421)) by [CasperMcFadden95](https://github.com/CasperMcFadden95), [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+    - [Support Bahry TV](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/daa1859be1b0e7d123da8b4e0988f2eb7bd47d15) ([#13850](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13850)) by [CasperMcFadden95](https://github.com/CasperMcFadden95)
+- **fc2**: [Fix old video support](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/cd31c319e3142622ec43c49485d196ed2835df05) ([#12633](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12633)) by [JChris246](https://github.com/JChris246), [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **motherless**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/e8d49b1c7f11c7e282319395ca9c2a201304be41) ([#13960](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13960)) by [Grub4K](https://github.com/Grub4K)
+- **n1info**: article: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/6539ee1947d7885d3606da6365fd858308435a63) ([#13865](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13865)) by [u-spec-png](https://github.com/u-spec-png)
+- **neteasemusic**: [Support XFF](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/e8c2bf798b6707d27fecde66161172da69c7cd72) ([#11044](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/11044)) by [c-basalt](https://github.com/c-basalt)
+- **niconico**: [Fix error handling & improve metadata extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/05e553e9d1f57655d65c9811d05df38261601b85) ([#13240](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13240)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080)
+- **parlview**: [Rework extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/485de69dbfeb7de7bcf9f7fe16d6c6ba9e81e1a0) ([#13788](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13788)) by [barryvan](https://github.com/barryvan)
+- **plyrembed**: [Add extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/61d4cd0bc01be6ebe11fd53c2d3805d1a2058990) ([#13836](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13836)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **royalive**: [Support `en` URLs](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/43dedbe6394bdd489193b15ee9690a62d1b82d94) ([#13908](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13908)) by [CasperMcFadden95](https://github.com/CasperMcFadden95)
+- **rtve.es**: program: [Add extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/b831406a1d3be34c159835079d12bae624c43610) ([#12955](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12955)) by [meGAmeS1](https://github.com/meGAmeS1), [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **shiey**: [Add extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/6ff135c31914ea8b5545f8d187c60e852cfde9bc) ([#13354](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13354)) by [iribeirocampos](https://github.com/iribeirocampos)
+- **sportdeuschland**: [Support embedded player URLs](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/30302df22b7b431ce920e0f7298cd10be9989967) ([#13833](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13833)) by [InvalidUsernameException](https://github.com/InvalidUsernameException)
+- **sproutvideo**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/59765ecbc08d18005de7143fbb1d1caf90239471) ([#13813](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13813)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **tbs**: [Fix truTV support](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/0adeb1e54b2d7e95cd19999e71013877850f8f41) ([#9683](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9683)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly), [ischmidt20](https://github.com/ischmidt20)
+- **tbsjp**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/71f30921a2023dbb25c53fd1bb1399cac803116d) ([#13485](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13485)) by [garret1317](https://github.com/garret1317)
+- **tver**
+    - [Extract Streaks API info](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/70d7687487252a08dbf8b2831743e7833472ba05) ([#13885](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13885)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Support --ignore-no-formats-error when geo-blocked](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/121647705a2fc6b968278723fe61801007e228a4) ([#13598](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13598)) by [arabcoders](https://github.com/arabcoders)
+- **tvw**: news: [Add extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/682334e4b35112f7a5798decdcb5cb12230ef948) ([#12907](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12907)) by [fries1234](https://github.com/fries1234)
+- **vimeo**: [Fix login support and require authentication](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/afaf60d9fd5a0c7a85aeb1374fd97fbc13cd652c) ([#13823](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13823)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **yandexdisk**: [Support 360 URLs](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/a6df5e8a58d6743dd230011389c986495ec509da) ([#13935](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13935)) by [Sojiroh](https://github.com/Sojiroh)
+- **youtube**
+    - [Add player params to mweb client](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/38c2bf40260f7788efb5a7f5e8eba8e5cb43f741) ([#13914](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13914)) by [coletdjnz](https://github.com/coletdjnz)
+    - [Update player params](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/bf366517ef0b745490ee9e0f929254fa26b69647) ([#13979](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13979)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+
+#### Downloader changes
+- **dash**: [Re-extract if using --load-info-json with --live-from-start](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/fe53ebe5b66a03c664708a4d6fd87b8c13a1bc7b) ([#13922](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13922)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **external**: [Work around ffmpeg's `file:` URL handling](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/d399505fdf8292332bdc91d33859a0b0d08104fd) ([#13844](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13844)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **hls**: [Fix `--hls-split-continuity` support](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/57186f958f164daa50203adcbf7ec74d541151cf) ([#13321](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13321)) by [tchebb](https://github.com/tchebb)
+
+#### Postprocessor changes
+- **embedthumbnail**: [Fix ffmpeg args for embedding in mp3](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/7e3f48d64d237281a97b3df1a61980c78a0302fe) ([#13720](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13720)) by [atsushi2965](https://github.com/atsushi2965)
+- **xattrmetadata**: [Add macOS "Where from" attribute](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/3e918d825d7ff367812658957b281b8cda8f9ebb) ([#12664](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12664)) by [rolandcrosby](https://github.com/rolandcrosby) (With fixes in [1e0c77d](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/1e0c77ddcce335a1875ecc17d93ed6ff3fabd975) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev))
+
+#### Networking changes
+- **Request Handler**
+    - curl_cffi: [Support `curl_cffi` 0.11.x, 0.12.x, 0.13.x](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/e98695549e2eb8ce4a59abe16b5afa8adc075bbe) ([#13989](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13989)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - requests: [Bump minimum required version of urllib3 to 2.0.2](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/8175f3738fe4db3bc629d36bb72b927d4286d3f9) ([#13939](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13939)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+
+#### Misc. changes
+- **build**: [Use `macos-14` runner for `macos` builds](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/66aa21dc5a3b79059c38f3ad1d05dc9b29187701) ([#13814](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13814)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **ci**: [Bump supported PyPy version to 3.11](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/62e2a9c0d55306906f18da2927e05e1cbc31473c) ([#13877](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13877)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **cleanup**
+    - [Move embed tests to dedicated extractors](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/1c6068af997cfc0e28061fc00f4d6091e1de57da) ([#13782](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13782)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080)
+    - Miscellaneous: [5e4ceb3](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/5e4ceb35cf997af0dbf100e1de37f4e2bcbaa0b7) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly), [injust](https://github.com/injust), [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+
+### 2025.07.21
+
+#### Important changes
+- **Default behaviour changed from `--mtime` to `--no-mtime`**
+yt-dlp no longer applies the server modified time to downloaded files by default. [Read more](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12780)
+- Security: [[CVE-2025-54072](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-54072)] [Fix `--exec` placeholder expansion on Windows](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/security/advisories/GHSA-45hg-7f49-5h56)
+    - When `--exec` is used on Windows, the filepath expanded from `{}` (or the default placeholder) is now properly escaped
+
+#### Core changes
+- [Allow extractors to designate formats/subtitles for impersonation](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/32809eb2da92c649e540a5b714f6235036026161) ([#13778](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13778)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly) (With fixes in [3e49bc8](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/3e49bc8a1bdb4109b857f2c361c358e86fa63405), [2ac3eb9](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/2ac3eb98373d1c31341c5e918c83872c7ff409c6))
+- [Don't let format testing alter the return code](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/4919051e447c7f8ae9df8ba5c4208b6b5c04915a) ([#13767](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13767)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- [Fix `--exec` placeholder expansion on Windows](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/959ac99e98c3215437e573c22d64be42d361e863) by [Grub4K](https://github.com/Grub4K)
+- [No longer enable `--mtime` by default](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/f3008bc5f89d2691f2f8dfc51b406ef4e25281c3) ([#12781](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12781)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- [Warn when skipping formats](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/1f27a9f8baccb9105f2476154557540efe09a937) ([#13090](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13090)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **jsinterp**
+    - [Cache undefined variable names](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/b342d27f3f82d913976509ddf5bff539ad8567ec) ([#13639](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13639)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly) (With fixes in [805519b](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/805519bfaa7cb5443912dfe45ac774834ba65a16))
+    - [Fix variable scoping](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/b6328ca05030d815222b25d208cc59a964623bf9) ([#13639](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13639)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly), [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **utils**
+    - `mimetype2ext`: [Always parse `flac` from `audio/flac`](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/b8abd255e454acbe0023cdb946f9eb461ced7eeb) ([#13748](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13748)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - `unified_timestamp`: [Return `int` values](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/6be26626f7cfa71d28e0fac2861eb04758810c5d) ([#13796](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13796)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080)
+    - `urlhandle_detect_ext`: [Use `x-amz-meta-file-type` headers](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/28bf46b7dafe2e241137763bf570a2f91ba8a53a) ([#13749](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13749)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+
+#### Extractor changes
+- [Add `_search_nextjs_v13_data` helper](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/5245231e4a39ecd5595d4337d46d85e150e2430a) ([#13398](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13398)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly) (With fixes in [b5fea53](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/b5fea53f2099bed41ba1b17ab0ac87c8dba5a5ec))
+- [Detect invalid m3u8 playlist data](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/e99c0b838a9c5feb40c0dcd291bd7b8620b8d36d) ([#13601](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13601)) by [Grub4K](https://github.com/Grub4K)
+- **10play**: [Support new site domain](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/790c286ce3e0b534ca2d8f6648ced220d888f139) ([#13611](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13611)) by [Georift](https://github.com/Georift)
+- **9gag**: [Support browser impersonation](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/0b359b184dee0c7052be482857bf562de67e4928) ([#13678](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13678)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **aenetworks**: [Support new URL formats](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/5f951ce929b56a822514f1a02cc06af030855ec7) ([#13747](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13747)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **archive.org**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/d42a6ff0c4ca8893d722ff4e0c109aecbf4cc7cf) ([#13706](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13706)) by [rdamas](https://github.com/rdamas)
+- **bandaichannel**: [Remove extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/23e9389f936ec5236a87815b8576e5ce567b2f77) ([#13152](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13152)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080)
+- **bandcamp**: [Extract tags](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/f9dff95cb1c138913011417b3bba020c0a691bba) ([#13480](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13480)) by [WouterGordts](https://github.com/WouterGordts)
+- **bellmedia**: [Remove extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/6fb3947c0dc6d0e3eab5077c5bada8402f47a277) ([#13429](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13429)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080)
+- **bilibili**: [Pass newer user-agent with API requests](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/d3edc5d52a7159eda2331dbc7e14bf40a6585c81) ([#13736](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13736)) by [c-basalt](https://github.com/c-basalt)
+- **bilibilibangumi**
+    - [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/b15aa8d77257b86fa44c9a42a615dfe47ac5b3b7) ([#13800](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13800)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Fix geo-block detection](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/884f35d54a64f1e6e7be49459842f573fc3a2701) ([#13667](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13667)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **blackboardcollaborate**: [Support subtitles and authwalled videos](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/dcc4cba39e2a79d3efce16afa28dbe245468489f) ([#12473](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12473)) by [flanter21](https://github.com/flanter21)
+- **btvplus**: [Add extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/3ae61e0f313dd03a09060abc7a212775c3717818) ([#13541](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13541)) by [bubo](https://github.com/bubo)
+- **ctv**: [Remove extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/9f54ea38984788811773ca2ceaca73864acf0e8a) ([#13429](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13429)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080)
+- **dangalplay**: [Support other login regions](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/09982bc33e2f1f9a1ff66e6738df44f15b36f6a6) ([#13768](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13768)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **francetv**: [Improve error handling](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/ade876efb31d55d3394185ffc56942fdc8d325cc) ([#13726](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13726)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **hotstar**
+    - [Fix support for free accounts](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/07d1d85f6387e4bdb107096f0131c7054f078bb9) ([#13700](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13700)) by [chauhantirth](https://github.com/chauhantirth)
+    - [Improve error handling](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/7e0af2b1f0c3edb688603b022f3a9ca0bfdf75e9) ([#13727](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13727)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly) (With fixes in [ef103b2](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/ef103b2d115bd0e880f9cfd2f7dd705f48e4b40d))
+- **joqrag**: [Remove extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/6d39c420f7774562a106d90253e2ed5b75036321) ([#13152](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13152)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080)
+- **limelight**: [Remove extractors](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/5d693446e882931618c40c99bb593f0b87b30eb9) ([#13267](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13267)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080)
+- **lrtradio**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/b4b4486effdcb96bb6b8148171a49ff579b69a4a) ([#13717](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13717)) by [Pawka](https://github.com/Pawka)
+- **mir24.tv**: [Add extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/7b4c96e0898db048259ef5fdf12ed14e3605dce3) ([#13651](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13651)) by [swayll](https://github.com/swayll)
+- **mixlr**: [Add extractors](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/0f33950c778331bf4803c76e8b0ba1862df93431) ([#13561](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13561)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev), [ShockedPlot7560](https://github.com/ShockedPlot7560)
+- **mlbtv**: [Make formats downloadable with ffmpeg](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/87e3dc8c7f78929d2ef4f4a44e6a567e04cd8226) ([#13761](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13761)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **newspicks**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/2aaf1aa71d174700859c9ec1a81109b78e34961c) ([#13612](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13612)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080)
+- **nhkradiru**: [Fix metadata extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/7c49a937887756efcfa162abdcf17e48c244cb0c) ([#12708](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12708)) by [garret1317](https://github.com/garret1317)
+- **noovo**: [Remove extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/d57a0b5aa78d59324b037d37492fe86aa4fbf58a) ([#13429](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13429)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080)
+- **patreon**: campaign: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/d88b304d44c599d81acfa4231502270c8b9fe2f8) ([#13712](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13712)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **playerfm**: [Add extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/1a8474c3ca6dbe51bb153b2b8eef7b9a61fa7dc3) ([#13016](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13016)) by [R0hanW](https://github.com/R0hanW)
+- **rai**: [Fix formats extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/c8329fc572903eeed7edad1642773b2268b71a62) ([#13572](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13572)) by [moonshinerd](https://github.com/moonshinerd), [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **raisudtirol**: [Support alternative domain](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/85c3fa1925a9057ef4ae8af682686d5b3eb8e568) ([#13718](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13718)) by [barsnick](https://github.com/barsnick)
+- **skeb**: [Rework extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/060c6a4501a0b8a92f1b9c12788f556d902c83c6) ([#13593](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13593)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080)
+- **soundcloud**: [Always extract original format extension](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/c1ac543c8166ff031d62e340b3244ca8556e3fb9) ([#13746](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13746)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **sproutvideo**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/0b41746964e1d0470ac286ce09408940a3a51147) ([#13610](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13610)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **thehighwire**: [Add extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/3a84be9d1660ef798ea28f929a20391bef6afda4) ([#13505](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13505)) by [swayll](https://github.com/swayll)
+- **twitch**: [Improve error handling](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/422cc8cb2ff2bd3b4c2bc64e23507b7e6f522c35) ([#13618](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13618)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **unitednationswebtv**: [Add extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/630f3389c33f0f7f6ec97e8917d20aeb4e4078da) ([#13538](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13538)) by [averageFOSSenjoyer](https://github.com/averageFOSSenjoyer)
+- **vimeo**
+    - [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/a5d697f62d8be78ffd472acb2f52c8bc32833003) ([#13692](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13692)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Handle age-restricted videos](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/a6db1d297ab40cc346de24aacbeab93112b2f4e1) ([#13719](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13719)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **youtube**
+    - [Do not require PO Token for premium accounts](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/5b57b72c1a7c6bd249ffcebdf5630761ec664c10) ([#13640](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13640)) by [coletdjnz](https://github.com/coletdjnz)
+    - [Ensure context params are consistent for web clients](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/6e5bee418bc108565108153fd745c8e7a59f16dd) ([#13701](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13701)) by [coletdjnz](https://github.com/coletdjnz)
+    - [Extract global nsig helper functions](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/fca94ac5d63ed6578b5cd9c8129d97a8a713c39a) ([#13639](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13639)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly), [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+    - [Fix subtitles extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/0e68332bcb9fba87c42805b7a051eeb2bed36206) ([#13659](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13659)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Log bad playability statuses of player responses](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/aa9f1f4d577e99897ac16cd19d4e217d688ea75d) ([#13647](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13647)) by [coletdjnz](https://github.com/coletdjnz)
+    - [Use impersonation for downloading subtitles](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/8820101aa3152e5f4811541c645f8b5de231ba8c) ([#13786](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13786)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - tab: [Fix subscriptions feed extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/c23d837b6524d1e7a4595948871ba1708cba4dfa) ([#13665](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13665)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+
+#### Downloader changes
+- **hls**: [Do not fall back to ffmpeg when native is required](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/a7113722ec33f30fc898caee9242af2b82188a53) ([#13655](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13655)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+
+#### Networking changes
+- **Request Handler**
+    - requests
+        - [Refactor default headers](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/a4561c7a66c39d88efe7ae51e7fa1986faf093fb) ([#13785](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13785)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+        - [Work around partial read dropping data](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/c2ff2dbaec7929015373fe002e9bd4849931a4ce) ([#13599](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13599)) by [Grub4K](https://github.com/Grub4K) (With fixes in [c316416](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/c316416b972d1b05e58fbcc21e80428b900ce102))
+
+#### Misc. changes
+- **cleanup**
+    - [Bump ruff to 0.12.x](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/ca5cce5b07d51efe7310b449cdefeca8d873e9df) ([#13596](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13596)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+    - Miscellaneous: [9951fdd](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/9951fdd0d08b655cb1af8cd7f32a3fb7e2b1324e) by [adamralph](https://github.com/adamralph), [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly), [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080), [hseg](https://github.com/hseg), [InvalidUsernameException](https://github.com/InvalidUsernameException), [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **devscripts**: [Fix filename/directory Bash completions](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/99093e96fd6a26dea9d6e4bd1e4b16283b6ad1ee) ([#13620](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13620)) by [barsnick](https://github.com/barsnick)
+- **test**: download: [Support `playlist_maxcount`](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/fd36b8f31bafbd8096bdb92a446a0c9c6081209c) ([#13433](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13433)) by [InvalidUsernameException](https://github.com/InvalidUsernameException)
+
+### 2025.06.30
+
+#### Core changes
+- **jsinterp**: [Fix `extract_object`](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/958153a226214c86879e36211ac191bf78289578) ([#13580](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13580)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+
+#### Extractor changes
+- **bilibilispacevideo**: [Extract hidden-mode collections as playlists](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/99b85ac102047446e6adf5b62bfc3c8d80b53778) ([#13533](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13533)) by [c-basalt](https://github.com/c-basalt)
+- **hotstar**
+    - [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/b5bd057fe86550f3aa67f2fc8790d1c6a251c57b) ([#13530](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13530)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly), [chauhantirth](https://github.com/chauhantirth) (With fixes in [e9f1576](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/e9f157669e24953a88d15ce22053649db7a8e81e) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly))
+    - [Fix metadata extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/0a6b1044899f452cd10b6c7a6b00fa985a9a8b97) ([#13560](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13560)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Raise for login required](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/5e292baad62c749b6c340621ab2d0f904165ddfb) ([#10405](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/10405)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - series: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/4bd9a7ade7e0508b9795b3e72a69eeb40788b62b) ([#13564](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13564)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **jiocinema**: [Remove extractors](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/7e2504f941a11ea2b0dba00de3f0295cdc253e79) ([#13565](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13565)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **kick**: [Support subscriber-only content](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/b16722ede83377f77ea8352dcd0a6ca8e83b8f0f) ([#13550](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13550)) by [helpimnotdrowning](https://github.com/helpimnotdrowning)
+- **niconico**: live: [Fix extractor and downloader](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/06c1a8cdffe14050206683253726875144192ef5) ([#13158](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13158)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080)
+- **sauceplus**: [Add extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/35fc33fbc51c7f5392fb2300f65abf6cf107ef90) ([#13567](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13567)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly), [ceandreasen](https://github.com/ceandreasen)
+- **sproutvideo**: [Support browser impersonation](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/11b9416e10cff7513167d76d6c47774fcdd3e26a) ([#13589](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13589)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **youtube**: [Fix premium formats extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/2ba5391cd68ed4f2415c827d2cecbcbc75ace10b) ([#13586](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13586)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+
+#### Misc. changes
+- **ci**: [Add signature tests](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/1b883846347addeab12663fd74317fd544341a1c) ([#13582](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13582)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **cleanup**: Miscellaneous: [b018784](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/b0187844988e557c7e1e6bb1aabd4c1176768d86) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+
+### 2025.06.25
+
+#### Extractor changes
+- [Add `_search_nuxt_json` helper](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/51887484e46ab6015c041cb1ab626a55f25a03bd) ([#13386](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13386)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly), [Grub4K](https://github.com/Grub4K)
+- **brightcove**: new: [Improve metadata extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/e6bd4a3da295b760ab20b39c18ce8934d312c2bf) ([#13461](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13461)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080)
+- **huya**: live: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/2600849badb0d08c55b58dcc77a13af6ba423da6) ([#13520](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13520)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080)
+- **hypergryph**: [Improve metadata extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/1722c55400ff30bb5aee5dd7a262f0b7e9ce2f0e) ([#13415](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13415)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080), [eason1478](https://github.com/eason1478)
+- **lsm**: [Fix extractors](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/c57412d1f9cf0124adc972a47858ac42b740c61d) ([#13126](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13126)) by [Caesim404](https://github.com/Caesim404)
+- **mave**: [Add extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/1838a1ce5d4ade80770ba9162eaffc9a1607dc70) ([#13380](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13380)) by [anlar](https://github.com/anlar)
+- **sportdeutschland**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/a4ce4327c9836691d3b6b00e44a90b6741601ed8) ([#13519](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13519)) by [DTrombett](https://github.com/DTrombett)
+- **sproutvideo**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/5b559d0072b7164daf06bacdc41c6f11283452c8) ([#13544](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13544)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **tv8.it**: [Support slugless URLs](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/3bd30291601c47fa4a257983473884103ecab0c7) ([#13478](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13478)) by [DTrombett](https://github.com/DTrombett)
+- **youtube**
+    - [Check any `ios` m3u8 formats prior to download](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/8f94b76cbf7bbd9dfd8762c63cdea04f90f1297f) ([#13524](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13524)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Improve player context payloads](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/ff6f94041aeee19c5559e1c1cd693960a1c1dd14) ([#13539](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13539)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+
+#### Misc. changes
+- **test**: `traversal`: [Fix morsel tests for Python 3.14](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/73bf10211668e4a59ccafd790e06ee82d9fea9ea) ([#13471](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13471)) by [Grub4K](https://github.com/Grub4K)
+
+### 2025.06.09
+
+#### Extractor changes
+- [Improve JSON LD thumbnails extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/85c8a405e3651dc041b758f4744d4fb3c4c55e01) ([#13368](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13368)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly), [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080)
+- **10play**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/6d265388c6e943419ac99e9151cf75a3265f980f) ([#13349](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13349)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **adobepass**
+    - [Add Fubo MSO](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/eee90acc47d7f8de24afaa8b0271ccaefdf6e88c) ([#13131](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13131)) by [maxbin123](https://github.com/maxbin123)
+    - [Always add newer user-agent when required](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/0ee1102268cf31b07f8a8318a47424c66b2f7378) ([#13131](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13131)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Fix Philo MSO authentication](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/943083edcd3df45aaa597a6967bc6c95b720f54c) ([#13335](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13335)) by [Sipherdrakon](https://github.com/Sipherdrakon)
+    - [Rework to require software statement](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/711c5d5d098fee2992a1a624b1c4b30364b91426) ([#13131](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13131)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly), [maxbin123](https://github.com/maxbin123)
+    - [Validate login URL before sending credentials](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/89c1b349ad81318d9d3bea76c01c891696e58d38) ([#13131](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13131)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **aenetworks**
+    - [Fix playlist extractors](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/f37d599a697e82fe68b423865897d55bae34f373) ([#13408](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13408)) by [Sipherdrakon](https://github.com/Sipherdrakon)
+    - [Fix provider-locked content extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/6693d6603358ae6beca834dbd822a7917498b813) ([#13131](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13131)) by [maxbin123](https://github.com/maxbin123)
+- **bilibilibangumi**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/13e55162719528d42d2133e16b65ff59a667a6e4) ([#13416](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13416)) by [c-basalt](https://github.com/c-basalt)
+- **brightcove**: new: [Adapt to new AdobePass requirement](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/98f8eec956e3b16cb66a3d49cc71af3807db795e) ([#13131](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13131)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **cu.ntv.co.jp**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/aa863ddab9b1d104678e9cf39bb76f5b14fca660) ([#13302](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13302)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080), [nullpos](https://github.com/nullpos)
+- **go**: [Fix provider-locked content extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/2e5bf002dad16f5ce35aa2023d392c9e518fcd8f) ([#13131](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13131)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly), [maxbin123](https://github.com/maxbin123)
+- **nbc**: [Rework and adapt extractors to new AdobePass flow](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/2d7949d5642bc37d1e71bf00c9a55260e5505d58) ([#13131](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13131)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **nobelprize**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/97ddfefeb4faba6e61cd80996c16952b8eab16f3) ([#13205](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13205)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080)
+- **odnoklassniki**: [Detect and raise when login is required](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/148a1eb4c59e127965396c7a6e6acf1979de459e) ([#13361](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13361)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **patreon**: [Fix m3u8 formats extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/e0d6c0822930f6e63f574d46d946a58b73ecd10c) ([#13266](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13266)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly) (With fixes in [1a8a03e](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/1a8a03ea8d827107319a18076ee3505090667c5a))
+- **podchaser**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/538eb305673c26bff6a2b12f1c96375fe02ce41a) ([#13271](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13271)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **sr**: mediathek: [Improve metadata extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/e3c605a61f4cc2de9059f37434fa108c3c20f58e) ([#13294](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13294)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080)
+- **stacommu**: [Avoid partial stream formats](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/5d96527be80dc1ed1702d9cd548ff86de570ad70) ([#13412](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13412)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **startrek**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/a8bf0011bde92b3f1324a98bfbd38932fd3ebe18) ([#13188](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13188)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080)
+- **svt**: play: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/e1b6062f8c4a3fa33c65269d48d09ec78de765a2) ([#13329](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13329)) by [barsnick](https://github.com/barsnick), [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **telecinco**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/03dba2012d9bd3f402fa8c2f122afba89bbd22a4) ([#13379](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13379)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **theplatform**: [Improve metadata extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/ed108b3ea481c6a4b5215a9302ba92d74baa2425) ([#13131](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13131)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **toutiao**: [Add extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/f8051e3a61686c5db1de5f5746366ecfbc3ad20c) ([#13246](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13246)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080)
+- **turner**: [Adapt extractors to new AdobePass flow](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/0daddc780d3ac5bebc3a3ec5b884d9243cbc0745) ([#13131](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13131)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **twitcasting**: [Fix password-protected livestream support](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/52f9729c9a92ad4656d746ff0b1acecb87b3e96d) ([#13097](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13097)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **twitter**: broadcast: [Support events URLs](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/7794374de8afb20499b023107e2abfd4e6b93ee4) ([#13248](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13248)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080)
+- **umg**: de: [Rework extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/4e7c1ea346b510280218b47e8653dbbca3a69870) ([#13373](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13373)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080)
+- **vice**: [Mark extractors as broken](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/6121559e027a04574690799c1776bc42bb51af31) ([#13131](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13131)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **vimeo**: [Extract subtitles from player subdomain](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/c723c4e5e78263df178dbe69844a3d05f3ef9e35) ([#13350](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13350)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **watchespn**: [Fix provider-locked content extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/b094747e93cfb0a2c53007120e37d0d84d41f030) ([#13131](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13131)) by [maxbin123](https://github.com/maxbin123)
+- **weverse**: [Support login with oauth refresh tokens](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/3fe72e9eea38d9a58211cde42cfaa577ce020e2c) ([#13284](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13284)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **youtube**
+    - [Add `tv_simply` player client](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/1fd0e88b67db53ad163393d6965f68e908fa70e3) ([#13389](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13389)) by [gamer191](https://github.com/gamer191)
+    - [Extract srt subtitles](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/231349786e8c42089c2e079ec94c0ea866c37999) ([#13411](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13411)) by [gamer191](https://github.com/gamer191)
+    - [Fix `--mark-watched` support](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/b5be29fa58ec98226e11621fd9c58585bcff6879) ([#13222](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13222)) by [brian6932](https://github.com/brian6932), [iednod55](https://github.com/iednod55)
+    - [Fix automatic captions for some client combinations](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/53ea743a9c158f8ca2d75a09ca44ba68606042d8) ([#13268](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13268)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Improve signature extraction debug output](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/d30a49742cfa22e61c47df4ac0e7334d648fb85d) ([#13327](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13327)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Rework nsig function name extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/9e38b273b7ac942e7e9fc05a651ed810ab7d30ba) ([#13403](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13403)) by [Grub4K](https://github.com/Grub4K)
+    - [nsig code improvements and cleanup](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/f7bbf5a617f9ab54ef51eaef99be36e175b5e9c3) ([#13280](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13280)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **zdf**: [Fix language extraction and format sorting](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/db162b76f6bdece50babe2e0cacfe56888c2e125) ([#13313](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13313)) by [InvalidUsernameException](https://github.com/InvalidUsernameException)
+
+#### Misc. changes
+- **build**
+    - [Exclude `pkg_resources` from being collected](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/cc749a8a3b8b6e5c05318868c72a403f376a1b38) ([#13320](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13320)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Fix macOS requirements caching](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/201812100f315c6727a4418698d5b4e8a79863d4) ([#13328](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13328)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **cleanup**: Miscellaneous: [339614a](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/339614a173c74b42d63e858c446a9cae262a13af) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **test**: postprocessors: [Remove binary thumbnail test data](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/a9b370069838e84d44ac7ad095d657003665885a) ([#13341](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13341)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+
+### 2025.05.22
+
+#### Core changes
+- **cookies**: [Fix Linux desktop environment detection](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/e491fd4d090db3af52a82863fb0553dd5e17fb85) ([#13197](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13197)) by [mbway](https://github.com/mbway)
+- **jsinterp**: [Fix increment/decrement evaluation](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/167d7a9f0ffd1b4fe600193441bdb7358db2740b) ([#13238](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13238)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly), [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+
+#### Extractor changes
+- **1tv**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/41c0a1fb89628696f8bb88e2b9f3a68f355b8c26) ([#13168](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13168)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **amcnetworks**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/464c84fedf78eef822a431361155f108b5df96d7) ([#13147](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13147)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **bitchute**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/1d0f6539c47e5d5c68c3c47cdb7075339e2885ac) ([#13081](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13081)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **cartoonnetwork**: [Remove extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/7dbb47f84f0ee1266a3a01f58c9bc4c76d76794a) ([#13148](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13148)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **iprima**: [Fix login support](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/a7d9a5eb79ceeecb851389f3f2c88597871ca3f2) ([#12937](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12937)) by [baierjan](https://github.com/baierjan)
+- **jiosaavn**
+    - artist: [Add extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/586b557b124f954d3f625360ebe970989022ad97) ([#12803](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12803)) by [subrat-lima](https://github.com/subrat-lima)
+    - playlist, show: [Add extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/317f4b8006c2c0f0f64f095b1485163ad97c9053) ([#12803](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12803)) by [subrat-lima](https://github.com/subrat-lima)
+    - show: [Add extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/6839276496d8814cf16f58b637e45663467928e6) ([#12803](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12803)) by [subrat-lima](https://github.com/subrat-lima)
+- **lrtradio**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/abf58dcd6a09e14eec4ea82ae12f79a0337cb383) ([#13200](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13200)) by [Pawka](https://github.com/Pawka)
+- **nebula**: [Support `--mark-watched`](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/20f288bdc2173c7cc58d709d25ca193c1f6001e7) ([#13120](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13120)) by [GeoffreyFrogeye](https://github.com/GeoffreyFrogeye)
+- **niconico**
+    - [Fix error handling](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/f569be4602c2a857087e495d5d7ed6060cd97abe) ([#13236](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13236)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - live: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/7a7b85c9014d96421e18aa7ea5f4c1bee5ceece0) ([#13045](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13045)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080)
+- **nytimesarticle**: [Fix extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/b26bc32579c00ef579d75a835807ccc87d20ee0a) ([#13104](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13104)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **once**: [Remove extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/f475e8b529d18efdad603ffda02a56e707fe0e2c) ([#13164](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13164)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **picarto**: vod: [Support `/profile/` video URLs](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/31e090cb787f3504ec25485adff9a2a51d056734) ([#13227](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13227)) by [subrat-lima](https://github.com/subrat-lima)
+- **playsuisse**: [Improve metadata extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/d880e060803ae8ed5a047e578cca01e1f0e630ce) ([#12466](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12466)) by [v3DJG6GL](https://github.com/v3DJG6GL)
+- **sprout**: [Remove extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/cbcfe6378dde33a650e3852ab17ad4503b8e008d) ([#13149](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13149)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **svtpage**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/ea8498ed534642dd7e925961b97b934987142fd3) ([#12957](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12957)) by [diman8](https://github.com/diman8)
+- **twitch**: [Support `--live-from-start`](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/00b1bec55249cf2ad6271d36492c51b34b6459d1) ([#13202](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13202)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **vimeo**: event: [Add extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/545c1a5b6f2fe88722b41aef0e7485bf3be3f3f9) ([#13216](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13216)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **wat.tv**: [Improve error handling](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/f123cc83b3aea45053f5fa1d9141048b01fc2774) ([#13111](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13111)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **weverse**: [Fix live extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/5328eda8820cc5f21dcf917684d23fbdca41831d) ([#13084](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13084)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **xinpianchang**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/83fabf352489d52843f67e6e9cc752db86d27e6e) ([#13245](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13245)) by [garret1317](https://github.com/garret1317)
+- **youtube**
+    - [Add PO token support for subtitles](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/32ed5f107c6c641958d1cd2752e130de4db55a13) ([#13234](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13234)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly), [coletdjnz](https://github.com/coletdjnz)
+    - [Add `web_embedded` client for age-restricted videos](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/0feec6dc131f488428bf881519e7c69766fbb9ae) ([#13089](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13089)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Add a PO Token Provider Framework](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/2685654a37141cca63eda3a92da0e2706e23ccfd) ([#12840](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12840)) by [coletdjnz](https://github.com/coletdjnz)
+    - [Extract `media_type` for all videos](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/ded11ebc9afba6ba33923375103e9be2d7c804e7) ([#13136](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13136)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Fix `--live-from-start` support for premieres](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/8f303afb43395be360cafd7ad4ce2b6e2eedfb8a) ([#13079](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13079)) by [arabcoders](https://github.com/arabcoders)
+    - [Fix geo-restriction error handling](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/c7e575e31608c19c5b26c10a4229db89db5fc9a8) ([#13217](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13217)) by [yozel](https://github.com/yozel)
+
+#### Misc. changes
+- **build**
+    - [Bump PyInstaller to v6.13.0](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/17cf9088d0d535e4a7feffbf02bd49cd9dae5ab9) ([#13082](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13082)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Bump run-on-arch-action to v3](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/9064d2482d1fe722bbb4a49731fe0711c410d1c8) ([#13088](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13088)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **cleanup**: Miscellaneous: [7977b32](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/7977b329ed97b216e37bd402f4935f28c00eac9e) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+
+### 2025.04.30
+
+#### Important changes
+- **New option `--preset-alias`/`-t` has been added**
+This provides convenient predefined aliases for common use cases. Available presets include `mp4`, `mp3`, `mkv`, `aac`, and `sleep`. See [the README](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/blob/master/README.md#preset-aliases) for more details.
+
+#### Core changes
+- [Add `--preset-alias` option](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/88eb1e7a9a2720ac89d653c0d0e40292388823bb) ([#12839](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12839)) by [Grub4K](https://github.com/Grub4K), [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **utils**
+    - `_yield_json_ld`: [Make function less fatal](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/45f01de00e1bc076b7f676a669736326178647b1) ([#12855](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12855)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+    - `url_or_none`: [Support WebSocket URLs](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/a473e592337edb8ca40cde52c1fcaee261c54df9) ([#12848](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12848)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080)
+
+#### Extractor changes
+- **abematv**: [Fix thumbnail extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/f5736bb35bde62348caebf7b188668655e316deb) ([#12859](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12859)) by [Kiritomo](https://github.com/Kiritomo)
+- **atresplayer**: [Rework extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/839d64325356310e6de6cd9cad28fb546619ca63) ([#11424](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/11424)) by [meGAmeS1](https://github.com/meGAmeS1), [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **bpb**: [Fix formats extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/80736b9c90818adee933a155079b8535bc06819f) ([#13015](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13015)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **cda**: [Fix formats extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/9032f981362ea0be90626fab51ec37934feded6d) ([#12975](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12975)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **cdafolder**: [Extend `_VALID_URL`](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/cb271d445bc2d866c9a3404b1d8f59bcb77447df) ([#12919](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12919)) by [fireattack](https://github.com/fireattack), [Kicer86](https://github.com/Kicer86)
+- **crowdbunker**: [Make format extraction non-fatal](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/4ebf41309d04a6e196944f1c0f5f0154cff0055a) ([#12836](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12836)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **dacast**: [Support tokenized URLs](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/e7e3b7a55c456da4a5a812b4fefce4dce8e6a616) ([#12979](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12979)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **dzen.ru**: [Rework extractors](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/a3f2b54c2535d862de6efa9cfaa6ca9a2b2f7dd6) ([#12852](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12852)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **generic**: [Fix MPD extraction for `file://` URLs](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/34a061a295d156934417c67ee98070b94943006b) ([#12978](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12978)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **getcourseru**: [Fix extractors](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/741fd809bc4d301c19b53877692ae510334a6750) ([#12943](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12943)) by [troex](https://github.com/troex)
+- **ivoox**: [Add extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/7faa18b83dcfc74a1a1e2034e6b0369c495ca645) ([#12768](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12768)) by [NeonMan](https://github.com/NeonMan), [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **kika**: [Add playlist extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/3c1c75ecb8ab352f422b59af46fff2be992e4115) ([#12832](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12832)) by [1100101](https://github.com/1100101)
+- **linkedin**
+    - [Support feed URLs](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/73a26f9ee68610e33c0b4407b77355f2ab7afd0e) ([#12927](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12927)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+    - events: [Add extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/b37ff4de5baf4e4e70c6a0ec34e136a279ad20af) ([#12926](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12926)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly), [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **loco**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/f5a37ea40e20865b976ffeeff13eeae60292eb23) ([#12934](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12934)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **lrtradio**: [Add extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/74e90dd9b8f9c1a5c48a2515126654f4d398d687) ([#12801](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12801)) by [subrat-lima](https://github.com/subrat-lima)
+- **manyvids**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/77aa15e98f34c4ad425aabf39dd1ee37b48f772c) ([#10907](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/10907)) by [pj47x](https://github.com/pj47x)
+- **mixcloud**: [Refactor extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/db6d1f145ad583e0220637726029f8f2fa6200a0) ([#12830](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12830)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev), [WouterGordts](https://github.com/WouterGordts)
+- **mlbtv**: [Fix device ID caching](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/36da6360e130197df927ee93409519ce3f4075f5) ([#12980](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12980)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **niconico**
+    - [Fix login support](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/25cd7c1ecbb6cbf21dd3a6e59608e4af94715ecc) ([#13008](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13008)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080)
+    - [Remove DMC formats support](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/7d05aa99c65352feae1cd9a3ff8784b64bfe382a) ([#12916](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12916)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080)
+    - live: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/1d45e30537bf83e069184a440703e4c43b2e0198) ([#12809](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12809)) by [Snack-X](https://github.com/Snack-X)
+- **panopto**: [Fix formats extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/9d26daa04ad5108257bc5e30f7f040c7f1fe7a5a) ([#12925](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12925)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **parti**: [Add extractors](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/425017531fbc3369becb5a44013e26f26efabf45) ([#12769](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12769)) by [benfaerber](https://github.com/benfaerber)
+- **raiplay**: [Fix DRM detection](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/dce82346245e35a46fda836ca2089805d2347935) ([#12971](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12971)) by [DTrombett](https://github.com/DTrombett)
+- **reddit**: [Support `--ignore-no-formats-error`](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/28f04e8a5e383ff531db646190b4be45554610d6) ([#12993](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12993)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **royalive**: [Add extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/e1847535e28788414a25546a45bebcada2f34558) ([#12817](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12817)) by [CasperMcFadden95](https://github.com/CasperMcFadden95)
+- **rtve**: [Rework extractors](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/f07ee91c71920ab1187a7ea756720e81aa406a9d) ([#10388](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/10388)) by [meGAmeS1](https://github.com/meGAmeS1), [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **rumble**: [Improve format extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/58d0c83457b93b3c9a81eb6bc5a4c65f25e949df) ([#12838](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12838)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **tokfmpodcast**: [Fix formats extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/91832111a12d87499294a0f430829b8c2254c339) ([#12842](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12842)) by [selfisekai](https://github.com/selfisekai)
+- **tv2dk**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/a3e91df30a45943f40759d2c1e0b6c2ca4b2a263) ([#12945](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12945)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly), [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **tvp**: vod: [Improve `_VALID_URL`](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/4e69a626cce51428bc1d66dc606a56d9498b03a5) ([#12923](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12923)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **tvw**: tvchannels: [Add extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/ed8ad1b4d6b9d7a1426ff5192ff924f3371e4721) ([#12721](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12721)) by [fries1234](https://github.com/fries1234)
+- **twitcasting**: [Fix livestream extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/de271a06fd6d20d4f55597ff7f90e4d913de0a52) ([#12977](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12977)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **twitch**: clips: [Fix uploader metadata extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/1ae6bff564a65af41e94f1a4727892471ecdd05a) ([#13022](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13022)) by [1271](https://github.com/1271)
+- **twitter**
+    - [Fix extraction when logged-in](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/1cf39ddf3d10b6512daa7dd139e5f6c0dc548bbc) ([#13024](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13024)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - spaces: [Improve metadata extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/70599e53b736bb75922b737e6e0d4f76e419bb20) ([#12911](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12911)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080)
+- **vimeo**: [Extract from mobile API](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/22ac81a0692019ac833cf282e4ef99718e9ef3fa) ([#13034](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13034)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **vk**
+    - [Fix chapters extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/5361a7c6e2933c919716e0cb1e3116c28c40419f) ([#12821](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12821)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+    - [Fix uploader extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/2381881fe58a723853350a6ab750a5efc9f10c85) ([#12985](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12985)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **youtube**
+    - [Add context to video request rate limit error](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/26feac3dd142536ad08ad1ed731378cb88e63602) ([#12958](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12958)) by [coletdjnz](https://github.com/coletdjnz)
+    - [Add extractor arg to skip "initial_data" request](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/ed6c6d7eefbc78fa72e4e60ad6edaa3ee2acc715) ([#12865](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12865)) by [leeblackc](https://github.com/leeblackc)
+    - [Add warning on video captcha challenge](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/f484c51599a6cd01eb078ea7dc9bbba942967774) ([#12939](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12939)) by [coletdjnz](https://github.com/coletdjnz)
+    - [Cache signature timestamps](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/61c9a938b390b8334ee3a879fe2d93f714e30138) ([#13047](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13047)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Detect and warn when account cookies are rotated](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/8cb08028f5be2acb9835ce1670b196b9b077052f) ([#13014](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13014)) by [coletdjnz](https://github.com/coletdjnz)
+    - [Detect player JS variants for any locale](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/c2d6659d1069f8cff97e1fd61d1c59e949e1e63d) ([#13003](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13003)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Do not strictly deprioritize `missing_pot` formats](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/74fc2ae12c24eb6b4e02c6360c89bd05f3c8f740) ([#13061](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13061)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Improve warning for SABR-only/SSAP player responses](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/fd8394bc50301ac5e930aa65aa71ab1b8372b8ab) ([#13049](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13049)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - tab: [Extract continuation from empty page](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/72ba4879304c2082fecbb472e6cc05ee2d154a3b) ([#12938](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12938)) by [coletdjnz](https://github.com/coletdjnz)
+- **zdf**: [Fix extractors](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/7be14109a6bd493a2e881da4f9e30adaf3e7e5d5) ([#12779](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12779)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly), [InvalidUsernameException](https://github.com/InvalidUsernameException)
+
+#### Downloader changes
+- **niconicodmc**: [Remove downloader](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/8d127b18f81131453eaba05d3bb810d9b73adb75) ([#12916](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12916)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080)
+
+#### Networking changes
+- [Add PATCH request shortcut](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/ceab4d5ed63a1f135a1816fe967c9d9a1ec7e6e8) ([#12884](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12884)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080)
+
+#### Misc. changes
+- **ci**: [Add file mode test to code check](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/3690e91265d1d0bbeffaf6a9b8cc9baded1367bd) ([#13036](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13036)) by [Grub4K](https://github.com/Grub4K)
+- **cleanup**: Miscellaneous: [505b400](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/505b400795af557bdcfd9d4fa7e9133b26ef431c) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly), [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+
+### 2025.03.31
+
+#### Core changes
+- [Add `--compat-options 2024`](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/22e34adbd741e1c7072015debd615dc3fb71c401) ([#12789](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12789)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+
+#### Extractor changes
+- **francaisfacile**: [Add extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/bb321cfdc3fd4400598ddb12a15862bc2ac8fc10) ([#12787](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12787)) by [mlabeeb03](https://github.com/mlabeeb03)
+- **generic**: [Validate response before checking m3u8 live status](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/9a1ec1d36e172d252714cef712a6d091e0a0c4f2) ([#12784](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12784)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **microsoftlearnepisode**: [Extract more formats](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/d63696f23a341ee36a3237ccb5d5e14b34c2c579) ([#12799](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12799)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **mlbtv**: [Fix radio-only extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/f033d86b96b36f8c5289dd7c3304f42d4d9f6ff4) ([#12792](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12792)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **on24**: [Support `mainEvent` URLs](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/e465b078ead75472fcb7b86f6ccaf2b5d3bc4c21) ([#12800](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12800)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **sbs**: [Fix subtitles extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/29560359120f28adaaac67c86fa8442eb72daa0d) ([#12785](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12785)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **stvr**: [Rename extractor from RTVS to STVR](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/5fc521cbd0ce7b2410d0935369558838728e205d) ([#12788](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12788)) by [mireq](https://github.com/mireq)
+- **twitch**: clips: [Extract portrait formats](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/61046c31612b30c749cbdae934b7fe26abe659d7) ([#12763](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12763)) by [DmitryScaletta](https://github.com/DmitryScaletta)
+- **youtube**
+    - [Add `player_js_variant` extractor-arg](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/07f04005e40ebdb368920c511e36e98af0077ed3) ([#12767](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12767)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - tab: [Fix playlist continuation extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/6a6d97b2cbc78f818de05cc96edcdcfd52caa259) ([#12777](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12777)) by [coletdjnz](https://github.com/coletdjnz)
+
+#### Misc. changes
+- **cleanup**: Miscellaneous: [5e457af](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/5e457af57fae9645b1b8fa0ed689229c8fb9656b) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+
+### 2025.03.27
+
+#### Core changes
+- **jsinterp**: [Fix nested attributes and object extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/a8b9ff3c2a0ae25735e580173becc78545b92572) ([#12760](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12760)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly), [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+
+#### Extractor changes
+- **youtube**: [Make signature and nsig extraction more robust](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/48be862b32648bff5b3e553e40fca4dcc6e88b28) ([#12761](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12761)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly), [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+
+### 2025.03.26
+
+#### Extractor changes
+- **youtube**
+    - [Fix signature and nsig extraction for player `4fcd6e4a`](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/a550dfc904a02843a26369ae50dbb7c0febfb30e) ([#12748](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12748)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+    - [Only cache nsig code on successful decoding](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/ecee97b4fa90d51c48f9154c3a6d5a8ffe46cd5c) ([#12750](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12750)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly), [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+
+### 2025.03.25
+
+#### Core changes
+- [Fix attribute error on failed VT init](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/b872ffec50fd50f790a5a490e006a369a28a3df3) ([#12696](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12696)) by [Grub4K](https://github.com/Grub4K)
+- **utils**: `js_to_json`: [Make function less fatal](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/9491b44032b330e05bd5eaa546187005d1e8538e) ([#12715](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12715)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+
+#### Extractor changes
+- [Fix sorting of HLS audio formats by `GROUP-ID`](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/86ab79e1a5182092321102adf6ca34195803b878) ([#12714](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12714)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **17live**: vod: [Add extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/3396eb50dcd245b49c0f4aecd6e80ec914095d16) ([#12723](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12723)) by [subrat-lima](https://github.com/subrat-lima)
+- **9now.com.au**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/9d5e6de2e7a47226d1f72c713ad45c88ba01db68) ([#12702](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12702)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **chzzk**: video: [Fix extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/e2dfccaf808b406d5bcb7dd04ae9ce420752dd6f) ([#12692](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12692)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly), [dirkf](https://github.com/dirkf)
+- **deezer**: [Remove extractors](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/be5af3f9e91747768c2b41157851bfbe14c663f7) ([#12704](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12704)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **generic**: [Fix MPD base URL parsing](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/5086d4aed6aeb3908c62f49e2d8f74cc0cb05110) ([#12718](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12718)) by [fireattack](https://github.com/fireattack)
+- **streaks**: [Add extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/801afeac91f97dc0b58cd39cc7e8c50f619dc4e1) ([#12679](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12679)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080)
+- **tver**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/66e0bab814e4a52ef3e12d81123ad992a29df50e) ([#12659](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12659)) by [arabcoders](https://github.com/arabcoders), [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **viki**: [Remove extractors](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/fe4f14b8369038e7c58f7de546d76de1ce3a91ce) ([#12703](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12703)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **vrsquare**: [Add extractors](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/b7fbb5a0a16a8e8d3e29c29e26ebed677d0d6ea3) ([#12515](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12515)) by [doe1080](https://github.com/doe1080)
+- **youtube**
+    - [Fix PhantomJS nsig fallback](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/4054a2b623bd1e277b49d2e9abc3d112a4b1c7be) ([#12728](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12728)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Fix signature and nsig extraction for player `363db69b`](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/b9c979461b244713bf42691a5bc02834e2ba4b2c) ([#12725](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12725)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+
+#### Networking changes
+- **Request Handler**: curl_cffi: [Support `curl_cffi` 0.10.x](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/9bf23902ceb948b9685ce1dab575491571720fc6) ([#12670](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12670)) by [Grub4K](https://github.com/Grub4K)
+
+#### Misc. changes
+- **cleanup**: Miscellaneous: [9dde546](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/9dde546e7ee3e1515d88ee3af08b099351455dc0) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+
+### 2025.03.21
+
+#### Core changes
+- [Fix external downloader availability when using `--ffmpeg-location`](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/9f77e04c76e36e1cbbf49bc9eb385fa6ef804b67) ([#12318](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12318)) by [Kenshin9977](https://github.com/Kenshin9977)
+- [Load plugins on demand](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/4445f37a7a66b248dbd8376c43137e6e441f138e) ([#11305](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/11305)) by [coletdjnz](https://github.com/coletdjnz), [Grub4K](https://github.com/Grub4K), [pukkandan](https://github.com/pukkandan) (With fixes in [c034d65](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/c034d655487be668222ef9476a16f374584e49a7))
+- [Support emitting ConEmu progress codes](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/f7a1f2d8132967a62b0f6d5665c6d2dde2d42c09) ([#10649](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/10649)) by [Grub4K](https://github.com/Grub4K)
+
+#### Extractor changes
+- **azmedien**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/26a502fc727d0e91b2db6bf4a112823bcc672e85) ([#12375](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12375)) by [goggle](https://github.com/goggle)
+- **bilibiliplaylist**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/f5fb2229e66cf59d5bf16065bc041b42a28354a0) ([#12690](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12690)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **bunnycdn**: [Add extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/3a1583ca75fb523cbad0e5e174387ea7b477d175) ([#11586](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/11586)) by [Grub4K](https://github.com/Grub4K), [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **canalsurmas**: [Add extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/01a8be4c23f186329d85f9c78db34a55f3294ac5) ([#12497](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12497)) by [Arc8ne](https://github.com/Arc8ne)
+- **cda**: [Fix login support](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/be0d819e1103195043f6743650781f0d4d343f6d) ([#12552](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12552)) by [rysson](https://github.com/rysson)
+- **cultureunplugged**: [Extend `_VALID_URL`](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/3042afb5fe342d3a00de76704cd7de611acc350e) ([#12486](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12486)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **dailymotion**: [Improve embed detection](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/ad60137c141efa5023fbc0ac8579eaefe8b3d8cc) ([#12464](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12464)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **gem.cbc.ca**: [Fix login support](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/eb1417786a3027b1e7290ec37ef6aaece50ebed0) ([#12414](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12414)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **globo**: [Fix subtitles extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/0e1697232fcbba7551f983fd1ba93bb445cbb08b) ([#12270](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12270)) by [pedro](https://github.com/pedro)
+- **instagram**
+    - [Add `app_id` extractor-arg](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/a90641c8363fa0c10800b36eb6b01ee22d3a9409) ([#12359](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12359)) by [chrisellsworth](https://github.com/chrisellsworth)
+    - [Fix extraction of older private posts](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/a59abe0636dc49b22a67246afe35613571b86f05) ([#12451](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12451)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Improve error handling](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/480125560a3b9972d29ae0da850aba8109e6bd41) ([#12410](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12410)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - story: [Support `--no-playlist`](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/65c3c58c0a67463a150920203cec929045c95a24) ([#12397](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12397)) by [fireattack](https://github.com/fireattack)
+- **jamendo**: [Fix thumbnail extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/89a68c4857ddbaf937ff22f12648baaf6b5af840) ([#12622](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12622)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly), [JChris246](https://github.com/JChris246)
+- **ketnet**: [Remove extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/bbada3ec0779422cde34f1ce3dcf595da463b493) ([#12628](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12628)) by [MichaelDeBoey](https://github.com/MichaelDeBoey)
+- **lbry**
+    - [Make m3u8 format extraction non-fatal](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/9807181cfbf87bfa732f415c30412bdbd77cbf81) ([#12463](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12463)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Raise appropriate error for non-media files](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/7126b472601814b7fd8c9de02069e8fff1764891) ([#12462](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12462)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **loco**: [Add extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/983095485c731240aae27c950cb8c24a50827b56) ([#12667](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12667)) by [DTrombett](https://github.com/DTrombett)
+- **magellantv**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/172d5fcd778bf2605db7647ebc56b29ed18d24ac) ([#12505](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12505)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **mitele**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/7223d29569a48a35ad132a508c115973866838d3) ([#12689](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12689)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **msn**: [Rework extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/4815dac131d42c51e12c1d05232db0bbbf607329) ([#12513](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12513)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev), [thedenv](https://github.com/thedenv)
+- **n1**: [Fix extraction of newer articles](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/9d70abe4de401175cbbaaa36017806f16b2df9af) ([#12514](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12514)) by [u-spec-png](https://github.com/u-spec-png)
+- **nbcstations**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/ebac65aa9e0bf9a97c24d00f7977900d2577364b) ([#12534](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12534)) by [refack](https://github.com/refack)
+- **niconico**
+    - [Fix format sorting](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/7508e34f203e97389f1d04db92140b13401dd724) ([#12442](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12442)) by [xpadev-net](https://github.com/xpadev-net)
+    - live: [Fix thumbnail extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/c2e6e1d5f77f3b720a6266f2869eb750d20e5dc1) ([#12419](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12419)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **openrec**: [Fix `_VALID_URL`](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/17504f253564cfad86244de2b6346d07d2300ca5) ([#12608](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12608)) by [fireattack](https://github.com/fireattack)
+- **pinterest**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/bd0a66816934de70312eea1e71c59c13b401dc3a) ([#12538](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12538)) by [mikf](https://github.com/mikf)
+- **playsuisse**: [Fix login support](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/6933f5670cea9c3e2fb16c1caa1eda54d13122c5) ([#12444](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12444)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **reddit**: [Truncate title](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/d9a53cc1e6fd912daf500ca4f19e9ca88994dbf9) ([#12567](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12567)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **rtp**: [Rework extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/8eb9c1bf3b9908cca22ef043602aa24fb9f352c6) ([#11638](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/11638)) by [pferreir](https://github.com/pferreir), [red-acid](https://github.com/red-acid), [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev), [somini](https://github.com/somini), [vallovic](https://github.com/vallovic)
+- **softwhiteunderbelly**: [Add extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/652827d5a076c9483c36654ad2cf3fe46219baf4) ([#12281](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12281)) by [benfaerber](https://github.com/benfaerber)
+- **soop**: [Fix timestamp extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/8305df00012ff8138a6ff95279d06b54ac607f63) ([#12609](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12609)) by [msikma](https://github.com/msikma)
+- **soundcloud**
+    - [Extract tags](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/9deed13d7cce6d3647379e50589c92de89227509) ([#12420](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12420)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Fix thumbnail extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/6deeda5c11f34f613724fa0627879f0d607ba1b4) ([#12447](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12447)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **tiktok**
+    - [Improve error handling](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/99ea2978757a431eeb2a265b3395ccbe4ce202cf) ([#12445](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12445)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Truncate title](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/83b119dadb0f267f1fb66bf7ed74c097349de79e) ([#12566](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12566)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **tv8.it**: [Add live and playlist extractors](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/2ee3a0aff9be2be3bea60640d3d8a0febaf0acb6) ([#12569](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12569)) by [DTrombett](https://github.com/DTrombett)
+- **tvw**: [Add extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/42b7440963866e31ff84a5b89030d1c596fa2e6e) ([#12271](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12271)) by [fries1234](https://github.com/fries1234)
+- **twitter**
+    - [Fix syndication token generation](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/b8b47547049f5ebc3dd680fc7de70ed0ca9c0d70) ([#12537](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12537)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Truncate title](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/06f6de78db2eceeabd062ab1a3023e0ff9d4df53) ([#12560](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12560)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **vk**: [Improve metadata extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/05c8023a27dd37c49163c0498bf98e3e3c1cb4b9) ([#12510](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12510)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **vrtmax**: [Rework extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/df9ebeec00d658693252978d1ffb885e67aa6ab6) ([#12479](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12479)) by [bergoid](https://github.com/bergoid), [MichaelDeBoey](https://github.com/MichaelDeBoey), [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **weibo**: [Support playlists](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/0bb39788626002a8a67e925580227952c563c8b9) ([#12284](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12284)) by [4ft35t](https://github.com/4ft35t)
+- **wsj**: [Support opinion URLs and impersonation](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/7f3006eb0c0659982bb956d71b0bc806bcb0a5f2) ([#12431](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12431)) by [refack](https://github.com/refack)
+- **youtube**
+    - [Fix nsig and signature extraction for player `643afba4`](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/9b868518a15599f3d7ef5a1c730dda164c30da9b) ([#12684](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12684)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly), [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+    - [Player client maintenance](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/3380febe9984c21c79c3147c1d390a4cf339bc4c) ([#12603](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12603)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+    - [Split into package](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/4432a9390c79253ac830702b226d2e558b636725) ([#12557](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12557)) by [coletdjnz](https://github.com/coletdjnz)
+    - [Warn on DRM formats](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/e67d786c7cc87bd449d22e0ddef08306891c1173) ([#12593](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12593)) by [coletdjnz](https://github.com/coletdjnz)
+    - [Warn on missing formats due to SSAP](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/79ec2fdff75c8c1bb89b550266849ad4dec48dd3) ([#12483](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12483)) by [coletdjnz](https://github.com/coletdjnz)
+
+#### Networking changes
+- [Add `keep_header_casing` extension](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/7d18fed8f1983fe6de4ddc810dfb2761ba5744ac) ([#11652](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/11652)) by [coletdjnz](https://github.com/coletdjnz), [Grub4K](https://github.com/Grub4K)
+- [Always add unsupported suffix on version mismatch](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/95f8df2f796d0048119615200758199aedcd7cf4) ([#12626](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12626)) by [Grub4K](https://github.com/Grub4K)
+
+#### Misc. changes
+- **cleanup**: Miscellaneous: [f36e4b6](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/f36e4b6e65cb8403791aae2f520697115cb88dec) by [dirkf](https://github.com/dirkf), [gamer191](https://github.com/gamer191), [Grub4K](https://github.com/Grub4K), [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **test**: [Show all differences for `expect_value` and `expect_dict`](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/a3e0c7d3b267abdf3933b709704a28d43bb46503) ([#12334](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12334)) by [Grub4K](https://github.com/Grub4K)
+
 ### 2025.02.19
 
 #### Core changes
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 6c72ead1ef..404250c815 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ tar: yt-dlp.tar.gz
 # intended use: when building a source distribution,
 # make pypi-files && python3 -m build -sn .
 pypi-files: AUTHORS Changelog.md LICENSE README.md README.txt supportedsites \
-            completions yt-dlp.1 pyproject.toml setup.cfg devscripts/* test/*
+            completions yt-dlp.1 pyproject.toml devscripts/* test/*
 
 .PHONY: all clean clean-all clean-test clean-dist clean-cache \
         completions completion-bash completion-fish completion-zsh \
@@ -18,10 +18,11 @@ pypi-files: AUTHORS Changelog.md LICENSE README.md README.txt supportedsites \
         tar pypi-files lazy-extractors install uninstall
 
 clean-test:
-	rm -rf test/testdata/sigs/player-*.js tmp/ *.annotations.xml *.aria2 *.description *.dump *.frag \
+	rm -rf tmp/ *.annotations.xml *.aria2 *.description *.dump *.frag \
 	*.frag.aria2 *.frag.urls *.info.json *.live_chat.json *.meta *.part* *.tmp *.temp *.unknown_video *.ytdl \
 	*.3gp *.ape *.ass *.avi *.desktop *.f4v *.flac *.flv *.gif *.jpeg *.jpg *.lrc *.m4a *.m4v *.mhtml *.mkv *.mov *.mp3 *.mp4 \
-	*.mpg *.mpga *.oga *.ogg *.opus *.png *.sbv *.srt *.ssa *.swf *.tt *.ttml *.url *.vtt *.wav *.webloc *.webm *.webp
+	*.mpg *.mpga *.oga *.ogg *.opus *.png *.sbv *.srt *.ssa *.swf *.tt *.ttml *.url *.vtt *.wav *.webloc *.webm *.webp \
+	test/testdata/sigs/player-*.js test/testdata/thumbnails/empty.webp "test/testdata/thumbnails/foo %d bar/foo_%d."*
 clean-dist:
 	rm -rf yt-dlp.1.temp.md yt-dlp.1 README.txt MANIFEST build/ dist/ .coverage cover/ yt-dlp.tar.gz completions/ \
 	yt_dlp/extractor/lazy_extractors.py *.spec CONTRIBUTING.md.tmp yt-dlp yt-dlp.exe yt_dlp.egg-info/ AUTHORS
@@ -158,7 +159,7 @@ yt-dlp.tar.gz: all
 		README.md supportedsites.md Changelog.md LICENSE \
 		CONTRIBUTING.md Collaborators.md CONTRIBUTORS AUTHORS \
 		Makefile yt-dlp.1 README.txt completions .gitignore \
-		setup.cfg yt-dlp yt_dlp pyproject.toml devscripts test
+		yt-dlp yt_dlp pyproject.toml devscripts test
 
 AUTHORS: Changelog.md
 	@if [ -d '.git' ] && command -v git > /dev/null ; then \
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 634cff5a52..f6ae18d85a 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ yt-dlp is a feature-rich command-line audio/video downloader with support for [t
     * [Post-processing Options](#post-processing-options)
     * [SponsorBlock Options](#sponsorblock-options)
     * [Extractor Options](#extractor-options)
+    * [Preset Aliases](#preset-aliases)
 * [CONFIGURATION](#configuration)
     * [Configuration file encoding](#configuration-file-encoding)
     * [Authentication with netrc](#authentication-with-netrc)
@@ -104,13 +105,21 @@ File|Description
 
 File|Description
 :---|:---
+[yt-dlp_linux](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/releases/latest/download/yt-dlp_linux)|Linux (glibc 2.17+) standalone x86_64 binary
+[yt-dlp_linux.zip](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/releases/latest/download/yt-dlp_linux.zip)|Unpackaged Linux (glibc 2.17+) x86_64 executable (no auto-update)
+[yt-dlp_linux_aarch64](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/releases/latest/download/yt-dlp_linux_aarch64)|Linux (glibc 2.17+) standalone aarch64 binary
+[yt-dlp_linux_aarch64.zip](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/releases/latest/download/yt-dlp_linux_aarch64.zip)|Unpackaged Linux (glibc 2.17+) aarch64 executable (no auto-update)
+[yt-dlp_linux_armv7l.zip](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/releases/latest/download/yt-dlp_linux_armv7l.zip)|Unpackaged Linux (glibc 2.31+) armv7l executable (no auto-update)
+[yt-dlp_musllinux](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/releases/latest/download/yt-dlp_musllinux)|Linux (musl 1.2+) standalone x86_64 binary
+[yt-dlp_musllinux.zip](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/releases/latest/download/yt-dlp_musllinux.zip)|Unpackaged Linux (musl 1.2+) x86_64 executable (no auto-update)
+[yt-dlp_musllinux_aarch64](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/releases/latest/download/yt-dlp_musllinux_aarch64)|Linux (musl 1.2+) standalone aarch64 binary
+[yt-dlp_musllinux_aarch64.zip](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/releases/latest/download/yt-dlp_musllinux_aarch64.zip)|Unpackaged Linux (musl 1.2+) aarch64 executable (no auto-update)
 [yt-dlp_x86.exe](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/releases/latest/download/yt-dlp_x86.exe)|Windows (Win8+) standalone x86 (32-bit) binary
-[yt-dlp_linux](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/releases/latest/download/yt-dlp_linux)|Linux standalone x64 binary
-[yt-dlp_linux_armv7l](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/releases/latest/download/yt-dlp_linux_armv7l)|Linux standalone armv7l (32-bit) binary
-[yt-dlp_linux_aarch64](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/releases/latest/download/yt-dlp_linux_aarch64)|Linux standalone aarch64 (64-bit) binary
-[yt-dlp_win.zip](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/releases/latest/download/yt-dlp_win.zip)|Unpackaged Windows executable (no auto-update)
+[yt-dlp_win_x86.zip](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/releases/latest/download/yt-dlp_win_x86.zip)|Unpackaged Windows (Win8+) x86 (32-bit) executable (no auto-update)
+[yt-dlp_arm64.exe](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/releases/latest/download/yt-dlp_arm64.exe)|Windows (Win10+) standalone ARM64 binary
+[yt-dlp_win_arm64.zip](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/releases/latest/download/yt-dlp_win_arm64.zip)|Unpackaged Windows (Win10+) ARM64 executable (no auto-update)
+[yt-dlp_win.zip](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/releases/latest/download/yt-dlp_win.zip)|Unpackaged Windows (Win8+) x64 executable (no auto-update)
 [yt-dlp_macos.zip](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/releases/latest/download/yt-dlp_macos.zip)|Unpackaged MacOS (10.15+) executable (no auto-update)
-[yt-dlp_macos_legacy](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/releases/latest/download/yt-dlp_macos_legacy)|MacOS (10.9+) standalone x64 executable
 
 #### Misc
 
@@ -129,6 +138,17 @@ curl -L https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/raw/master/public.key | gpg --import
 gpg --verify SHA2-256SUMS.sig SHA2-256SUMS
 gpg --verify SHA2-512SUMS.sig SHA2-512SUMS
 ```
+
+#### Licensing
+
+While yt-dlp is licensed under the [Unlicense](LICENSE), many of the release files contain code from other projects with different licenses.
+
+Most notably, the PyInstaller-bundled executables include GPLv3+ licensed code, and as such the combined work is licensed under [GPLv3+](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.html).
+
+See [THIRD_PARTY_LICENSES.txt](THIRD_PARTY_LICENSES.txt) for details.
+
+The zipimport binary (`yt-dlp`), the source tarball (`yt-dlp.tar.gz`), and the PyPI source distribution & wheel only contain code licensed under the [Unlicense](LICENSE).
+
 <!-- MANPAGE: END EXCLUDED SECTION -->
 
 **Note**: The manpages, shell completion (autocomplete) files etc. are available inside the [source tarball](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/releases/latest/download/yt-dlp.tar.gz)
@@ -170,8 +190,11 @@ yt-dlp --update-to nightly
 python3 -m pip install -U --pre "yt-dlp[default]"
 ```
 
+When running a yt-dlp version that is older than 90 days, you will see a warning message suggesting to update to the latest version.
+You can suppress this warning by adding `--no-update` to your command or configuration file.
+
 ## DEPENDENCIES
-Python versions 3.9+ (CPython) and 3.10+ (PyPy) are supported. Other versions and implementations may or may not work correctly.
+Python versions 3.9+ (CPython) and 3.11+ (PyPy) are supported. Other versions and implementations may or may not work correctly.
 
 <!-- Python 3.5+ uses VC++14 and it is already embedded in the binary created
 <!x-- https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=26999 --x>
@@ -200,14 +223,14 @@ The following provide support for impersonating browser requests. This may be re
 
 * [**curl_cffi**](https://github.com/lexiforest/curl_cffi) (recommended) - Python binding for [curl-impersonate](https://github.com/lexiforest/curl-impersonate). Provides impersonation targets for Chrome, Edge and Safari. Licensed under [MIT](https://github.com/lexiforest/curl_cffi/blob/main/LICENSE)
   * Can be installed with the `curl-cffi` group, e.g. `pip install "yt-dlp[default,curl-cffi]"`
-  * Currently included in `yt-dlp.exe`, `yt-dlp_linux` and `yt-dlp_macos` builds
+  * Currently included in most builds *except* `yt-dlp` (Unix zipimport binary), `yt-dlp_x86` (Windows 32-bit) and `yt-dlp_musllinux_aarch64`
 
 
 ### Metadata
 
 * [**mutagen**](https://github.com/quodlibet/mutagen)\* - For `--embed-thumbnail` in certain formats. Licensed under [GPLv2+](https://github.com/quodlibet/mutagen/blob/master/COPYING)
 * [**AtomicParsley**](https://github.com/wez/atomicparsley) - For `--embed-thumbnail` in `mp4`/`m4a` files when `mutagen`/`ffmpeg` cannot. Licensed under [GPLv2+](https://github.com/wez/atomicparsley/blob/master/COPYING)
-* [**xattr**](https://github.com/xattr/xattr), [**pyxattr**](https://github.com/iustin/pyxattr) or [**setfattr**](http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/attr) - For writing xattr metadata (`--xattr`) on **Mac** and **BSD**. Licensed under [MIT](https://github.com/xattr/xattr/blob/master/LICENSE.txt), [LGPL2.1](https://github.com/iustin/pyxattr/blob/master/COPYING) and [GPLv2+](http://git.savannah.nongnu.org/cgit/attr.git/tree/doc/COPYING) respectively
+* [**xattr**](https://github.com/xattr/xattr), [**pyxattr**](https://github.com/iustin/pyxattr) or [**setfattr**](http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/attr) - For writing xattr metadata (`--xattrs`) on **Mac** and **BSD**. Licensed under [MIT](https://github.com/xattr/xattr/blob/master/LICENSE.txt), [LGPL2.1](https://github.com/iustin/pyxattr/blob/master/COPYING) and [GPLv2+](http://git.savannah.nongnu.org/cgit/attr.git/tree/doc/COPYING) respectively
 
 ### Misc
 
@@ -218,8 +241,6 @@ The following provide support for impersonating browser requests. This may be re
 
 ### Deprecated
 
-* [**avconv** and **avprobe**](https://www.libav.org) - Now **deprecated** alternative to ffmpeg. License [depends on the build](https://libav.org/legal)
-* [**sponskrub**](https://github.com/faissaloo/SponSkrub) - For using the now **deprecated** [sponskrub options](#sponskrub-options). Licensed under [GPLv3+](https://github.com/faissaloo/SponSkrub/blob/master/LICENCE.md)
 * [**rtmpdump**](http://rtmpdump.mplayerhq.hu) - For downloading `rtmp` streams. ffmpeg can be used instead with `--downloader ffmpeg`. Licensed under [GPLv2+](http://rtmpdump.mplayerhq.hu)
 * [**mplayer**](http://mplayerhq.hu/design7/info.html) or [**mpv**](https://mpv.io) - For downloading `rstp`/`mms` streams. ffmpeg can be used instead with `--downloader ffmpeg`. Licensed under [GPLv2+](https://github.com/mpv-player/mpv/blob/master/Copyright)
 
@@ -276,7 +297,7 @@ If you fork the project on GitHub, you can run your fork's [build workflow](.git
 <!-- MANPAGE: BEGIN EXCLUDED SECTION -->
     yt-dlp [OPTIONS] [--] URL [URL...]
 
-`Ctrl+F` is your friend :D
+Tip: Use `CTRL`+`F` (or `Command`+`F`)  to search by keywords
 <!-- MANPAGE: END EXCLUDED SECTION -->
 
 <!-- Auto generated -->
@@ -299,7 +320,6 @@ If you fork the project on GitHub, you can run your fork's [build workflow](.git
                                     playlist (default)
     --abort-on-error                Abort downloading of further videos if an
                                     error occurs (Alias: --no-ignore-errors)
-    --dump-user-agent               Display the current user-agent and exit
     --list-extractors               List all supported extractors and exit
     --extractor-descriptions        Output descriptions of all supported
                                     extractors and exit
@@ -348,8 +368,8 @@ If you fork the project on GitHub, you can run your fork's [build workflow](.git
     --no-flat-playlist              Fully extract the videos of a playlist
                                     (default)
     --live-from-start               Download livestreams from the start.
-                                    Currently only supported for YouTube
-                                    (Experimental)
+                                    Currently experimental and only supported
+                                    for YouTube and Twitch
     --no-live-from-start            Download livestreams from the current time
                                     (default)
     --wait-for-video MIN[-MAX]      Wait for scheduled streams to become
@@ -375,17 +395,23 @@ If you fork the project on GitHub, you can run your fork's [build workflow](.git
                                     an alias starts with a dash "-", it is
                                     prefixed with "--". Arguments are parsed
                                     according to the Python string formatting
-                                    mini-language. E.g. --alias get-audio,-X
-                                    "-S=aext:{0},abr -x --audio-format {0}"
-                                    creates options "--get-audio" and "-X" that
-                                    takes an argument (ARG0) and expands to
-                                    "-S=aext:ARG0,abr -x --audio-format ARG0".
-                                    All defined aliases are listed in the --help
+                                    mini-language. E.g. --alias get-audio,-X "-S
+                                    aext:{0},abr -x --audio-format {0}" creates
+                                    options "--get-audio" and "-X" that takes an
+                                    argument (ARG0) and expands to "-S
+                                    aext:ARG0,abr -x --audio-format ARG0". All
+                                    defined aliases are listed in the --help
                                     output. Alias options can trigger more
                                     aliases; so be careful to avoid defining
                                     recursive options. As a safety measure, each
                                     alias may be triggered a maximum of 100
                                     times. This option can be used multiple times
+    -t, --preset-alias PRESET       Applies a predefined set of options. e.g.
+                                    --preset-alias mp3. The following presets
+                                    are available: mp3, aac, mp4, mkv, sleep.
+                                    See the "Preset Aliases" section at the end
+                                    for more info. This option can be used
+                                    multiple times
 
 ## Network Options:
     --proxy URL                     Use the specified HTTP/HTTPS/SOCKS proxy. To
@@ -544,8 +570,6 @@ If you fork the project on GitHub, you can run your fork's [build workflow](.git
                                     --playlist-random and --playlist-reverse
     --no-lazy-playlist              Process videos in the playlist only after
                                     the entire playlist is parsed (default)
-    --xattr-set-filesize            Set file xattribute ytdl.filesize with
-                                    expected file size
     --hls-use-mpegts                Use the mpegts container for HLS videos;
                                     allowing some players to play the video
                                     while downloading, and reducing the chance
@@ -569,9 +593,9 @@ If you fork the project on GitHub, you can run your fork's [build workflow](.git
                                     use (optionally) prefixed by the protocols
                                     (http, ftp, m3u8, dash, rstp, rtmp, mms) to
                                     use it for. Currently supports native,
-                                    aria2c, avconv, axel, curl, ffmpeg, httpie,
-                                    wget. You can use this option multiple times
-                                    to set different downloaders for different
+                                    aria2c, axel, curl, ffmpeg, httpie, wget.
+                                    You can use this option multiple times to
+                                    set different downloaders for different
                                     protocols. E.g. --downloader aria2c
                                     --downloader "dash,m3u8:native" will use
                                     aria2c for http/ftp downloads, and the
@@ -632,9 +656,9 @@ If you fork the project on GitHub, you can run your fork's [build workflow](.git
     --no-part                       Do not use .part files - write directly into
                                     output file
     --mtime                         Use the Last-modified header to set the file
-                                    modification time (default)
+                                    modification time
     --no-mtime                      Do not use the Last-modified header to set
-                                    the file modification time
+                                    the file modification time (default)
     --write-description             Write video description to a .description file
     --no-write-description          Do not write video description (default)
     --write-info-json               Write video metadata to a .info.json file
@@ -1098,6 +1122,27 @@ Make chapter entries for, or remove various segments (sponsor,
                                     can use this option multiple times to give
                                     arguments for different extractors
 
+## Preset Aliases:
+Predefined aliases for convenience and ease of use. Note that future
+    versions of yt-dlp may add or adjust presets, but the existing preset
+    names will not be changed or removed
+
+    -t mp3                          -f 'ba[acodec^=mp3]/ba/b' -x --audio-format
+                                    mp3
+
+    -t aac                          -f
+                                    'ba[acodec^=aac]/ba[acodec^=mp4a.40.]/ba/b'
+                                    -x --audio-format aac
+
+    -t mp4                          --merge-output-format mp4 --remux-video mp4
+                                    -S vcodec:h264,lang,quality,res,fps,hdr:12,a
+                                    codec:aac
+
+    -t mkv                          --merge-output-format mkv --remux-video mkv
+
+    -t sleep                        --sleep-subtitles 5 --sleep-requests 0.75
+                                    --sleep-interval 10 --max-sleep-interval 20
+
 # CONFIGURATION
 
 You can configure yt-dlp by placing any supported command line option in a configuration file. The configuration is loaded from the following locations:
@@ -1128,15 +1173,15 @@ You can configure yt-dlp by placing any supported command line option in a confi
     * `/etc/yt-dlp/config`
     * `/etc/yt-dlp/config.txt`
 
-E.g. with the following configuration file, yt-dlp will always extract the audio, not copy the mtime, use a proxy and save all videos under `YouTube` directory in your home directory:
+E.g. with the following configuration file, yt-dlp will always extract the audio, copy the mtime, use a proxy and save all videos under `YouTube` directory in your home directory:
 ```
 # Lines starting with # are comments
 
 # Always extract audio
 -x
 
-# Do not copy the mtime
---no-mtime
+# Copy the mtime
+--mtime
 
 # Use this proxy
 --proxy 127.0.0.1:3128
@@ -1767,11 +1812,14 @@ Note: In CLI, `ARG` can use `-` instead of `_`; e.g. `youtube:player-client"` be
 The following extractors use this feature:
 
 #### youtube
-* `lang`: Prefer translated metadata (`title`, `description` etc) of this language code (case-sensitive). By default, the video primary language metadata is preferred, with a fallback to `en` translated. See [youtube.py](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/blob/c26f9b991a0681fd3ea548d535919cec1fbbd430/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube.py#L381-L390) for list of supported content language codes
+* `lang`: Prefer translated metadata (`title`, `description` etc) of this language code (case-sensitive). By default, the video primary language metadata is preferred, with a fallback to `en` translated. See [youtube/_base.py](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/blob/415b4c9f955b1a0391204bd24a7132590e7b3bdb/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/_base.py#L402-L409) for the list of supported content language codes
 * `skip`: One or more of `hls`, `dash` or `translated_subs` to skip extraction of the m3u8 manifests, dash manifests and [auto-translated subtitles](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/4090#issuecomment-1158102032) respectively
-* `player_client`: Clients to extract video data from. The main clients are `web`, `ios` and `android`, with variants `_music` and `_creator` (e.g. `ios_creator`); and `mweb`, `android_vr`, `web_safari`, `web_embedded`, `tv` and `tv_embedded` with no variants. By default, `tv,ios,web` is used, or `tv,web` is used when authenticating with cookies. The `web_music` client is added for `music.youtube.com` URLs when logged-in cookies are used. The `tv_embedded` and `web_creator` clients are added for age-restricted videos if account age-verification is required. Some clients, such as `web` and `web_music`, require a `po_token` for their formats to be downloadable. Some clients, such as the `_creator` variants, will only work with authentication. Not all clients support authentication via cookies. You can use `default` for the default clients, or you can use `all` for all clients (not recommended). You can prefix a client with `-` to exclude it, e.g. `youtube:player_client=default,-ios`
-* `player_skip`: Skip some network requests that are generally needed for robust extraction. One or more of `configs` (skip client configs), `webpage` (skip initial webpage), `js` (skip js player). While these options can help reduce the number of requests needed or avoid some rate-limiting, they could cause some issues. See [#860](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/pull/860) for more details
+* `player_client`: Clients to extract video data from. The currently available clients are `web`, `web_safari`, `web_embedded`, `web_music`, `web_creator`, `mweb`, `ios`, `android`, `android_vr`, `tv`, `tv_simply` and `tv_embedded`. By default, `tv_simply,tv,web` is used, but `tv,web_safari,web` is used when authenticating with cookies and `tv,web_creator,web` is used with premium accounts. The `web_music` client is added for `music.youtube.com` URLs when logged-in cookies are used. The `web_embedded` client is added for age-restricted videos but only works if the video is embeddable. The `tv_embedded` and `web_creator` clients are added for age-restricted videos if account age-verification is required. Some clients, such as `web` and `web_music`, require a `po_token` for their formats to be downloadable. Some clients, such as `web_creator`, will only work with authentication. Not all clients support authentication via cookies. You can use `default` for the default clients, or you can use `all` for all clients (not recommended). You can prefix a client with `-` to exclude it, e.g. `youtube:player_client=default,-ios`
+* `player_skip`: Skip some network requests that are generally needed for robust extraction. One or more of `configs` (skip client configs), `webpage` (skip initial webpage), `js` (skip js player), `initial_data` (skip initial data/next ep request). While these options can help reduce the number of requests needed or avoid some rate-limiting, they could cause issues such as missing formats or metadata.  See [#860](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/pull/860) and [#12826](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12826) for more details
+* `webpage_skip`: Skip extraction of embedded webpage data. One or both of `player_response`, `initial_data`. These options are for testing purposes and don't skip any network requests
 * `player_params`: YouTube player parameters to use for player requests. Will overwrite any default ones set by yt-dlp.
+* `player_js_variant`: The player javascript variant to use for n/sig deciphering. The known variants are: `main`, `tcc`, `tce`, `es5`, `es6`, `tv`, `tv_es6`, `phone`, `tablet`. The default is `main`, and the others are for debugging purposes. You can use `actual` to go with what is prescribed by the site
+* `player_js_version`: The player javascript version to use for n/sig deciphering, in the format of `signature_timestamp@hash`. Currently, the default is to force `20348@0004de42`. You can use `actual` to go with what is prescribed by the site
 * `comment_sort`: `top` or `new` (default) - choose comment sorting mode (on YouTube's side)
 * `max_comments`: Limit the amount of comments to gather. Comma-separated list of integers representing `max-comments,max-parents,max-replies,max-replies-per-thread`. Default is `all,all,all,all`
     * E.g. `all,all,1000,10` will get a maximum of 1000 replies total, with up to 10 replies per thread. `1000,all,100` will get a maximum of 1000 comments, with a maximum of 100 replies total
@@ -1781,7 +1829,13 @@ The following extractors use this feature:
 * `raise_incomplete_data`: `Incomplete Data Received` raises an error instead of reporting a warning
 * `data_sync_id`: Overrides the account Data Sync ID used in Innertube API requests. This may be needed if you are using an account with `youtube:player_skip=webpage,configs` or `youtubetab:skip=webpage`
 * `visitor_data`: Overrides the Visitor Data used in Innertube API requests. This should be used with `player_skip=webpage,configs` and without cookies. Note: this may have adverse effects if used improperly. If a session from a browser is wanted, you should pass cookies instead (which contain the Visitor ID)
-* `po_token`:  Proof of Origin (PO) Token(s) to use. Comma seperated list of PO Tokens in the format `CLIENT.CONTEXT+PO_TOKEN`, e.g. `youtube:po_token=web.gvs+XXX,web.player=XXX,web_safari.gvs+YYY`. Context can be either `gvs` (Google Video Server URLs) or `player` (Innertube player request)
+* `po_token`:  Proof of Origin (PO) Token(s) to use. Comma seperated list of PO Tokens in the format `CLIENT.CONTEXT+PO_TOKEN`, e.g. `youtube:po_token=web.gvs+XXX,web.player=XXX,web_safari.gvs+YYY`. Context can be any of `gvs` (Google Video Server URLs), `player` (Innertube player request) or `subs` (Subtitles)
+* `pot_trace`: Enable debug logging for PO Token fetching. Either `true` or `false` (default)
+* `fetch_pot`: Policy to use for fetching a PO Token from providers. One of `always` (always try fetch a PO Token regardless if the client requires one for the given context), `never` (never fetch a PO Token), or `auto` (default; only fetch a PO Token if the client requires one for the given context)
+* `playback_wait`: Duration (in seconds) to wait inbetween the extraction and download stages in order to ensure the formats are available. The default is `6` seconds
+
+#### youtubepot-webpo
+* `bind_to_visitor_id`: Whether to use the Visitor ID instead of Visitor Data for caching WebPO tokens. Either `true` (default) or `false`
 
 #### youtubetab (YouTube playlists, channels, feeds, etc.)
 * `skip`: One or more of `webpage` (skip initial webpage download), `authcheck` (allow the download of playlists requiring authentication when no initial webpage is downloaded. This may cause unwanted behavior, see [#1122](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/pull/1122) for more details)
@@ -1798,9 +1852,6 @@ The following extractors use this feature:
 #### vikichannel
 * `video_types`: Types of videos to download - one or more of `episodes`, `movies`, `clips`, `trailers`
 
-#### niconico
-* `segment_duration`: Segment duration in milliseconds for HLS-DMC formats. Use it at your own risk since this feature **may result in your account termination.**
-
 #### youtubewebarchive
 * `check_all`: Try to check more at the cost of more requests. One or more of `thumbnails`, `captures`
 
@@ -1866,6 +1917,13 @@ The following extractors use this feature:
 #### sonylivseries
 * `sort_order`: Episode sort order for series extraction - one of `asc` (ascending, oldest first) or `desc` (descending, newest first). Default is `asc`
 
+#### tver
+* `backend`: Backend API to use for extraction - one of `streaks` (default) or `brightcove` (deprecated)
+
+#### vimeo
+* `client`: Client to extract video data from. The currently available clients are `android`, `ios`, and `web`. Only one client can be used. The `web` client is used by default. The `web` client only works with account cookies or login credentials. The `android` and `ios` clients only work with previously cached OAuth tokens
+* `original_format_policy`: Policy for when to try extracting original formats. One of `always`, `never`, or `auto`. The default `auto` policy tries to avoid exceeding the web client's API rate-limit by only making an extra request when Vimeo publicizes the video's downloadability
+
 **Note**: These options may be changed/removed in the future without concern for backward compatibility
 
 <!-- MANPAGE: MOVE "INSTALLATION" SECTION HERE -->
@@ -2149,14 +2207,13 @@ with yt_dlp.YoutubeDL(ydl_opts) as ydl:
 
 * **[Format Sorting](#sorting-formats)**: The default format sorting options have been changed so that higher resolution and better codecs will be now preferred instead of simply using larger bitrate. Furthermore, you can now specify the sort order using `-S`. This allows for much easier format selection than what is possible by simply using `--format` ([examples](#format-selection-examples))
 
-* **Merged with animelover1984/youtube-dl**: You get most of the features and improvements from [animelover1984/youtube-dl](https://github.com/animelover1984/youtube-dl) including `--write-comments`, `BiliBiliSearch`, `BilibiliChannel`, Embedding thumbnail in mp4/ogg/opus, playlist infojson etc. Note that NicoNico livestreams are not available. See [#31](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/pull/31) for details.
+* **Merged with animelover1984/youtube-dl**: You get most of the features and improvements from [animelover1984/youtube-dl](https://github.com/animelover1984/youtube-dl) including `--write-comments`, `BiliBiliSearch`, `BilibiliChannel`, Embedding thumbnail in mp4/ogg/opus, playlist infojson etc. See [#31](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/pull/31) for details.
 
 * **YouTube improvements**:
     * Supports Clips, Stories (`ytstories:<channel UCID>`), Search (including filters)**\***, YouTube Music Search, Channel-specific search, Search prefixes (`ytsearch:`, `ytsearchdate:`)**\***, Mixes, and Feeds (`:ytfav`, `:ytwatchlater`, `:ytsubs`, `:ythistory`, `:ytrec`, `:ytnotif`)
     * Fix for [n-sig based throttling](https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/29326) **\***
     * Download livestreams from the start using `--live-from-start` (*experimental*)
     * Channel URLs download all uploads of the channel, including shorts and live
-    * Support for [logging in with OAuth](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/wiki/Extractors#logging-in-with-oauth)
 
 * **Cookies from browser**: Cookies can be automatically extracted from all major web browsers using `--cookies-from-browser BROWSER[+KEYRING][:PROFILE][::CONTAINER]`
 
@@ -2215,7 +2272,7 @@ Some of yt-dlp's default options are different from that of youtube-dl and youtu
 * Live chats (if available) are considered as subtitles. Use `--sub-langs all,-live_chat` to download all subtitles except live chat. You can also use `--compat-options no-live-chat` to prevent any live chat/danmaku from downloading
 * YouTube channel URLs download all uploads of the channel. To download only the videos in a specific tab, pass the tab's URL. If the channel does not show the requested tab, an error will be raised. Also, `/live` URLs raise an error if there are no live videos instead of silently downloading the entire channel. You may use `--compat-options no-youtube-channel-redirect` to revert all these redirections
 * Unavailable videos are also listed for YouTube playlists. Use `--compat-options no-youtube-unavailable-videos` to remove this
-* The upload dates extracted from YouTube are in UTC [when available](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/blob/89e4d86171c7b7c997c77d4714542e0383bf0db0/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube.py#L3898-L3900). Use `--compat-options no-youtube-prefer-utc-upload-date` to prefer the non-UTC upload date.
+* The upload dates extracted from YouTube are in UTC.
 * If `ffmpeg` is used as the downloader, the downloading and merging of formats happen in a single step when possible. Use `--compat-options no-direct-merge` to revert this
 * Thumbnail embedding in `mp4` is done with mutagen if possible. Use `--compat-options embed-thumbnail-atomicparsley` to force the use of AtomicParsley instead
 * Some internal metadata such as filenames are removed by default from the infojson. Use `--no-clean-infojson` or `--compat-options no-clean-infojson` to revert this
@@ -2228,15 +2285,17 @@ Some of yt-dlp's default options are different from that of youtube-dl and youtu
 * yt-dlp uses modern http client backends such as `requests`. Use `--compat-options prefer-legacy-http-handler` to prefer the legacy http handler (`urllib`) to be used for standard http requests.
 * The sub-modules `swfinterp`, `casefold` are removed.
 * Passing `--simulate` (or calling `extract_info` with `download=False`) no longer alters the default format selection. See [#9843](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9843) for details.
+* yt-dlp no longer applies the server modified time to downloaded files by default. Use `--mtime` or `--compat-options mtime-by-default` to revert this.
 
 For ease of use, a few more compat options are available:
 
 * `--compat-options all`: Use all compat options (**Do NOT use this!**)
 * `--compat-options youtube-dl`: Same as `--compat-options all,-multistreams,-playlist-match-filter,-manifest-filesize-approx,-allow-unsafe-ext,-prefer-vp9-sort`
 * `--compat-options youtube-dlc`: Same as `--compat-options all,-no-live-chat,-no-youtube-channel-redirect,-playlist-match-filter,-manifest-filesize-approx,-allow-unsafe-ext,-prefer-vp9-sort`
-* `--compat-options 2021`: Same as `--compat-options 2022,no-certifi,filename-sanitization,no-youtube-prefer-utc-upload-date`
+* `--compat-options 2021`: Same as `--compat-options 2022,no-certifi,filename-sanitization`
 * `--compat-options 2022`: Same as `--compat-options 2023,playlist-match-filter,no-external-downloader-progress,prefer-legacy-http-handler,manifest-filesize-approx`
-* `--compat-options 2023`: Same as `--compat-options prefer-vp9-sort`. Use this to enable all future compat options
+* `--compat-options 2023`: Same as `--compat-options 2024,prefer-vp9-sort`
+* `--compat-options 2024`: Same as `--compat-options mtime-by-default`. Use this to enable all future compat options
 
 The following compat options restore vulnerable behavior from before security patches:
 
@@ -2298,11 +2357,7 @@ While these options still work, their use is not recommended since there are oth
     --hls-prefer-native              --downloader "m3u8:native"
     --hls-prefer-ffmpeg              --downloader "m3u8:ffmpeg"
     --list-formats-old               --compat-options list-formats (Alias: --no-list-formats-as-table)
-    --list-formats-as-table          --compat-options -list-formats [Default] (Alias: --no-list-formats-old)
-    --youtube-skip-dash-manifest     --extractor-args "youtube:skip=dash" (Alias: --no-youtube-include-dash-manifest)
-    --youtube-skip-hls-manifest      --extractor-args "youtube:skip=hls" (Alias: --no-youtube-include-hls-manifest)
-    --youtube-include-dash-manifest  Default (Alias: --no-youtube-skip-dash-manifest)
-    --youtube-include-hls-manifest   Default (Alias: --no-youtube-skip-hls-manifest)
+    --list-formats-as-table          --compat-options -list-formats [Default]
     --geo-bypass                     --xff "default"
     --no-geo-bypass                  --xff "never"
     --geo-bypass-country CODE        --xff CODE
@@ -2313,20 +2368,14 @@ These options are not intended to be used by the end-user
 
     --test                           Download only part of video for testing extractors
     --load-pages                     Load pages dumped by --write-pages
-    --youtube-print-sig-code         For testing youtube signatures
     --allow-unplayable-formats       List unplayable formats also
     --no-allow-unplayable-formats    Default
 
 #### Old aliases
 These are aliases that are no longer documented for various reasons
 
-    --avconv-location                --ffmpeg-location
     --clean-infojson                 --clean-info-json
-    --cn-verification-proxy URL      --geo-verification-proxy URL
-    --dump-headers                   --print-traffic
-    --dump-intermediate-pages        --dump-pages
     --force-write-download-archive   --force-write-archive
-    --load-info                      --load-info-json
     --no-clean-infojson              --no-clean-info-json
     --no-split-tracks                --no-split-chapters
     --no-write-srt                   --no-write-subs
@@ -2339,7 +2388,7 @@ These are aliases that are no longer documented for various reasons
     --yes-overwrites                 --force-overwrites
 
 #### Sponskrub Options
-Support for [SponSkrub](https://github.com/faissaloo/SponSkrub) has been deprecated in favor of the `--sponsorblock` options
+Support for [SponSkrub](https://github.com/faissaloo/SponSkrub) has been removed in favor of the `--sponsorblock` options
 
     --sponskrub                      --sponsorblock-mark all
     --no-sponskrub                   --no-sponsorblock
@@ -2361,6 +2410,17 @@ These options may no longer work as intended
     --no-include-ads                 Default
     --write-annotations              No supported site has annotations now
     --no-write-annotations           Default
+    --avconv-location                Removed alias for --ffmpeg-location
+    --cn-verification-proxy URL      Removed alias for --geo-verification-proxy URL
+    --dump-headers                   Removed alias for --print-traffic
+    --dump-intermediate-pages        Removed alias for --dump-pages
+    --youtube-skip-dash-manifest     Removed alias for --extractor-args "youtube:skip=dash" (Alias: --no-youtube-include-dash-manifest)
+    --youtube-skip-hls-manifest      Removed alias for --extractor-args "youtube:skip=hls" (Alias: --no-youtube-include-hls-manifest)
+    --youtube-include-dash-manifest  Default (Alias: --no-youtube-skip-dash-manifest)
+    --youtube-include-hls-manifest   Default (Alias: --no-youtube-skip-hls-manifest)
+    --youtube-print-sig-code         Removed testing functionality
+    --dump-user-agent                No longer supported
+    --xattr-set-filesize             No longer supported
     --compat-options seperate-video-versions  No longer needed
     --compat-options no-youtube-prefer-utc-upload-date  No longer supported
 
diff --git a/THIRD_PARTY_LICENSES.txt b/THIRD_PARTY_LICENSES.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1040046541
--- /dev/null
+++ b/THIRD_PARTY_LICENSES.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4433 @@
+THIRD-PARTY LICENSES
+
+This file aggregates license texts of third-party components included with the yt-dlp PyInstaller-bundled executables.
+yt-dlp itself is licensed under the Unlicense (see LICENSE file).
+Source code for bundled third-party components is available from the original projects.
+If you cannot obtain it, the maintainers will provide it as per license obligation; maintainer emails are listed in pyproject.toml.
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Python | PSF-2.0
+URL: https://www.python.org/
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+A. HISTORY OF THE SOFTWARE
+==========================
+
+Python was created in the early 1990s by Guido van Rossum at Stichting
+Mathematisch Centrum (CWI, see https://www.cwi.nl) in the Netherlands
+as a successor of a language called ABC.  Guido remains Python's
+principal author, although it includes many contributions from others.
+
+In 1995, Guido continued his work on Python at the Corporation for
+National Research Initiatives (CNRI, see https://www.cnri.reston.va.us)
+in Reston, Virginia where he released several versions of the
+software.
+
+In May 2000, Guido and the Python core development team moved to
+BeOpen.com to form the BeOpen PythonLabs team.  In October of the same
+year, the PythonLabs team moved to Digital Creations, which became
+Zope Corporation.  In 2001, the Python Software Foundation (PSF, see
+https://www.python.org/psf/) was formed, a non-profit organization
+created specifically to own Python-related Intellectual Property.
+Zope Corporation was a sponsoring member of the PSF.
+
+All Python releases are Open Source (see https://opensource.org for
+the Open Source Definition).  Historically, most, but not all, Python
+releases have also been GPL-compatible; the table below summarizes
+the various releases.
+
+    Release         Derived     Year        Owner       GPL-
+                    from                                compatible? (1)
+
+    0.9.0 thru 1.2              1991-1995   CWI         yes
+    1.3 thru 1.5.2  1.2         1995-1999   CNRI        yes
+    1.6             1.5.2       2000        CNRI        no
+    2.0             1.6         2000        BeOpen.com  no
+    1.6.1           1.6         2001        CNRI        yes (2)
+    2.1             2.0+1.6.1   2001        PSF         no
+    2.0.1           2.0+1.6.1   2001        PSF         yes
+    2.1.1           2.1+2.0.1   2001        PSF         yes
+    2.1.2           2.1.1       2002        PSF         yes
+    2.1.3           2.1.2       2002        PSF         yes
+    2.2 and above   2.1.1       2001-now    PSF         yes
+
+Footnotes:
+
+(1) GPL-compatible doesn't mean that we're distributing Python under
+    the GPL.  All Python licenses, unlike the GPL, let you distribute
+    a modified version without making your changes open source.  The
+    GPL-compatible licenses make it possible to combine Python with
+    other software that is released under the GPL; the others don't.
+
+(2) According to Richard Stallman, 1.6.1 is not GPL-compatible,
+    because its license has a choice of law clause.  According to
+    CNRI, however, Stallman's lawyer has told CNRI's lawyer that 1.6.1
+    is "not incompatible" with the GPL.
+
+Thanks to the many outside volunteers who have worked under Guido's
+direction to make these releases possible.
+
+
+B. TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR ACCESSING OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON
+===============================================================
+
+Python software and documentation are licensed under the
+Python Software Foundation License Version 2.
+
+Starting with Python 3.8.6, examples, recipes, and other code in
+the documentation are dual licensed under the PSF License Version 2
+and the Zero-Clause BSD license.
+
+Some software incorporated into Python is under different licenses.
+The licenses are listed with code falling under that license.
+
+
+PYTHON SOFTWARE FOUNDATION LICENSE VERSION 2
+--------------------------------------------
+
+1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Python Software Foundation
+("PSF"), and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and
+otherwise using this software ("Python") in source or binary form and
+its associated documentation.
+
+2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, PSF hereby
+grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce,
+analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works,
+distribute, and otherwise use Python alone or in any derivative version,
+provided, however, that PSF's License Agreement and PSF's notice of copyright,
+i.e., "Copyright (c) 2001 Python Software Foundation; All Rights Reserved"
+are retained in Python alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee.
+
+3. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on
+or incorporates Python or any part thereof, and wants to make
+the derivative work available to others as provided herein, then
+Licensee hereby agrees to include in any such work a brief summary of
+the changes made to Python.
+
+4. PSF is making Python available to Licensee on an "AS IS"
+basis.  PSF MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED.  BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, PSF MAKES NO AND
+DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS
+FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF PYTHON WILL NOT
+INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS.
+
+5. PSF SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF PYTHON
+FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS
+A RESULT OF MODIFYING, DISTRIBUTING, OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON,
+OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF.
+
+6. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material
+breach of its terms and conditions.
+
+7. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any
+relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between PSF and
+Licensee.  This License Agreement does not grant permission to use PSF
+trademarks or trade name in a trademark sense to endorse or promote
+products or services of Licensee, or any third party.
+
+8. By copying, installing or otherwise using Python, Licensee
+agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License
+Agreement.
+
+
+BEOPEN.COM LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 2.0
+-------------------------------------------
+
+BEOPEN PYTHON OPEN SOURCE LICENSE AGREEMENT VERSION 1
+
+1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between BeOpen.com ("BeOpen"), having an
+office at 160 Saratoga Avenue, Santa Clara, CA 95051, and the
+Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using
+this software in source or binary form and its associated
+documentation ("the Software").
+
+2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this BeOpen Python License
+Agreement, BeOpen hereby grants Licensee a non-exclusive,
+royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform
+and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and
+otherwise use the Software alone or in any derivative version,
+provided, however, that the BeOpen Python License is retained in the
+Software, alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee.
+
+3. BeOpen is making the Software available to Licensee on an "AS IS"
+basis.  BEOPEN MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED.  BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, BEOPEN MAKES NO AND
+DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS
+FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF THE SOFTWARE WILL NOT
+INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS.
+
+4. BEOPEN SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF THE
+SOFTWARE FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS
+AS A RESULT OF USING, MODIFYING OR DISTRIBUTING THE SOFTWARE, OR ANY
+DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF.
+
+5. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material
+breach of its terms and conditions.
+
+6. This License Agreement shall be governed by and interpreted in all
+respects by the law of the State of California, excluding conflict of
+law provisions.  Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to
+create any relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture
+between BeOpen and Licensee.  This License Agreement does not grant
+permission to use BeOpen trademarks or trade names in a trademark
+sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any
+third party.  As an exception, the "BeOpen Python" logos available at
+http://www.pythonlabs.com/logos.html may be used according to the
+permissions granted on that web page.
+
+7. By copying, installing or otherwise using the software, Licensee
+agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License
+Agreement.
+
+
+CNRI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 1.6.1
+---------------------------------------
+
+1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Corporation for National
+Research Initiatives, having an office at 1895 Preston White Drive,
+Reston, VA 20191 ("CNRI"), and the Individual or Organization
+("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using Python 1.6.1 software in
+source or binary form and its associated documentation.
+
+2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, CNRI
+hereby grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide
+license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly,
+prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use Python 1.6.1
+alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that CNRI's
+License Agreement and CNRI's notice of copyright, i.e., "Copyright (c)
+1995-2001 Corporation for National Research Initiatives; All Rights
+Reserved" are retained in Python 1.6.1 alone or in any derivative
+version prepared by Licensee.  Alternately, in lieu of CNRI's License
+Agreement, Licensee may substitute the following text (omitting the
+quotes): "Python 1.6.1 is made available subject to the terms and
+conditions in CNRI's License Agreement.  This Agreement together with
+Python 1.6.1 may be located on the internet using the following
+unique, persistent identifier (known as a handle): 1895.22/1013.  This
+Agreement may also be obtained from a proxy server on the internet
+using the following URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1895.22/1013".
+
+3. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on
+or incorporates Python 1.6.1 or any part thereof, and wants to make
+the derivative work available to others as provided herein, then
+Licensee hereby agrees to include in any such work a brief summary of
+the changes made to Python 1.6.1.
+
+4. CNRI is making Python 1.6.1 available to Licensee on an "AS IS"
+basis.  CNRI MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED.  BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, CNRI MAKES NO AND
+DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS
+FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF PYTHON 1.6.1 WILL NOT
+INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS.
+
+5. CNRI SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF PYTHON
+1.6.1 FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS
+A RESULT OF MODIFYING, DISTRIBUTING, OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON 1.6.1,
+OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF.
+
+6. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material
+breach of its terms and conditions.
+
+7. This License Agreement shall be governed by the federal
+intellectual property law of the United States, including without
+limitation the federal copyright law, and, to the extent such
+U.S. federal law does not apply, by the law of the Commonwealth of
+Virginia, excluding Virginia's conflict of law provisions.
+Notwithstanding the foregoing, with regard to derivative works based
+on Python 1.6.1 that incorporate non-separable material that was
+previously distributed under the GNU General Public License (GPL), the
+law of the Commonwealth of Virginia shall govern this License
+Agreement only as to issues arising under or with respect to
+Paragraphs 4, 5, and 7 of this License Agreement.  Nothing in this
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+agency, partnership, or joint venture between CNRI and Licensee.  This
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+trade name in a trademark sense to endorse or promote products or
+services of Licensee, or any third party.
+
+8. By clicking on the "ACCEPT" button where indicated, or by copying,
+installing or otherwise using Python 1.6.1, Licensee agrees to be
+bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement.
+
+        ACCEPT
+
+
+CWI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 0.9.0 THROUGH 1.2
+--------------------------------------------------
+
+Copyright (c) 1991 - 1995, Stichting Mathematisch Centrum Amsterdam,
+The Netherlands.  All rights reserved.
+
+Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
+documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted,
+provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that
+both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in
+supporting documentation, and that the name of Stichting Mathematisch
+Centrum or CWI not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to
+distribution of the software without specific, written prior
+permission.
+
+STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO
+THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND
+FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM BE LIABLE
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+WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
+ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT
+OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+
+ZERO-CLAUSE BSD LICENSE FOR CODE IN THE PYTHON DOCUMENTATION
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
+purpose with or without fee is hereby granted.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH
+REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
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+
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Microsoft Distributable Code
+Note: Only included in Windows builds
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Additional Conditions for this Windows binary build
+---------------------------------------------------
+
+This program is linked with and uses Microsoft Distributable Code,
+copyrighted by Microsoft Corporation. The Microsoft Distributable Code
+is embedded in each .exe, .dll and .pyd file as a result of running
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+
+If you further distribute programs that include the Microsoft
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+(included in its developer tools and on its website at microsoft.com)
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+
+Redistribution of the Windows binary build of the Python interpreter
+complies with this agreement, provided that you do not:
+
+- alter any copyright, trademark or patent notice in Microsoft's
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+
+- use Microsoft's trademarks in your programs' names or in a way that
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+
+- distribute Microsoft's Distributable Code to run on a platform other
+than Microsoft operating systems, run-time technologies or application
+platforms; or
+
+- include Microsoft Distributable Code in malicious, deceptive or
+unlawful programs.
+
+These restrictions apply only to the Microsoft Distributable Code as
+defined above, not to Python itself or any programs running on the
+Python interpreter. The redistribution of the Python interpreter and
+libraries is governed by the Python Software License included with this
+file, or by other licenses as marked.
+
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+bzip2 | bzip2-1.0.6
+URL: https://sourceware.org/bzip2/
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+This program, "bzip2", the associated library "libbzip2", and all
+documentation, are copyright (C) 1996-2010 Julian R Seward.  All
+rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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+are met:
+
+1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+2. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must 
+   not claim that you wrote the original software.  If you use this 
+   software in a product, an acknowledgment in the product 
+   documentation would be appreciated but is not required.
+
+3. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must
+   not be misrepresented as being the original software.
+
+4. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote 
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+
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+WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
+NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+Julian Seward, jseward@acm.org
+bzip2/libbzip2 version 1.0.6 of 6 September 2010
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+libffi | MIT
+URL: https://sourceware.org/libffi/
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+libffi - Copyright (c) 1996-2025  Anthony Green, Red Hat, Inc and others.
+See source files for details.
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+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+OpenSSL 3.0+ | Apache-2.0
+URL: https://www.openssl.org/
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+                                 Apache License
+                           Version 2.0, January 2004
+                        https://www.apache.org/licenses/
+
+   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+
+   1. Definitions.
+
+      "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
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+
+   END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+SQLite | Public Domain
+URL: https://www.sqlite.org/
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+License Information
+===================
+
+SQLite Is Public Domain
+-----------------------
+
+The SQLite source code, including all of the files in the directories
+listed in the bullets below are 
+[Public Domain](https://sqlite.org/copyright.html).
+The authors have submitted written affidavits releasing their work to
+the public for any use.  Every byte of the public-domain code can be
+traced back to the original authors.  The files of this repository
+that are public domain include the following:
+
+  *  All of the primary SQLite source code files found in the
+     [src/ directory](https://sqlite.org/src/tree/src?type=tree&expand)
+  *  All of the test cases and testing code in the
+     [test/ directory](https://sqlite.org/src/tree/test?type=tree&expand)
+  *  All of the SQLite extension source code and test cases in the
+     [ext/ directory](https://sqlite.org/src/tree/ext?type=tree&expand)
+  *  All code that ends up in the "sqlite3.c" and "sqlite3.h" build products
+     that actually implement the SQLite RDBMS.
+  *  All of the code used to compile the
+     [command-line interface](https://sqlite.org/cli.html)
+  *  All of the code used to build various utility programs such as
+     "sqldiff", "sqlite3_rsync", and "sqlite3_analyzer".
+
+
+The public domain source files usually contain a header comment
+similar to the following to make it clear that the software is
+public domain.
+
+> ~~~
+The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+
+  *   May you do good and not evil.
+  *   May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+  *   May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+~~~
+
+Almost every file you find in this source repository will be
+public domain.  But there are a small number of exceptions:
+
+Non-Public-Domain Code Included With This Source Repository AS A Convenience
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+This repository contains a (relatively) small amount of non-public-domain
+code used to help implement the configuration and build logic.  In other
+words, there are some non-public-domain files used to implement:
+
+> ~~~
+./configure && make
+~~~
+
+In all cases, the non-public-domain files included with this
+repository have generous BSD-style licenses.  So anyone is free to
+use any of the code in this source repository for any purpose, though
+attribution may be required to reuse or republish the configure and
+build scripts.  None of the non-public-domain code ever actually reaches
+the build products, such as "sqlite3.c", however, so no attribution is
+required to use SQLite itself.  The non-public-domain code consists of
+scripts used to help compile SQLite.  The non-public-domain code is
+technically not part of SQLite.  The non-public-domain code is
+included in this repository as a convenience to developers, so that those
+who want to build SQLite do not need to go download a bunch of
+third-party build scripts in order to compile SQLite.
+
+Non-public-domain code included in this respository includes:
+
+  *  The ["autosetup"](http://msteveb.github.io/autosetup/) configuration
+     system that is contained (mostly) the autosetup/ directory, but also
+     includes the "./configure" script at the top-level of this archive.
+     Autosetup has a separate BSD-style license.  See the
+     [autosetup/LICENSE](http://msteveb.github.io/autosetup/license/)
+     for details.
+
+  *  There are BSD-style licenses on some of the configuration
+     software found in the legacy autoconf/ directory and its
+     subdirectories.
+
+The following unix shell command is can be run from the top-level
+of this source repository in order to remove all non-public-domain
+code:
+
+> ~~~
+rm -rf configure autosetup autoconf
+~~~
+
+If you unpack this source repository and then run the command above, what
+is left will be 100% public domain.
+
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+liblzma | 0BSD
+URL: https://tukaani.org/xz/
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+XZ Utils Licensing
+==================
+
+    Different licenses apply to different files in this package. Here
+    is a summary of which licenses apply to which parts of this package:
+
+      - liblzma is under the BSD Zero Clause License (0BSD).
+
+      - The command line tools xz, xzdec, lzmadec, and lzmainfo are
+        under 0BSD except that, on systems that don't have a usable
+        getopt_long, GNU getopt_long is compiled and linked in from the
+        'lib' directory. The getopt_long code is under GNU LGPLv2.1+.
+
+      - The scripts to grep, diff, and view compressed files have been
+        adapted from GNU gzip. These scripts (xzgrep, xzdiff, xzless,
+        and xzmore) are under GNU GPLv2+. The man pages of the scripts
+        are under 0BSD; they aren't based on the man pages of GNU gzip.
+
+      - Most of the XZ Utils specific documentation that is in
+        plain text files (like README, INSTALL, PACKAGERS, NEWS,
+        and ChangeLog) are under 0BSD unless stated otherwise in
+        the file itself. The files xz-file-format.txt and
+        lzma-file-format.xt are in the public domain but may
+        be distributed under the terms of 0BSD too.
+
+      - Translated messages and man pages are under 0BSD except that
+        some old translations are in the public domain.
+
+      - Test files and test code in the 'tests' directory, and
+        debugging utilities in the 'debug' directory are under
+        the BSD Zero Clause License (0BSD).
+
+      - The GNU Autotools based build system contains files that are
+        under GNU GPLv2+, GNU GPLv3+, and a few permissive licenses.
+        These files don't affect the licensing of the binaries being
+        built.
+
+      - The 'extra' directory contains files that are under various
+        free software licenses. These aren't built or installed as
+        part of XZ Utils.
+
+    The following command may be helpful in finding per-file license
+    information. It works on xz.git and on a clean file tree extracted
+    from a release tarball.
+
+        sh build-aux/license-check.sh -v
+
+    For the files under the BSD Zero Clause License (0BSD), if
+    a copyright notice is needed, the following is sufficient:
+
+        Copyright (C) The XZ Utils authors and contributors
+
+    If you copy significant amounts of 0BSD-licensed code from XZ Utils
+    into your project, acknowledging this somewhere in your software is
+    polite (especially if it is proprietary, non-free software), but
+    it is not legally required by the license terms. Here is an example
+    of a good notice to put into "about box" or into documentation:
+
+        This software includes code from XZ Utils <https://tukaani.org/xz/>.
+
+    The following license texts are included in the following files:
+      - COPYING.0BSD: BSD Zero Clause License
+      - COPYING.LGPLv2.1: GNU Lesser General Public License version 2.1
+      - COPYING.GPLv2: GNU General Public License version 2
+      - COPYING.GPLv3: GNU General Public License version 3
+
+    If you have questions, don't hesitate to ask for more information.
+    The contact information is in the README file.
+
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+mpdecimal | BSD-2-Clause
+URL: https://www.bytereef.org/mpdecimal/
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Copyright (c) 2008-2025 Stefan Krah. All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+are met:
+
+1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+   documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+zlib | zlib
+URL: https://zlib.net/
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Copyright notice:
+
+ (C) 1995-2024 Jean-loup Gailly and Mark Adler
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+
+  Jean-loup Gailly        Mark Adler
+  jloup@gzip.org          madler@alumni.caltech.edu
+
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Expat | MIT
+URL: https://libexpat.github.io/
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Copyright (c) 1998-2000 Thai Open Source Software Center Ltd and Clark Cooper
+Copyright (c) 2001-2025 Expat maintainers
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
+in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
+CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
+TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
+SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ncurses | X11-distribute-modifications-variant
+Note: Only included in Linux/macOS builds
+URL: https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Copyright 2018-2022,2023 Thomas E. Dickey
+Copyright 1998-2017,2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+distribute, distribute with modifications, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
+in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
+OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+IN NO EVENT SHALL THE ABOVE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
+DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
+OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR
+THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+Except as contained in this notice, the name(s) of the above copyright
+holders shall not be used in advertising or otherwise to promote the
+sale, use or other dealings in this Software without prior written
+authorization.
+
+-- vile:txtmode fc=72
+-- $Id: COPYING,v 1.12 2023/01/07 17:55:53 tom Exp $
+
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+GNU Readline | GPL-3.0-or-later
+Note: Only included in Linux builds
+URL: https://www.gnu.org/software/readline/
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+                    GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
+                       Version 3, 29 June 2007
+
+ Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <http://fsf.org/>
+ Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
+ of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
+
+                            Preamble
+
+  The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for
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+
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+  Developers that use the GNU GPL protect your rights with two steps:
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+  Some devices are designed to deny users access to install or run
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+
+  The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
+modification follow.
+
+                       TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+  0. Definitions.
+
+  "This License" refers to version 3 of the GNU General Public License.
+
+  "Copyright" also means copyright-like laws that apply to other kinds of
+works, such as semiconductor masks.
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+  "The Program" refers to any copyrightable work licensed under this
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+  To "modify" a work means to copy from or adapt all or part of the work
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+earlier work or a work "based on" the earlier work.
+
+  A "covered work" means either the unmodified Program or a work based
+on the Program.
+
+  To "propagate" a work means to do anything with it that, without
+permission, would make you directly or secondarily liable for
+infringement under applicable copyright law, except executing it on a
+computer or modifying a private copy.  Propagation includes copying,
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+public, and in some countries other activities as well.
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+  To "convey" a work means any kind of propagation that enables other
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+a computer network, with no transfer of a copy, is not conveying.
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+  An interactive user interface displays "Appropriate Legal Notices"
+to the extent that it includes a convenient and prominently visible
+feature that (1) displays an appropriate copyright notice, and (2)
+tells the user that there is no warranty for the work (except to the
+extent that warranties are provided), that licensees may convey the
+work under this License, and how to view a copy of this License.  If
+the interface presents a list of user commands or options, such as a
+menu, a prominent item in the list meets this criterion.
+
+  1. Source Code.
+
+  The "source code" for a work means the preferred form of the work
+for making modifications to it.  "Object code" means any non-source
+form of a work.
+
+  A "Standard Interface" means an interface that either is an official
+standard defined by a recognized standards body, or, in the case of
+interfaces specified for a particular programming language, one that
+is widely used among developers working in that language.
+
+  The "System Libraries" of an executable work include anything, other
+than the work as a whole, that (a) is included in the normal form of
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+"Major Component", in this context, means a major essential component
+(kernel, window system, and so on) of the specific operating system
+(if any) on which the executable work runs, or a compiler used to
+produce the work, or an object code interpreter used to run it.
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+  The "Corresponding Source" for a work in object code form means all
+the source code needed to generate, install, and (for an executable
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+  2. Basic Permissions.
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+  7. Additional Terms.
+
+  "Additional permissions" are terms that supplement the terms of this
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+Additional permissions that are applicable to the entire Program shall
+be treated as though they were included in this License, to the extent
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+  When you convey a copy of a covered work, you may at your option
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+  9. Acceptance Not Required for Having Copies.
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+  You are not required to accept this License in order to receive or
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+  10. Automatic Licensing of Downstream Recipients.
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+
+  11. Patents.
+
+  A "contributor" is a copyright holder who authorizes use under this
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+or that patent license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007.
+
+  Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting
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+
+  12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom.
+
+  If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
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+
+  13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License.
+
+  Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have
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+  14. Revised Versions of this License.
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+  The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of
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+  If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future
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+  Later license versions may give you additional or different
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+  15. Disclaimer of Warranty.
+
+  THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY
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+
+  17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.
+
+  If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided
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+
+                     END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+            How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
+
+  If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
+possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
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+
+    <one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
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+
+    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
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+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
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+
+Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
+
+  If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short
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+
+    <program>  Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>
+    This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
+    This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
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+
+The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
+parts of the General Public License.  Of course, your program's commands
+might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box".
+
+  You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school,
+if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary.
+For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see
+<http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+  The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program
+into proprietary programs.  If your program is a subroutine library, you
+may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with
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+Public License instead of this License.  But first, please read
+<http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html>.
+
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+libstdc++ | GPL-3.0-with-GCC-exception
+Note: Only included in Linux builds
+URL: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+GCC RUNTIME LIBRARY EXCEPTION
+
+Version 3.1, 31 March 2009
+
+Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <http://fsf.org/>
+
+Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this
+license document, but changing it is not allowed.
+
+This GCC Runtime Library Exception ("Exception") is an additional
+permission under section 7 of the GNU General Public License, version
+3 ("GPLv3"). It applies to a given file (the "Runtime Library") that
+bears a notice placed by the copyright holder of the file stating that
+the file is governed by GPLv3 along with this Exception.
+
+When you use GCC to compile a program, GCC may combine portions of
+certain GCC header files and runtime libraries with the compiled
+program. The purpose of this Exception is to allow compilation of
+non-GPL (including proprietary) programs to use, in this way, the
+header files and runtime libraries covered by this Exception.
+
+0. Definitions.
+
+A file is an "Independent Module" if it either requires the Runtime
+Library for execution after a Compilation Process, or makes use of an
+interface provided by the Runtime Library, but is not otherwise based
+on the Runtime Library.
+
+"GCC" means a version of the GNU Compiler Collection, with or without
+modifications, governed by version 3 (or a specified later version) of
+the GNU General Public License (GPL) with the option of using any
+subsequent versions published by the FSF.
+
+"GPL-compatible Software" is software whose conditions of propagation,
+modification and use would permit combination with GCC in accord with
+the license of GCC.
+
+"Target Code" refers to output from any compiler for a real or virtual
+target processor architecture, in executable form or suitable for
+input to an assembler, loader, linker and/or execution
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+for producing a compiler intermediate representation.
+
+The "Compilation Process" transforms code entirely represented in
+non-intermediate languages designed for human-written code, and/or in
+Java Virtual Machine byte code, into Target Code. Thus, for example,
+use of source code generators and preprocessors need not be considered
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+
+A Compilation Process is "Eligible" if it is done using GCC, alone or
+with other GPL-compatible software, or if it is done without using any
+work based on GCC. For example, using non-GPL-compatible Software to
+optimize any GCC intermediate representations would not qualify as an
+Eligible Compilation Process.
+
+1. Grant of Additional Permission.
+
+You have permission to propagate a work of Target Code formed by
+combining the Runtime Library with Independent Modules, even if such
+propagation would otherwise violate the terms of GPLv3, provided that
+all Target Code was generated by Eligible Compilation Processes. You
+may then convey such a combination under terms of your choice,
+consistent with the licensing of the Independent Modules.
+
+2. No Weakening of GCC Copyleft.
+
+The availability of this Exception does not imply any general
+presumption that third-party software is unaffected by the copyleft
+requirements of the license of GCC.
+
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+libgcc | GPL-3.0-with-GCC-exception
+Note: Only included in Linux builds
+URL: https://gcc.gnu.org/
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+GCC RUNTIME LIBRARY EXCEPTION
+
+Version 3.1, 31 March 2009
+
+Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <http://fsf.org/>
+
+Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this
+license document, but changing it is not allowed.
+
+This GCC Runtime Library Exception ("Exception") is an additional
+permission under section 7 of the GNU General Public License, version
+3 ("GPLv3"). It applies to a given file (the "Runtime Library") that
+bears a notice placed by the copyright holder of the file stating that
+the file is governed by GPLv3 along with this Exception.
+
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+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+libidn2 (Unicode character data files) | Unicode-TOU AND Unicode-DFS-2016
+Note: Only included in macOS builds
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+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+libunistring | LGPL-3.0-or-later
+Note: Only included in macOS builds
+URL: https://www.gnu.org/software/libunistring/
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+		   GNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
+                       Version 3, 29 June 2007
+
+ Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <http://fsf.org/>
+ Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
+ of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
+
+
+  This version of the GNU Lesser General Public License incorporates
+the terms and conditions of version 3 of the GNU General Public
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+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+librtmp | LGPL-2.1-or-later
+Note: Only included in macOS builds
+URL: https://rtmpdump.mplayerhq.hu/
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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+
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+PyCryptodome | Public Domain and BSD-2-Clause
+URL: https://www.pycryptodome.org/
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+The source code in PyCryptodome is partially in the public domain
+and partially released under the BSD 2-Clause license.
+
+In either case, there are minimal if no restrictions on the redistribution,
+modification and usage of the software.
+
+Public domain
+=============
+
+All code originating from  PyCrypto is free and unencumbered software
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+
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+OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+For more information, please refer to <http://unlicense.org>
+
+BSD license
+===========
+
+All direct contributions to PyCryptodome are released under the following
+license. The copyright of each piece belongs to the respective author.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
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+2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
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+OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+certifi | MPL-2.0
+URL: https://github.com/certifi/python-certifi
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+This package contains a modified version of ca-bundle.crt:
+
+ca-bundle.crt -- Bundle of CA Root Certificates
+
+This is a bundle of X.509 certificates of public Certificate Authorities
+(CA). These were automatically extracted from Mozilla's root certificates
+file (certdata.txt).  This file can be found in the mozilla source tree:
+https://hg.mozilla.org/mozilla-central/file/tip/security/nss/lib/ckfw/builtins/certdata.txt
+It contains the certificates in PEM format and therefore
+can be directly used with curl / libcurl / php_curl, or with
+an Apache+mod_ssl webserver for SSL client authentication.
+Just configure this file as the SSLCACertificateFile.#
+
+***** BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK *****
+This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public License,
+v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file, You can obtain
+one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+***** END LICENSE BLOCK *****
+@(#) $RCSfile: certdata.txt,v $ $Revision: 1.80 $ $Date: 2011/11/03 15:11:58 $
+
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+requests | Apache-2.0
+URL: https://requests.readthedocs.io/
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+                                 Apache License
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+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+charset-normalizer | MIT
+URL: https://charset-normalizer.readthedocs.io/
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2025 TAHRI Ahmed R.
+
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+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
+
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+idna | BSD-3-Clause
+URL: https://github.com/kjd/idna
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+BSD 3-Clause License
+
+Copyright (c) 2013-2025, Kim Davies and contributors.
+All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+met:
+
+1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+   documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+3. Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its
+   contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+   this software without specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+"AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
+TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
+PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
+NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+urllib3 | MIT
+URL: https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2008-2020 Andrey Petrov and contributors.
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
+
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+SecretStorage | BSD-3-Clause
+Note: Only included in Linux builds
+URL: https://secretstorage.readthedocs.io/
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Copyright 2012-2018 Dmitry Shachnev <mitya57@gmail.com>
+All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+   list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+   this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+   and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors may be
+   used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+   specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
+DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+(INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON
+ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+cryptography | Apache-2.0
+Note: Only included in Linux builds
+URL: https://cryptography.io/
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+                                 Apache License
+                           Version 2.0, January 2004
+                        https://www.apache.org/licenses/
+
+   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
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+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Jeepney | MIT
+Note: Only included in Linux builds
+URL: https://jeepney.readthedocs.io/
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+The MIT License (MIT)
+
+Copyright (c) 2017 Thomas Kluyver
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+THE SOFTWARE.
+
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+websockets | BSD-3-Clause
+URL: https://websockets.readthedocs.io/
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Copyright (c) Aymeric Augustin and contributors
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+    * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
+      this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+    * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+      this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+      and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+    * Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its contributors
+      may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+      without specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
+SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
+OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
diff --git a/bundle/docker/compose.yml b/bundle/docker/compose.yml
index 5f89ca6d09..19a011d7a2 100644
--- a/bundle/docker/compose.yml
+++ b/bundle/docker/compose.yml
@@ -1,10 +1,178 @@
 services:
-  static:
-    build: static
+
+  linux_x86_64:
+    build:
+      context: linux
+      target: build
+      platforms:
+        - "linux/amd64"
+      args:
+        BUILDIMAGE: ghcr.io/yt-dlp/manylinux2014_x86_64-shared:latest
     environment:
-      channel: ${channel}
-      origin: ${origin}
-      version: ${version}
+      EXE_NAME: ${EXE_NAME:?}
+      CHANNEL: ${CHANNEL:?}
+      ORIGIN: ${ORIGIN:?}
+      VERSION:
+      PYTHON_VERSION:
+      SKIP_ONEDIR_BUILD:
+      SKIP_ONEFILE_BUILD:
     volumes:
-      - ~/build:/build
       - ../..:/yt-dlp
+
+  linux_x86_64_verify:
+    build:
+      context: linux
+      target: verify
+      platforms:
+        - "linux/amd64"
+      args:
+        VERIFYIMAGE: quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:latest
+    environment:
+      EXE_NAME: ${EXE_NAME:?}
+      UPDATE_TO:
+      SKIP_ONEDIR_BUILD:
+      SKIP_ONEFILE_BUILD:
+    volumes:
+      - ../../dist:/build
+
+  linux_aarch64:
+    build:
+      context: linux
+      target: build
+      platforms:
+        - "linux/arm64"
+      args:
+        BUILDIMAGE: ghcr.io/yt-dlp/manylinux2014_aarch64-shared:latest
+    environment:
+      EXE_NAME: ${EXE_NAME:?}
+      CHANNEL: ${CHANNEL:?}
+      ORIGIN: ${ORIGIN:?}
+      VERSION:
+      PYTHON_VERSION:
+      SKIP_ONEDIR_BUILD:
+      SKIP_ONEFILE_BUILD:
+    volumes:
+      - ../..:/yt-dlp
+
+  linux_aarch64_verify:
+    build:
+      context: linux
+      target: verify
+      platforms:
+        - "linux/arm64"
+      args:
+        VERIFYIMAGE: quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:latest
+    environment:
+      EXE_NAME: ${EXE_NAME:?}
+      UPDATE_TO:
+      SKIP_ONEDIR_BUILD:
+      SKIP_ONEFILE_BUILD:
+    volumes:
+      - ../../dist:/build
+
+  linux_armv7l:
+    build:
+      context: linux
+      target: build
+      platforms:
+        - "linux/arm/v7"
+      args:
+        BUILDIMAGE: ghcr.io/yt-dlp/manylinux_2_31_armv7l-shared:latest
+    environment:
+      EXE_NAME: ${EXE_NAME:?}
+      CHANNEL: ${CHANNEL:?}
+      ORIGIN: ${ORIGIN:?}
+      VERSION:
+      PYTHON_VERSION:
+      SKIP_ONEDIR_BUILD:
+      SKIP_ONEFILE_BUILD:
+    volumes:
+      - ../..:/yt-dlp
+      - ../../venv:/yt-dlp-build-venv
+
+  linux_armv7l_verify:
+    build:
+      context: linux
+      target: verify
+      platforms:
+        - "linux/arm/v7"
+      args:
+        VERIFYIMAGE: arm32v7/debian:bullseye
+    environment:
+      EXE_NAME: ${EXE_NAME:?}
+      UPDATE_TO:
+      SKIP_ONEDIR_BUILD:
+      SKIP_ONEFILE_BUILD:
+    volumes:
+      - ../../dist:/build
+
+  musllinux_x86_64:
+    build:
+      context: linux
+      target: build
+      platforms:
+        - "linux/amd64"
+      args:
+        BUILDIMAGE: ghcr.io/yt-dlp/musllinux_1_2_x86_64-shared:latest
+    environment:
+      EXE_NAME: ${EXE_NAME:?}
+      CHANNEL: ${CHANNEL:?}
+      ORIGIN: ${ORIGIN:?}
+      VERSION:
+      PYTHON_VERSION:
+      SKIP_ONEDIR_BUILD:
+      SKIP_ONEFILE_BUILD:
+    volumes:
+      - ../..:/yt-dlp
+
+  musllinux_x86_64_verify:
+    build:
+      context: linux
+      target: verify
+      platforms:
+        - "linux/amd64"
+      args:
+        VERIFYIMAGE: alpine:3.22
+    environment:
+      EXE_NAME: ${EXE_NAME:?}
+      UPDATE_TO:
+      SKIP_ONEDIR_BUILD:
+      SKIP_ONEFILE_BUILD:
+    volumes:
+      - ../../dist:/build
+
+  musllinux_aarch64:
+    build:
+      context: linux
+      target: build
+      platforms:
+        - "linux/arm64"
+      args:
+        BUILDIMAGE: ghcr.io/yt-dlp/musllinux_1_2_aarch64-shared:latest
+    environment:
+      EXE_NAME: ${EXE_NAME:?}
+      CHANNEL: ${CHANNEL:?}
+      ORIGIN: ${ORIGIN:?}
+      VERSION:
+      PYTHON_VERSION:
+      SKIP_ONEDIR_BUILD:
+      SKIP_ONEFILE_BUILD:
+      EXCLUDE_CURL_CFFI: "1"
+    volumes:
+      - ../..:/yt-dlp
+
+  musllinux_aarch64_verify:
+    build:
+      context: linux
+      target: verify
+      platforms:
+        - "linux/arm64"
+      args:
+        VERIFYIMAGE: alpine:3.22
+    environment:
+      EXE_NAME: ${EXE_NAME:?}
+      UPDATE_TO:
+      SKIP_ONEDIR_BUILD:
+      SKIP_ONEFILE_BUILD:
+    volumes:
+      - ../../dist:/build
diff --git a/bundle/docker/linux/Dockerfile b/bundle/docker/linux/Dockerfile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..84bc03d9ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bundle/docker/linux/Dockerfile
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+ARG BUILDIMAGE=ghcr.io/yt-dlp/manylinux2014_x86_64-shared:latest
+ARG VERIFYIMAGE=alpine:3.22
+
+
+FROM $BUILDIMAGE AS build
+
+WORKDIR /yt-dlp
+COPY build.sh /build.sh
+ENTRYPOINT ["/build.sh"]
+
+
+FROM $VERIFYIMAGE AS verify
+
+WORKDIR /testing
+COPY verify.sh /verify.sh
+ENTRYPOINT ["/verify.sh"]
diff --git a/bundle/docker/linux/build.sh b/bundle/docker/linux/build.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..71adaad058
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bundle/docker/linux/build.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+set -exuo pipefail
+
+if [[ -z "${PYTHON_VERSION:-}" ]]; then
+    PYTHON_VERSION="3.13"
+    echo "Defaulting to using Python ${PYTHON_VERSION}"
+fi
+
+function runpy {
+    "/opt/shared-cpython-${PYTHON_VERSION}/bin/python${PYTHON_VERSION}" "$@"
+}
+
+function venvpy {
+    "python${PYTHON_VERSION}" "$@"
+}
+
+INCLUDES=(
+    --include pyinstaller
+    --include secretstorage
+)
+
+if [[ -z "${EXCLUDE_CURL_CFFI:-}" ]]; then
+    INCLUDES+=(--include curl-cffi)
+fi
+
+runpy -m venv /yt-dlp-build-venv
+# shellcheck disable=SC1091
+source /yt-dlp-build-venv/bin/activate
+# Inside the venv we use venvpy instead of runpy
+venvpy -m ensurepip --upgrade --default-pip
+venvpy -m devscripts.install_deps -o --include build
+venvpy -m devscripts.install_deps "${INCLUDES[@]}"
+venvpy -m devscripts.make_lazy_extractors
+venvpy devscripts/update-version.py -c "${CHANNEL}" -r "${ORIGIN}" "${VERSION}"
+
+if [[ -z "${SKIP_ONEDIR_BUILD:-}" ]]; then
+    mkdir -p /build
+    venvpy -m bundle.pyinstaller --onedir --distpath=/build
+    pushd "/build/${EXE_NAME}"
+    chmod +x "${EXE_NAME}"
+    venvpy -m zipfile -c "/yt-dlp/dist/${EXE_NAME}.zip" ./
+    popd
+fi
+
+if [[ -z "${SKIP_ONEFILE_BUILD:-}" ]]; then
+    venvpy -m bundle.pyinstaller
+    chmod +x "./dist/${EXE_NAME}"
+fi
diff --git a/bundle/docker/linux/verify.sh b/bundle/docker/linux/verify.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..ecb071a8c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bundle/docker/linux/verify.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+set -eu
+
+if [ -n "${SKIP_ONEFILE_BUILD:-}" ]; then
+    if [ -n "${SKIP_ONEDIR_BUILD:-}" ]; then
+        echo "All executable builds were skipped"
+        exit 1
+    fi
+    echo "Extracting zip to verify onedir build"
+    if command -v python3 >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+        python3 -m zipfile -e "/build/${EXE_NAME}.zip" ./
+    else
+        echo "Attempting to install unzip"
+        if command -v dnf >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+            dnf -y install --allowerasing unzip
+        elif command -v yum >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+            yum -y install unzip
+        elif command -v apt-get >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+            DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get update -qq
+            DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get install -qq -y --no-install-recommends unzip
+        elif command -v apk >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+            apk add --no-cache unzip
+        else
+            echo "Unsupported image"
+            exit 1
+        fi
+        unzip "/build/${EXE_NAME}.zip" -d ./
+    fi
+    chmod +x "./${EXE_NAME}"
+    "./${EXE_NAME}" -v || true
+    "./${EXE_NAME}" --version
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+echo "Verifying onefile build"
+cp "/build/${EXE_NAME}" ./
+chmod +x "./${EXE_NAME}"
+
+if [ -z "${UPDATE_TO:-}" ]; then
+    "./${EXE_NAME}" -v || true
+    "./${EXE_NAME}" --version
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+cp "./${EXE_NAME}" "./${EXE_NAME}_downgraded"
+version="$("./${EXE_NAME}" --version)"
+"./${EXE_NAME}_downgraded" -v --update-to "${UPDATE_TO}"
+downgraded_version="$("./${EXE_NAME}_downgraded" --version)"
+if [ "${version}" = "${downgraded_version}" ]; then
+    exit 1
+fi
diff --git a/bundle/docker/static/Dockerfile b/bundle/docker/static/Dockerfile
deleted file mode 100644
index dae2dff3d8..0000000000
--- a/bundle/docker/static/Dockerfile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-FROM alpine:3.19 as base
-
-RUN apk --update add --no-cache \
-        build-base \
-        python3 \
-        pipx \
-    ;
-
-RUN pipx install pyinstaller
-# Requires above step to prepare the shared venv
-RUN ~/.local/share/pipx/shared/bin/python -m pip install -U wheel
-RUN apk --update add --no-cache \
-        scons \
-        patchelf \
-        binutils \
-    ;
-RUN pipx install staticx
-
-WORKDIR /yt-dlp
-COPY entrypoint.sh /entrypoint.sh
-ENTRYPOINT /entrypoint.sh
diff --git a/bundle/docker/static/entrypoint.sh b/bundle/docker/static/entrypoint.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 2202759742..0000000000
--- a/bundle/docker/static/entrypoint.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/ash
-set -e
-
-source ~/.local/share/pipx/venvs/pyinstaller/bin/activate
-python -m devscripts.install_deps --include secretstorage --include curl-cffi
-python -m devscripts.make_lazy_extractors
-python devscripts/update-version.py -c "${channel}" -r "${origin}" "${version}"
-python -m bundle.pyinstaller
-deactivate
-
-source ~/.local/share/pipx/venvs/staticx/bin/activate
-staticx /yt-dlp/dist/yt-dlp_linux /build/yt-dlp_linux
-deactivate
diff --git a/bundle/pyinstaller.py b/bundle/pyinstaller.py
index 4184c4bc9f..422b9d0c74 100755
--- a/bundle/pyinstaller.py
+++ b/bundle/pyinstaller.py
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ from PyInstaller.__main__ import run as run_pyinstaller
 from devscripts.utils import read_version
 
 OS_NAME, MACHINE, ARCH = sys.platform, platform.machine().lower(), platform.architecture()[0][:2]
+if OS_NAME == 'linux' and platform.libc_ver()[0] != 'glibc':
+    OS_NAME = 'musllinux'
 if MACHINE in ('x86', 'x86_64', 'amd64', 'i386', 'i686'):
     MACHINE = 'x86' if ARCH == '32' else ''
 
@@ -36,6 +38,9 @@ def main():
         f'--name={name}',
         '--icon=devscripts/logo.ico',
         '--upx-exclude=vcruntime140.dll',
+        # Ref: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13311
+        #      https://github.com/pyinstaller/pyinstaller/issues/9149
+        '--exclude-module=pkg_resources',
         '--noconfirm',
         '--additional-hooks-dir=yt_dlp/__pyinstaller',
         *opts,
@@ -59,16 +64,22 @@ def parse_options():
 
 def exe(onedir):
     """@returns (name, path)"""
+    platform_name, machine, extension = {
+        'win32': (None, MACHINE, '.exe'),
+        'darwin': ('macos', None, None),
+    }.get(OS_NAME, (OS_NAME, MACHINE, None))
+
     name = '_'.join(filter(None, (
         'yt-dlp',
-        {'win32': '', 'darwin': 'macos'}.get(OS_NAME, OS_NAME),
-        MACHINE,
+        platform_name,
+        machine,
     )))
+
     return name, ''.join(filter(None, (
         'dist/',
         onedir and f'{name}/',
         name,
-        OS_NAME == 'win32' and '.exe',
+        extension,
     )))
 
 
@@ -118,7 +129,6 @@ def windows_set_version(exe, version):
                 StringStruct('FileDescription', 'yt-dlp%s' % (MACHINE and f' ({MACHINE})')),
                 StringStruct('FileVersion', version),
                 StringStruct('InternalName', f'yt-dlp{suffix}'),
-                StringStruct('LegalCopyright', 'pukkandan.ytdlp@gmail.com | UNLICENSE'),
                 StringStruct('OriginalFilename', f'yt-dlp{suffix}.exe'),
                 StringStruct('ProductName', f'yt-dlp{suffix}'),
                 StringStruct(
diff --git a/devscripts/bash-completion.in b/devscripts/bash-completion.in
index 21f52798ed..994bb4e721 100644
--- a/devscripts/bash-completion.in
+++ b/devscripts/bash-completion.in
@@ -6,13 +6,17 @@ __yt_dlp()
     prev="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD-1]}"
     opts="{{flags}}"
     keywords=":ytfavorites :ytrecommended :ytsubscriptions :ytwatchlater :ythistory"
-    fileopts="-a|--batch-file|--download-archive|--cookies|--load-info"
+    fileopts="-a|--batch-file|--download-archive|--cookies|--load-info-json"
     diropts="--cache-dir"
 
     if [[ ${prev} =~ ${fileopts} ]]; then
+        local IFS=$'\n'
+        type compopt &>/dev/null && compopt -o filenames
         COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -f -- ${cur}) )
         return 0
     elif [[ ${prev} =~ ${diropts} ]]; then
+        local IFS=$'\n'
+        type compopt &>/dev/null && compopt -o dirnames
         COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -d -- ${cur}) )
         return 0
     fi
diff --git a/devscripts/changelog_override.json b/devscripts/changelog_override.json
index 8aa7b7e2bc..618e7fe6fe 100644
--- a/devscripts/changelog_override.json
+++ b/devscripts/changelog_override.json
@@ -245,5 +245,58 @@
         "when": "76ac023ff02f06e8c003d104f02a03deeddebdcd",
         "short": "[ie/youtube:tab] Improve shorts title extraction (#11997)",
         "authors": ["bashonly", "d3d9"]
+    },
+    {
+        "action": "add",
+        "when": "88eb1e7a9a2720ac89d653c0d0e40292388823bb",
+        "short": "[priority] **New option `--preset-alias`/`-t` has been added**\nThis provides convenient predefined aliases for common use cases. Available presets include `mp4`, `mp3`, `mkv`, `aac`, and `sleep`. See [the README](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/blob/master/README.md#preset-aliases) for more details."
+    },
+    {
+        "action": "remove",
+        "when": "d596824c2f8428362c072518856065070616e348"
+    },
+    {
+        "action": "remove",
+        "when": "7b81634fb1d15999757e7a9883daa6ef09ea785b"
+    },
+    {
+        "action": "remove",
+        "when": "500761e41acb96953a5064e951d41d190c287e46"
+    },
+    {
+        "action": "add",
+        "when": "f3008bc5f89d2691f2f8dfc51b406ef4e25281c3",
+        "short": "[priority] **Default behaviour changed from `--mtime` to `--no-mtime`**\nyt-dlp no longer applies the server modified time to downloaded files by default. [Read more](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12780)"
+    },
+    {
+        "action": "add",
+        "when": "959ac99e98c3215437e573c22d64be42d361e863",
+        "short": "[priority] Security: [[CVE-2025-54072](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-54072)] [Fix `--exec` placeholder expansion on Windows](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/security/advisories/GHSA-45hg-7f49-5h56)\n    - When `--exec` is used on Windows, the filepath expanded from `{}` (or the default placeholder) is now properly escaped"
+    },
+    {
+        "action": "change",
+        "when": "b831406a1d3be34c159835079d12bae624c43610",
+        "short": "[ie/rtve.es:program] Add extractor (#12955)",
+        "authors": ["meGAmeS1", "seproDev"]
+    },
+    {
+        "action": "add",
+        "when": "23c658b9cbe34a151f8f921ab1320bb5d4e40a4d",
+        "short": "[priority] **The minimum *recommended* Python version has been raised to 3.10**\nSince Python 3.9 will reach end-of-life in October 2025, support for it will be dropped soon. [Read more](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13858)"
+    },
+    {
+        "action": "add",
+        "when": "cc5a5caac5fbc0d605b52bde0778d6fd5f97b5ab",
+        "short": "[priority] **darwin_legacy_exe builds are being discontinued**\nThis release's `yt-dlp_macos_legacy` binary will likely be the last one. [Read more](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13856)"
+    },
+    {
+        "action": "add",
+        "when": "c76ce28e06c816eb5b261dfb6aff6e69dd9b7382",
+        "short": "[priority] **linux_armv7l_exe builds are being discontinued**\nThis release's `yt-dlp_linux_armv7l` binary could be the last one. [Read more](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13976)"
+    },
+    {
+        "action": "add",
+        "when": "08d78996831bd8e1e3c2592d740c3def00bbf548",
+        "short": "[priority] **Several options have been deprecated**\nIn order to simplify the codebase and reduce maintenance burden, various options have been deprecated. Please remove them from your commands/configurations. [Read more](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14198)"
     }
 ]
diff --git a/devscripts/cli_to_api.py b/devscripts/cli_to_api.py
index 9c2710e09f..cc86b413f4 100755
--- a/devscripts/cli_to_api.py
+++ b/devscripts/cli_to_api.py
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ def parse_patched_options(opts):
         'fragment_retries': 0,
         'extract_flat': False,
         'concat_playlist': 'never',
+        'update_self': False,
     })
     yt_dlp.options.create_parser = lambda: patched_parser
     try:
diff --git a/devscripts/generate_third_party_licenses.py b/devscripts/generate_third_party_licenses.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..db615d2e35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/devscripts/generate_third_party_licenses.py
@@ -0,0 +1,316 @@
+import requests
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pathlib import Path
+import hashlib
+
+DEFAULT_OUTPUT = 'THIRD_PARTY_LICENSES.txt'
+CACHE_LOCATION = '.license_cache'
+HEADER = '''THIRD-PARTY LICENSES
+
+This file aggregates license texts of third-party components included with the yt-dlp PyInstaller-bundled executables.
+yt-dlp itself is licensed under the Unlicense (see LICENSE file).
+Source code for bundled third-party components is available from the original projects.
+If you cannot obtain it, the maintainers will provide it as per license obligation; maintainer emails are listed in pyproject.toml.'''
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class Dependency:
+    name: str
+    license_url: str
+    project_url: str = ''
+    license: str = ''
+    comment: str = ''
+
+
+DEPENDENCIES: list[Dependency] = [
+    # Core runtime environment components
+    Dependency(
+        name='Python',
+        license='PSF-2.0',
+        license_url='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/python/cpython/refs/heads/main/LICENSE',
+        project_url='https://www.python.org/',
+    ),
+    Dependency(
+        name='Microsoft Distributable Code',
+        license_url='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/python/cpython/refs/heads/main/PC/crtlicense.txt',
+        comment='Only included in Windows builds',
+    ),
+    Dependency(
+        name='bzip2',
+        license='bzip2-1.0.6',
+        license_url='https://gitlab.com/federicomenaquintero/bzip2/-/raw/master/COPYING',
+        project_url='https://sourceware.org/bzip2/',
+    ),
+    Dependency(
+        name='libffi',
+        license='MIT',
+        license_url='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/libffi/libffi/refs/heads/master/LICENSE',
+        project_url='https://sourceware.org/libffi/',
+    ),
+    Dependency(
+        name='OpenSSL 3.0+',
+        license='Apache-2.0',
+        license_url='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/openssl/openssl/refs/heads/master/LICENSE.txt',
+        project_url='https://www.openssl.org/',
+    ),
+    Dependency(
+        name='SQLite',
+        license='Public Domain',  # Technically does not need to be included
+        license_url='https://sqlite.org/src/raw/e108e1e69ae8e8a59e93c455654b8ac9356a11720d3345df2a4743e9590fb20d?at=LICENSE.md',
+        project_url='https://www.sqlite.org/',
+    ),
+    Dependency(
+        name='liblzma',
+        license='0BSD',  # Technically does not need to be included
+        license_url='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tukaani-project/xz/refs/heads/master/COPYING',
+        project_url='https://tukaani.org/xz/',
+    ),
+    Dependency(
+        name='mpdecimal',
+        license='BSD-2-Clause',
+        # No official repo URL
+        license_url='https://gist.githubusercontent.com/seproDev/9e5dbfc08af35c3f2463e64eb9b27161/raw/61f5a98bc1a4ad7d48b1c793fc3314d4d43c2ab1/mpdecimal_COPYRIGHT.txt',
+        project_url='https://www.bytereef.org/mpdecimal/',
+    ),
+    Dependency(
+        name='zlib',
+        license='zlib',
+        license_url='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/madler/zlib/refs/heads/develop/LICENSE',
+        project_url='https://zlib.net/',
+    ),
+    Dependency(
+        name='Expat',
+        license='MIT',
+        license_url='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/libexpat/libexpat/refs/heads/master/COPYING',
+        project_url='https://libexpat.github.io/',
+    ),
+    Dependency(
+        name='ncurses',
+        license='X11-distribute-modifications-variant',
+        license_url='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mirror/ncurses/refs/heads/master/COPYING',
+        comment='Only included in Linux/macOS builds',
+        project_url='https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/',
+    ),
+    Dependency(
+        name='GNU Readline',
+        license='GPL-3.0-or-later',
+        license_url='https://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/readline/COPYING',
+        comment='Only included in Linux builds',
+        project_url='https://www.gnu.org/software/readline/',
+    ),
+    Dependency(
+        name='libstdc++',
+        license='GPL-3.0-with-GCC-exception',
+        license_url='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gcc-mirror/gcc/refs/heads/master/COPYING.RUNTIME',
+        comment='Only included in Linux builds',
+        project_url='https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/',
+    ),
+    Dependency(
+        name='libgcc',
+        license='GPL-3.0-with-GCC-exception',
+        license_url='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gcc-mirror/gcc/refs/heads/master/COPYING.RUNTIME',
+        comment='Only included in Linux builds',
+        project_url='https://gcc.gnu.org/',
+    ),
+    Dependency(
+        name='libuuid',
+        license='BSD-3-Clause',
+        license_url='https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/ext2/e2fsprogs.git/plain/lib/uuid/COPYING',
+        comment='Only included in Linux builds',
+        project_url='https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/ext2/e2fsprogs.git/tree/lib/uuid',
+    ),
+    Dependency(
+        name='libintl',
+        license='LGPL-2.1-or-later',
+        license_url='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/autotools-mirror/gettext/refs/heads/master/gettext-runtime/intl/COPYING.LIB',
+        comment='Only included in macOS builds',
+        project_url='https://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/',
+    ),
+    Dependency(
+        name='libidn2',
+        license='LGPL-3.0-or-later',
+        license_url='https://gitlab.com/libidn/libidn2/-/raw/master/COPYING.LESSERv3',
+        comment='Only included in macOS builds',
+        project_url='https://www.gnu.org/software/libidn/',
+    ),
+    Dependency(
+        name='libidn2 (Unicode character data files)',
+        license='Unicode-TOU AND Unicode-DFS-2016',
+        license_url='https://gitlab.com/libidn/libidn2/-/raw/master/COPYING.unicode',
+        comment='Only included in macOS builds',
+        project_url='https://www.gnu.org/software/libidn/',
+    ),
+    Dependency(
+        name='libunistring',
+        license='LGPL-3.0-or-later',
+        license_url='https://gitweb.git.savannah.gnu.org/gitweb/?p=libunistring.git;a=blob_plain;f=COPYING.LIB;hb=HEAD',
+        comment='Only included in macOS builds',
+        project_url='https://www.gnu.org/software/libunistring/',
+    ),
+    Dependency(
+        name='librtmp',
+        license='LGPL-2.1-or-later',
+        # No official repo URL
+        license_url='https://gist.githubusercontent.com/seproDev/31d8c691ccddebe37b8b379307cb232d/raw/053408e98547ea8c7d9ba3a80c965f33e163b881/librtmp_COPYING.txt',
+        comment='Only included in macOS builds',
+        project_url='https://rtmpdump.mplayerhq.hu/',
+    ),
+    Dependency(
+        name='zstd',
+        license='BSD-3-Clause',
+        license_url='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/facebook/zstd/refs/heads/dev/LICENSE',
+        comment='Only included in macOS builds',
+        project_url='https://facebook.github.io/zstd/',
+    ),
+
+    # Python packages
+    Dependency(
+        name='brotli',
+        license='MIT',
+        license_url='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/google/brotli/refs/heads/master/LICENSE',
+        project_url='https://brotli.org/',
+    ),
+    Dependency(
+        name='curl_cffi',
+        license='MIT',
+        license_url='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/lexiforest/curl_cffi/refs/heads/main/LICENSE',
+        comment='Not included in `yt-dlp_x86` and `yt-dlp_musllinux_aarch64` builds',
+        project_url='https://curl-cffi.readthedocs.io/',
+    ),
+    # Dependency of curl_cffi
+    Dependency(
+        name='curl-impersonate',
+        license='MIT',
+        license_url='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/lexiforest/curl-impersonate/refs/heads/main/LICENSE',
+        comment='Not included in `yt-dlp_x86` and `yt-dlp_musllinux_aarch64` builds',
+        project_url='https://github.com/lexiforest/curl-impersonate',
+    ),
+    Dependency(
+        name='cffi',
+        license='MIT-0',  # Technically does not need to be included
+        license_url='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/python-cffi/cffi/refs/heads/main/LICENSE',
+        project_url='https://cffi.readthedocs.io/',
+    ),
+    # Dependecy of cffi
+    Dependency(
+        name='pycparser',
+        license='BSD-3-Clause',
+        license_url='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/eliben/pycparser/refs/heads/main/LICENSE',
+        project_url='https://github.com/eliben/pycparser',
+    ),
+    Dependency(
+        name='mutagen',
+        license='GPL-2.0-or-later',
+        license_url='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/quodlibet/mutagen/refs/heads/main/COPYING',
+        project_url='https://mutagen.readthedocs.io/',
+    ),
+    Dependency(
+        name='PyCryptodome',
+        license='Public Domain and BSD-2-Clause',
+        license_url='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Legrandin/pycryptodome/refs/heads/master/LICENSE.rst',
+        project_url='https://www.pycryptodome.org/',
+    ),
+    Dependency(
+        name='certifi',
+        license='MPL-2.0',
+        license_url='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/certifi/python-certifi/refs/heads/master/LICENSE',
+        project_url='https://github.com/certifi/python-certifi',
+    ),
+    Dependency(
+        name='requests',
+        license='Apache-2.0',
+        license_url='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/psf/requests/refs/heads/main/LICENSE',
+        project_url='https://requests.readthedocs.io/',
+    ),
+    # Dependency of requests
+    Dependency(
+        name='charset-normalizer',
+        license='MIT',
+        license_url='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jawah/charset_normalizer/refs/heads/master/LICENSE',
+        project_url='https://charset-normalizer.readthedocs.io/',
+    ),
+    # Dependency of requests
+    Dependency(
+        name='idna',
+        license='BSD-3-Clause',
+        license_url='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kjd/idna/refs/heads/master/LICENSE.md',
+        project_url='https://github.com/kjd/idna',
+    ),
+    Dependency(
+        name='urllib3',
+        license='MIT',
+        license_url='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/urllib3/urllib3/refs/heads/main/LICENSE.txt',
+        project_url='https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/',
+    ),
+    Dependency(
+        name='SecretStorage',
+        license='BSD-3-Clause',
+        license_url='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitya57/secretstorage/refs/heads/master/LICENSE',
+        comment='Only included in Linux builds',
+        project_url='https://secretstorage.readthedocs.io/',
+    ),
+    # Dependency of SecretStorage
+    Dependency(
+        name='cryptography',
+        license='Apache-2.0',  # Also available as BSD-3-Clause
+        license_url='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pyca/cryptography/refs/heads/main/LICENSE.APACHE',
+        comment='Only included in Linux builds',
+        project_url='https://cryptography.io/',
+    ),
+    # Dependency of SecretStorage
+    Dependency(
+        name='Jeepney',
+        license='MIT',
+        license_url='https://gitlab.com/takluyver/jeepney/-/raw/master/LICENSE',
+        comment='Only included in Linux builds',
+        project_url='https://jeepney.readthedocs.io/',
+    ),
+    Dependency(
+        name='websockets',
+        license='BSD-3-Clause',
+        license_url='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/python-websockets/websockets/refs/heads/main/LICENSE',
+        project_url='https://websockets.readthedocs.io/',
+    ),
+]
+
+
+def fetch_text(dep: Dependency) -> str:
+    cache_dir = Path(CACHE_LOCATION)
+    cache_dir.mkdir(exist_ok=True)
+    url_hash = hashlib.sha256(dep.license_url.encode('utf-8')).hexdigest()
+    cache_file = cache_dir / f'{url_hash}.txt'
+
+    if cache_file.exists():
+        return cache_file.read_text()
+
+    # UA needed since some domains block requests default UA
+    req = requests.get(dep.license_url, headers={'User-Agent': 'yt-dlp license fetcher'})
+    req.raise_for_status()
+    text = req.text
+    cache_file.write_text(text)
+    return text
+
+
+def build_output() -> str:
+    lines = [HEADER]
+    for d in DEPENDENCIES:
+        lines.append('\n')
+        lines.append('-' * 80)
+        header = f'{d.name}'
+        if d.license:
+            header += f' | {d.license}'
+        if d.comment:
+            header += f'\nNote: {d.comment}'
+        if d.project_url:
+            header += f'\nURL: {d.project_url}'
+        lines.append(header)
+        lines.append('-' * 80)
+
+        text = fetch_text(d)
+        lines.append(text.strip('\n') + '\n')
+    return '\n'.join(lines)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    content = build_output()
+    Path(DEFAULT_OUTPUT).write_text(content)
diff --git a/devscripts/make_contributing.py b/devscripts/make_contributing.py
index a06f8a616e..e76cf885c8 100755
--- a/devscripts/make_contributing.py
+++ b/devscripts/make_contributing.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ def main():
     return  # This is unused in yt-dlp
 
     parser = optparse.OptionParser(usage='%prog INFILE OUTFILE')
-    options, args = parser.parse_args()
+    _, args = parser.parse_args()
     if len(args) != 2:
         parser.error('Expected an input and an output filename')
 
diff --git a/devscripts/setup_variables.py b/devscripts/setup_variables.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a45a36835c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/devscripts/setup_variables.py
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+# Allow direct execution
+import os
+import sys
+
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
+
+import datetime as dt
+import json
+
+from devscripts.utils import calculate_version
+
+
+STABLE_REPOSITORY = 'yt-dlp/yt-dlp'
+
+
+def setup_variables(environment):
+    """
+    `environment` must contain these keys:
+        REPOSITORY, INPUTS, PROCESSED,
+        PUSH_VERSION_COMMIT, PYPI_PROJECT,
+        SOURCE_PYPI_PROJECT, SOURCE_PYPI_SUFFIX,
+        TARGET_PYPI_PROJECT, TARGET_PYPI_SUFFIX,
+        SOURCE_ARCHIVE_REPO, TARGET_ARCHIVE_REPO,
+        HAS_SOURCE_ARCHIVE_REPO_TOKEN,
+        HAS_TARGET_ARCHIVE_REPO_TOKEN,
+        HAS_ARCHIVE_REPO_TOKEN
+
+    `INPUTS` must contain these keys:
+        prerelease
+
+    `PROCESSED` must contain these keys:
+        source_repo, source_tag,
+        target_repo, target_tag
+    """
+    REPOSITORY = environment['REPOSITORY']
+    INPUTS = json.loads(environment['INPUTS'])
+    PROCESSED = json.loads(environment['PROCESSED'])
+
+    source_channel = None
+    does_not_have_needed_token = False
+    target_repo_token = None
+    pypi_project = None
+    pypi_suffix = None
+
+    source_repo = PROCESSED['source_repo']
+    source_tag = PROCESSED['source_tag']
+    if source_repo == 'stable':
+        source_repo = STABLE_REPOSITORY
+    if not source_repo:
+        source_repo = REPOSITORY
+    elif environment['SOURCE_ARCHIVE_REPO']:
+        source_channel = environment['SOURCE_ARCHIVE_REPO']
+    elif not source_tag and '/' not in source_repo:
+        source_tag = source_repo
+        source_repo = REPOSITORY
+
+    resolved_source = source_repo
+    if source_tag:
+        resolved_source = f'{resolved_source}@{source_tag}'
+    elif source_repo == STABLE_REPOSITORY:
+        resolved_source = 'stable'
+
+    revision = None
+    if INPUTS['prerelease'] or not environment['PUSH_VERSION_COMMIT']:
+        revision = dt.datetime.now(tz=dt.timezone.utc).strftime('%H%M%S')
+
+    version = calculate_version(INPUTS.get('version') or revision)
+
+    target_repo = PROCESSED['target_repo']
+    target_tag = PROCESSED['target_tag']
+    if target_repo:
+        if target_repo == 'stable':
+            target_repo = STABLE_REPOSITORY
+        if not target_tag:
+            if target_repo == STABLE_REPOSITORY:
+                target_tag = version
+            elif environment['TARGET_ARCHIVE_REPO']:
+                target_tag = source_tag or version
+            else:
+                target_tag = target_repo
+                target_repo = REPOSITORY
+        if target_repo != REPOSITORY:
+            target_repo = environment['TARGET_ARCHIVE_REPO']
+            target_repo_token = f'{PROCESSED["target_repo"].upper()}_ARCHIVE_REPO_TOKEN'
+            if not json.loads(environment['HAS_TARGET_ARCHIVE_REPO_TOKEN']):
+                does_not_have_needed_token = True
+            pypi_project = environment['TARGET_PYPI_PROJECT'] or None
+            pypi_suffix = environment['TARGET_PYPI_SUFFIX'] or None
+    else:
+        target_tag = source_tag or version
+        if source_channel:
+            target_repo = source_channel
+            target_repo_token = f'{PROCESSED["source_repo"].upper()}_ARCHIVE_REPO_TOKEN'
+            if not json.loads(environment['HAS_SOURCE_ARCHIVE_REPO_TOKEN']):
+                does_not_have_needed_token = True
+            pypi_project = environment['SOURCE_PYPI_PROJECT'] or None
+            pypi_suffix = environment['SOURCE_PYPI_SUFFIX'] or None
+        else:
+            target_repo = REPOSITORY
+
+    if does_not_have_needed_token:
+        if not json.loads(environment['HAS_ARCHIVE_REPO_TOKEN']):
+            print(f'::error::Repository access secret {target_repo_token} not found')
+            return None
+        target_repo_token = 'ARCHIVE_REPO_TOKEN'
+
+    if target_repo == REPOSITORY and not INPUTS['prerelease']:
+        pypi_project = environment['PYPI_PROJECT'] or None
+
+    return {
+        'channel': resolved_source,
+        'version': version,
+        'target_repo': target_repo,
+        'target_repo_token': target_repo_token,
+        'target_tag': target_tag,
+        'pypi_project': pypi_project,
+        'pypi_suffix': pypi_suffix,
+    }
+
+
+def process_inputs(inputs):
+    outputs = {}
+    for key in ('source', 'target'):
+        repo, _, tag = inputs.get(key, '').partition('@')
+        outputs[f'{key}_repo'] = repo
+        outputs[f'{key}_tag'] = tag
+    return outputs
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    if not os.getenv('GITHUB_OUTPUT'):
+        print('This script is only intended for use with GitHub Actions', file=sys.stderr)
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    if 'process_inputs' in sys.argv:
+        inputs = json.loads(os.environ['INPUTS'])
+        print('::group::Inputs')
+        print(json.dumps(inputs, indent=2))
+        print('::endgroup::')
+        outputs = process_inputs(inputs)
+        print('::group::Processed')
+        print(json.dumps(outputs, indent=2))
+        print('::endgroup::')
+        with open(os.environ['GITHUB_OUTPUT'], 'a') as f:
+            f.write('\n'.join(f'{key}={value}' for key, value in outputs.items()))
+        sys.exit(0)
+
+    outputs = setup_variables(dict(os.environ))
+    if not outputs:
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    print('::group::Output variables')
+    print(json.dumps(outputs, indent=2))
+    print('::endgroup::')
+
+    with open(os.environ['GITHUB_OUTPUT'], 'a') as f:
+        f.write('\n'.join(f'{key}={value or ""}' for key, value in outputs.items()))
diff --git a/devscripts/setup_variables_tests.py b/devscripts/setup_variables_tests.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..42abba9d1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/devscripts/setup_variables_tests.py
@@ -0,0 +1,324 @@
+import os
+import sys
+
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
+
+import datetime as dt
+import json
+
+from devscripts.setup_variables import STABLE_REPOSITORY, process_inputs, setup_variables
+from devscripts.utils import calculate_version
+
+
+def _test(github_repository, note, repo_vars, repo_secrets, inputs, expected=None, ignore_revision=False):
+    inp = inputs.copy()
+    inp.setdefault('linux_armv7l', True)
+    inp.setdefault('prerelease', False)
+    processed = process_inputs(inp)
+    source_repo = processed['source_repo'].upper()
+    target_repo = processed['target_repo'].upper()
+    variables = {k.upper(): v for k, v in repo_vars.items()}
+    secrets = {k.upper(): v for k, v in repo_secrets.items()}
+
+    env = {
+        # Keep this in sync with prepare.setup_variables in release.yml
+        'INPUTS': json.dumps(inp),
+        'PROCESSED': json.dumps(processed),
+        'REPOSITORY': github_repository,
+        'PUSH_VERSION_COMMIT': variables.get('PUSH_VERSION_COMMIT') or '',
+        'PYPI_PROJECT': variables.get('PYPI_PROJECT') or '',
+        'SOURCE_PYPI_PROJECT': variables.get(f'{source_repo}_PYPI_PROJECT') or '',
+        'SOURCE_PYPI_SUFFIX': variables.get(f'{source_repo}_PYPI_SUFFIX') or '',
+        'TARGET_PYPI_PROJECT': variables.get(f'{target_repo}_PYPI_PROJECT') or '',
+        'TARGET_PYPI_SUFFIX': variables.get(f'{target_repo}_PYPI_SUFFIX') or '',
+        'SOURCE_ARCHIVE_REPO': variables.get(f'{source_repo}_ARCHIVE_REPO') or '',
+        'TARGET_ARCHIVE_REPO': variables.get(f'{target_repo}_ARCHIVE_REPO') or '',
+        'HAS_SOURCE_ARCHIVE_REPO_TOKEN': json.dumps(bool(secrets.get(f'{source_repo}_ARCHIVE_REPO_TOKEN'))),
+        'HAS_TARGET_ARCHIVE_REPO_TOKEN': json.dumps(bool(secrets.get(f'{target_repo}_ARCHIVE_REPO_TOKEN'))),
+        'HAS_ARCHIVE_REPO_TOKEN': json.dumps(bool(secrets.get('ARCHIVE_REPO_TOKEN'))),
+    }
+
+    result = setup_variables(env)
+    if not expected:
+        print('        {\n' + '\n'.join(f'            {k!r}: {v!r},' for k, v in result.items()) + '\n        }')
+        return
+
+    exp = expected.copy()
+    if ignore_revision:
+        assert len(result['version']) == len(exp['version']), f'revision missing: {github_repository} {note}'
+        version_is_tag = result['version'] == result['target_tag']
+        for dct in (result, exp):
+            dct['version'] = '.'.join(dct['version'].split('.')[:3])
+            if version_is_tag:
+                dct['target_tag'] = dct['version']
+    assert result == exp, f'unexpected result: {github_repository} {note}'
+
+
+def test_setup_variables():
+    DEFAULT_VERSION_WITH_REVISION = dt.datetime.now(tz=dt.timezone.utc).strftime('%Y.%m.%d.%H%M%S')
+    DEFAULT_VERSION = calculate_version()
+    BASE_REPO_VARS = {
+        'MASTER_ARCHIVE_REPO': 'yt-dlp/yt-dlp-master-builds',
+        'NIGHTLY_ARCHIVE_REPO': 'yt-dlp/yt-dlp-nightly-builds',
+        'NIGHTLY_PYPI_PROJECT': 'yt-dlp',
+        'NIGHTLY_PYPI_SUFFIX': 'dev',
+        'PUSH_VERSION_COMMIT': '1',
+        'PYPI_PROJECT': 'yt-dlp',
+    }
+    BASE_REPO_SECRETS = {
+        'ARCHIVE_REPO_TOKEN': '1',
+    }
+    FORK_REPOSITORY = 'fork/yt-dlp'
+    FORK_ORG = FORK_REPOSITORY.partition('/')[0]
+
+    _test(
+        STABLE_REPOSITORY, 'official vars/secrets, stable',
+        BASE_REPO_VARS, BASE_REPO_SECRETS, {}, {
+            'channel': 'stable',
+            'version': DEFAULT_VERSION,
+            'target_repo': STABLE_REPOSITORY,
+            'target_repo_token': None,
+            'target_tag': DEFAULT_VERSION,
+            'pypi_project': 'yt-dlp',
+            'pypi_suffix': None,
+        })
+    _test(
+        STABLE_REPOSITORY, 'official vars/secrets, nightly (w/o target)',
+        BASE_REPO_VARS, BASE_REPO_SECRETS, {
+            'source': 'nightly',
+            'prerelease': True,
+        }, {
+            'channel': 'nightly',
+            'version': DEFAULT_VERSION_WITH_REVISION,
+            'target_repo': 'yt-dlp/yt-dlp-nightly-builds',
+            'target_repo_token': 'ARCHIVE_REPO_TOKEN',
+            'target_tag': DEFAULT_VERSION_WITH_REVISION,
+            'pypi_project': 'yt-dlp',
+            'pypi_suffix': 'dev',
+        }, ignore_revision=True)
+    _test(
+        STABLE_REPOSITORY, 'official vars/secrets, nightly',
+        BASE_REPO_VARS, BASE_REPO_SECRETS, {
+            'source': 'nightly',
+            'target': 'nightly',
+            'prerelease': True,
+        }, {
+            'channel': 'nightly',
+            'version': DEFAULT_VERSION_WITH_REVISION,
+            'target_repo': 'yt-dlp/yt-dlp-nightly-builds',
+            'target_repo_token': 'ARCHIVE_REPO_TOKEN',
+            'target_tag': DEFAULT_VERSION_WITH_REVISION,
+            'pypi_project': 'yt-dlp',
+            'pypi_suffix': 'dev',
+        }, ignore_revision=True)
+    _test(
+        STABLE_REPOSITORY, 'official vars/secrets, master (w/o target)',
+        BASE_REPO_VARS, BASE_REPO_SECRETS, {
+            'source': 'master',
+            'prerelease': True,
+        }, {
+            'channel': 'master',
+            'version': DEFAULT_VERSION_WITH_REVISION,
+            'target_repo': 'yt-dlp/yt-dlp-master-builds',
+            'target_repo_token': 'ARCHIVE_REPO_TOKEN',
+            'target_tag': DEFAULT_VERSION_WITH_REVISION,
+            'pypi_project': None,
+            'pypi_suffix': None,
+        }, ignore_revision=True)
+    _test(
+        STABLE_REPOSITORY, 'official vars/secrets, master',
+        BASE_REPO_VARS, BASE_REPO_SECRETS, {
+            'source': 'master',
+            'target': 'master',
+            'prerelease': True,
+        }, {
+            'channel': 'master',
+            'version': DEFAULT_VERSION_WITH_REVISION,
+            'target_repo': 'yt-dlp/yt-dlp-master-builds',
+            'target_repo_token': 'ARCHIVE_REPO_TOKEN',
+            'target_tag': DEFAULT_VERSION_WITH_REVISION,
+            'pypi_project': None,
+            'pypi_suffix': None,
+        }, ignore_revision=True)
+    _test(
+        STABLE_REPOSITORY, 'official vars/secrets, special tag, updates to stable',
+        BASE_REPO_VARS, BASE_REPO_SECRETS, {
+            'target': f'{STABLE_REPOSITORY}@experimental',
+            'prerelease': True,
+        }, {
+            'channel': 'stable',
+            'version': DEFAULT_VERSION_WITH_REVISION,
+            'target_repo': STABLE_REPOSITORY,
+            'target_repo_token': None,
+            'target_tag': 'experimental',
+            'pypi_project': None,
+            'pypi_suffix': None,
+        }, ignore_revision=True)
+    _test(
+        STABLE_REPOSITORY, 'official vars/secrets, special tag, "stable" as target repo',
+        BASE_REPO_VARS, BASE_REPO_SECRETS, {
+            'target': 'stable@experimental',
+            'prerelease': True,
+        }, {
+            'channel': 'stable',
+            'version': DEFAULT_VERSION_WITH_REVISION,
+            'target_repo': STABLE_REPOSITORY,
+            'target_repo_token': None,
+            'target_tag': 'experimental',
+            'pypi_project': None,
+            'pypi_suffix': None,
+        }, ignore_revision=True)
+
+    _test(
+        FORK_REPOSITORY, 'fork w/o vars/secrets, stable',
+        {}, {}, {}, {
+            'channel': FORK_REPOSITORY,
+            'version': DEFAULT_VERSION_WITH_REVISION,
+            'target_repo': FORK_REPOSITORY,
+            'target_repo_token': None,
+            'target_tag': DEFAULT_VERSION_WITH_REVISION,
+            'pypi_project': None,
+            'pypi_suffix': None,
+        }, ignore_revision=True)
+    _test(
+        FORK_REPOSITORY, 'fork w/o vars/secrets, prerelease',
+        {}, {}, {'prerelease': True}, {
+            'channel': FORK_REPOSITORY,
+            'version': DEFAULT_VERSION_WITH_REVISION,
+            'target_repo': FORK_REPOSITORY,
+            'target_repo_token': None,
+            'target_tag': DEFAULT_VERSION_WITH_REVISION,
+            'pypi_project': None,
+            'pypi_suffix': None,
+        }, ignore_revision=True)
+    _test(
+        FORK_REPOSITORY, 'fork w/o vars/secrets, nightly',
+        {}, {}, {
+            'prerelease': True,
+            'source': 'nightly',
+            'target': 'nightly',
+        }, {
+            'channel': f'{FORK_REPOSITORY}@nightly',
+            'version': DEFAULT_VERSION_WITH_REVISION,
+            'target_repo': FORK_REPOSITORY,
+            'target_repo_token': None,
+            'target_tag': 'nightly',
+            'pypi_project': None,
+            'pypi_suffix': None,
+        }, ignore_revision=True)
+    _test(
+        FORK_REPOSITORY, 'fork w/o vars/secrets, master',
+        {}, {}, {
+            'prerelease': True,
+            'source': 'master',
+            'target': 'master',
+        }, {
+            'channel': f'{FORK_REPOSITORY}@master',
+            'version': DEFAULT_VERSION_WITH_REVISION,
+            'target_repo': FORK_REPOSITORY,
+            'target_repo_token': None,
+            'target_tag': 'master',
+            'pypi_project': None,
+            'pypi_suffix': None,
+        }, ignore_revision=True)
+    _test(
+        FORK_REPOSITORY, 'fork w/o vars/secrets, revision',
+        {}, {}, {'version': '123'}, {
+            'channel': FORK_REPOSITORY,
+            'version': f'{DEFAULT_VERSION[:10]}.123',
+            'target_repo': FORK_REPOSITORY,
+            'target_repo_token': None,
+            'target_tag': f'{DEFAULT_VERSION[:10]}.123',
+            'pypi_project': None,
+            'pypi_suffix': None,
+        })
+
+    _test(
+        FORK_REPOSITORY, 'fork w/ PUSH_VERSION_COMMIT, stable',
+        {'PUSH_VERSION_COMMIT': '1'}, {}, {}, {
+            'channel': FORK_REPOSITORY,
+            'version': DEFAULT_VERSION,
+            'target_repo': FORK_REPOSITORY,
+            'target_repo_token': None,
+            'target_tag': DEFAULT_VERSION,
+            'pypi_project': None,
+            'pypi_suffix': None,
+        })
+    _test(
+        FORK_REPOSITORY, 'fork w/ PUSH_VERSION_COMMIT, prerelease',
+        {'PUSH_VERSION_COMMIT': '1'}, {}, {'prerelease': True}, {
+            'channel': FORK_REPOSITORY,
+            'version': DEFAULT_VERSION_WITH_REVISION,
+            'target_repo': FORK_REPOSITORY,
+            'target_repo_token': None,
+            'target_tag': DEFAULT_VERSION_WITH_REVISION,
+            'pypi_project': None,
+            'pypi_suffix': None,
+        }, ignore_revision=True)
+
+    _test(
+        FORK_REPOSITORY, 'fork w/NIGHTLY_ARCHIVE_REPO_TOKEN, nightly', {
+            'NIGHTLY_ARCHIVE_REPO': f'{FORK_ORG}/yt-dlp-nightly-builds',
+            'PYPI_PROJECT': 'yt-dlp-test',
+        }, {
+            'NIGHTLY_ARCHIVE_REPO_TOKEN': '1',
+        }, {
+            'source': f'{FORK_ORG}/yt-dlp-nightly-builds',
+            'target': 'nightly',
+            'prerelease': True,
+        }, {
+            'channel': f'{FORK_ORG}/yt-dlp-nightly-builds',
+            'version': DEFAULT_VERSION_WITH_REVISION,
+            'target_repo': f'{FORK_ORG}/yt-dlp-nightly-builds',
+            'target_repo_token': 'NIGHTLY_ARCHIVE_REPO_TOKEN',
+            'target_tag': DEFAULT_VERSION_WITH_REVISION,
+            'pypi_project': None,
+            'pypi_suffix': None,
+        }, ignore_revision=True)
+    _test(
+        FORK_REPOSITORY, 'fork w/MASTER_ARCHIVE_REPO_TOKEN, master', {
+            'MASTER_ARCHIVE_REPO': f'{FORK_ORG}/yt-dlp-master-builds',
+            'MASTER_PYPI_PROJECT': 'yt-dlp-test',
+            'MASTER_PYPI_SUFFIX': 'dev',
+        }, {
+            'MASTER_ARCHIVE_REPO_TOKEN': '1',
+        }, {
+            'source': f'{FORK_ORG}/yt-dlp-master-builds',
+            'target': 'master',
+            'prerelease': True,
+        }, {
+            'channel': f'{FORK_ORG}/yt-dlp-master-builds',
+            'version': DEFAULT_VERSION_WITH_REVISION,
+            'target_repo': f'{FORK_ORG}/yt-dlp-master-builds',
+            'target_repo_token': 'MASTER_ARCHIVE_REPO_TOKEN',
+            'target_tag': DEFAULT_VERSION_WITH_REVISION,
+            'pypi_project': 'yt-dlp-test',
+            'pypi_suffix': 'dev',
+        }, ignore_revision=True)
+
+    _test(
+        FORK_REPOSITORY, 'fork, non-numeric tag',
+        {}, {}, {'source': 'experimental'}, {
+            'channel': f'{FORK_REPOSITORY}@experimental',
+            'version': DEFAULT_VERSION_WITH_REVISION,
+            'target_repo': FORK_REPOSITORY,
+            'target_repo_token': None,
+            'target_tag': 'experimental',
+            'pypi_project': None,
+            'pypi_suffix': None,
+        }, ignore_revision=True)
+    _test(
+        FORK_REPOSITORY, 'fork, non-numeric tag, updates to stable',
+        {}, {}, {
+            'prerelease': True,
+            'source': 'stable',
+            'target': 'experimental',
+        }, {
+            'channel': 'stable',
+            'version': DEFAULT_VERSION_WITH_REVISION,
+            'target_repo': FORK_REPOSITORY,
+            'target_repo_token': None,
+            'target_tag': 'experimental',
+            'pypi_project': None,
+            'pypi_suffix': None,
+        }, ignore_revision=True)
diff --git a/devscripts/update-version.py b/devscripts/update-version.py
index 2018ba8440..0811e65b44 100644
--- a/devscripts/update-version.py
+++ b/devscripts/update-version.py
@@ -9,24 +9,9 @@ sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
 
 import argparse
 import contextlib
-import datetime as dt
 import sys
 
-from devscripts.utils import read_version, run_process, write_file
-
-
-def get_new_version(version, revision):
-    if not version:
-        version = dt.datetime.now(dt.timezone.utc).strftime('%Y.%m.%d')
-
-    if revision:
-        assert revision.isdecimal(), 'Revision must be a number'
-    else:
-        old_version = read_version().split('.')
-        if version.split('.') == old_version[:3]:
-            revision = str(int(([*old_version, 0])[3]) + 1)
-
-    return f'{version}.{revision}' if revision else version
+from devscripts.utils import calculate_version, run_process, write_file
 
 
 def get_git_head():
@@ -72,9 +57,7 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
     args = parser.parse_args()
 
     git_head = get_git_head()
-    version = (
-        args.version if args.version and '.' in args.version
-        else get_new_version(None, args.version))
+    version = calculate_version(args.version)
     write_file(args.output, VERSION_TEMPLATE.format(
         version=version, git_head=git_head, channel=args.channel, origin=args.origin,
         package_version=f'{version}{args.suffix}'))
diff --git a/devscripts/update_changelog.py b/devscripts/update_changelog.py
index 36b9a8e86e..66ad17e32f 100755
--- a/devscripts/update_changelog.py
+++ b/devscripts/update_changelog.py
@@ -20,7 +20,9 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
         '--changelog-path', type=Path, default=Path(__file__).parent.parent / 'Changelog.md',
         help='path to the Changelog file')
     args = parser.parse_args()
-    new_entry = create_changelog(args)
 
     header, sep, changelog = read_file(args.changelog_path).partition('\n### ')
-    write_file(args.changelog_path, f'{header}{sep}{read_version()}\n{new_entry}\n{sep}{changelog}')
+    current_version = read_version()
+    if current_version != changelog.splitlines()[0]:
+        new_entry = create_changelog(args)
+        write_file(args.changelog_path, f'{header}{sep}{current_version}\n{new_entry}\n{sep}{changelog}')
diff --git a/devscripts/utils.py b/devscripts/utils.py
index a952c9fae2..b89d01e415 100644
--- a/devscripts/utils.py
+++ b/devscripts/utils.py
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 import argparse
+import datetime as dt
 import functools
+import re
 import subprocess
 
 
@@ -20,6 +22,23 @@ def read_version(fname='yt_dlp/version.py', varname='__version__'):
     return items[varname]
 
 
+def calculate_version(version=None, fname='yt_dlp/version.py'):
+    if version and '.' in version:
+        return version
+
+    revision = version
+    version = dt.datetime.now(dt.timezone.utc).strftime('%Y.%m.%d')
+
+    if revision:
+        assert re.fullmatch(r'[0-9]+', revision), 'Revision must be numeric'
+    else:
+        old_version = read_version(fname=fname).split('.')
+        if version.split('.') == old_version[:3]:
+            revision = str(int(([*old_version, 0])[3]) + 1)
+
+    return f'{version}.{revision}' if revision else version
+
+
 def get_filename_args(has_infile=False, default_outfile=None):
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
     if has_infile:
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 2a0008a45a..3438140525 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 [build-system]
-requires = ["hatchling"]
+requires = ["hatchling>=1.27.0"]
 build-backend = "hatchling.build"
 
 [project]
@@ -15,14 +15,15 @@ description = "A feature-rich command-line audio/video downloader"
 readme = "README.md"
 requires-python = ">=3.9"
 keywords = [
+    "cli",
+    "downloader",
     "youtube-dl",
-    "video-downloader",
     "youtube-downloader",
     "sponsorblock",
-    "youtube-dlc",
     "yt-dlp",
 ]
-license = {file = "LICENSE"}
+license = "Unlicense"
+license-files = ["LICENSE"]
 classifiers = [
     "Topic :: Multimedia :: Video",
     "Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable",
@@ -34,10 +35,10 @@ classifiers = [
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.14",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy",
-    "License :: OSI Approved :: The Unlicense (Unlicense)",
     "Operating System :: OS Independent",
 ]
 dynamic = ["version"]
@@ -51,12 +52,11 @@ default = [
     "mutagen",
     "pycryptodomex",
     "requests>=2.32.2,<3",
-    "urllib3>=1.26.17,<3",
+    "urllib3>=2.0.2,<3",
     "websockets>=13.0",
 ]
 curl-cffi = [
-    "curl-cffi==0.5.10; os_name=='nt' and implementation_name=='cpython'",
-    "curl-cffi>=0.5.10,!=0.6.*,<0.7.2; os_name!='nt' and implementation_name=='cpython'",
+    "curl-cffi>=0.5.10,!=0.6.*,!=0.7.*,!=0.8.*,!=0.9.*,<0.14; implementation_name=='cpython'",
 ]
 secretstorage = [
     "cffi",
@@ -64,9 +64,9 @@ secretstorage = [
 ]
 build = [
     "build",
-    "hatchling",
+    "hatchling>=1.27.0",
     "pip",
-    "setuptools>=71.0.2",  # 71.0.0 broke pyinstaller
+    "setuptools>=71.0.2,<81",  # See https://github.com/pyinstaller/pyinstaller/issues/9149
     "wheel",
 ]
 dev = [
@@ -76,14 +76,14 @@ dev = [
 ]
 static-analysis = [
     "autopep8~=2.0",
-    "ruff~=0.9.0",
+    "ruff~=0.13.0",
 ]
 test = [
     "pytest~=8.1",
     "pytest-rerunfailures~=14.0",
 ]
 pyinstaller = [
-    "pyinstaller>=6.11.1",  # Windows temp cleanup fixed in 6.11.1
+    "pyinstaller>=6.13.0",  # Windows temp cleanup fixed in 6.13.0
 ]
 
 [project.urls]
@@ -108,7 +108,6 @@ include = [
     "/LICENSE",  # included as license
     "/pyproject.toml",  # included by default
     "/README.md",  # included as readme
-    "/setup.cfg",
     "/supportedsites.md",
 ]
 artifacts = [
@@ -174,7 +173,8 @@ python = [
     "3.11",
     "3.12",
     "3.13",
-    "pypy3.10",
+    "3.14",
+    "pypy3.11",
 ]
 
 [tool.ruff]
@@ -211,10 +211,12 @@ ignore = [
     "TD001",   # invalid-todo-tag
     "TD002",   # missing-todo-author
     "TD003",   # missing-todo-link
+    "PLC0415", # import-outside-top-level
     "PLE0604", # invalid-all-object (false positives)
     "PLE0643", # potential-index-error (false positives)
     "PLW0603", # global-statement
     "PLW1510", # subprocess-run-without-check
+    "PLW1641", # eq-without-hash
     "PLW2901", # redefined-loop-name
     "RUF001",  # ambiguous-unicode-character-string
     "RUF012",  # mutable-class-default
@@ -314,6 +316,7 @@ banned-from = [
 "yt_dlp.utils.error_to_compat_str".msg = "Use `str` instead."
 "yt_dlp.utils.bytes_to_intlist".msg = "Use `list` instead."
 "yt_dlp.utils.intlist_to_bytes".msg = "Use `bytes` instead."
+"yt_dlp.utils.jwt_encode_hs256".msg = "Use `yt_dlp.utils.jwt_encode` instead."
 "yt_dlp.utils.decodeArgument".msg = "Do not use"
 "yt_dlp.utils.decodeFilename".msg = "Do not use"
 "yt_dlp.utils.encodeFilename".msg = "Do not use"
@@ -387,7 +390,11 @@ select = [
 exclude = "*/extractor/lazy_extractors.py,*venv*,*/test/testdata/sigs/player-*.js,.idea,.vscode"
 
 [tool.pytest.ini_options]
-addopts = "-ra -v --strict-markers"
+addopts = [
+    "-ra",  # summary: all except passed
+    "--verbose",
+    "--strict-markers",
+]
 markers = [
     "download",
 ]
diff --git a/setup.cfg b/setup.cfg
deleted file mode 100644
index 20d40cd303..0000000000
--- a/setup.cfg
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-[flake8]
-exclude = build,venv,.tox,.git,.pytest_cache
-ignore = E402,E501,E731,E741,W503
-max_line_length = 120
-per_file_ignores =
-    devscripts/lazy_load_template.py: F401
-
-
-[autoflake]
-ignore-init-module-imports = true
-ignore-pass-after-docstring = true
-remove-all-unused-imports = true
-remove-duplicate-keys = true
-remove-unused-variables = true
-
-
-[tox:tox]
-skipsdist = true
-envlist = py{39,310,311,312,313},pypy310
-skip_missing_interpreters = true
-
-[testenv]  # tox
-deps =
-    pytest
-commands = pytest {posargs:"-m not download"}
-passenv = HOME  # For test_compat_expanduser
-setenv =
-    # PYTHONWARNINGS = error  # Catches PIP's warnings too
-
-
-[isort]
-py_version = 39
-multi_line_output = VERTICAL_HANGING_INDENT
-line_length = 80
-reverse_relative = true
-ensure_newline_before_comments = true
-include_trailing_comma = true
-known_first_party =
-    test
diff --git a/supportedsites.md b/supportedsites.md
index 0924c88ffb..513fd93989 100644
--- a/supportedsites.md
+++ b/supportedsites.md
@@ -5,11 +5,14 @@ If a site is not listed here, it might still be supported by yt-dlp's embed extr
 Not all sites listed here are guaranteed to work; websites are constantly changing and sometimes this breaks yt-dlp's support for them.
 The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
 
+ - **10play**: [*10play*](## "netrc machine")
+ - **10play:season**
  - **17live**
  - **17live:clip**
+ - **17live:vod**
  - **1News**: 1news.co.nz article videos
  - **1tv**: Первый канал
- - **20min**
+ - **20min**: (**Currently broken**)
  - **23video**
  - **247sports**: (**Currently broken**)
  - **24tv.ua**
@@ -17,7 +20,6 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **3sat**
  - **4tube**
  - **56.com**
- - **6play**
  - **7plus**
  - **8tracks**
  - **9c9media**
@@ -42,10 +44,6 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **ADNSeason**: [*animationdigitalnetwork*](## "netrc machine") Animation Digital Network
  - **AdobeConnect**
  - **adobetv**
- - **adobetv:channel**
- - **adobetv:embed**
- - **adobetv:show**
- - **adobetv:video**
  - **AdultSwim**
  - **aenetworks**: A+E Networks: A&E, Lifetime, History.com, FYI Network and History Vault
  - **aenetworks:collection**
@@ -97,7 +95,6 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **ARD**
  - **ARDMediathek**
  - **ARDMediathekCollection**
- - **Arkena**
  - **Art19**
  - **Art19Show**
  - **arte.sky.it**
@@ -130,7 +127,6 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **BaiduVideo**: 百度视频
  - **BanBye**
  - **BanByeChannel**
- - **bandaichannel**
  - **Bandcamp**
  - **Bandcamp:album**
  - **Bandcamp:user**
@@ -153,10 +149,8 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **Beatport**
  - **Beeg**
  - **BehindKink**: (**Currently broken**)
- - **Bellator**
- - **BellMedia**
  - **BerufeTV**
- - **Bet**: (**Currently broken**)
+ - **Bet**
  - **bfi:player**: (**Currently broken**)
  - **bfmtv**
  - **bfmtv:article**
@@ -194,13 +188,14 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **BitChute**
  - **BitChuteChannel**
  - **BlackboardCollaborate**
+ - **BlackboardCollaborateLaunch**
  - **BleacherReport**: (**Currently broken**)
  - **BleacherReportCMS**: (**Currently broken**)
  - **blerp**
  - **blogger.com**
  - **Bloomberg**
  - **Bluesky**
- - **BokeCC**
+ - **BokeCC**: CC视频
  - **BongaCams**
  - **Boosty**
  - **BostonGlobe**
@@ -222,8 +217,10 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **Brilliantpala:Elearn**: [*brilliantpala*](## "netrc machine") VoD on elearn.brilliantpala.org
  - **bt:article**: Bergens Tidende Articles
  - **bt:vestlendingen**: Bergens Tidende - Vestlendingen
+ - **BTVPlus**
  - **Bundesliga**
  - **Bundestag**
+ - **BunnyCdn**
  - **BusinessInsider**
  - **BuzzFeed**
  - **BYUtv**: (**Currently broken**)
@@ -242,8 +239,8 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **CanalAlpha**
  - **canalc2.tv**
  - **Canalplus**: mycanal.fr and piwiplus.fr
+ - **Canalsurmas**
  - **CaracolTvPlay**: [*caracoltv-play*](## "netrc machine")
- - **CartoonNetwork**
  - **cbc.ca**
  - **cbc.ca:player**
  - **cbc.ca:​player:playlist**
@@ -281,19 +278,16 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **Clipchamp**
  - **Clippit**
  - **ClipRs**: (**Currently broken**)
- - **ClipYouEmbed**
  - **CloserToTruth**: (**Currently broken**)
  - **CloudflareStream**
  - **CloudyCDN**
  - **Clubic**: (**Currently broken**)
  - **Clyp**
- - **cmt.com**: (**Currently broken**)
  - **CNBCVideo**
  - **CNN**
  - **CNNIndonesia**
  - **ComedyCentral**
- - **ComedyCentralTV**
- - **ConanClassic**
+ - **ConanClassic**: (**Currently broken**)
  - **CondeNast**: Condé Nast media group: Allure, Architectural Digest, Ars Technica, Bon Appétit, Brides, Condé Nast, Condé Nast Traveler, Details, Epicurious, GQ, Glamour, Golf Digest, SELF, Teen Vogue, The New Yorker, Vanity Fair, Vogue, W Magazine, WIRED
  - **CONtv**
  - **CookingChannel**
@@ -304,7 +298,6 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **cpac**
  - **cpac:playlist**
  - **Cracked**
- - **Crackle**
  - **Craftsy**
  - **CrooksAndLiars**
  - **CrowdBunker**
@@ -313,15 +306,12 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **CSpan**: C-SPAN
  - **CSpanCongress**
  - **CtsNews**: �視新�
- - **CTV**
  - **CTVNews**
- - **cu.ntv.co.jp**: Nippon Television Network
+ - **cu.ntv.co.jp**: 日テレ無料TADA!
  - **CultureUnplugged**
  - **curiositystream**: [*curiositystream*](## "netrc machine")
  - **curiositystream:collections**: [*curiositystream*](## "netrc machine")
  - **curiositystream:series**: [*curiositystream*](## "netrc machine")
- - **cwtv**
- - **cwtv:movie**
  - **Cybrary**: [*cybrary*](## "netrc machine")
  - **CybraryCourse**: [*cybrary*](## "netrc machine")
  - **DacastPlaylist**
@@ -345,8 +335,6 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **daystar:clip**
  - **DBTV**
  - **DctpTv**
- - **DeezerAlbum**
- - **DeezerPlaylist**
  - **democracynow**
  - **DestinationAmerica**
  - **DetikEmbed**
@@ -393,7 +381,8 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **dvtv**: http://video.aktualne.cz/
  - **dw**: (**Currently broken**)
  - **dw:article**: (**Currently broken**)
- - **EaglePlatform**
+ - **dzen.ru**: Дзен (dzen) formerly Яндек�.Дзен (Yandex Zen)
+ - **dzen.ru:channel**
  - **EbaumsWorld**
  - **Ebay**
  - **egghead:course**: egghead.io course
@@ -444,6 +433,8 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **fancode:live**: [*fancode*](## "netrc machine") (**Currently broken**)
  - **fancode:vod**: [*fancode*](## "netrc machine") (**Currently broken**)
  - **Fathom**
+ - **Faulio**
+ - **FaulioLive**
  - **faz.net**
  - **fc2**: [*fc2*](## "netrc machine")
  - **fc2:embed**
@@ -455,7 +446,6 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **Filmweb**
  - **FiveThirtyEight**
  - **FiveTV**
- - **FlexTV**
  - **Flickr**
  - **Floatplane**
  - **FloatplaneChannel**
@@ -471,6 +461,7 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **FoxNewsVideo**
  - **FoxSports**
  - **fptplay**: fptplay.vn
+ - **FrancaisFacile**
  - **FranceCulture**
  - **FranceInter**
  - **francetv**
@@ -570,9 +561,7 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **HollywoodReporterPlaylist**
  - **Holodex**
  - **HotNewHipHop**: (**Currently broken**)
- - **hotstar**
- - **hotstar:playlist**
- - **hotstar:season**
+ - **hotstar**: JioHotstar
  - **hotstar:series**
  - **hrfernsehen**
  - **HRTi**: [*hrti*](## "netrc machine")
@@ -585,7 +574,7 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **Hungama**
  - **HungamaAlbumPlaylist**
  - **HungamaSong**
- - **huya:live**: huya.com
+ - **huya:live**: 虎牙直播
  - **huya:video**: 虎牙视频
  - **Hypem**
  - **Hytale**
@@ -609,10 +598,10 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **Inc**
  - **IndavideoEmbed**
  - **InfoQ**
- - **Instagram**: [*instagram*](## "netrc machine")
- - **instagram:story**: [*instagram*](## "netrc machine")
- - **instagram:tag**: [*instagram*](## "netrc machine") Instagram hashtag search URLs
- - **instagram:user**: [*instagram*](## "netrc machine") Instagram user profile (**Currently broken**)
+ - **Instagram**
+ - **instagram:story**
+ - **instagram:tag**: Instagram hashtag search URLs
+ - **instagram:user**: Instagram user profile (**Currently broken**)
  - **InstagramIOS**: IOS instagram:// URL
  - **Internazionale**
  - **InternetVideoArchive**
@@ -632,6 +621,7 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **ivi**: ivi.ru
  - **ivi:compilation**: ivi.ru compilations
  - **ivideon**: Ivideon TV
+ - **Ivoox**
  - **IVXPlayer**
  - **iwara**: [*iwara*](## "netrc machine")
  - **iwara:playlist**: [*iwara*](## "netrc machine")
@@ -641,13 +631,13 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **Jamendo**
  - **JamendoAlbum**
  - **JeuxVideo**: (**Currently broken**)
- - **jiocinema**: [*jiocinema*](## "netrc machine")
- - **jiocinema:series**: [*jiocinema*](## "netrc machine")
  - **jiosaavn:album**
+ - **jiosaavn:artist**
  - **jiosaavn:playlist**
+ - **jiosaavn:show**
+ - **jiosaavn:​show:playlist**
  - **jiosaavn:song**
  - **Joj**
- - **JoqrAg**: 超!A&G+ 文化放� (f.k.a. AGQR) Nippon Cultural Broadcasting, Inc. (JOQR)
  - **Jove**
  - **JStream**
  - **JTBC**: jtbc.co.kr
@@ -661,7 +651,6 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **KelbyOne**: (**Currently broken**)
  - **Kenh14Playlist**
  - **Kenh14Video**
- - **Ketnet**
  - **khanacademy**
  - **khanacademy:unit**
  - **kick:clips**
@@ -670,6 +659,7 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **Kicker**
  - **KickStarter**
  - **Kika**: KiKA.de
+ - **KikaPlaylist**
  - **kinja:embed**
  - **KinoPoisk**
  - **Kommunetv**
@@ -698,8 +688,8 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **lbry:channel**: odysee.com channels
  - **lbry:playlist**: odysee.com playlists
  - **LCI**
- - **Lcp**
- - **LcpPlay**
+ - **Lcp**: (**Currently broken**)
+ - **LcpPlay**: (**Currently broken**)
  - **Le**: �视网
  - **LearningOnScreen**
  - **Lecture2Go**: (**Currently broken**)
@@ -718,24 +708,24 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **life:embed**
  - **likee**
  - **likee:user**
- - **limelight**
- - **limelight:channel**
- - **limelight:channel_list**
  - **LinkedIn**: [*linkedin*](## "netrc machine")
+ - **linkedin:events**: [*linkedin*](## "netrc machine")
  - **linkedin:learning**: [*linkedin*](## "netrc machine")
  - **linkedin:​learning:course**: [*linkedin*](## "netrc machine")
  - **Liputan6**
  - **ListenNotes**
  - **LiTV**
- - **LiveJournal**
+ - **LiveJournal**: (**Currently broken**)
  - **livestream**
  - **livestream:original**
  - **Livestreamfails**
  - **Lnk**
  - **loc**: Library of Congress
+ - **Loco**
  - **loom**
  - **loom:folder**
  - **LoveHomePorn**
+ - **LRTRadio**
  - **LRTStream**
  - **LRTVOD**
  - **LSMLREmbed**
@@ -757,13 +747,14 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **ManotoTV**: Manoto TV (Episode)
  - **ManotoTVLive**: Manoto TV (Live)
  - **ManotoTVShow**: Manoto TV (Show)
- - **ManyVids**: (**Currently broken**)
+ - **ManyVids**
  - **MaoriTV**
  - **Markiza**: (**Currently broken**)
  - **MarkizaPage**: (**Currently broken**)
  - **massengeschmack.tv**
  - **Masters**
  - **MatchTV**
+ - **Mave**
  - **MBN**: mbn.co.kr (매�방송)
  - **MDR**: MDR.DE
  - **MedalTV**
@@ -798,16 +789,18 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **minds:channel**
  - **minds:group**
  - **Minoto**
+ - **mir24.tv**
  - **mirrativ**
  - **mirrativ:user**
  - **MirrorCoUK**
- - **MiTele**: mitele.es
  - **mixch**
  - **mixch:archive**
  - **mixch:movie**
  - **mixcloud**
  - **mixcloud:playlist**
  - **mixcloud:user**
+ - **Mixlr**
+ - **MixlrRecoring**
  - **MLB**
  - **MLBArticle**
  - **MLBTV**: [*mlb*](## "netrc machine")
@@ -820,26 +813,20 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **Mojevideo**: mojevideo.sk
  - **Mojvideo**
  - **Monstercat**
- - **MonsterSirenHypergryphMusic**
+ - **monstersiren**: 塞壬唱片
  - **Motherless**
  - **MotherlessGallery**
  - **MotherlessGroup**
  - **MotherlessUploader**
  - **Motorsport**: motorsport.com (**Currently broken**)
  - **MovieFap**
- - **Moviepilot**
+ - **moviepilot**: Moviepilot trailer
  - **MoviewPlay**
  - **Moviezine**
  - **MovingImage**
- - **MSN**: (**Currently broken**)
+ - **MSN**
  - **mtg**: MTG services
  - **mtv**
- - **mtv.de**: (**Currently broken**)
- - **mtv.it**
- - **mtv.it:programma**
- - **mtv:video**
- - **mtvjapan**
- - **mtvservices:embedded**
  - **MTVUutisetArticle**: (**Currently broken**)
  - **MuenchenTV**: münchen.tv (**Currently broken**)
  - **MujRozhlas**
@@ -872,19 +859,19 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **Naver**
  - **Naver:live**
  - **navernow**
- - **nba**
- - **nba:channel**
- - **nba:embed**
- - **nba:watch**
- - **nba:​watch:collection**
- - **nba:​watch:embed**
+ - **nba**: (**Currently broken**)
+ - **nba:channel**: (**Currently broken**)
+ - **nba:embed**: (**Currently broken**)
+ - **nba:watch**: (**Currently broken**)
+ - **nba:​watch:collection**: (**Currently broken**)
+ - **nba:​watch:embed**: (**Currently broken**)
  - **NBC**
  - **NBCNews**
  - **nbcolympics**
- - **nbcolympics:stream**
- - **NBCSports**
- - **NBCSportsStream**
- - **NBCSportsVPlayer**
+ - **nbcolympics:stream**: (**Currently broken**)
+ - **NBCSports**: (**Currently broken**)
+ - **NBCSportsStream**: (**Currently broken**)
+ - **NBCSportsVPlayer**: (**Currently broken**)
  - **NBCStations**
  - **ndr**: NDR.de - Norddeutscher Rundfunk
  - **ndr:embed**
@@ -939,12 +926,9 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **NhkVodProgram**
  - **nhl.com**
  - **nick.com**
- - **nick.de**
- - **nickelodeon:br**
- - **nickelodeonru**
  - **niconico**: [*niconico*](## "netrc machine") ニコニコ動画
  - **niconico:history**: NicoNico user history or likes. Requires cookies.
- - **niconico:live**: ニコニコ生放�
+ - **niconico:live**: [*niconico*](## "netrc machine") ニコニコ生放�
  - **niconico:playlist**
  - **niconico:series**
  - **niconico:tag**: NicoNico video tag URLs
@@ -960,11 +944,10 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **Nitter**
  - **njoy**: N-JOY
  - **njoy:embed**
- - **NobelPrize**: (**Currently broken**)
+ - **NobelPrize**
  - **NoicePodcast**
  - **NonkTube**
  - **NoodleMagazine**
- - **Noovo**
  - **NOSNLArticle**
  - **Nova**: TN.cz, Prásk.tv, Nova.cz, Novaplus.cz, FANDA.tv, Krásná.cz and Doma.cz
  - **NovaEmbed**
@@ -1020,6 +1003,7 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **onet.tv:channel**
  - **OnetMVP**
  - **OnionStudios**
+ - **onsen**: [*onsen*](## "netrc machine") インター�ットラジオステーション＜音泉＞
  - **Opencast**
  - **OpencastPlaylist**
  - **openrec**
@@ -1044,13 +1028,12 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **Panopto**
  - **PanoptoList**
  - **PanoptoPlaylist**
- - **ParamountNetwork**
- - **ParamountPlus**
- - **ParamountPlusSeries**
  - **ParamountPressExpress**
  - **Parler**: Posts on parler.com
  - **parliamentlive.tv**: UK parliament videos
- - **Parlview**: (**Currently broken**)
+ - **Parlview**
+ - **parti:livestream**
+ - **parti:video**
  - **patreon**
  - **patreon:campaign**
  - **pbs**: Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) and member stations: PBS: Public Broadcasting Service, APT - Alabama Public Television (WBIQ), GPB/Georgia Public Broadcasting (WGTV), Mississippi Public Broadcasting (WMPN), Nashville Public Television (WNPT), WFSU-TV (WFSU), WSRE (WSRE), WTCI (WTCI), WPBA/Channel 30 (WPBA), Alaska Public Media (KAKM), Arizona PBS (KAET), KNME-TV/Channel 5 (KNME), Vegas PBS (KLVX), AETN/ARKANSAS ETV NETWORK (KETS), KET (WKLE), WKNO/Channel 10 (WKNO), LPB/LOUISIANA PUBLIC BROADCASTING (WLPB), OETA (KETA), Ozarks Public Television (KOZK), WSIU Public Broadcasting (WSIU), KEET TV (KEET), KIXE/Channel 9 (KIXE), KPBS San Diego (KPBS), KQED (KQED), KVIE Public Television (KVIE), PBS SoCal/KOCE (KOCE), ValleyPBS (KVPT), CONNECTICUT PUBLIC TELEVISION (WEDH), KNPB Channel 5 (KNPB), SOPTV (KSYS), Rocky Mountain PBS (KRMA), KENW-TV3 (KENW), KUED Channel 7 (KUED), Wyoming PBS (KCWC), Colorado Public Television / KBDI 12 (KBDI), KBYU-TV (KBYU), Thirteen/WNET New York (WNET), WGBH/Channel 2 (WGBH), WGBY (WGBY), NJTV Public Media NJ (WNJT), WLIW21 (WLIW), mpt/Maryland Public Television (WMPB), WETA Television and Radio (WETA), WHYY (WHYY), PBS 39 (WLVT), WVPT - Your Source for PBS and More! (WVPT), Howard University Television (WHUT), WEDU PBS (WEDU), WGCU Public Media (WGCU), WPBT2 (WPBT), WUCF TV (WUCF), WUFT/Channel 5 (WUFT), WXEL/Channel 42 (WXEL), WLRN/Channel 17 (WLRN), WUSF Public Broadcasting (WUSF), ETV (WRLK), UNC-TV (WUNC), PBS Hawaii - Oceanic Cable Channel 10 (KHET), Idaho Public Television (KAID), KSPS (KSPS), OPB (KOPB), KWSU/Channel 10 & KTNW/Channel 31 (KWSU), WILL-TV (WILL), Network Knowledge - WSEC/Springfield (WSEC), WTTW11 (WTTW), Iowa Public Television/IPTV (KDIN), Nine Network (KETC), PBS39 Fort Wayne (WFWA), WFYI Indianapolis (WFYI), Milwaukee Public Television (WMVS), WNIN (WNIN), WNIT Public Television (WNIT), WPT (WPNE), WVUT/Channel 22 (WVUT), WEIU/Channel 51 (WEIU), WQPT-TV (WQPT), WYCC PBS Chicago (WYCC), WIPB-TV (WIPB), WTIU (WTIU), CET  (WCET), ThinkTVNetwork (WPTD), WBGU-TV (WBGU), WGVU TV (WGVU), NET1 (KUON), Pioneer Public Television (KWCM), SDPB Television (KUSD), TPT (KTCA), KSMQ (KSMQ), KPTS/Channel 8 (KPTS), KTWU/Channel 11 (KTWU), East Tennessee PBS (WSJK), WCTE-TV (WCTE), WLJT, Channel 11 (WLJT), WOSU TV (WOSU), WOUB/WOUC (WOUB), WVPB (WVPB), WKYU-PBS (WKYU), KERA 13 (KERA), MPBN (WCBB), Mountain Lake PBS (WCFE), NHPTV (WENH), Vermont PBS (WETK), witf (WITF), WQED Multimedia (WQED), WMHT Educational Telecommunications (WMHT), Q-TV (WDCQ), WTVS Detroit Public TV (WTVS), CMU Public Television (WCMU), WKAR-TV (WKAR), WNMU-TV Public TV 13 (WNMU), WDSE - WRPT (WDSE), WGTE TV (WGTE), Lakeland Public Television (KAWE), KMOS-TV - Channels 6.1, 6.2 and 6.3 (KMOS), MontanaPBS (KUSM), KRWG/Channel 22 (KRWG), KACV (KACV), KCOS/Channel 13 (KCOS), WCNY/Channel 24 (WCNY), WNED (WNED), WPBS (WPBS), WSKG Public TV (WSKG), WXXI (WXXI), WPSU (WPSU), WVIA Public Media Studios (WVIA), WTVI (WTVI), Western Reserve PBS (WNEO), WVIZ/PBS ideastream (WVIZ), KCTS 9 (KCTS), Basin PBS (KPBT), KUHT / Channel 8 (KUHT), KLRN (KLRN), KLRU (KLRU), WTJX Channel 12 (WTJX), WCVE PBS (WCVE), KBTC Public Television (KBTC)
@@ -1071,21 +1054,19 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **Photobucket**
  - **PiaLive**
  - **Piapro**: [*piapro*](## "netrc machine")
- - **Picarto**
- - **PicartoVod**
+ - **picarto**
+ - **picarto:vod**
  - **Piksel**
  - **Pinkbike**
  - **Pinterest**
  - **PinterestCollection**
  - **PiramideTV**
  - **PiramideTVChannel**
- - **pixiv:sketch**
- - **pixiv:​sketch:user**
- - **Pladform**
  - **PlanetMarathi**
  - **Platzi**: [*platzi*](## "netrc machine")
  - **PlatziCourse**: [*platzi*](## "netrc machine")
  - **player.sky.it**
+ - **PlayerFm**
  - **playeur**
  - **PlayPlusTV**: [*playplustv*](## "netrc machine")
  - **PlaySuisse**: [*playsuisse*](## "netrc machine")
@@ -1096,6 +1077,7 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **pluralsight:course**
  - **PlutoTV**: (**Currently broken**)
  - **PlVideo**: Платформа
+ - **PlyrEmbed**
  - **PodbayFM**
  - **PodbayFMChannel**
  - **Podchaser**
@@ -1225,6 +1207,7 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **RoosterTeeth**: [*roosterteeth*](## "netrc machine")
  - **RoosterTeethSeries**: [*roosterteeth*](## "netrc machine")
  - **RottenTomatoes**
+ - **RoyaLive**
  - **Rozhlas**
  - **RozhlasVltava**
  - **RTBF**: [*rtbf*](## "netrc machine") (**Currently broken**)
@@ -1245,12 +1228,11 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **RTVCKaltura**
  - **RTVCPlay**
  - **RTVCPlayEmbed**
- - **rtve.es:alacarta**: RTVE a la carta
+ - **rtve.es:alacarta**: RTVE a la carta and Play
  - **rtve.es:audio**: RTVE audio
- - **rtve.es:infantil**: RTVE infantil
  - **rtve.es:live**: RTVE.es live streams
+ - **rtve.es:program**: RTVE.es programs
  - **rtve.es:television**
- - **RTVS**
  - **rtvslo.si**
  - **rtvslo.si:show**
  - **RudoVideo**
@@ -1266,8 +1248,7 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **rutube:person**: Rutube person videos
  - **rutube:playlist**: Rutube playlists
  - **rutube:tags**: Rutube tags
- - **RUTV**: RUTV.RU
- - **Ruutu**
+ - **Ruutu**: (**Currently broken**)
  - **Ruv**
  - **ruv.is:spila**
  - **S4C**
@@ -1285,6 +1266,7 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **SampleFocus**
  - **Sangiin**: �議院インター�ット審議中継 (archive)
  - **Sapo**: SAPO Vídeos
+ - **SaucePlus**: Sauce+
  - **SBS**: sbs.com.au
  - **sbs.co.kr**
  - **sbs.co.kr:allvod_program**
@@ -1305,8 +1287,8 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **sejm**
  - **Sen**
  - **SenalColombiaLive**: (**Currently broken**)
- - **SenateGov**
- - **SenateISVP**
+ - **senate.gov**
+ - **senate.gov:isvp**
  - **SendtoNews**: (**Currently broken**)
  - **Servus**
  - **Sexu**: (**Currently broken**)
@@ -1317,6 +1299,7 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **SharePoint**
  - **ShareVideosEmbed**
  - **ShemarooMe**
+ - **Shiey**
  - **ShowRoomLive**
  - **ShugiinItvLive**: 衆議院インター�ット審議中継
  - **ShugiinItvLiveRoom**: 衆議院インター�ット審議中継 (中継)
@@ -1339,9 +1322,13 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **Slideshare**
  - **SlidesLive**
  - **Slutload**
- - **Smotrim**
+ - **smotrim**
+ - **smotrim:audio**
+ - **smotrim:live**
+ - **smotrim:playlist**
  - **SnapchatSpotlight**
  - **Snotr**
+ - **SoftWhiteUnderbelly**: [*softwhiteunderbelly*](## "netrc machine")
  - **Sohu**
  - **SohuV**
  - **SonyLIV**: [*sonyliv*](## "netrc machine")
@@ -1365,57 +1352,57 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **southpark.cc.com:español**
  - **southpark.de**
  - **southpark.lat**
- - **southpark.nl**
- - **southparkstudios.dk**
+ - **southparkstudios.co.uk**
+ - **southparkstudios.com.br**
+ - **southparkstudios.nu**
  - **SovietsCloset**
  - **SovietsClosetPlaylist**
  - **SpankBang**
  - **SpankBangPlaylist**
  - **Spiegel**
  - **Sport5**
- - **SportBox**
+ - **SportBox**: (**Currently broken**)
  - **SportDeutschland**
- - **spotify**: Spotify episodes (**Currently broken**)
- - **spotify:show**: Spotify shows (**Currently broken**)
  - **Spreaker**
  - **SpreakerShow**
  - **SpringboardPlatform**
- - **Sprout**
  - **SproutVideo**
- - **sr:mediathek**: Saarländischer Rundfunk (**Currently broken**)
+ - **sr:mediathek**: Saarländischer Rundfunk
  - **SRGSSR**
  - **SRGSSRPlay**: srf.ch, rts.ch, rsi.ch, rtr.ch and swissinfo.ch play sites
  - **StacommuLive**: [*stacommu*](## "netrc machine")
  - **StacommuVOD**: [*stacommu*](## "netrc machine")
  - **StagePlusVODConcert**: [*stageplus*](## "netrc machine")
  - **stanfordoc**: Stanford Open ClassRoom
- - **StarTrek**: (**Currently broken**)
+ - **startrek**: STAR TREK
  - **startv**
  - **Steam**
+ - **SteamCommunity**
  - **SteamCommunityBroadcast**
  - **Stitcher**
  - **StitcherShow**
  - **StoryFire**
  - **StoryFireSeries**
  - **StoryFireUser**
+ - **Streaks**
  - **Streamable**
  - **StreamCZ**
  - **StreetVoice**
  - **StretchInternet**
  - **Stripchat**
  - **stv:player**
+ - **stvr**: Slovak Television and Radio (formerly RTVS)
  - **Subsplash**
  - **subsplash:playlist**
  - **Substack**
  - **SunPorno**
  - **sverigesradio:episode**
  - **sverigesradio:publication**
- - **SVT**
- - **SVTPage**
- - **SVTPlay**: SVT Play and Öppet arkiv
- - **SVTSeries**
+ - **svt:page**
+ - **svt:play**: SVT Play and Öppet arkiv
+ - **svt:​play:series**
  - **SwearnetEpisode**
- - **Syfy**: (**Currently broken**)
+ - **Syfy**
  - **SYVDK**
  - **SztvHu**
  - **t-online.de**: (**Currently broken**)
@@ -1459,14 +1446,13 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **Telewebion**: (**Currently broken**)
  - **Tempo**
  - **TennisTV**: [*tennistv*](## "netrc machine")
- - **TenPlay**: [*10play*](## "netrc machine")
- - **TenPlaySeason**
  - **TF1**
- - **TFO**
+ - **TFO**: (**Currently broken**)
  - **theatercomplextown:ppv**: [*theatercomplextown*](## "netrc machine")
  - **theatercomplextown:vod**: [*theatercomplextown*](## "netrc machine")
  - **TheGuardianPodcast**
  - **TheGuardianPodcastPlaylist**
+ - **TheHighWire**
  - **TheHoleTv**
  - **TheIntercept**
  - **ThePlatform**
@@ -1498,6 +1484,7 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **tokfm:podcast**
  - **ToonGoggles**
  - **tou.tv**: [*toutv*](## "netrc machine")
+ - **toutiao**: 今日头�
  - **Toypics**: Toypics video (**Currently broken**)
  - **ToypicsUser**: Toypics user profile (**Currently broken**)
  - **TrailerAddict**: (**Currently broken**)
@@ -1514,16 +1501,17 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **TrueID**
  - **TruNews**
  - **Truth**
- - **TruTV**
+ - **ttinglive**: ���브 (formerly FlexTV)
  - **Tube8**: (**Currently broken**)
  - **TubeTuGraz**: [*tubetugraz*](## "netrc machine") tube.tugraz.at
  - **TubeTuGrazSeries**: [*tubetugraz*](## "netrc machine")
  - **tubitv**: [*tubitv*](## "netrc machine")
  - **tubitv:series**
  - **Tumblr**: [*tumblr*](## "netrc machine")
- - **TuneInPodcast**
- - **TuneInPodcastEpisode**
- - **TuneInStation**
+ - **tunein:embed**
+ - **tunein:podcast**
+ - **tunein:​podcast:program**
+ - **tunein:station**
  - **tv.dfb.de**
  - **TV2**
  - **TV2Article**
@@ -1533,9 +1521,11 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **tv2playseries.hu**
  - **TV4**: tv4.se and tv4play.se
  - **TV5MONDE**
- - **tv5unis**
- - **tv5unis:video**
+ - **tv5unis**: (**Currently broken**)
+ - **tv5unis:video**: (**Currently broken**)
  - **tv8.it**
+ - **tv8.it:live**: TV8 Live
+ - **tv8.it:playlist**: TV8 Playlist
  - **TVANouvelles**
  - **TVANouvellesArticle**
  - **tvaplus**: TVA+
@@ -1544,7 +1534,6 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **TVer**
  - **tvigle**: Интернет-телевидение Tvigle.ru
  - **TVIPlayer**
- - **tvland.com**
  - **TVN24**: (**Currently broken**)
  - **TVNoe**: (**Currently broken**)
  - **tvopengr:embed**: tvopen.gr embedded videos
@@ -1556,6 +1545,9 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **tvp:​vod:series**
  - **TVPlayer**
  - **TVPlayHome**
+ - **tvw**
+ - **tvw:news**
+ - **tvw:tvchannels**
  - **Tweakers**
  - **TwitCasting**
  - **TwitCastingLive**
@@ -1583,8 +1575,9 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **UKTVPlay**
  - **UlizaPlayer**
  - **UlizaPortal**: ulizaportal.jp
- - **umg:de**: Universal Music Deutschland (**Currently broken**)
+ - **umg:de**: Universal Music Deutschland
  - **Unistra**
+ - **UnitedNationsWebTv**
  - **Unity**: (**Currently broken**)
  - **uol.com.br**
  - **uplynk**
@@ -1600,16 +1593,15 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **Varzesh3**: (**Currently broken**)
  - **Vbox7**
  - **Veo**
- - **Vesti**: Ве�ти.Ru (**Currently broken**)
  - **Vevo**
  - **VevoPlaylist**
  - **VGTV**: VGTV, BTTV, FTV, Aftenposten and Aftonbladet
  - **vh1.com**
  - **vhx:embed**: [*vimeo*](## "netrc machine")
- - **vice**
- - **vice:article**
- - **vice:show**
- - **Viddler**
+ - **vice**: (**Currently broken**)
+ - **vice:article**: (**Currently broken**)
+ - **vice:show**: (**Currently broken**)
+ - **Viddler**: (**Currently broken**)
  - **Videa**
  - **video.arnes.si**: Arnes Video
  - **video.google:search**: Google Video search; "gvsearch:" prefix
@@ -1637,11 +1629,10 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **viewlift**
  - **viewlift:embed**
  - **Viidea**
- - **viki**: [*viki*](## "netrc machine")
- - **viki:channel**: [*viki*](## "netrc machine")
  - **vimeo**: [*vimeo*](## "netrc machine")
  - **vimeo:album**: [*vimeo*](## "netrc machine")
  - **vimeo:channel**: [*vimeo*](## "netrc machine")
+ - **vimeo:event**: [*vimeo*](## "netrc machine")
  - **vimeo:group**: [*vimeo*](## "netrc machine")
  - **vimeo:likes**: [*vimeo*](## "netrc machine") Vimeo user likes
  - **vimeo:ondemand**: [*vimeo*](## "netrc machine")
@@ -1676,9 +1667,13 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **vpro**: npo.nl, ntr.nl, omroepwnl.nl, zapp.nl and npo3.nl
  - **vqq:series**
  - **vqq:video**
+ - **vrsquare**: VR SQUARE
+ - **vrsquare:channel**
+ - **vrsquare:search**
+ - **vrsquare:section**
  - **VRT**: VRT NWS, Flanders News, Flandern Info and Sporza
- - **VrtNU**: [*vrtnu*](## "netrc machine") VRT MAX
- - **VTM**: (**Currently broken**)
+ - **vrtmax**: [*vrtnu*](## "netrc machine") VRT MAX (formerly VRT NU)
+ - **VTM**
  - **VTV**
  - **VTVGo**
  - **VTXTV**: [*vtxtv*](## "netrc machine")
@@ -1745,7 +1740,6 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **wykop:​dig:comment**
  - **wykop:post**
  - **wykop:​post:comment**
- - **Xanimu**
  - **XboxClips**
  - **XHamster**
  - **XHamsterEmbed**
@@ -1812,14 +1806,12 @@ The only reliable way to check if a site is supported is to try it.
  - **ZattooLive**: [*zattoo*](## "netrc machine")
  - **ZattooMovies**: [*zattoo*](## "netrc machine")
  - **ZattooRecordings**: [*zattoo*](## "netrc machine")
- - **ZDF**
- - **ZDFChannel**
+ - **zdf**
+ - **zdf:channel**
  - **Zee5**: [*zee5*](## "netrc machine")
  - **zee5:series**
  - **ZeeNews**: (**Currently broken**)
  - **ZenPorn**
- - **ZenYandex**
- - **ZenYandexChannel**
  - **ZetlandDKArticle**
  - **Zhihu**
  - **zingmp3**: zingmp3.vn
diff --git a/test/helper.py b/test/helper.py
index 4169af799f..e4cb478e28 100644
--- a/test/helper.py
+++ b/test/helper.py
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ def _iter_differences(got, expected, field):
             return
 
         if op == 'startswith':
-            if not val.startswith(got):
+            if not got.startswith(val):
                 yield field, f'should start with {val!r}, got {got!r}'
             return
 
diff --git a/test/parameters.json b/test/parameters.json
index 8789ce14b3..d08748a500 100644
--- a/test/parameters.json
+++ b/test/parameters.json
@@ -36,7 +36,6 @@
     "verbose": true,
     "writedescription": false,
     "writeinfojson": true,
-    "writeannotations": false,
     "writelink": false,
     "writeurllink": false,
     "writewebloclink": false,
diff --git a/test/test_InfoExtractor.py b/test/test_InfoExtractor.py
index 54f35ef552..c15dd8a617 100644
--- a/test/test_InfoExtractor.py
+++ b/test/test_InfoExtractor.py
@@ -36,6 +36,18 @@ class InfoExtractorTestRequestHandler(http.server.BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
             self.send_header('Content-Type', 'text/html; charset=utf-8')
             self.end_headers()
             self.wfile.write(TEAPOT_RESPONSE_BODY.encode())
+        elif self.path == '/fake.m3u8':
+            self.send_response(200)
+            self.send_header('Content-Length', '1024')
+            self.end_headers()
+            self.wfile.write(1024 * b'\x00')
+        elif self.path == '/bipbop.m3u8':
+            with open('test/testdata/m3u8/bipbop_16x9.m3u8', 'rb') as f:
+                data = f.read()
+            self.send_response(200)
+            self.send_header('Content-Length', str(len(data)))
+            self.end_headers()
+            self.wfile.write(data)
         else:
             assert False
 
@@ -314,6 +326,20 @@ class TestInfoExtractor(unittest.TestCase):
                 },
                 {},
             ),
+            (
+                # test thumbnail_url key without URL scheme
+                r'''
+<script type="application/ld+json">
+{
+"@context": "https://schema.org",
+"@type": "VideoObject",
+"thumbnail_url": "//www.nobelprize.org/images/12693-landscape-medium-gallery.jpg"
+}</script>''',
+                {
+                    'thumbnails': [{'url': 'https://www.nobelprize.org/images/12693-landscape-medium-gallery.jpg'}],
+                },
+                {},
+            ),
         ]
         for html, expected_dict, search_json_ld_kwargs in _TESTS:
             expect_dict(
@@ -638,6 +664,7 @@ jwplayer("mediaplayer").setup({"abouttext":"Visit Indie DB","aboutlink":"http:\/
                 'img_bipbop_adv_example_fmp4',
                 'https://devstreaming-cdn.apple.com/videos/streaming/examples/img_bipbop_adv_example_fmp4/master.m3u8',
                 [{
+                    # 60kbps (bitrate not provided in m3u8); sorted as worst because it's grouped with lowest bitrate video track
                     'format_id': 'aud1-English',
                     'url': 'https://devstreaming-cdn.apple.com/videos/streaming/examples/img_bipbop_adv_example_fmp4/a1/prog_index.m3u8',
                     'manifest_url': 'https://devstreaming-cdn.apple.com/videos/streaming/examples/img_bipbop_adv_example_fmp4/master.m3u8',
@@ -645,22 +672,27 @@ jwplayer("mediaplayer").setup({"abouttext":"Visit Indie DB","aboutlink":"http:\/
                     'ext': 'mp4',
                     'protocol': 'm3u8_native',
                     'audio_ext': 'mp4',
+                    'source_preference': 0,
                 }, {
-                    'format_id': 'aud2-English',
-                    'url': 'https://devstreaming-cdn.apple.com/videos/streaming/examples/img_bipbop_adv_example_fmp4/a2/prog_index.m3u8',
+                    # 192kbps (bitrate not provided in m3u8)
+                    'format_id': 'aud3-English',
+                    'url': 'https://devstreaming-cdn.apple.com/videos/streaming/examples/img_bipbop_adv_example_fmp4/a3/prog_index.m3u8',
                     'manifest_url': 'https://devstreaming-cdn.apple.com/videos/streaming/examples/img_bipbop_adv_example_fmp4/master.m3u8',
                     'language': 'en',
                     'ext': 'mp4',
                     'protocol': 'm3u8_native',
                     'audio_ext': 'mp4',
+                    'source_preference': 1,
                 }, {
-                    'format_id': 'aud3-English',
-                    'url': 'https://devstreaming-cdn.apple.com/videos/streaming/examples/img_bipbop_adv_example_fmp4/a3/prog_index.m3u8',
+                    # 384kbps (bitrate not provided in m3u8); sorted as best because it's grouped with the highest bitrate video track
+                    'format_id': 'aud2-English',
+                    'url': 'https://devstreaming-cdn.apple.com/videos/streaming/examples/img_bipbop_adv_example_fmp4/a2/prog_index.m3u8',
                     'manifest_url': 'https://devstreaming-cdn.apple.com/videos/streaming/examples/img_bipbop_adv_example_fmp4/master.m3u8',
                     'language': 'en',
                     'ext': 'mp4',
                     'protocol': 'm3u8_native',
                     'audio_ext': 'mp4',
+                    'source_preference': 2,
                 }, {
                     'format_id': '530',
                     'url': 'https://devstreaming-cdn.apple.com/videos/streaming/examples/img_bipbop_adv_example_fmp4/v2/prog_index.m3u8',
@@ -1913,7 +1945,7 @@ jwplayer("mediaplayer").setup({"abouttext":"Visit Indie DB","aboutlink":"http:\/
         server_thread.daemon = True
         server_thread.start()
 
-        (content, urlh) = self.ie._download_webpage_handle(
+        content, _ = self.ie._download_webpage_handle(
             f'http://127.0.0.1:{port}/teapot', None,
             expected_status=TEAPOT_RESPONSE_STATUS)
         self.assertEqual(content, TEAPOT_RESPONSE_BODY)
@@ -1927,6 +1959,208 @@ jwplayer("mediaplayer").setup({"abouttext":"Visit Indie DB","aboutlink":"http:\/
         with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
             self.assertEqual(self.ie._search_nextjs_data('', None, default='{}'), {})
 
+    def test_search_nextjs_v13_data(self):
+        HTML = R'''
+            <script>(self.__next_f=self.__next_f||[]).push([0])</script>
+            <script>self.__next_f.push([2,"0:[\"$\",\"$L0\",null,{\"do_not_add_this\":\"fail\"}]\n"])</script>
+            <script>self.__next_f.push([1,"1:I[46975,[],\"HTTPAccessFallbackBoundary\"]\n2:I[32630,[\"8183\",\"static/chunks/8183-768193f6a9e33cdd.js\"]]\n"])</script>
+            <script nonce="abc123">self.__next_f.push([1,"e:[false,[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L18\",null,{\"foo\":\"bar\"}]}],false]\n    "])</script>
+            <script>self.__next_f.push([1,"2a:[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"flex flex-col\",\"children\":[]}],[\"$\",\"$L16\",null,{\"meta\":{\"dateCreated\":1730489700,\"uuid\":\"40cac41d-8d29-4ef5-aa11-75047b9f0907\"}}]]\n"])</script>
+            <script>self.__next_f.push([1,"df:[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L17\",null,{}],\"do_not_include_this_field\":\"fail\"}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"$L19\",null,{\"duplicated_field_name\":{\"x\":1}}],[\"$\",\"$L20\",null,{\"duplicated_field_name\":{\"y\":2}}]]}],\"$undefined\"]\n"])</script>
+            <script>self.__next_f.push([3,"MzM6WyIkIiwiJEwzMiIsbnVsbCx7ImRlY29kZWQiOiJzdWNjZXNzIn1d"])</script>
+            '''
+        EXPECTED = {
+            '18': {
+                'foo': 'bar',
+            },
+            '16': {
+                'meta': {
+                    'dateCreated': 1730489700,
+                    'uuid': '40cac41d-8d29-4ef5-aa11-75047b9f0907',
+                },
+            },
+            '19': {
+                'duplicated_field_name': {'x': 1},
+            },
+            '20': {
+                'duplicated_field_name': {'y': 2},
+            },
+        }
+        self.assertEqual(self.ie._search_nextjs_v13_data(HTML, None), EXPECTED)
+        self.assertEqual(self.ie._search_nextjs_v13_data('', None, fatal=False), {})
+        self.assertEqual(self.ie._search_nextjs_v13_data(None, None, fatal=False), {})
+
+    def test_search_nuxt_json(self):
+        HTML_TMPL = '<script data-ssr="true" id="__NUXT_DATA__" type="application/json">[{}]</script>'
+        VALID_DATA = '''
+            ["ShallowReactive",1],
+            {"data":2,"state":21,"once":25,"_errors":28,"_server_errors":30},
+            ["ShallowReactive",3],
+            {"$abcdef123456":4},
+            {"podcast":5,"activeEpisodeData":7},
+            {"podcast":6,"seasons":14},
+            {"title":10,"id":11},
+            ["Reactive",8],
+            {"episode":9,"creators":18,"empty_list":20},
+            {"title":12,"id":13,"refs":34,"empty_refs":35},
+            "Series Title",
+            "podcast-id-01",
+            "Episode Title",
+            "episode-id-99",
+            [15,16,17],
+            1,
+            2,
+            3,
+            [19],
+            "Podcast Creator",
+            [],
+            {"$ssite-config":22},
+            {"env":23,"name":24,"map":26,"numbers":14},
+            "production",
+            "podcast-website",
+            ["Set"],
+            ["Reactive",27],
+            ["Map"],
+            ["ShallowReactive",29],
+            {},
+            ["NuxtError",31],
+            {"status":32,"message":33},
+            503,
+            "Service Unavailable",
+            [36,37],
+            [38,39],
+            ["Ref",40],
+            ["ShallowRef",41],
+            ["EmptyRef",42],
+            ["EmptyShallowRef",43],
+            "ref",
+            "shallow_ref",
+            "{\\"ref\\":1}",
+            "{\\"shallow_ref\\":2}"
+        '''
+        PAYLOAD = {
+            'data': {
+                '$abcdef123456': {
+                    'podcast': {
+                        'podcast': {
+                            'title': 'Series Title',
+                            'id': 'podcast-id-01',
+                        },
+                        'seasons': [1, 2, 3],
+                    },
+                    'activeEpisodeData': {
+                        'episode': {
+                            'title': 'Episode Title',
+                            'id': 'episode-id-99',
+                            'refs': ['ref', 'shallow_ref'],
+                            'empty_refs': [{'ref': 1}, {'shallow_ref': 2}],
+                        },
+                        'creators': ['Podcast Creator'],
+                        'empty_list': [],
+                    },
+                },
+            },
+            'state': {
+                '$ssite-config': {
+                    'env': 'production',
+                    'name': 'podcast-website',
+                    'map': [],
+                    'numbers': [1, 2, 3],
+                },
+            },
+            'once': [],
+            '_errors': {},
+            '_server_errors': {
+                'status': 503,
+                'message': 'Service Unavailable',
+            },
+        }
+        PARTIALLY_INVALID = [(
+            '''
+            {"data":1},
+            {"invalid_raw_list":2},
+            [15,16,17]
+            ''',
+            {'data': {'invalid_raw_list': [None, None, None]}},
+        ), (
+            '''
+            {"data":1},
+            ["EmptyRef",2],
+            "not valid JSON"
+            ''',
+            {'data': None},
+        ), (
+            '''
+            {"data":1},
+            ["EmptyShallowRef",2],
+            "not valid JSON"
+            ''',
+            {'data': None},
+        )]
+        INVALID = [
+            '''
+                []
+            ''',
+            '''
+                ["unsupported",1],
+                {"data":2},
+                {}
+            ''',
+        ]
+        DEFAULT = object()
+
+        self.assertEqual(self.ie._search_nuxt_json(HTML_TMPL.format(VALID_DATA), None), PAYLOAD)
+        self.assertEqual(self.ie._search_nuxt_json('', None, fatal=False), {})
+        self.assertIs(self.ie._search_nuxt_json('', None, default=DEFAULT), DEFAULT)
+
+        for data, expected in PARTIALLY_INVALID:
+            self.assertEqual(
+                self.ie._search_nuxt_json(HTML_TMPL.format(data), None, fatal=False), expected)
+
+        for data in INVALID:
+            self.assertIs(
+                self.ie._search_nuxt_json(HTML_TMPL.format(data), None, default=DEFAULT), DEFAULT)
+
+
+class TestInfoExtractorNetwork(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self, /):
+        self.httpd = http.server.HTTPServer(
+            ('127.0.0.1', 0), InfoExtractorTestRequestHandler)
+        self.port = http_server_port(self.httpd)
+
+        self.server_thread = threading.Thread(target=self.httpd.serve_forever)
+        self.server_thread.daemon = True
+        self.server_thread.start()
+
+        self.called = False
+
+        def require_warning(*args, **kwargs):
+            self.called = True
+
+        self.ydl = FakeYDL()
+        self.ydl.report_warning = require_warning
+        self.ie = DummyIE(self.ydl)
+
+    def tearDown(self, /):
+        self.ydl.close()
+        self.httpd.shutdown()
+        self.httpd.server_close()
+        self.server_thread.join(1)
+
+    def test_extract_m3u8_formats(self):
+        formats, subtitles = self.ie._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
+            f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.port}/bipbop.m3u8', None, fatal=False)
+        self.assertFalse(self.called)
+        self.assertTrue(formats)
+        self.assertTrue(subtitles)
+
+    def test_extract_m3u8_formats_warning(self):
+        formats, subtitles = self.ie._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
+            f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.port}/fake.m3u8', None, fatal=False)
+        self.assertTrue(self.called, 'Warning was not issued for binary m3u8 file')
+        self.assertFalse(formats)
+        self.assertFalse(subtitles)
+
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/test/test_YoutubeDL.py b/test/test_YoutubeDL.py
index 708a04f92d..91312e4e5f 100644
--- a/test/test_YoutubeDL.py
+++ b/test/test_YoutubeDL.py
@@ -1435,6 +1435,27 @@ class TestYoutubeDL(unittest.TestCase):
         FakeYDL().close()
         assert all_plugins_loaded.value
 
+    def test_close_hooks(self):
+        # Should call all registered close hooks on close
+        close_hook_called = False
+        close_hook_two_called = False
+
+        def close_hook():
+            nonlocal close_hook_called
+            close_hook_called = True
+
+        def close_hook_two():
+            nonlocal close_hook_two_called
+            close_hook_two_called = True
+
+        ydl = FakeYDL()
+        ydl.add_close_hook(close_hook)
+        ydl.add_close_hook(close_hook_two)
+
+        ydl.close()
+        self.assertTrue(close_hook_called, 'Close hook was not called')
+        self.assertTrue(close_hook_two_called, 'Close hook two was not called')
+
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/test/test_compat.py b/test/test_compat.py
index b1cc2a8187..6cc27d487c 100644
--- a/test/test_compat.py
+++ b/test/test_compat.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 
 # Allow direct execution
+import datetime as dt
 import os
 import sys
 import unittest
@@ -12,7 +13,7 @@ import struct
 
 from yt_dlp import compat
 from yt_dlp.compat import urllib  # isort: split
-from yt_dlp.compat import compat_etree_fromstring, compat_expanduser
+from yt_dlp.compat import compat_etree_fromstring, compat_expanduser, compat_datetime_from_timestamp
 from yt_dlp.compat.urllib.request import getproxies
 
 
@@ -21,9 +22,6 @@ class TestCompat(unittest.TestCase):
         with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
             _ = compat.compat_basestring
 
-        with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
-            _ = compat.WINDOWS_VT_MODE
-
         self.assertEqual(urllib.request.getproxies, getproxies)
 
         with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
@@ -62,6 +60,45 @@ class TestCompat(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_struct_unpack(self):
         self.assertEqual(struct.unpack('!B', b'\x00'), (0,))
 
+    def test_compat_datetime_from_timestamp(self):
+        self.assertEqual(
+            compat_datetime_from_timestamp(0),
+            dt.datetime(1970, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, tzinfo=dt.timezone.utc))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            compat_datetime_from_timestamp(1),
+            dt.datetime(1970, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, tzinfo=dt.timezone.utc))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            compat_datetime_from_timestamp(3600),
+            dt.datetime(1970, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, tzinfo=dt.timezone.utc))
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            compat_datetime_from_timestamp(-1),
+            dt.datetime(1969, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59, tzinfo=dt.timezone.utc))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            compat_datetime_from_timestamp(-86400),
+            dt.datetime(1969, 12, 31, 0, 0, 0, tzinfo=dt.timezone.utc))
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            compat_datetime_from_timestamp(0.5),
+            dt.datetime(1970, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 500000, tzinfo=dt.timezone.utc))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            compat_datetime_from_timestamp(1.000001),
+            dt.datetime(1970, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, tzinfo=dt.timezone.utc))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            compat_datetime_from_timestamp(-1.25),
+            dt.datetime(1969, 12, 31, 23, 59, 58, 750000, tzinfo=dt.timezone.utc))
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            compat_datetime_from_timestamp(-1577923200),
+            dt.datetime(1920, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, tzinfo=dt.timezone.utc))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            compat_datetime_from_timestamp(4102444800),
+            dt.datetime(2100, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, tzinfo=dt.timezone.utc))
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            compat_datetime_from_timestamp(173568960000),
+            dt.datetime(7470, 3, 8, 0, 0, 0, tzinfo=dt.timezone.utc))
+
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/test/test_cookies.py b/test/test_cookies.py
index 4b9b9b5a91..f956ab1876 100644
--- a/test/test_cookies.py
+++ b/test/test_cookies.py
@@ -58,6 +58,14 @@ class TestCookies(unittest.TestCase):
             ({'DESKTOP_SESSION': 'kde'}, _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE3),
             ({'DESKTOP_SESSION': 'xfce'}, _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.XFCE),
 
+            ({'XDG_CURRENT_DESKTOP': 'my_custom_de', 'DESKTOP_SESSION': 'gnome'}, _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.GNOME),
+            ({'XDG_CURRENT_DESKTOP': 'my_custom_de', 'DESKTOP_SESSION': 'mate'}, _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.GNOME),
+            ({'XDG_CURRENT_DESKTOP': 'my_custom_de', 'DESKTOP_SESSION': 'kde4'}, _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE4),
+            ({'XDG_CURRENT_DESKTOP': 'my_custom_de', 'DESKTOP_SESSION': 'kde'}, _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE3),
+            ({'XDG_CURRENT_DESKTOP': 'my_custom_de', 'DESKTOP_SESSION': 'xfce'}, _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.XFCE),
+
+            ({'XDG_CURRENT_DESKTOP': 'my_custom_de', 'DESKTOP_SESSION': 'my_custom_de', 'GNOME_DESKTOP_SESSION_ID': 1}, _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.GNOME),
+
             ({'GNOME_DESKTOP_SESSION_ID': 1}, _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.GNOME),
             ({'KDE_FULL_SESSION': 1}, _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE3),
             ({'KDE_FULL_SESSION': 1, 'DESKTOP_SESSION': 'kde4'}, _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE4),
diff --git a/test/test_devalue.py b/test/test_devalue.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..29eb89e87f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/test_devalue.py
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+# Allow direct execution
+import os
+import sys
+
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
+
+
+import datetime as dt
+import json
+import math
+import re
+import unittest
+
+from yt_dlp.utils.jslib import devalue
+
+
+TEST_CASES_EQUALS = [{
+    'name': 'int',
+    'unparsed': [-42],
+    'parsed': -42,
+}, {
+    'name': 'str',
+    'unparsed': ['woo!!!'],
+    'parsed': 'woo!!!',
+}, {
+    'name': 'Number',
+    'unparsed': [['Object', 42]],
+    'parsed': 42,
+}, {
+    'name': 'String',
+    'unparsed': [['Object', 'yar']],
+    'parsed': 'yar',
+}, {
+    'name': 'Infinity',
+    'unparsed': -4,
+    'parsed': math.inf,
+}, {
+    'name': 'negative Infinity',
+    'unparsed': -5,
+    'parsed': -math.inf,
+}, {
+    'name': 'negative zero',
+    'unparsed': -6,
+    'parsed': -0.0,
+}, {
+    'name': 'RegExp',
+    'unparsed': [['RegExp', 'regexp', 'gim']],  # XXX: flags are ignored
+    'parsed': re.compile('regexp'),
+}, {
+    'name': 'Date',
+    'unparsed': [['Date', '2001-09-09T01:46:40.000Z']],
+    'parsed': dt.datetime.fromtimestamp(1e9, tz=dt.timezone.utc),
+}, {
+    'name': 'Array',
+    'unparsed': [[1, 2, 3], 'a', 'b', 'c'],
+    'parsed': ['a', 'b', 'c'],
+}, {
+    'name': 'Array (empty)',
+    'unparsed': [[]],
+    'parsed': [],
+}, {
+    'name': 'Array (sparse)',
+    'unparsed': [[-2, 1, -2], 'b'],
+    'parsed': [None, 'b', None],
+}, {
+    'name': 'Object',
+    'unparsed': [{'foo': 1, 'x-y': 2}, 'bar', 'z'],
+    'parsed': {'foo': 'bar', 'x-y': 'z'},
+}, {
+    'name': 'Set',
+    'unparsed': [['Set', 1, 2, 3], 1, 2, 3],
+    'parsed': [1, 2, 3],
+}, {
+    'name': 'Map',
+    'unparsed': [['Map', 1, 2], 'a', 'b'],
+    'parsed': [['a', 'b']],
+}, {
+    'name': 'BigInt',
+    'unparsed': [['BigInt', '1']],
+    'parsed': 1,
+}, {
+    'name': 'Uint8Array',
+    'unparsed': [['Uint8Array', 'AQID']],
+    'parsed': [1, 2, 3],
+}, {
+    'name': 'ArrayBuffer',
+    'unparsed': [['ArrayBuffer', 'AQID']],
+    'parsed': [1, 2, 3],
+}, {
+    'name': 'str (repetition)',
+    'unparsed': [[1, 1], 'a string'],
+    'parsed': ['a string', 'a string'],
+}, {
+    'name': 'None (repetition)',
+    'unparsed': [[1, 1], None],
+    'parsed': [None, None],
+}, {
+    'name': 'dict (repetition)',
+    'unparsed': [[1, 1], {}],
+    'parsed': [{}, {}],
+}, {
+    'name': 'Object without prototype',
+    'unparsed': [['null']],
+    'parsed': {},
+}, {
+    'name': 'cross-realm POJO',
+    'unparsed': [{}],
+    'parsed': {},
+}]
+
+TEST_CASES_IS = [{
+    'name': 'bool',
+    'unparsed': [True],
+    'parsed': True,
+}, {
+    'name': 'Boolean',
+    'unparsed': [['Object', False]],
+    'parsed': False,
+}, {
+    'name': 'undefined',
+    'unparsed': -1,
+    'parsed': None,
+}, {
+    'name': 'null',
+    'unparsed': [None],
+    'parsed': None,
+}, {
+    'name': 'NaN',
+    'unparsed': -3,
+    'parsed': math.nan,
+}]
+
+TEST_CASES_INVALID = [{
+    'name': 'empty string',
+    'unparsed': '',
+    'error': ValueError,
+    'pattern': r'expected int or list as input',
+}, {
+    'name': 'hole',
+    'unparsed': -2,
+    'error': ValueError,
+    'pattern': r'invalid integer input',
+}, {
+    'name': 'string',
+    'unparsed': 'hello',
+    'error': ValueError,
+    'pattern': r'expected int or list as input',
+}, {
+    'name': 'number',
+    'unparsed': 42,
+    'error': ValueError,
+    'pattern': r'invalid integer input',
+}, {
+    'name': 'boolean',
+    'unparsed': True,
+    'error': ValueError,
+    'pattern': r'expected int or list as input',
+}, {
+    'name': 'null',
+    'unparsed': None,
+    'error': ValueError,
+    'pattern': r'expected int or list as input',
+}, {
+    'name': 'object',
+    'unparsed': {},
+    'error': ValueError,
+    'pattern': r'expected int or list as input',
+}, {
+    'name': 'empty array',
+    'unparsed': [],
+    'error': ValueError,
+    'pattern': r'expected a non-empty list as input',
+}, {
+    'name': 'Python negative indexing',
+    'unparsed': [[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, -7], 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7],
+    'error': IndexError,
+    'pattern': r'invalid index: -7',
+}]
+
+
+class TestDevalue(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_devalue_parse_equals(self):
+        for tc in TEST_CASES_EQUALS:
+            self.assertEqual(devalue.parse(tc['unparsed']), tc['parsed'], tc['name'])
+
+    def test_devalue_parse_is(self):
+        for tc in TEST_CASES_IS:
+            self.assertIs(devalue.parse(tc['unparsed']), tc['parsed'], tc['name'])
+
+    def test_devalue_parse_invalid(self):
+        for tc in TEST_CASES_INVALID:
+            with self.assertRaisesRegex(tc['error'], tc['pattern'], msg=tc['name']):
+                devalue.parse(tc['unparsed'])
+
+    def test_devalue_parse_cyclical(self):
+        name = 'Map (cyclical)'
+        result = devalue.parse([['Map', 1, 0], 'self'])
+        self.assertEqual(result[0][0], 'self', name)
+        self.assertIs(result, result[0][1], name)
+
+        name = 'Set (cyclical)'
+        result = devalue.parse([['Set', 0, 1], 42])
+        self.assertEqual(result[1], 42, name)
+        self.assertIs(result, result[0], name)
+
+        result = devalue.parse([[0]])
+        self.assertIs(result, result[0], 'Array (cyclical)')
+
+        name = 'Object (cyclical)'
+        result = devalue.parse([{'self': 0}])
+        self.assertIs(result, result['self'], name)
+
+        name = 'Object with null prototype (cyclical)'
+        result = devalue.parse([['null', 'self', 0]])
+        self.assertIs(result, result['self'], name)
+
+        name = 'Objects (cyclical)'
+        result = devalue.parse([[1, 2], {'second': 2}, {'first': 1}])
+        self.assertIs(result[0], result[1]['first'], name)
+        self.assertIs(result[1], result[0]['second'], name)
+
+    def test_devalue_parse_revivers(self):
+        self.assertEqual(
+            devalue.parse([['indirect', 1], {'a': 2}, 'b'], revivers={'indirect': lambda x: x}),
+            {'a': 'b'}, 'revivers (indirect)')
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            devalue.parse([['parse', 1], '{"a":0}'], revivers={'parse': lambda x: json.loads(x)}),
+            {'a': 0}, 'revivers (parse)')
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/test/test_download.py b/test/test_download.py
index 3f36869d9d..1714cb52ec 100755
--- a/test/test_download.py
+++ b/test/test_download.py
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import json
 
 from test.helper import (
     assertGreaterEqual,
+    assertLessEqual,
     expect_info_dict,
     expect_warnings,
     get_params,
@@ -65,10 +66,6 @@ tests_counter = collections.defaultdict(collections.Counter)
 
 @is_download_test
 class TestDownload(unittest.TestCase):
-    # Parallel testing in nosetests. See
-    # http://nose.readthedocs.org/en/latest/doc_tests/test_multiprocess/multiprocess.html
-    _multiprocess_shared_ = True
-
     maxDiff = None
 
     COMPLETED_TESTS = {}
@@ -121,10 +118,13 @@ def generator(test_case, tname):
         params = get_params(test_case.get('params', {}))
         params['outtmpl'] = tname + '_' + params['outtmpl']
         if is_playlist and 'playlist' not in test_case:
-            params.setdefault('extract_flat', 'in_playlist')
-            params.setdefault('playlistend', test_case.get(
-                'playlist_mincount', test_case.get('playlist_count', -2) + 1))
+            params.setdefault('playlistend', max(
+                test_case.get('playlist_mincount', -1),
+                test_case.get('playlist_count', -2) + 1,
+                test_case.get('playlist_maxcount', -2) + 1))
             params.setdefault('skip_download', True)
+            if 'playlist_duration_sum' not in test_case:
+                params.setdefault('extract_flat', 'in_playlist')
 
         ydl = YoutubeDL(params, auto_init=False)
         ydl.add_default_info_extractors()
@@ -159,6 +159,7 @@ def generator(test_case, tname):
                 try_rm(os.path.splitext(tc_filename)[0] + '.info.json')
         try_rm_tcs_files()
         try:
+            test_url = test_case['url']
             try_num = 1
             while True:
                 try:
@@ -166,7 +167,7 @@ def generator(test_case, tname):
                     # for outside error handling, and returns the exit code
                     # instead of the result dict.
                     res_dict = ydl.extract_info(
-                        test_case['url'],
+                        test_url,
                         force_generic_extractor=params.get('force_generic_extractor', False))
                 except (DownloadError, ExtractorError) as err:
                     # Check if the exception is not a network related one
@@ -194,23 +195,23 @@ def generator(test_case, tname):
                 self.assertTrue('entries' in res_dict)
                 expect_info_dict(self, res_dict, test_case.get('info_dict', {}))
 
+            num_entries = len(res_dict.get('entries', []))
             if 'playlist_mincount' in test_case:
+                mincount = test_case['playlist_mincount']
                 assertGreaterEqual(
-                    self,
-                    len(res_dict['entries']),
-                    test_case['playlist_mincount'],
-                    'Expected at least %d in playlist %s, but got only %d' % (
-                        test_case['playlist_mincount'], test_case['url'],
-                        len(res_dict['entries'])))
+                    self, num_entries, mincount,
+                    f'Expected at least {mincount} entries in playlist {test_url}, but got only {num_entries}')
             if 'playlist_count' in test_case:
+                count = test_case['playlist_count']
+                got = num_entries if num_entries <= count else 'more'
                 self.assertEqual(
-                    len(res_dict['entries']),
-                    test_case['playlist_count'],
-                    'Expected %d entries in playlist %s, but got %d.' % (
-                        test_case['playlist_count'],
-                        test_case['url'],
-                        len(res_dict['entries']),
-                    ))
+                    num_entries, count,
+                    f'Expected exactly {count} entries in playlist {test_url}, but got {got}')
+            if 'playlist_maxcount' in test_case:
+                maxcount = test_case['playlist_maxcount']
+                assertLessEqual(
+                    self, num_entries, maxcount,
+                    f'Expected at most {maxcount} entries in playlist {test_url}, but got more')
             if 'playlist_duration_sum' in test_case:
                 got_duration = sum(e['duration'] for e in res_dict['entries'])
                 self.assertEqual(
diff --git a/test/test_http_proxy.py b/test/test_http_proxy.py
index 2435c878a5..e903ff8beb 100644
--- a/test/test_http_proxy.py
+++ b/test/test_http_proxy.py
@@ -331,10 +331,6 @@ class TestHTTPConnectProxy:
                 assert proxy_info['proxy'] == server_address
                 assert 'Proxy-Authorization' in proxy_info['headers']
 
-    @pytest.mark.skip_handler(
-        'Requests',
-        'bug in urllib3 causes unclosed socket: https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/3374',
-    )
     def test_http_connect_bad_auth(self, handler, ctx):
         with ctx.http_server(HTTPConnectProxyHandler, username='test', password='test') as server_address:
             with handler(verify=False, proxies={ctx.REQUEST_PROTO: f'http://test:bad@{server_address}'}) as rh:
diff --git a/test/test_jsinterp.py b/test/test_jsinterp.py
index ed3ca61c4b..43b1d0fdee 100644
--- a/test/test_jsinterp.py
+++ b/test/test_jsinterp.py
@@ -118,6 +118,7 @@ class TestJSInterpreter(unittest.TestCase):
         self._test('function f(){var x = 20; x = 30 + 1; return x;}', 31)
         self._test('function f(){var x = 20; x += 30 + 1; return x;}', 51)
         self._test('function f(){var x = 20; x -= 30 + 1; return x;}', -11)
+        self._test('function f(){var x = 2; var y = ["a", "b"]; y[x%y["length"]]="z"; return y}', ['z', 'b'])
 
     @unittest.skip('Not implemented')
     def test_comments(self):
@@ -384,7 +385,7 @@ class TestJSInterpreter(unittest.TestCase):
     @unittest.skip('Not implemented')
     def test_packed(self):
         jsi = JSInterpreter('''function f(p,a,c,k,e,d){while(c--)if(k[c])p=p.replace(new RegExp('\\b'+c.toString(a)+'\\b','g'),k[c]);return p}''')
-        self.assertEqual(jsi.call_function('f', '''h 7=g("1j");7.7h({7g:[{33:"w://7f-7e-7d-7c.v.7b/7a/79/78/77/76.74?t=73&s=2s&e=72&f=2t&71=70.0.0.1&6z=6y&6x=6w"}],6v:"w://32.v.u/6u.31",16:"r%",15:"r%",6t:"6s",6r:"",6q:"l",6p:"l",6o:"6n",6m:\'6l\',6k:"6j",9:[{33:"/2u?b=6i&n=50&6h=w://32.v.u/6g.31",6f:"6e"}],1y:{6d:1,6c:\'#6b\',6a:\'#69\',68:"67",66:30,65:r,},"64":{63:"%62 2m%m%61%5z%5y%5x.u%5w%5v%5u.2y%22 2k%m%1o%22 5t%m%1o%22 5s%m%1o%22 2j%m%5r%22 16%m%5q%22 15%m%5p%22 5o%2z%5n%5m%2z",5l:"w://v.u/d/1k/5k.2y",5j:[]},\'5i\':{"5h":"5g"},5f:"5e",5d:"w://v.u",5c:{},5b:l,1x:[0.25,0.50,0.75,1,1.25,1.5,2]});h 1m,1n,5a;h 59=0,58=0;h 7=g("1j");h 2x=0,57=0,56=0;$.55({54:{\'53-52\':\'2i-51\'}});7.j(\'4z\',6(x){c(5>0&&x.1l>=5&&1n!=1){1n=1;$(\'q.4y\').4x(\'4w\')}});7.j(\'13\',6(x){2x=x.1l});7.j(\'2g\',6(x){2w(x)});7.j(\'4v\',6(){$(\'q.2v\').4u()});6 2w(x){$(\'q.2v\').4t();c(1m)19;1m=1;17=0;c(4s.4r===l){17=1}$.4q(\'/2u?b=4p&2l=1k&4o=2t-4n-4m-2s-4l&4k=&4j=&4i=&17=\'+17,6(2r){$(\'#4h\').4g(2r)});$(\'.3-8-4f-4e:4d("4c")\').2h(6(e){2q();g().4b(0);g().4a(l)});6 2q(){h $14=$("<q />").2p({1l:"49",16:"r%",15:"r%",48:0,2n:0,2o:47,46:"45(10%, 10%, 10%, 0.4)","44-43":"42"});$("<41 />").2p({16:"60%",15:"60%",2o:40,"3z-2n":"3y"}).3x({\'2m\':\'/?b=3w&2l=1k\',\'2k\':\'0\',\'2j\':\'2i\'}).2f($14);$14.2h(6(){$(3v).3u();g().2g()});$14.2f($(\'#1j\'))}g().13(0);}6 3t(){h 9=7.1b(2e);2d.2c(9);c(9.n>1){1r(i=0;i<9.n;i++){c(9[i].1a==2e){2d.2c(\'!!=\'+i);7.1p(i)}}}}7.j(\'3s\',6(){g().1h("/2a/3r.29","3q 10 28",6(){g().13(g().27()+10)},"2b");$("q[26=2b]").23().21(\'.3-20-1z\');g().1h("/2a/3p.29","3o 10 28",6(){h 12=g().27()-10;c(12<0)12=0;g().13(12)},"24");$("q[26=24]").23().21(\'.3-20-1z\');});6 1i(){}7.j(\'3n\',6(){1i()});7.j(\'3m\',6(){1i()});7.j("k",6(y){h 9=7.1b();c(9.n<2)19;$(\'.3-8-3l-3k\').3j(6(){$(\'#3-8-a-k\').1e(\'3-8-a-z\');$(\'.3-a-k\').p(\'o-1f\',\'11\')});7.1h("/3i/3h.3g","3f 3e",6(){$(\'.3-1w\').3d(\'3-8-1v\');$(\'.3-8-1y, .3-8-1x\').p(\'o-1g\',\'11\');c($(\'.3-1w\').3c(\'3-8-1v\')){$(\'.3-a-k\').p(\'o-1g\',\'l\');$(\'.3-a-k\').p(\'o-1f\',\'l\');$(\'.3-8-a\').1e(\'3-8-a-z\');$(\'.3-8-a:1u\').3b(\'3-8-a-z\')}3a{$(\'.3-a-k\').p(\'o-1g\',\'11\');$(\'.3-a-k\').p(\'o-1f\',\'11\');$(\'.3-8-a:1u\').1e(\'3-8-a-z\')}},"39");7.j("38",6(y){1d.37(\'1c\',y.9[y.36].1a)});c(1d.1t(\'1c\')){35("1s(1d.1t(\'1c\'));",34)}});h 18;6 1s(1q){h 9=7.1b();c(9.n>1){1r(i=0;i<9.n;i++){c(9[i].1a==1q){c(i==18){19}18=i;7.1p(i)}}}}',36,270,'|||jw|||function|player|settings|tracks|submenu||if||||jwplayer|var||on|audioTracks|true|3D|length|aria|attr|div|100|||sx|filemoon|https||event|active||false|tt|seek|dd|height|width|adb|current_audio|return|name|getAudioTracks|default_audio|localStorage|removeClass|expanded|checked|addButton|callMeMaybe|vplayer|0fxcyc2ajhp1|position|vvplay|vvad|220|setCurrentAudioTrack|audio_name|for|audio_set|getItem|last|open|controls|playbackRates|captions|rewind|icon|insertAfter||detach|ff00||button|getPosition|sec|png|player8|ff11|log|console|track_name|appendTo|play|click|no|scrolling|frameborder|file_code|src|top|zIndex|css|showCCform|data|1662367683|383371|dl|video_ad|doPlay|prevt|mp4|3E||jpg|thumbs|file|300|setTimeout|currentTrack|setItem|audioTrackChanged|dualSound|else|addClass|hasClass|toggleClass|Track|Audio|svg|dualy|images|mousedown|buttons|topbar|playAttemptFailed|beforePlay|Rewind|fr|Forward|ff|ready|set_audio_track|remove|this|upload_srt|prop|50px|margin|1000001|iframe|center|align|text|rgba|background|1000000|left|absolute|pause|setCurrentCaptions|Upload|contains|item|content|html|fviews|referer|prem|embed|3e57249ef633e0d03bf76ceb8d8a4b65|216|83|hash|view|get|TokenZir|window|hide|show|complete|slow|fadeIn|video_ad_fadein|time||cache|Cache|Content|headers|ajaxSetup|v2done|tott|vastdone2|vastdone1|vvbefore|playbackRateControls|cast|aboutlink|FileMoon|abouttext|UHD|1870|qualityLabels|sites|GNOME_POWER|link|2Fiframe|3C|allowfullscreen|22360|22640|22no|marginheight|marginwidth|2FGNOME_POWER|2F0fxcyc2ajhp1|2Fe|2Ffilemoon|2F|3A||22https|3Ciframe|code|sharing|fontOpacity|backgroundOpacity|Tahoma|fontFamily|303030|backgroundColor|FFFFFF|color|userFontScale|thumbnails|kind|0fxcyc2ajhp10000|url|get_slides|start|startparam|none|preload|html5|primary|hlshtml|androidhls|duration|uniform|stretching|0fxcyc2ajhp1_xt|image|2048|sp|6871|asn|127|srv|43200|_g3XlBcu2lmD9oDexD2NLWSmah2Nu3XcDrl93m9PwXY|m3u8||master|0fxcyc2ajhp1_x|00076|01|hls2|to|s01|delivery|storage|moon|sources|setup'''.split('|')))
+        self.assertEqual(jsi.call_function('f', '''h 7=g("1j");7.7h({7g:[{33:"w://7f-7e-7d-7c.v.7b/7a/79/78/77/76.74?t=73&s=2s&e=72&f=2t&71=70.0.0.1&6z=6y&6x=6w"}],6v:"w://32.v.u/6u.31",16:"r%",15:"r%",6t:"6s",6r:"",6q:"l",6p:"l",6o:"6n",6m:\'6l\',6k:"6j",9:[{33:"/2u?b=6i&n=50&6h=w://32.v.u/6g.31",6f:"6e"}],1y:{6d:1,6c:\'#6b\',6a:\'#69\',68:"67",66:30,65:r,},"64":{63:"%62 2m%m%61%5z%5y%5x.u%5w%5v%5u.2y%22 2k%m%1o%22 5t%m%1o%22 5s%m%1o%22 2j%m%5r%22 16%m%5q%22 15%m%5p%22 5o%2z%5n%5m%2z",5l:"w://v.u/d/1k/5k.2y",5j:[]},\'5i\':{"5h":"5g"},5f:"5e",5d:"w://v.u",5c:{},5b:l,1x:[0.25,0.50,0.75,1,1.25,1.5,2]});h 1m,1n,5a;h 59=0,58=0;h 7=g("1j");h 2x=0,57=0,56=0;$.55({54:{\'53-52\':\'2i-51\'}});7.j(\'4z\',6(x){c(5>0&&x.1l>=5&&1n!=1){1n=1;$(\'q.4y\').4x(\'4w\')}});7.j(\'13\',6(x){2x=x.1l});7.j(\'2g\',6(x){2w(x)});7.j(\'4v\',6(){$(\'q.2v\').4u()});6 2w(x){$(\'q.2v\').4t();c(1m)19;1m=1;17=0;c(4s.4r===l){17=1}$.4q(\'/2u?b=4p&2l=1k&4o=2t-4n-4m-2s-4l&4k=&4j=&4i=&17=\'+17,6(2r){$(\'#4h\').4g(2r)});$(\'.3-8-4f-4e:4d("4c")\').2h(6(e){2q();g().4b(0);g().4a(l)});6 2q(){h $14=$("<q />").2p({1l:"49",16:"r%",15:"r%",48:0,2n:0,2o:47,46:"45(10%, 10%, 10%, 0.4)","44-43":"42"});$("<41 />").2p({16:"60%",15:"60%",2o:40,"3z-2n":"3y"}).3x({\'2m\':\'/?b=3w&2l=1k\',\'2k\':\'0\',\'2j\':\'2i\'}).2f($14);$14.2h(6(){$(3v).3u();g().2g()});$14.2f($(\'#1j\'))}g().13(0);}6 3t(){h 9=7.1b(2e);2d.2c(9);c(9.n>1){1r(i=0;i<9.n;i++){c(9[i].1a==2e){2d.2c(\'!!=\'+i);7.1p(i)}}}}7.j(\'3s\',6(){g().1h("/2a/3r.29","3q 10 28",6(){g().13(g().27()+10)},"2b");$("q[26=2b]").23().21(\'.3-20-1z\');g().1h("/2a/3p.29","3o 10 28",6(){h 12=g().27()-10;c(12<0)12=0;g().13(12)},"24");$("q[26=24]").23().21(\'.3-20-1z\');});6 1i(){}7.j(\'3n\',6(){1i()});7.j(\'3m\',6(){1i()});7.j("k",6(y){h 9=7.1b();c(9.n<2)19;$(\'.3-8-3l-3k\').3j(6(){$(\'#3-8-a-k\').1e(\'3-8-a-z\');$(\'.3-a-k\').p(\'o-1f\',\'11\')});7.1h("/3i/3h.3g","3f 3e",6(){$(\'.3-1w\').3d(\'3-8-1v\');$(\'.3-8-1y, .3-8-1x\').p(\'o-1g\',\'11\');c($(\'.3-1w\').3c(\'3-8-1v\')){$(\'.3-a-k\').p(\'o-1g\',\'l\');$(\'.3-a-k\').p(\'o-1f\',\'l\');$(\'.3-8-a\').1e(\'3-8-a-z\');$(\'.3-8-a:1u\').3b(\'3-8-a-z\')}3a{$(\'.3-a-k\').p(\'o-1g\',\'11\');$(\'.3-a-k\').p(\'o-1f\',\'11\');$(\'.3-8-a:1u\').1e(\'3-8-a-z\')}},"39");7.j("38",6(y){1d.37(\'1c\',y.9[y.36].1a)});c(1d.1t(\'1c\')){35("1s(1d.1t(\'1c\'));",34)}});h 18;6 1s(1q){h 9=7.1b();c(9.n>1){1r(i=0;i<9.n;i++){c(9[i].1a==1q){c(i==18){19}18=i;7.1p(i)}}}}',36,270,'|||jw|||function|player|settings|tracks|submenu||if||||jwplayer|var||on|audioTracks|true|3D|length|aria|attr|div|100|||sx|filemoon|https||event|active||false|tt|seek|dd|height|width|adb|current_audio|return|name|getAudioTracks|default_audio|localStorage|removeClass|expanded|checked|addButton|callMeMaybe|vplayer|0fxcyc2ajhp1|position|vvplay|vvad|220|setCurrentAudioTrack|audio_name|for|audio_set|getItem|last|open|controls|playbackRates|captions|rewind|icon|insertAfter||detach|ff00||button|getPosition|sec|png|player8|ff11|log|console|track_name|appendTo|play|click|no|scrolling|frameborder|file_code|src|top|zIndex|css|showCCform|data|1662367683|383371|dl|video_ad|doPlay|prevt|mp4|3E||jpg|thumbs|file|300|setTimeout|currentTrack|setItem|audioTrackChanged|dualSound|else|addClass|hasClass|toggleClass|Track|Audio|svg|dualy|images|mousedown|buttons|topbar|playAttemptFailed|beforePlay|Rewind|fr|Forward|ff|ready|set_audio_track|remove|this|upload_srt|prop|50px|margin|1000001|iframe|center|align|text|rgba|background|1000000|left|absolute|pause|setCurrentCaptions|Upload|contains|item|content|html|fviews|referer|prem|embed|3e57249ef633e0d03bf76ceb8d8a4b65|216|83|hash|view|get|TokenZir|window|hide|show|complete|slow|fadeIn|video_ad_fadein|time||cache|Cache|Content|headers|ajaxSetup|v2done|tott|vastdone2|vastdone1|vvbefore|playbackRateControls|cast|aboutlink|FileMoon|abouttext|UHD|1870|qualityLabels|sites|GNOME_POWER|link|2Fiframe|3C|allowfullscreen|22360|22640|22no|marginheight|marginwidth|2FGNOME_POWER|2F0fxcyc2ajhp1|2Fe|2Ffilemoon|2F|3A||22https|3Ciframe|code|sharing|fontOpacity|backgroundOpacity|Tahoma|fontFamily|303030|backgroundColor|FFFFFF|color|userFontScale|thumbnails|kind|0fxcyc2ajhp10000|url|get_slides|start|startparam|none|preload|html5|primary|hlshtml|androidhls|duration|uniform|stretching|0fxcyc2ajhp1_xt|image|2048|sp|6871|asn|127|srv|43200|_g3XlBcu2lmD9oDexD2NLWSmah2Nu3XcDrl93m9PwXY|m3u8||master|0fxcyc2ajhp1_x|00076|01|hls2|to|s01|delivery|storage|moon|sources|setup'''.split('|')))  # noqa: SIM905
 
     def test_join(self):
         test_input = list('test')
@@ -403,6 +404,8 @@ class TestJSInterpreter(unittest.TestCase):
         test_result = list('test')
         tests = [
             'function f(a, b){return a.split(b)}',
+            'function f(a, b){return a["split"](b)}',
+            'function f(a, b){let x = ["split"]; return a[x[0]](b)}',
             'function f(a, b){return String.prototype.split.call(a, b)}',
             'function f(a, b){return String.prototype.split.apply(a, [b])}',
         ]
@@ -441,6 +444,9 @@ class TestJSInterpreter(unittest.TestCase):
         self._test('function f(){return "012345678".slice(-1, 1)}', '')
         self._test('function f(){return "012345678".slice(-3, -1)}', '67')
 
+    def test_splice(self):
+        self._test('function f(){var T = ["0", "1", "2"]; T["splice"](2, 1, "0")[0]; return T }', ['0', '1', '0'])
+
     def test_js_number_to_string(self):
         for test, radix, expected in [
             (0, None, '0'),
@@ -462,6 +468,79 @@ class TestJSInterpreter(unittest.TestCase):
         ]:
             assert js_number_to_string(test, radix) == expected
 
+    def test_extract_function(self):
+        jsi = JSInterpreter('function a(b) { return b + 1; }')
+        func = jsi.extract_function('a')
+        self.assertEqual(func([2]), 3)
+
+    def test_extract_function_with_global_stack(self):
+        jsi = JSInterpreter('function c(d) { return d + e + f + g; }')
+        func = jsi.extract_function('c', {'e': 10}, {'f': 100, 'g': 1000})
+        self.assertEqual(func([1]), 1111)
+
+    def test_extract_object(self):
+        jsi = JSInterpreter('var a={};a.xy={};var xy;var zxy={};xy={z:function(){return "abc"}};')
+        self.assertTrue('z' in jsi.extract_object('xy', None))
+
+    def test_increment_decrement(self):
+        self._test('function f() { var x = 1; return ++x; }', 2)
+        self._test('function f() { var x = 1; return x++; }', 1)
+        self._test('function f() { var x = 1; x--; return x }', 0)
+        self._test('function f() { var y; var x = 1; x++, --x, x--, x--, y="z", "abc", x++; return --x }', -1)
+        self._test('function f() { var a = "test--"; return a; }', 'test--')
+        self._test('function f() { var b = 1; var a = "b--"; return a; }', 'b--')
+
+    def test_nested_function_scoping(self):
+        self._test(R'''
+            function f() {
+                var g = function() {
+                    var P = 2;
+                    return P;
+                };
+                var P = 1;
+                g();
+                return P;
+            }
+        ''', 1)
+        self._test(R'''
+            function f() {
+                var x = function() {
+                    for (var w = 1, M = []; w < 2; w++) switch (w) {
+                        case 1:
+                            M.push("a");
+                        case 2:
+                            M.push("b");
+                    }
+                    return M
+                };
+                var w = "c";
+                var M = "d";
+                var y = x();
+                y.push(w);
+                y.push(M);
+                return y;
+            }
+        ''', ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])
+        self._test(R'''
+            function f() {
+                var P, Q;
+                var z = 100;
+                var g = function() {
+                    var P, Q; P = 2; Q = 15;
+                    z = 0;
+                    return P+Q;
+                };
+                P = 1; Q = 10;
+                var x = g(), y = 3;
+                return P+Q+x+y+z;
+            }
+        ''', 31)
+
+    def test_undefined_varnames(self):
+        jsi = JSInterpreter('function f(){ var a; return [a, b]; }')
+        self._test(jsi, [JS_Undefined, JS_Undefined])
+        self.assertEqual(jsi._undefined_varnames, {'b'})
+
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/test/test_networking.py b/test/test_networking.py
index 63914bc4ba..afdd0c7aa7 100644
--- a/test/test_networking.py
+++ b/test/test_networking.py
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ import ssl
 import tempfile
 import threading
 import time
-import urllib.error
 import urllib.request
 import warnings
 import zlib
@@ -39,6 +38,7 @@ from yt_dlp.cookies import YoutubeDLCookieJar
 from yt_dlp.dependencies import brotli, curl_cffi, requests, urllib3
 from yt_dlp.networking import (
     HEADRequest,
+    PATCHRequest,
     PUTRequest,
     Request,
     RequestDirector,
@@ -222,10 +222,7 @@ class HTTPTestRequestHandler(http.server.BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
                 if encoding == 'br' and brotli:
                     payload = brotli.compress(payload)
                 elif encoding == 'gzip':
-                    buf = io.BytesIO()
-                    with gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=buf, mode='wb') as f:
-                        f.write(payload)
-                    payload = buf.getvalue()
+                    payload = gzip.compress(payload, mtime=0)
                 elif encoding == 'deflate':
                     payload = zlib.compress(payload)
                 elif encoding == 'unsupported':
@@ -614,7 +611,6 @@ class TestHTTPRequestHandler(TestRequestHandlerBase):
                 rh, Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/source_address')).read().decode()
             assert source_address == data
 
-    # Not supported by CurlCFFI
     @pytest.mark.skip_handler('CurlCFFI', 'not supported by curl-cffi')
     def test_gzip_trailing_garbage(self, handler):
         with handler() as rh:
@@ -729,6 +725,17 @@ class TestHTTPRequestHandler(TestRequestHandlerBase):
 
             assert 'X-test-heaDer: test' in res
 
+    def test_partial_read_then_full_read(self, handler):
+        with handler() as rh:
+            for encoding in ('', 'gzip', 'deflate'):
+                res = validate_and_send(rh, Request(
+                    f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/content-encoding',
+                    headers={'ytdl-encoding': encoding}))
+                assert res.headers.get('Content-Encoding') == encoding
+                assert res.read(6) == b'<html>'
+                assert res.read(0) == b''
+                assert res.read() == b'<video src="/vid.mp4" /></html>'
+
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Urllib', 'Requests', 'CurlCFFI'], indirect=True)
 class TestClientCertificate:
@@ -1857,6 +1864,7 @@ class TestRequest:
 
     def test_request_helpers(self):
         assert HEADRequest('http://example.com').method == 'HEAD'
+        assert PATCHRequest('http://example.com').method == 'PATCH'
         assert PUTRequest('http://example.com').method == 'PUT'
 
     def test_headers(self):
diff --git a/test/test_networking_utils.py b/test/test_networking_utils.py
index 204fe87bda..a2feacba71 100644
--- a/test/test_networking_utils.py
+++ b/test/test_networking_utils.py
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ from yt_dlp.networking._helper import (
     add_accept_encoding_header,
     get_redirect_method,
     make_socks_proxy_opts,
-    select_proxy,
     ssl_load_certs,
 )
 from yt_dlp.networking.exceptions import (
@@ -28,7 +27,7 @@ from yt_dlp.networking.exceptions import (
     IncompleteRead,
 )
 from yt_dlp.socks import ProxyType
-from yt_dlp.utils.networking import HTTPHeaderDict
+from yt_dlp.utils.networking import HTTPHeaderDict, select_proxy
 
 TEST_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
 
diff --git a/test/test_overwrites.py b/test/test_overwrites.py
index 0beafdf12e..96a77a0081 100644
--- a/test/test_overwrites.py
+++ b/test/test_overwrites.py
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class TestOverwrites(unittest.TestCase):
                 '-o', 'test.webm',
                 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jNQXAC9IVRw',
             ], cwd=root_dir, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
-        sout, serr = outp.communicate()
+        sout, _ = outp.communicate()
         self.assertTrue(b'has already been downloaded' in sout)
         # if the file has no content, it has not been redownloaded
         self.assertTrue(os.path.getsize(download_file) < 1)
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class TestOverwrites(unittest.TestCase):
                 '-o', 'test.webm',
                 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jNQXAC9IVRw',
             ], cwd=root_dir, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
-        sout, serr = outp.communicate()
+        sout, _ = outp.communicate()
         self.assertTrue(b'has already been downloaded' not in sout)
         # if the file has no content, it has not been redownloaded
         self.assertTrue(os.path.getsize(download_file) > 1)
diff --git a/test/test_postprocessors.py b/test/test_postprocessors.py
index 603f85c654..ecc73e39eb 100644
--- a/test/test_postprocessors.py
+++ b/test/test_postprocessors.py
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ import unittest
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
 
 
+import subprocess
+
 from yt_dlp import YoutubeDL
 from yt_dlp.utils import shell_quote
 from yt_dlp.postprocessor import (
@@ -47,7 +49,18 @@ class TestConvertThumbnail(unittest.TestCase):
             print('Skipping: ffmpeg not found')
             return
 
-        file = 'test/testdata/thumbnails/foo %d bar/foo_%d.{}'
+        test_data_dir = 'test/testdata/thumbnails'
+        generated_file = f'{test_data_dir}/empty.webp'
+
+        subprocess.check_call([
+            pp.executable, '-y', '-f', 'lavfi', '-i', 'color=c=black:s=320x320',
+            '-c:v', 'libwebp', '-pix_fmt', 'yuv420p', '-vframes', '1', generated_file,
+        ], stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL, stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL)
+
+        file = test_data_dir + '/foo %d bar/foo_%d.{}'
+        initial_file = file.format('webp')
+        os.replace(generated_file, initial_file)
+
         tests = (('webp', 'png'), ('png', 'jpg'))
 
         for inp, out in tests:
@@ -55,11 +68,13 @@ class TestConvertThumbnail(unittest.TestCase):
             if os.path.exists(out_file):
                 os.remove(out_file)
             pp.convert_thumbnail(file.format(inp), out)
-            assert os.path.exists(out_file)
+            self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(out_file))
 
         for _, out in tests:
             os.remove(file.format(out))
 
+        os.remove(initial_file)
+
 
 class TestExec(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_parse_cmd(self):
@@ -610,3 +625,7 @@ outpoint 10.000000
         self.assertEqual(
             r"'special '\'' characters '\'' galore'\'\'\'",
             self._pp._quote_for_ffmpeg("special ' characters ' galore'''"))
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/test/test_pot/conftest.py b/test/test_pot/conftest.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ff0667e928
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/test_pot/conftest.py
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+import collections
+
+import pytest
+
+from yt_dlp import YoutubeDL
+from yt_dlp.cookies import YoutubeDLCookieJar
+from yt_dlp.extractor.common import InfoExtractor
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot._provider import IEContentProviderLogger
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.provider import PoTokenRequest, PoTokenContext
+from yt_dlp.utils.networking import HTTPHeaderDict
+
+
+class MockLogger(IEContentProviderLogger):
+
+    log_level = IEContentProviderLogger.LogLevel.TRACE
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.messages = collections.defaultdict(list)
+
+    def trace(self, message: str):
+        self.messages['trace'].append(message)
+
+    def debug(self, message: str):
+        self.messages['debug'].append(message)
+
+    def info(self, message: str):
+        self.messages['info'].append(message)
+
+    def warning(self, message: str, *, once=False):
+        self.messages['warning'].append(message)
+
+    def error(self, message: str):
+        self.messages['error'].append(message)
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def ie() -> InfoExtractor:
+    ydl = YoutubeDL()
+    return ydl.get_info_extractor('Youtube')
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def logger() -> MockLogger:
+    return MockLogger()
+
+
+@pytest.fixture()
+def pot_request() -> PoTokenRequest:
+    return PoTokenRequest(
+        context=PoTokenContext.GVS,
+        innertube_context={'client': {'clientName': 'WEB'}},
+        innertube_host='youtube.com',
+        session_index=None,
+        player_url=None,
+        is_authenticated=False,
+        video_webpage=None,
+
+        visitor_data='example-visitor-data',
+        data_sync_id='example-data-sync-id',
+        video_id='example-video-id',
+
+        request_cookiejar=YoutubeDLCookieJar(),
+        request_proxy=None,
+        request_headers=HTTPHeaderDict(),
+        request_timeout=None,
+        request_source_address=None,
+        request_verify_tls=True,
+
+        bypass_cache=False,
+    )
diff --git a/test/test_pot/test_pot_builtin_memorycache.py b/test/test_pot/test_pot_builtin_memorycache.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ea19fbe29f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/test_pot/test_pot_builtin_memorycache.py
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+import threading
+import time
+from collections import OrderedDict
+import pytest
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot._provider import IEContentProvider, BuiltinIEContentProvider
+from yt_dlp.utils import bug_reports_message
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot._builtin.memory_cache import MemoryLRUPCP, memorylru_preference, initialize_global_cache
+from yt_dlp.version import __version__
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot._registry import _pot_cache_providers, _pot_memory_cache
+
+
+class TestMemoryLRUPCS:
+
+    def test_base_type(self):
+        assert issubclass(MemoryLRUPCP, IEContentProvider)
+        assert issubclass(MemoryLRUPCP, BuiltinIEContentProvider)
+
+    @pytest.fixture
+    def pcp(self, ie, logger) -> MemoryLRUPCP:
+        return MemoryLRUPCP(ie, logger, {}, initialize_cache=lambda max_size: (OrderedDict(), threading.Lock(), max_size))
+
+    def test_is_registered(self):
+        assert _pot_cache_providers.value.get('MemoryLRU') == MemoryLRUPCP
+
+    def test_initialization(self, pcp):
+        assert pcp.PROVIDER_NAME == 'memory'
+        assert pcp.PROVIDER_VERSION == __version__
+        assert pcp.BUG_REPORT_MESSAGE == bug_reports_message(before='')
+        assert pcp.is_available()
+
+    def test_store_and_get(self, pcp):
+        pcp.store('key1', 'value1', int(time.time()) + 60)
+        assert pcp.get('key1') == 'value1'
+        assert len(pcp.cache) == 1
+
+    def test_store_ignore_expired(self, pcp):
+        pcp.store('key1', 'value1', int(time.time()) - 1)
+        assert len(pcp.cache) == 0
+        assert pcp.get('key1') is None
+        assert len(pcp.cache) == 0
+
+    def test_store_override_existing_key(self, ie, logger):
+        MAX_SIZE = 2
+        pcp = MemoryLRUPCP(ie, logger, {}, initialize_cache=lambda max_size: (OrderedDict(), threading.Lock(), MAX_SIZE))
+        pcp.store('key1', 'value1', int(time.time()) + 60)
+        pcp.store('key2', 'value2', int(time.time()) + 60)
+        assert len(pcp.cache) == 2
+        pcp.store('key1', 'value2', int(time.time()) + 60)
+        # Ensure that the override key gets added to the end of the cache instead of in the same position
+        pcp.store('key3', 'value3', int(time.time()) + 60)
+        assert pcp.get('key1') == 'value2'
+
+    def test_store_ignore_expired_existing_key(self, pcp):
+        pcp.store('key1', 'value2', int(time.time()) + 60)
+        pcp.store('key1', 'value1', int(time.time()) - 1)
+        assert len(pcp.cache) == 1
+        assert pcp.get('key1') == 'value2'
+        assert len(pcp.cache) == 1
+
+    def test_get_key_expired(self, pcp):
+        pcp.store('key1', 'value1', int(time.time()) + 60)
+        assert pcp.get('key1') == 'value1'
+        assert len(pcp.cache) == 1
+        pcp.cache['key1'] = ('value1', int(time.time()) - 1)
+        assert pcp.get('key1') is None
+        assert len(pcp.cache) == 0
+
+    def test_lru_eviction(self, ie, logger):
+        MAX_SIZE = 2
+        provider = MemoryLRUPCP(ie, logger, {}, initialize_cache=lambda max_size: (OrderedDict(), threading.Lock(), MAX_SIZE))
+        provider.store('key1', 'value1', int(time.time()) + 5)
+        provider.store('key2', 'value2', int(time.time()) + 5)
+        assert len(provider.cache) == 2
+
+        assert provider.get('key1') == 'value1'
+
+        provider.store('key3', 'value3', int(time.time()) + 5)
+        assert len(provider.cache) == 2
+
+        assert provider.get('key2') is None
+
+        provider.store('key4', 'value4', int(time.time()) + 5)
+        assert len(provider.cache) == 2
+
+        assert provider.get('key1') is None
+        assert provider.get('key3') == 'value3'
+        assert provider.get('key4') == 'value4'
+
+    def test_delete(self, pcp):
+        pcp.store('key1', 'value1', int(time.time()) + 5)
+        assert len(pcp.cache) == 1
+        assert pcp.get('key1') == 'value1'
+        pcp.delete('key1')
+        assert len(pcp.cache) == 0
+        assert pcp.get('key1') is None
+
+    def test_use_global_cache_default(self, ie, logger):
+        pcp = MemoryLRUPCP(ie, logger, {})
+        assert pcp.max_size == _pot_memory_cache.value['max_size'] == 25
+        assert pcp.cache is _pot_memory_cache.value['cache']
+        assert pcp.lock is _pot_memory_cache.value['lock']
+
+        pcp2 = MemoryLRUPCP(ie, logger, {})
+        assert pcp.max_size == pcp2.max_size == _pot_memory_cache.value['max_size'] == 25
+        assert pcp.cache is pcp2.cache is _pot_memory_cache.value['cache']
+        assert pcp.lock is pcp2.lock is _pot_memory_cache.value['lock']
+
+    def test_fail_max_size_change_global(self, ie, logger):
+        pcp = MemoryLRUPCP(ie, logger, {})
+        assert pcp.max_size == _pot_memory_cache.value['max_size'] == 25
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='Cannot change max_size of initialized global memory cache'):
+            initialize_global_cache(50)
+
+        assert pcp.max_size == _pot_memory_cache.value['max_size'] == 25
+
+    def test_memory_lru_preference(self, pcp, ie, pot_request):
+        assert memorylru_preference(pcp, pot_request) == 10000
diff --git a/test/test_pot/test_pot_builtin_utils.py b/test/test_pot/test_pot_builtin_utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7645ba601f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/test_pot/test_pot_builtin_utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+import pytest
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.provider import (
+    PoTokenContext,
+
+)
+
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.utils import get_webpo_content_binding, ContentBindingType
+
+
+class TestGetWebPoContentBinding:
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('client_name, context, is_authenticated, expected', [
+        *[(client, context, is_authenticated, expected) for client in [
+            'WEB', 'MWEB', 'TVHTML5', 'WEB_EMBEDDED_PLAYER', 'WEB_CREATOR', 'TVHTML5_SIMPLY_EMBEDDED_PLAYER', 'TVHTML5_SIMPLY']
+          for context, is_authenticated, expected in [
+            (PoTokenContext.GVS, False, ('example-visitor-data', ContentBindingType.VISITOR_DATA)),
+            (PoTokenContext.PLAYER, False, ('example-video-id', ContentBindingType.VIDEO_ID)),
+            (PoTokenContext.SUBS, False, ('example-video-id', ContentBindingType.VIDEO_ID)),
+            (PoTokenContext.GVS, True, ('example-data-sync-id', ContentBindingType.DATASYNC_ID)),
+        ]],
+        ('WEB_REMIX', PoTokenContext.GVS, False, ('example-visitor-data', ContentBindingType.VISITOR_DATA)),
+        ('WEB_REMIX', PoTokenContext.PLAYER, False, ('example-visitor-data', ContentBindingType.VISITOR_DATA)),
+        ('ANDROID', PoTokenContext.GVS, False, (None, None)),
+        ('IOS', PoTokenContext.GVS, False, (None, None)),
+    ])
+    def test_get_webpo_content_binding(self, pot_request, client_name, context, is_authenticated, expected):
+        pot_request.innertube_context['client']['clientName'] = client_name
+        pot_request.context = context
+        pot_request.is_authenticated = is_authenticated
+        assert get_webpo_content_binding(pot_request) == expected
+
+    def test_extract_visitor_id(self, pot_request):
+        pot_request.visitor_data = 'CgsxMjNhYmNYWVpfLSiA4s%2DqBg%3D%3D'
+        assert get_webpo_content_binding(pot_request, bind_to_visitor_id=True) == ('123abcXYZ_-', ContentBindingType.VISITOR_ID)
+
+    def test_invalid_visitor_id(self, pot_request):
+        # visitor id not alphanumeric (i.e. protobuf extraction failed)
+        pot_request.visitor_data = 'CggxMjM0NTY3OCiA4s-qBg%3D%3D'
+        assert get_webpo_content_binding(pot_request, bind_to_visitor_id=True) == (pot_request.visitor_data, ContentBindingType.VISITOR_DATA)
+
+    def test_no_visitor_id(self, pot_request):
+        pot_request.visitor_data = 'KIDiz6oG'
+        assert get_webpo_content_binding(pot_request, bind_to_visitor_id=True) == (pot_request.visitor_data, ContentBindingType.VISITOR_DATA)
+
+    def test_invalid_base64(self, pot_request):
+        pot_request.visitor_data = 'invalid-base64'
+        assert get_webpo_content_binding(pot_request, bind_to_visitor_id=True) == (pot_request.visitor_data, ContentBindingType.VISITOR_DATA)
diff --git a/test/test_pot/test_pot_builtin_webpospec.py b/test/test_pot/test_pot_builtin_webpospec.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..078008415a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/test_pot/test_pot_builtin_webpospec.py
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+import pytest
+
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot._provider import IEContentProvider, BuiltinIEContentProvider
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.cache import CacheProviderWritePolicy
+from yt_dlp.utils import bug_reports_message
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.provider import (
+    PoTokenRequest,
+    PoTokenContext,
+
+)
+from yt_dlp.version import __version__
+
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot._builtin.webpo_cachespec import WebPoPCSP
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot._registry import _pot_pcs_providers
+
+
+@pytest.fixture()
+def pot_request(pot_request) -> PoTokenRequest:
+    pot_request.visitor_data = 'CgsxMjNhYmNYWVpfLSiA4s%2DqBg%3D%3D'  # visitor_id=123abcXYZ_-
+    return pot_request
+
+
+class TestWebPoPCSP:
+    def test_base_type(self):
+        assert issubclass(WebPoPCSP, IEContentProvider)
+        assert issubclass(WebPoPCSP, BuiltinIEContentProvider)
+
+    def test_init(self, ie, logger):
+        pcs = WebPoPCSP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+        assert pcs.PROVIDER_NAME == 'webpo'
+        assert pcs.PROVIDER_VERSION == __version__
+        assert pcs.BUG_REPORT_MESSAGE == bug_reports_message(before='')
+        assert pcs.is_available()
+
+    def test_is_registered(self):
+        assert _pot_pcs_providers.value.get('WebPo') == WebPoPCSP
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('client_name, context, is_authenticated', [
+        ('ANDROID', PoTokenContext.GVS, False),
+        ('IOS', PoTokenContext.GVS, False),
+        ('IOS', PoTokenContext.PLAYER, False),
+    ])
+    def test_not_supports(self, ie, logger, pot_request, client_name, context, is_authenticated):
+        pcs = WebPoPCSP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+        pot_request.innertube_context['client']['clientName'] = client_name
+        pot_request.context = context
+        pot_request.is_authenticated = is_authenticated
+        assert pcs.generate_cache_spec(pot_request) is None
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('client_name, context, is_authenticated, remote_host, source_address, request_proxy, expected', [
+        *[(client, context, is_authenticated, remote_host, source_address, request_proxy, expected) for client in [
+            'WEB', 'MWEB', 'TVHTML5', 'WEB_EMBEDDED_PLAYER', 'WEB_CREATOR', 'TVHTML5_SIMPLY_EMBEDDED_PLAYER', 'TVHTML5_SIMPLY']
+          for context, is_authenticated, remote_host, source_address, request_proxy, expected in [
+            (PoTokenContext.GVS, False, 'example-remote-host', 'example-source-address', 'example-request-proxy', {'t': 'webpo', 'ip': 'example-remote-host', 'sa': 'example-source-address', 'px': 'example-request-proxy', 'cb': '123abcXYZ_-', 'cbt': 'visitor_id'}),
+            (PoTokenContext.PLAYER, False, 'example-remote-host', 'example-source-address', 'example-request-proxy', {'t': 'webpo', 'ip': 'example-remote-host', 'sa': 'example-source-address', 'px': 'example-request-proxy', 'cb': '123abcXYZ_-', 'cbt': 'video_id'}),
+            (PoTokenContext.GVS, True, 'example-remote-host', 'example-source-address', 'example-request-proxy', {'t': 'webpo', 'ip': 'example-remote-host', 'sa': 'example-source-address', 'px': 'example-request-proxy', 'cb': 'example-data-sync-id', 'cbt': 'datasync_id'}),
+        ]],
+        ('WEB_REMIX', PoTokenContext.PLAYER, False, 'example-remote-host', 'example-source-address', 'example-request-proxy', {'t': 'webpo', 'ip': 'example-remote-host', 'sa': 'example-source-address', 'px': 'example-request-proxy', 'cb': '123abcXYZ_-', 'cbt': 'visitor_id'}),
+        ('WEB', PoTokenContext.GVS, False, None, None, None, {'t': 'webpo', 'cb': '123abcXYZ_-', 'cbt': 'visitor_id', 'ip': None, 'sa': None, 'px': None}),
+        ('TVHTML5', PoTokenContext.PLAYER, False, None, None, 'http://example.com', {'t': 'webpo', 'cb': '123abcXYZ_-', 'cbt': 'video_id', 'ip': None, 'sa': None, 'px': 'http://example.com'}),
+
+    ])
+    def test_generate_key_bindings(self, ie, logger, pot_request, client_name, context, is_authenticated, remote_host, source_address, request_proxy, expected):
+        pcs = WebPoPCSP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+        pot_request.innertube_context['client']['clientName'] = client_name
+        pot_request.context = context
+        pot_request.is_authenticated = is_authenticated
+        pot_request.innertube_context['client']['remoteHost'] = remote_host
+        pot_request.request_source_address = source_address
+        pot_request.request_proxy = request_proxy
+        pot_request.video_id = '123abcXYZ_-'  # same as visitor id to test type
+
+        assert pcs.generate_cache_spec(pot_request).key_bindings == expected
+
+    def test_no_bind_visitor_id(self, ie, logger, pot_request):
+        # Should not bind to visitor id if setting is set to False
+        pcs = WebPoPCSP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={'bind_to_visitor_id': ['false']})
+        pot_request.innertube_context['client']['clientName'] = 'WEB'
+        pot_request.context = PoTokenContext.GVS
+        pot_request.is_authenticated = False
+        assert pcs.generate_cache_spec(pot_request).key_bindings == {'t': 'webpo', 'ip': None, 'sa': None, 'px': None, 'cb': 'CgsxMjNhYmNYWVpfLSiA4s%2DqBg%3D%3D', 'cbt': 'visitor_data'}
+
+    def test_default_ttl(self, ie, logger, pot_request):
+        pcs = WebPoPCSP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+        assert pcs.generate_cache_spec(pot_request).default_ttl == 6 * 60 * 60  # should default to 6 hours
+
+    def test_write_policy(self, ie, logger, pot_request):
+        pcs = WebPoPCSP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+        pot_request.context = PoTokenContext.GVS
+        assert pcs.generate_cache_spec(pot_request).write_policy == CacheProviderWritePolicy.WRITE_ALL
+        pot_request.context = PoTokenContext.PLAYER
+        assert pcs.generate_cache_spec(pot_request).write_policy == CacheProviderWritePolicy.WRITE_FIRST
diff --git a/test/test_pot/test_pot_director.py b/test/test_pot/test_pot_director.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bbfdd0e98e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/test_pot/test_pot_director.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1529 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+import abc
+import base64
+import dataclasses
+import hashlib
+import json
+import time
+import pytest
+
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot._provider import BuiltinIEContentProvider, IEContentProvider
+
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.provider import (
+    PoTokenRequest,
+    PoTokenContext,
+    PoTokenProviderError,
+    PoTokenProviderRejectedRequest,
+)
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot._director import (
+    PoTokenCache,
+    validate_cache_spec,
+    clean_pot,
+    validate_response,
+    PoTokenRequestDirector,
+    provider_display_list,
+)
+
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.cache import (
+    PoTokenCacheSpec,
+    PoTokenCacheSpecProvider,
+    PoTokenCacheProvider,
+    CacheProviderWritePolicy,
+    PoTokenCacheProviderError,
+)
+
+
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.provider import (
+    PoTokenResponse,
+    PoTokenProvider,
+)
+
+
+class BaseMockPoTokenProvider(PoTokenProvider, abc.ABC):
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.available_called_times = 0
+        self.request_called_times = 0
+        self.close_called = False
+
+    def is_available(self) -> bool:
+        self.available_called_times += 1
+        return True
+
+    def request_pot(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        self.request_called_times += 1
+        return super().request_pot(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def close(self):
+        self.close_called = True
+        super().close()
+
+
+class ExamplePTP(BaseMockPoTokenProvider):
+    PROVIDER_NAME = 'example'
+    PROVIDER_VERSION = '0.0.1'
+    BUG_REPORT_LOCATION = 'https://example.com/issues'
+
+    _SUPPORTED_CLIENTS = ('WEB',)
+    _SUPPORTED_CONTEXTS = (PoTokenContext.GVS, )
+
+    def _real_request_pot(self, request: PoTokenRequest) -> PoTokenResponse:
+        if request.data_sync_id == 'example':
+            return PoTokenResponse(request.video_id)
+        return PoTokenResponse(EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN)
+
+
+def success_ptp(response: PoTokenResponse | None = None, key: str | None = None):
+    class SuccessPTP(BaseMockPoTokenProvider):
+        PROVIDER_NAME = 'success'
+        PROVIDER_VERSION = '0.0.1'
+        BUG_REPORT_LOCATION = 'https://success.example.com/issues'
+
+        _SUPPORTED_CLIENTS = ('WEB',)
+        _SUPPORTED_CONTEXTS = (PoTokenContext.GVS,)
+
+        def _real_request_pot(self, request: PoTokenRequest) -> PoTokenResponse:
+            return response or PoTokenResponse(EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN)
+
+    if key:
+        SuccessPTP.PROVIDER_KEY = key
+    return SuccessPTP
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def pot_provider(ie, logger):
+    return success_ptp()(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+
+
+class UnavailablePTP(BaseMockPoTokenProvider):
+    PROVIDER_NAME = 'unavailable'
+    BUG_REPORT_LOCATION = 'https://unavailable.example.com/issues'
+    _SUPPORTED_CLIENTS = None
+    _SUPPORTED_CONTEXTS = None
+
+    def is_available(self) -> bool:
+        super().is_available()
+        return False
+
+    def _real_request_pot(self, request: PoTokenRequest) -> PoTokenResponse:
+        raise PoTokenProviderError('something went wrong')
+
+
+class UnsupportedPTP(BaseMockPoTokenProvider):
+    PROVIDER_NAME = 'unsupported'
+    BUG_REPORT_LOCATION = 'https://unsupported.example.com/issues'
+    _SUPPORTED_CLIENTS = None
+    _SUPPORTED_CONTEXTS = None
+
+    def _real_request_pot(self, request: PoTokenRequest) -> PoTokenResponse:
+        raise PoTokenProviderRejectedRequest('unsupported request')
+
+
+class ErrorPTP(BaseMockPoTokenProvider):
+    PROVIDER_NAME = 'error'
+    BUG_REPORT_LOCATION = 'https://error.example.com/issues'
+    _SUPPORTED_CLIENTS = None
+    _SUPPORTED_CONTEXTS = None
+
+    def _real_request_pot(self, request: PoTokenRequest) -> PoTokenResponse:
+        expected = request.video_id == 'expected'
+        raise PoTokenProviderError('an error occurred', expected=expected)
+
+
+class UnexpectedErrorPTP(BaseMockPoTokenProvider):
+    PROVIDER_NAME = 'unexpected_error'
+    BUG_REPORT_LOCATION = 'https://unexpected.example.com/issues'
+    _SUPPORTED_CLIENTS = None
+    _SUPPORTED_CONTEXTS = None
+
+    def _real_request_pot(self, request: PoTokenRequest) -> PoTokenResponse:
+        raise ValueError('an unexpected error occurred')
+
+
+class InvalidPTP(BaseMockPoTokenProvider):
+    PROVIDER_NAME = 'invalid'
+    BUG_REPORT_LOCATION = 'https://invalid.example.com/issues'
+    _SUPPORTED_CLIENTS = None
+    _SUPPORTED_CONTEXTS = None
+
+    def _real_request_pot(self, request: PoTokenRequest) -> PoTokenResponse:
+        if request.video_id == 'invalid_type':
+            return 'invalid-response'
+        else:
+            return PoTokenResponse('example-token?', expires_at='123')
+
+
+class BaseMockCacheSpecProvider(PoTokenCacheSpecProvider, abc.ABC):
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.generate_called_times = 0
+        self.is_available_called_times = 0
+        self.close_called = False
+
+    def is_available(self) -> bool:
+        self.is_available_called_times += 1
+        return super().is_available()
+
+    def generate_cache_spec(self, request: PoTokenRequest):
+        self.generate_called_times += 1
+
+    def close(self):
+        self.close_called = True
+        super().close()
+
+
+class ExampleCacheSpecProviderPCSP(BaseMockCacheSpecProvider):
+
+    PROVIDER_NAME = 'example'
+    PROVIDER_VERSION = '0.0.1'
+    BUG_REPORT_LOCATION = 'https://example.com/issues'
+
+    def generate_cache_spec(self, request: PoTokenRequest):
+        super().generate_cache_spec(request)
+        return PoTokenCacheSpec(
+            key_bindings={'v': request.video_id, 'e': None},
+            default_ttl=60,
+        )
+
+
+class UnavailableCacheSpecProviderPCSP(BaseMockCacheSpecProvider):
+
+    PROVIDER_NAME = 'unavailable'
+    PROVIDER_VERSION = '0.0.1'
+
+    def is_available(self) -> bool:
+        super().is_available()
+        return False
+
+    def generate_cache_spec(self, request: PoTokenRequest):
+        super().generate_cache_spec(request)
+        return None
+
+
+class UnsupportedCacheSpecProviderPCSP(BaseMockCacheSpecProvider):
+
+    PROVIDER_NAME = 'unsupported'
+    PROVIDER_VERSION = '0.0.1'
+
+    def generate_cache_spec(self, request: PoTokenRequest):
+        super().generate_cache_spec(request)
+        return None
+
+
+class InvalidSpecCacheSpecProviderPCSP(BaseMockCacheSpecProvider):
+
+    PROVIDER_NAME = 'invalid'
+    PROVIDER_VERSION = '0.0.1'
+
+    def generate_cache_spec(self, request: PoTokenRequest):
+        super().generate_cache_spec(request)
+        return 'invalid-spec'
+
+
+class ErrorSpecCacheSpecProviderPCSP(BaseMockCacheSpecProvider):
+
+    PROVIDER_NAME = 'invalid'
+    PROVIDER_VERSION = '0.0.1'
+
+    def generate_cache_spec(self, request: PoTokenRequest):
+        super().generate_cache_spec(request)
+        raise ValueError('something went wrong')
+
+
+class BaseMockCacheProvider(PoTokenCacheProvider, abc.ABC):
+    BUG_REPORT_MESSAGE = 'example bug report message'
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, available=True, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.store_calls = 0
+        self.delete_calls = 0
+        self.get_calls = 0
+        self.available_called_times = 0
+        self.available = available
+
+    def is_available(self) -> bool:
+        self.available_called_times += 1
+        return self.available
+
+    def store(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        self.store_calls += 1
+
+    def delete(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        self.delete_calls += 1
+
+    def get(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        self.get_calls += 1
+
+    def close(self):
+        self.close_called = True
+        super().close()
+
+
+class ErrorPCP(BaseMockCacheProvider):
+    PROVIDER_NAME = 'error'
+
+    def store(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().store(*args, **kwargs)
+        raise PoTokenCacheProviderError('something went wrong')
+
+    def get(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().get(*args, **kwargs)
+        raise PoTokenCacheProviderError('something went wrong')
+
+
+class UnexpectedErrorPCP(BaseMockCacheProvider):
+    PROVIDER_NAME = 'unexpected_error'
+
+    def store(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().store(*args, **kwargs)
+        raise ValueError('something went wrong')
+
+    def get(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().get(*args, **kwargs)
+        raise ValueError('something went wrong')
+
+
+class MockMemoryPCP(BaseMockCacheProvider):
+    PROVIDER_NAME = 'memory'
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.cache = {}
+
+    def store(self, key, value, expires_at):
+        super().store(key, value, expires_at)
+        self.cache[key] = (value, expires_at)
+
+    def delete(self, key):
+        super().delete(key)
+        self.cache.pop(key, None)
+
+    def get(self, key):
+        super().get(key)
+        return self.cache.get(key, [None])[0]
+
+
+def create_memory_pcp(ie, logger, provider_key='memory', provider_name='memory', available=True):
+    cache = MockMemoryPCP(ie, logger, {}, available=available)
+    cache.PROVIDER_KEY = provider_key
+    cache.PROVIDER_NAME = provider_name
+    return cache
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def memorypcp(ie, logger) -> MockMemoryPCP:
+    return create_memory_pcp(ie, logger)
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def pot_cache(ie, logger):
+    class MockPoTokenCache(PoTokenCache):
+        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+            super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+            self.get_calls = 0
+            self.store_calls = 0
+            self.close_called = False
+
+        def get(self, *args, **kwargs):
+            self.get_calls += 1
+            return super().get(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        def store(self, *args, **kwargs):
+            self.store_calls += 1
+            return super().store(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        def close(self):
+            self.close_called = True
+            super().close()
+
+    return MockPoTokenCache(
+        cache_providers=[MockMemoryPCP(ie, logger, {})],
+        cache_spec_providers=[ExampleCacheSpecProviderPCSP(ie, logger, settings={})],
+        logger=logger,
+    )
+
+
+EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(b'example-token').decode()
+
+
+class TestPoTokenCache:
+
+    def test_cache_success(self, memorypcp, pot_request, ie, logger):
+        cache = PoTokenCache(
+            cache_providers=[memorypcp],
+            cache_spec_providers=[ExampleCacheSpecProviderPCSP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})],
+            logger=logger,
+        )
+
+        response = PoTokenResponse(EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN)
+
+        assert cache.get(pot_request) is None
+        cache.store(pot_request, response)
+
+        cached_response = cache.get(pot_request)
+        assert cached_response is not None
+        assert cached_response.po_token == EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN
+        assert cached_response.expires_at is not None
+
+        assert cache.get(dataclasses.replace(pot_request, video_id='another-video-id')) is None
+
+    def test_unsupported_cache_spec_no_fallback(self, memorypcp, pot_request, ie, logger):
+        unsupported_provider = UnsupportedCacheSpecProviderPCSP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+        cache = PoTokenCache(
+            cache_providers=[memorypcp],
+            cache_spec_providers=[unsupported_provider],
+            logger=logger,
+        )
+
+        response = PoTokenResponse(EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN)
+        assert cache.get(pot_request) is None
+        assert unsupported_provider.generate_called_times == 1
+        cache.store(pot_request, response)
+        assert len(memorypcp.cache) == 0
+        assert unsupported_provider.generate_called_times == 2
+        assert cache.get(pot_request) is None
+        assert unsupported_provider.generate_called_times == 3
+        assert len(logger.messages.get('error', [])) == 0
+
+    def test_unsupported_cache_spec_fallback(self, memorypcp, pot_request, ie, logger):
+        unsupported_provider = UnsupportedCacheSpecProviderPCSP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+        example_provider = ExampleCacheSpecProviderPCSP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+        cache = PoTokenCache(
+            cache_providers=[memorypcp],
+            cache_spec_providers=[unsupported_provider, example_provider],
+            logger=logger,
+        )
+
+        response = PoTokenResponse(EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN)
+
+        assert cache.get(pot_request) is None
+        assert unsupported_provider.generate_called_times == 1
+        assert example_provider.generate_called_times == 1
+
+        cache.store(pot_request, response)
+        assert unsupported_provider.generate_called_times == 2
+        assert example_provider.generate_called_times == 2
+
+        cached_response = cache.get(pot_request)
+        assert unsupported_provider.generate_called_times == 3
+        assert example_provider.generate_called_times == 3
+        assert cached_response is not None
+        assert cached_response.po_token == EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN
+        assert cached_response.expires_at is not None
+
+        assert len(logger.messages.get('error', [])) == 0
+
+    def test_invalid_cache_spec_no_fallback(self, memorypcp, pot_request, ie, logger):
+        cache = PoTokenCache(
+            cache_providers=[memorypcp],
+            cache_spec_providers=[InvalidSpecCacheSpecProviderPCSP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})],
+            logger=logger,
+        )
+
+        response = PoTokenResponse(EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN)
+
+        assert cache.get(pot_request) is None
+        cache.store(pot_request, response)
+
+        assert cache.get(pot_request) is None
+
+        assert 'PoTokenCacheSpecProvider "InvalidSpecCacheSpecProvider" generate_cache_spec() returned invalid spec invalid-spec; please report this issue to the provider developer at  (developer has not provided a bug report location)  .' in logger.messages['error']
+
+    def test_invalid_cache_spec_fallback(self, memorypcp, pot_request, ie, logger):
+
+        invalid_provider = InvalidSpecCacheSpecProviderPCSP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+        example_provider = ExampleCacheSpecProviderPCSP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+        cache = PoTokenCache(
+            cache_providers=[memorypcp],
+            cache_spec_providers=[invalid_provider, example_provider],
+            logger=logger,
+        )
+
+        response = PoTokenResponse(EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN)
+
+        assert cache.get(pot_request) is None
+        assert invalid_provider.generate_called_times == example_provider.generate_called_times == 1
+
+        cache.store(pot_request, response)
+        assert invalid_provider.generate_called_times == example_provider.generate_called_times == 2
+
+        cached_response = cache.get(pot_request)
+        assert invalid_provider.generate_called_times == example_provider.generate_called_times == 3
+        assert cached_response is not None
+        assert cached_response.po_token == EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN
+        assert cached_response.expires_at is not None
+
+        assert 'PoTokenCacheSpecProvider "InvalidSpecCacheSpecProvider" generate_cache_spec() returned invalid spec invalid-spec; please report this issue to the provider developer at  (developer has not provided a bug report location)  .' in logger.messages['error']
+
+    def test_unavailable_cache_spec_no_fallback(self, memorypcp, pot_request, ie, logger):
+        unavailable_provider = UnavailableCacheSpecProviderPCSP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+        cache = PoTokenCache(
+            cache_providers=[memorypcp],
+            cache_spec_providers=[unavailable_provider],
+            logger=logger,
+        )
+
+        response = PoTokenResponse(EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN)
+
+        assert cache.get(pot_request) is None
+        cache.store(pot_request, response)
+        assert cache.get(pot_request) is None
+        assert unavailable_provider.generate_called_times == 0
+
+    def test_unavailable_cache_spec_fallback(self, memorypcp, pot_request, ie, logger):
+        unavailable_provider = UnavailableCacheSpecProviderPCSP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+        example_provider = ExampleCacheSpecProviderPCSP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+        cache = PoTokenCache(
+            cache_providers=[memorypcp],
+            cache_spec_providers=[unavailable_provider, example_provider],
+            logger=logger,
+        )
+
+        response = PoTokenResponse(EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN)
+
+        assert cache.get(pot_request) is None
+        assert unavailable_provider.generate_called_times == 0
+        assert unavailable_provider.is_available_called_times == 1
+        assert example_provider.generate_called_times == 1
+
+        cache.store(pot_request, response)
+        assert unavailable_provider.generate_called_times == 0
+        assert unavailable_provider.is_available_called_times == 2
+        assert example_provider.generate_called_times == 2
+
+        cached_response = cache.get(pot_request)
+        assert unavailable_provider.generate_called_times == 0
+        assert unavailable_provider.is_available_called_times == 3
+        assert example_provider.generate_called_times == 3
+        assert example_provider.is_available_called_times == 3
+        assert cached_response is not None
+        assert cached_response.po_token == EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN
+        assert cached_response.expires_at is not None
+
+    def test_unexpected_error_cache_spec(self, memorypcp, pot_request, ie, logger):
+        error_provider = ErrorSpecCacheSpecProviderPCSP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+        cache = PoTokenCache(
+            cache_providers=[memorypcp],
+            cache_spec_providers=[error_provider],
+            logger=logger,
+        )
+
+        response = PoTokenResponse(EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN)
+
+        assert cache.get(pot_request) is None
+        cache.store(pot_request, response)
+        assert cache.get(pot_request) is None
+        assert error_provider.generate_called_times == 3
+        assert error_provider.is_available_called_times == 3
+
+        assert 'Error occurred with "invalid" PO Token cache spec provider: ValueError(\'something went wrong\'); please report this issue to the provider developer at  (developer has not provided a bug report location)  .' in logger.messages['error']
+
+    def test_unexpected_error_cache_spec_fallback(self, memorypcp, pot_request, ie, logger):
+        error_provider = ErrorSpecCacheSpecProviderPCSP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+        example_provider = ExampleCacheSpecProviderPCSP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+        cache = PoTokenCache(
+            cache_providers=[memorypcp],
+            cache_spec_providers=[error_provider, example_provider],
+            logger=logger,
+        )
+
+        response = PoTokenResponse(EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN)
+
+        assert cache.get(pot_request) is None
+        assert error_provider.generate_called_times == 1
+        assert error_provider.is_available_called_times == 1
+        assert example_provider.generate_called_times == 1
+
+        cache.store(pot_request, response)
+        assert error_provider.generate_called_times == 2
+        assert error_provider.is_available_called_times == 2
+        assert example_provider.generate_called_times == 2
+
+        cached_response = cache.get(pot_request)
+        assert error_provider.generate_called_times == 3
+        assert error_provider.is_available_called_times == 3
+        assert example_provider.generate_called_times == 3
+        assert example_provider.is_available_called_times == 3
+        assert cached_response is not None
+        assert cached_response.po_token == EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN
+        assert cached_response.expires_at is not None
+
+        assert 'Error occurred with "invalid" PO Token cache spec provider: ValueError(\'something went wrong\'); please report this issue to the provider developer at  (developer has not provided a bug report location)  .' in logger.messages['error']
+
+    def test_key_bindings_spec_provider(self, memorypcp, pot_request, ie, logger):
+
+        class ExampleProviderPCSP(PoTokenCacheSpecProvider):
+            PROVIDER_NAME = 'example'
+
+            def generate_cache_spec(self, request: PoTokenRequest):
+                return PoTokenCacheSpec(
+                    key_bindings={'v': request.video_id},
+                    default_ttl=60,
+                )
+
+        class ExampleProviderTwoPCSP(ExampleProviderPCSP):
+            pass
+
+        example_provider = ExampleProviderPCSP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+        example_provider_two = ExampleProviderTwoPCSP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+
+        response = PoTokenResponse(EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN)
+
+        cache = PoTokenCache(
+            cache_providers=[memorypcp],
+            cache_spec_providers=[example_provider],
+            logger=logger,
+        )
+
+        assert cache.get(pot_request) is None
+        cache.store(pot_request, response)
+        assert len(memorypcp.cache) == 1
+        assert hashlib.sha256(
+            f"{{'_dlp_cache': 'v1', '_p': 'ExampleProvider', 'v': '{pot_request.video_id}'}}".encode()).hexdigest() in memorypcp.cache
+
+        # The second spec provider returns the exact same key bindings as the first one,
+        # however the PoTokenCache should use the provider key to differentiate between them
+        cache = PoTokenCache(
+            cache_providers=[memorypcp],
+            cache_spec_providers=[example_provider_two],
+            logger=logger,
+        )
+
+        assert cache.get(pot_request) is None
+        cache.store(pot_request, response)
+        assert len(memorypcp.cache) == 2
+        assert hashlib.sha256(
+            f"{{'_dlp_cache': 'v1', '_p': 'ExampleProviderTwo', 'v': '{pot_request.video_id}'}}".encode()).hexdigest() in memorypcp.cache
+
+    def test_cache_provider_preferences(self, pot_request, ie, logger):
+        pcp_one = create_memory_pcp(ie, logger, provider_key='memory_pcp_one')
+        pcp_two = create_memory_pcp(ie, logger, provider_key='memory_pcp_two')
+
+        cache = PoTokenCache(
+            cache_providers=[pcp_one, pcp_two],
+            cache_spec_providers=[ExampleCacheSpecProviderPCSP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})],
+            logger=logger,
+        )
+
+        cache.store(pot_request, PoTokenResponse(EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN), write_policy=CacheProviderWritePolicy.WRITE_FIRST)
+        assert len(pcp_one.cache) == 1
+        assert len(pcp_two.cache) == 0
+
+        assert cache.get(pot_request)
+        assert pcp_one.get_calls == 1
+        assert pcp_two.get_calls == 0
+
+        standard_preference_called = False
+        pcp_one_preference_claled = False
+
+        def standard_preference(provider, request, *_, **__):
+            nonlocal standard_preference_called
+            standard_preference_called = True
+            assert isinstance(provider, PoTokenCacheProvider)
+            assert isinstance(request, PoTokenRequest)
+            return 1
+
+        def pcp_one_preference(provider, request, *_, **__):
+            nonlocal pcp_one_preference_claled
+            pcp_one_preference_claled = True
+            assert isinstance(provider, PoTokenCacheProvider)
+            assert isinstance(request, PoTokenRequest)
+            if provider.PROVIDER_KEY == pcp_one.PROVIDER_KEY:
+                return -100
+            return 0
+
+        # test that it can hanldle multiple preferences
+        cache.cache_provider_preferences.append(standard_preference)
+        cache.cache_provider_preferences.append(pcp_one_preference)
+
+        cache.store(pot_request, PoTokenResponse(EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN), write_policy=CacheProviderWritePolicy.WRITE_FIRST)
+        assert cache.get(pot_request)
+        assert len(pcp_one.cache) == len(pcp_two.cache) == 1
+        assert pcp_two.get_calls == pcp_one.get_calls == 1
+        assert pcp_one.store_calls == pcp_two.store_calls == 1
+        assert standard_preference_called
+        assert pcp_one_preference_claled
+
+    def test_secondary_cache_provider_hit(self, pot_request, ie, logger):
+        pcp_one = create_memory_pcp(ie, logger, provider_key='memory_pcp_one')
+        pcp_two = create_memory_pcp(ie, logger, provider_key='memory_pcp_two')
+
+        cache = PoTokenCache(
+            cache_providers=[pcp_two],
+            cache_spec_providers=[ExampleCacheSpecProviderPCSP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})],
+            logger=logger,
+        )
+
+        # Given the lower priority provider has the cache hit, store the response in the higher priority provider
+        cache.store(pot_request, PoTokenResponse(EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN))
+        assert cache.get(pot_request)
+
+        cache.cache_providers[pcp_one.PROVIDER_KEY] = pcp_one
+
+        def pcp_one_pref(provider, *_, **__):
+            if provider.PROVIDER_KEY == pcp_one.PROVIDER_KEY:
+                return 1
+            return -1
+
+        cache.cache_provider_preferences.append(pcp_one_pref)
+
+        assert cache.get(pot_request)
+        assert pcp_one.get_calls == 1
+        assert pcp_two.get_calls == 2
+        # Should write back to pcp_one (now the highest priority cache provider)
+        assert pcp_one.store_calls == pcp_two.store_calls == 1
+        assert 'Writing PO Token response to highest priority cache provider' in logger.messages['trace']
+
+    def test_cache_provider_no_hits(self, pot_request, ie, logger):
+        pcp_one = create_memory_pcp(ie, logger, provider_key='memory_pcp_one')
+        pcp_two = create_memory_pcp(ie, logger, provider_key='memory_pcp_two')
+
+        cache = PoTokenCache(
+            cache_providers=[pcp_one, pcp_two],
+            cache_spec_providers=[ExampleCacheSpecProviderPCSP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})],
+            logger=logger,
+        )
+
+        assert cache.get(pot_request) is None
+        assert pcp_one.get_calls == pcp_two.get_calls == 1
+
+    def test_get_invalid_po_token_response(self, pot_request, ie, logger):
+        # Test various scenarios where the po token response stored in the cache provider is invalid
+        pcp_one = create_memory_pcp(ie, logger, provider_key='memory_pcp_one')
+        pcp_two = create_memory_pcp(ie, logger, provider_key='memory_pcp_two')
+
+        cache = PoTokenCache(
+            cache_providers=[pcp_one, pcp_two],
+            cache_spec_providers=[ExampleCacheSpecProviderPCSP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})],
+            logger=logger,
+        )
+
+        valid_response = PoTokenResponse(EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN)
+        cache.store(pot_request, valid_response)
+        assert len(pcp_one.cache) == len(pcp_two.cache) == 1
+        # Overwrite the valid response with an invalid one in the cache
+        pcp_one.store(next(iter(pcp_one.cache.keys())), json.dumps(dataclasses.asdict(PoTokenResponse(None))), int(time.time() + 1000))
+        assert cache.get(pot_request).po_token == valid_response.po_token
+        assert pcp_one.get_calls == pcp_two.get_calls == 1
+        assert pcp_one.delete_calls == 1  # Invalid response should be deleted from cache
+        assert pcp_one.store_calls == 3  # Since response was fetched from second cache provider, it should be stored in the first one
+        assert len(pcp_one.cache) == 1
+        assert 'Invalid PO Token response retrieved from cache provider "memory": {"po_token": null, "expires_at": null}; example bug report message' in logger.messages['error']
+
+        # Overwrite the valid response with an invalid json in the cache
+        pcp_one.store(next(iter(pcp_one.cache.keys())), 'invalid-json', int(time.time() + 1000))
+        assert cache.get(pot_request).po_token == valid_response.po_token
+        assert pcp_one.get_calls == pcp_two.get_calls == 2
+        assert pcp_one.delete_calls == 2
+        assert pcp_one.store_calls == 5  # 3 + 1 store we made in the test + 1 store from lower priority cache provider
+        assert len(pcp_one.cache) == 1
+
+        assert 'Invalid PO Token response retrieved from cache provider "memory": invalid-json; example bug report message' in logger.messages['error']
+
+        # Valid json, but missing required fields
+        pcp_one.store(next(iter(pcp_one.cache.keys())), '{"unknown_param": 0}', int(time.time() + 1000))
+        assert cache.get(pot_request).po_token == valid_response.po_token
+        assert pcp_one.get_calls == pcp_two.get_calls == 3
+        assert pcp_one.delete_calls == 3
+        assert pcp_one.store_calls == 7  # 5 + 1 store from test + 1 store from lower priority cache provider
+        assert len(pcp_one.cache) == 1
+
+        assert 'Invalid PO Token response retrieved from cache provider "memory": {"unknown_param": 0}; example bug report message' in logger.messages['error']
+
+    def test_store_invalid_po_token_response(self, pot_request, ie, logger):
+        # Should not store an invalid po token response
+        pcp_one = create_memory_pcp(ie, logger, provider_key='memory_pcp_one')
+
+        cache = PoTokenCache(
+            cache_providers=[pcp_one],
+            cache_spec_providers=[ExampleCacheSpecProviderPCSP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})],
+            logger=logger,
+        )
+
+        cache.store(pot_request, PoTokenResponse(po_token=EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN, expires_at=80))
+        assert cache.get(pot_request) is None
+        assert pcp_one.store_calls == 0
+        assert 'Invalid PO Token response provided to PoTokenCache.store()' in logger.messages['error'][0]
+
+    def test_store_write_policy(self, pot_request, ie, logger):
+        pcp_one = create_memory_pcp(ie, logger, provider_key='memory_pcp_one')
+        pcp_two = create_memory_pcp(ie, logger, provider_key='memory_pcp_two')
+
+        cache = PoTokenCache(
+            cache_providers=[pcp_one, pcp_two],
+            cache_spec_providers=[ExampleCacheSpecProviderPCSP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})],
+            logger=logger,
+        )
+
+        cache.store(pot_request, PoTokenResponse(EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN), write_policy=CacheProviderWritePolicy.WRITE_FIRST)
+        assert pcp_one.store_calls == 1
+        assert pcp_two.store_calls == 0
+
+        cache.store(pot_request, PoTokenResponse(EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN), write_policy=CacheProviderWritePolicy.WRITE_ALL)
+        assert pcp_one.store_calls == 2
+        assert pcp_two.store_calls == 1
+
+    def test_store_write_first_policy_cache_spec(self, pot_request, ie, logger):
+        pcp_one = create_memory_pcp(ie, logger, provider_key='memory_pcp_one')
+        pcp_two = create_memory_pcp(ie, logger, provider_key='memory_pcp_two')
+
+        class WriteFirstPCSP(BaseMockCacheSpecProvider):
+            def generate_cache_spec(self, request: PoTokenRequest):
+                super().generate_cache_spec(request)
+                return PoTokenCacheSpec(
+                    key_bindings={'v': request.video_id, 'e': None},
+                    default_ttl=60,
+                    write_policy=CacheProviderWritePolicy.WRITE_FIRST,
+                )
+
+        cache = PoTokenCache(
+            cache_providers=[pcp_one, pcp_two],
+            cache_spec_providers=[WriteFirstPCSP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})],
+            logger=logger,
+        )
+
+        cache.store(pot_request, PoTokenResponse(EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN))
+        assert pcp_one.store_calls == 1
+        assert pcp_two.store_calls == 0
+
+    def test_store_write_all_policy_cache_spec(self, pot_request, ie, logger):
+        pcp_one = create_memory_pcp(ie, logger, provider_key='memory_pcp_one')
+        pcp_two = create_memory_pcp(ie, logger, provider_key='memory_pcp_two')
+
+        class WriteAllPCSP(BaseMockCacheSpecProvider):
+            def generate_cache_spec(self, request: PoTokenRequest):
+                super().generate_cache_spec(request)
+                return PoTokenCacheSpec(
+                    key_bindings={'v': request.video_id, 'e': None},
+                    default_ttl=60,
+                    write_policy=CacheProviderWritePolicy.WRITE_ALL,
+                )
+
+        cache = PoTokenCache(
+            cache_providers=[pcp_one, pcp_two],
+            cache_spec_providers=[WriteAllPCSP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})],
+            logger=logger,
+        )
+
+        cache.store(pot_request, PoTokenResponse(EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN))
+        assert pcp_one.store_calls == 1
+        assert pcp_two.store_calls == 1
+
+    def test_expires_at_pot_response(self, pot_request, memorypcp, ie, logger):
+        cache = PoTokenCache(
+            cache_providers=[memorypcp],
+            cache_spec_providers=[ExampleCacheSpecProviderPCSP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})],
+            logger=logger,
+        )
+
+        response = PoTokenResponse(EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN, expires_at=10000000000)
+        cache.store(pot_request, response)
+        assert next(iter(memorypcp.cache.values()))[1] == 10000000000
+
+    def test_expires_at_default_spec(self, pot_request, memorypcp, ie, logger):
+
+        class TtlPCSP(BaseMockCacheSpecProvider):
+            def generate_cache_spec(self, request: PoTokenRequest):
+                super().generate_cache_spec(request)
+                return PoTokenCacheSpec(
+                    key_bindings={'v': request.video_id, 'e': None},
+                    default_ttl=10000000000,
+                )
+
+        cache = PoTokenCache(
+            cache_providers=[memorypcp],
+            cache_spec_providers=[TtlPCSP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})],
+            logger=logger,
+        )
+
+        response = PoTokenResponse(EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN)
+        cache.store(pot_request, response)
+        assert next(iter(memorypcp.cache.values()))[1] >= 10000000000
+
+    def test_cache_provider_error_no_fallback(self, pot_request, ie, logger):
+        error_pcp = ErrorPCP(ie, logger, {})
+        cache = PoTokenCache(
+            cache_providers=[error_pcp],
+            cache_spec_providers=[ExampleCacheSpecProviderPCSP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})],
+            logger=logger,
+        )
+
+        response = PoTokenResponse(EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN)
+        cache.store(pot_request, response)
+        assert cache.get(pot_request) is None
+        assert error_pcp.get_calls == 1
+        assert error_pcp.store_calls == 1
+
+        assert logger.messages['warning'].count("Error from \"error\" PO Token cache provider: PoTokenCacheProviderError('something went wrong'); example bug report message") == 2
+
+    def test_cache_provider_error_fallback(self, pot_request, ie, logger):
+        error_pcp = ErrorPCP(ie, logger, {})
+        memory_pcp = create_memory_pcp(ie, logger, provider_key='memory')
+
+        cache = PoTokenCache(
+            cache_providers=[error_pcp, memory_pcp],
+            cache_spec_providers=[ExampleCacheSpecProviderPCSP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})],
+            logger=logger,
+        )
+
+        response = PoTokenResponse(EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN)
+        cache.store(pot_request, response)
+
+        # 1. Store fails for error_pcp, stored in memory_pcp
+        # 2. Get fails for error_pcp, fetched from memory_pcp
+        # 3. Since fetched from lower priority, it should be stored in the highest priority cache provider
+        # 4. Store fails in error_pcp. Since write policy is WRITE_FIRST, it should not try to store in memory_pcp regardless of if the store in error_pcp fails
+
+        assert cache.get(pot_request)
+        assert error_pcp.get_calls == 1
+        assert error_pcp.store_calls == 2  # since highest priority, when fetched from lower priority, it should be stored in the highest priority cache provider
+        assert memory_pcp.get_calls == 1
+        assert memory_pcp.store_calls == 1
+
+        assert logger.messages['warning'].count("Error from \"error\" PO Token cache provider: PoTokenCacheProviderError('something went wrong'); example bug report message") == 3
+
+    def test_cache_provider_unexpected_error_no_fallback(self, pot_request, ie, logger):
+        error_pcp = UnexpectedErrorPCP(ie, logger, {})
+        cache = PoTokenCache(
+            cache_providers=[error_pcp],
+            cache_spec_providers=[ExampleCacheSpecProviderPCSP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})],
+            logger=logger,
+        )
+
+        response = PoTokenResponse(EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN)
+        cache.store(pot_request, response)
+        assert cache.get(pot_request) is None
+        assert error_pcp.get_calls == 1
+        assert error_pcp.store_calls == 1
+
+        assert logger.messages['error'].count("Error occurred with \"unexpected_error\" PO Token cache provider: ValueError('something went wrong'); example bug report message") == 2
+
+    def test_cache_provider_unexpected_error_fallback(self, pot_request, ie, logger):
+        error_pcp = UnexpectedErrorPCP(ie, logger, {})
+        memory_pcp = create_memory_pcp(ie, logger, provider_key='memory')
+
+        cache = PoTokenCache(
+            cache_providers=[error_pcp, memory_pcp],
+            cache_spec_providers=[ExampleCacheSpecProviderPCSP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})],
+            logger=logger,
+        )
+
+        response = PoTokenResponse(EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN)
+        cache.store(pot_request, response)
+
+        # 1. Store fails for error_pcp, stored in memory_pcp
+        # 2. Get fails for error_pcp, fetched from memory_pcp
+        # 3. Since fetched from lower priority, it should be stored in the highest priority cache provider
+        # 4. Store fails in error_pcp. Since write policy is WRITE_FIRST, it should not try to store in memory_pcp regardless of if the store in error_pcp fails
+
+        assert cache.get(pot_request)
+        assert error_pcp.get_calls == 1
+        assert error_pcp.store_calls == 2  # since highest priority, when fetched from lower priority, it should be stored in the highest priority cache provider
+        assert memory_pcp.get_calls == 1
+        assert memory_pcp.store_calls == 1
+
+        assert logger.messages['error'].count("Error occurred with \"unexpected_error\" PO Token cache provider: ValueError('something went wrong'); example bug report message") == 3
+
+    def test_cache_provider_unavailable_no_fallback(self, pot_request, ie, logger):
+        provider = create_memory_pcp(ie, logger, available=False)
+
+        cache = PoTokenCache(
+            cache_providers=[provider],
+            cache_spec_providers=[ExampleCacheSpecProviderPCSP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})],
+            logger=logger,
+        )
+
+        response = PoTokenResponse(EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN)
+        cache.store(pot_request, response)
+        assert cache.get(pot_request) is None
+        assert provider.get_calls == 0
+        assert provider.store_calls == 0
+        assert provider.available_called_times
+
+    def test_cache_provider_unavailable_fallback(self, pot_request, ie, logger):
+        provider_unavailable = create_memory_pcp(ie, logger, provider_key='unavailable', provider_name='unavailable', available=False)
+        provider_available = create_memory_pcp(ie, logger, provider_key='available', provider_name='available')
+
+        cache = PoTokenCache(
+            cache_providers=[provider_unavailable, provider_available],
+            cache_spec_providers=[ExampleCacheSpecProviderPCSP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})],
+            logger=logger,
+        )
+
+        response = PoTokenResponse(EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN)
+        cache.store(pot_request, response)
+        assert cache.get(pot_request) is not None
+        assert provider_unavailable.get_calls == 0
+        assert provider_unavailable.store_calls == 0
+        assert provider_available.get_calls == 1
+        assert provider_available.store_calls == 1
+        assert provider_unavailable.available_called_times
+        assert provider_available.available_called_times
+
+        # should not even try to use the provider for the request
+        assert 'Attempting to fetch a PO Token response from "unavailable" provider' not in logger.messages['trace']
+        assert 'Attempting to fetch a PO Token response from "available" provider' not in logger.messages['trace']
+
+    def test_available_not_called(self, ie, pot_request, logger):
+        # Test that the available method is not called when provider higher in the list is available
+        provider_unavailable = create_memory_pcp(
+            ie, logger, provider_key='unavailable', provider_name='unavailable', available=False)
+        provider_available = create_memory_pcp(ie, logger, provider_key='available', provider_name='available')
+
+        logger.log_level = logger.LogLevel.INFO
+
+        cache = PoTokenCache(
+            cache_providers=[provider_available, provider_unavailable],
+            cache_spec_providers=[ExampleCacheSpecProviderPCSP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})],
+            logger=logger,
+        )
+
+        response = PoTokenResponse(EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN)
+        cache.store(pot_request, response, write_policy=CacheProviderWritePolicy.WRITE_FIRST)
+        assert cache.get(pot_request) is not None
+        assert provider_unavailable.get_calls == 0
+        assert provider_unavailable.store_calls == 0
+        assert provider_available.get_calls == 1
+        assert provider_available.store_calls == 1
+        assert provider_unavailable.available_called_times == 0
+        assert provider_available.available_called_times
+        assert 'PO Token Cache Providers: available-0.0.0 (external), unavailable-0.0.0 (external, unavailable)' not in logger.messages.get('trace', [])
+
+    def test_available_called_trace(self, ie, pot_request, logger):
+        # But if logging level is trace should call available (as part of debug logging)
+        provider_unavailable = create_memory_pcp(
+            ie, logger, provider_key='unavailable', provider_name='unavailable', available=False)
+        provider_available = create_memory_pcp(ie, logger, provider_key='available', provider_name='available')
+
+        logger.log_level = logger.LogLevel.TRACE
+
+        cache = PoTokenCache(
+            cache_providers=[provider_available, provider_unavailable],
+            cache_spec_providers=[ExampleCacheSpecProviderPCSP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})],
+            logger=logger,
+        )
+
+        response = PoTokenResponse(EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN)
+        cache.store(pot_request, response, write_policy=CacheProviderWritePolicy.WRITE_FIRST)
+        assert cache.get(pot_request) is not None
+        assert provider_unavailable.get_calls == 0
+        assert provider_unavailable.store_calls == 0
+        assert provider_available.get_calls == 1
+        assert provider_available.store_calls == 1
+        assert provider_unavailable.available_called_times
+        assert provider_available.available_called_times
+        assert 'PO Token Cache Providers: available-0.0.0 (external), unavailable-0.0.0 (external, unavailable)' in logger.messages.get('trace', [])
+
+    def test_close(self, ie, pot_request, logger):
+        # Should call close on the cache providers and cache specs
+        memory_pcp = create_memory_pcp(ie, logger, provider_key='memory')
+        memory2_pcp = create_memory_pcp(ie, logger, provider_key='memory2')
+
+        spec1 = ExampleCacheSpecProviderPCSP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+        spec2 = UnavailableCacheSpecProviderPCSP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+
+        cache = PoTokenCache(
+            cache_providers=[memory2_pcp, memory_pcp],
+            cache_spec_providers=[spec1, spec2],
+            logger=logger,
+        )
+
+        cache.close()
+        assert memory_pcp.close_called
+        assert memory2_pcp.close_called
+        assert spec1.close_called
+        assert spec2.close_called
+
+
+class TestPoTokenRequestDirector:
+
+    def test_request_pot_success(self, ie, pot_request, pot_cache, pot_provider, logger):
+        director = PoTokenRequestDirector(logger=logger, cache=pot_cache)
+        director.register_provider(pot_provider)
+        response = director.get_po_token(pot_request)
+        assert response == EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN
+
+    def test_request_and_cache(self, ie, pot_request, pot_cache, pot_provider, logger):
+        director = PoTokenRequestDirector(logger=logger, cache=pot_cache)
+        director.register_provider(pot_provider)
+        response = director.get_po_token(pot_request)
+        assert response == EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN
+        assert pot_provider.request_called_times == 1
+        assert pot_cache.get_calls == 1
+        assert pot_cache.store_calls == 1
+
+        # Second request, should be cached
+        response = director.get_po_token(pot_request)
+        assert response == EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN
+        assert pot_cache.get_calls == 2
+        assert pot_cache.store_calls == 1
+        assert pot_provider.request_called_times == 1
+
+    def test_bypass_cache(self, ie, pot_request, pot_cache, logger, pot_provider):
+        pot_request.bypass_cache = True
+
+        director = PoTokenRequestDirector(logger=logger, cache=pot_cache)
+        director.register_provider(pot_provider)
+        response = director.get_po_token(pot_request)
+        assert response == EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN
+        assert pot_provider.request_called_times == 1
+        assert pot_cache.get_calls == 0
+        assert pot_cache.store_calls == 1
+
+        # Second request, should not get from cache
+        response = director.get_po_token(pot_request)
+        assert response == EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN
+        assert pot_provider.request_called_times == 2
+        assert pot_cache.get_calls == 0
+        assert pot_cache.store_calls == 2
+
+        # POT is still cached, should get from cache
+        pot_request.bypass_cache = False
+        response = director.get_po_token(pot_request)
+        assert response == EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN
+        assert pot_provider.request_called_times == 2
+        assert pot_cache.get_calls == 1
+        assert pot_cache.store_calls == 2
+
+    def test_clean_pot_generate(self, ie, pot_request, pot_cache, logger):
+        # Token should be cleaned before returning
+        base_token = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(b'token').decode()
+        director = PoTokenRequestDirector(logger=logger, cache=pot_cache)
+        provider = success_ptp(PoTokenResponse(base_token + '?extra=params'))(ie, logger, settings={})
+        director.register_provider(provider)
+
+        response = director.get_po_token(pot_request)
+        assert response == base_token
+        assert provider.request_called_times == 1
+
+        # Confirm the cleaned version was stored in the cache
+        cached_token = pot_cache.get(pot_request)
+        assert cached_token.po_token == base_token
+
+    def test_clean_pot_cache(self, ie, pot_request, pot_cache, logger, pot_provider):
+        # Token retrieved from cache should be cleaned before returning
+        base_token = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(b'token').decode()
+        pot_cache.store(pot_request, PoTokenResponse(base_token + '?extra=params'))
+        director = PoTokenRequestDirector(logger=logger, cache=pot_cache)
+        director.register_provider(pot_provider)
+
+        response = director.get_po_token(pot_request)
+        assert response == base_token
+        assert pot_cache.get_calls == 1
+        assert pot_provider.request_called_times == 0
+
+    def test_cache_expires_at_none(self, ie, pot_request, pot_cache, logger, pot_provider):
+        # Should cache if expires_at=None in the response
+        director = PoTokenRequestDirector(logger=logger, cache=pot_cache)
+        provider = success_ptp(PoTokenResponse(EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN, expires_at=None))(ie, logger, settings={})
+        director.register_provider(provider)
+
+        response = director.get_po_token(pot_request)
+        assert response == EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN
+        assert pot_cache.store_calls == 1
+        assert pot_cache.get(pot_request).po_token == EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN
+
+    def test_cache_expires_at_positive(self, ie, pot_request, pot_cache, logger, pot_provider):
+        # Should cache if expires_at is a positive number in the response
+        director = PoTokenRequestDirector(logger=logger, cache=pot_cache)
+        provider = success_ptp(PoTokenResponse(EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN, expires_at=99999999999))(ie, logger, settings={})
+        director.register_provider(provider)
+
+        response = director.get_po_token(pot_request)
+        assert response == EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN
+        assert pot_cache.store_calls == 1
+        assert pot_cache.get(pot_request).po_token == EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('expires_at', [0, -1])
+    def test_not_cache_expires_at(self, ie, pot_request, pot_cache, logger, pot_provider, expires_at):
+        # Should not cache if expires_at <= 0 in the response
+        director = PoTokenRequestDirector(logger=logger, cache=pot_cache)
+        provider = success_ptp(PoTokenResponse(EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN, expires_at=expires_at))(ie, logger, settings={})
+        director.register_provider(provider)
+
+        response = director.get_po_token(pot_request)
+        assert response == EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN
+        assert pot_cache.store_calls == 0
+        assert pot_cache.get(pot_request) is None
+
+    def test_no_providers(self, ie, pot_request, pot_cache, logger):
+        director = PoTokenRequestDirector(logger=logger, cache=pot_cache)
+        response = director.get_po_token(pot_request)
+        assert response is None
+
+    def test_try_cache_no_providers(self, ie, pot_request, pot_cache, logger):
+        # Should still try the cache even if no providers are configured
+        pot_cache.store(pot_request, PoTokenResponse(EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN))
+        director = PoTokenRequestDirector(logger=logger, cache=pot_cache)
+
+        response = director.get_po_token(pot_request)
+        assert response == EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN
+
+    def test_close(self, ie, pot_request, pot_cache, pot_provider, logger):
+        # Should call close on the pot cache and any providers
+        director = PoTokenRequestDirector(logger=logger, cache=pot_cache)
+
+        provider2 = UnavailablePTP(ie, logger, {})
+        director.register_provider(pot_provider)
+        director.register_provider(provider2)
+
+        director.close()
+        assert pot_provider.close_called
+        assert provider2.close_called
+        assert pot_cache.close_called
+
+    def test_pot_provider_preferences(self, pot_request, pot_cache, ie, logger):
+        pot_request.bypass_cache = True
+        provider_two_pot = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(b'token2').decode()
+
+        example_provider = success_ptp(response=PoTokenResponse(EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN), key='exampleone')(ie, logger, settings={})
+        example_provider_two = success_ptp(response=PoTokenResponse(provider_two_pot), key='exampletwo')(ie, logger, settings={})
+
+        director = PoTokenRequestDirector(logger=logger, cache=pot_cache)
+        director.register_provider(example_provider)
+        director.register_provider(example_provider_two)
+
+        response = director.get_po_token(pot_request)
+        assert response == EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN
+        assert example_provider.request_called_times == 1
+        assert example_provider_two.request_called_times == 0
+
+        standard_preference_called = False
+        example_preference_called = False
+
+        # Test that the provider preferences are respected
+        def standard_preference(provider, request, *_, **__):
+            nonlocal standard_preference_called
+            standard_preference_called = True
+            assert isinstance(provider, PoTokenProvider)
+            assert isinstance(request, PoTokenRequest)
+            return 1
+
+        def example_preference(provider, request, *_, **__):
+            nonlocal example_preference_called
+            example_preference_called = True
+            assert isinstance(provider, PoTokenProvider)
+            assert isinstance(request, PoTokenRequest)
+            if provider.PROVIDER_KEY == example_provider.PROVIDER_KEY:
+                return -100
+            return 0
+
+        # test that it can handle multiple preferences
+        director.register_preference(example_preference)
+        director.register_preference(standard_preference)
+
+        response = director.get_po_token(pot_request)
+        assert response == provider_two_pot
+        assert example_provider.request_called_times == 1
+        assert example_provider_two.request_called_times == 1
+        assert standard_preference_called
+        assert example_preference_called
+
+    def test_unsupported_request_no_fallback(self, ie, logger, pot_cache, pot_request):
+        director = PoTokenRequestDirector(logger=logger, cache=pot_cache)
+        provider = UnsupportedPTP(ie, logger, {})
+        director.register_provider(provider)
+
+        response = director.get_po_token(pot_request)
+        assert response is None
+        assert provider.request_called_times == 1
+
+    def test_unsupported_request_fallback(self, ie, logger, pot_cache, pot_request, pot_provider):
+        # Should fallback to the next provider if the first one does not support the request
+        director = PoTokenRequestDirector(logger=logger, cache=pot_cache)
+        provider = UnsupportedPTP(ie, logger, {})
+        director.register_provider(provider)
+        director.register_provider(pot_provider)
+
+        response = director.get_po_token(pot_request)
+        assert response == EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN
+        assert provider.request_called_times == 1
+        assert pot_provider.request_called_times == 1
+        assert 'PO Token Provider "unsupported" rejected this request, trying next available provider. Reason: unsupported request' in logger.messages['trace']
+
+    def test_unavailable_request_no_fallback(self, ie, logger, pot_cache, pot_request):
+        director = PoTokenRequestDirector(logger=logger, cache=pot_cache)
+        provider = UnavailablePTP(ie, logger, {})
+        director.register_provider(provider)
+
+        response = director.get_po_token(pot_request)
+        assert response is None
+        assert provider.request_called_times == 0
+        assert provider.available_called_times
+
+    def test_unavailable_request_fallback(self, ie, logger, pot_cache, pot_request, pot_provider):
+        # Should fallback to the next provider if the first one is unavailable
+        director = PoTokenRequestDirector(logger=logger, cache=pot_cache)
+        provider = UnavailablePTP(ie, logger, {})
+        director.register_provider(provider)
+        director.register_provider(pot_provider)
+
+        response = director.get_po_token(pot_request)
+        assert response == EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN
+        assert provider.request_called_times == 0
+        assert provider.available_called_times
+        assert pot_provider.request_called_times == 1
+        assert pot_provider.available_called_times
+        # should not even try use the provider for the request
+        assert 'Attempting to fetch a PO Token from "unavailable" provider' not in logger.messages['trace']
+        assert 'Attempting to fetch a PO Token from "success" provider' in logger.messages['trace']
+
+    def test_available_not_called(self, ie, logger, pot_cache, pot_request, pot_provider):
+        # Test that the available method is not called when provider higher in the list is available
+        logger.log_level = logger.LogLevel.INFO
+        director = PoTokenRequestDirector(logger=logger, cache=pot_cache)
+        provider = UnavailablePTP(ie, logger, {})
+        director.register_provider(pot_provider)
+        director.register_provider(provider)
+
+        response = director.get_po_token(pot_request)
+        assert response == EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN
+        assert provider.request_called_times == 0
+        assert provider.available_called_times == 0
+        assert pot_provider.request_called_times == 1
+        assert pot_provider.available_called_times == 2
+        assert 'PO Token Providers: success-0.0.1 (external), unavailable-0.0.0 (external, unavailable)' not in logger.messages.get('trace', [])
+
+    def test_available_called_trace(self, ie, logger, pot_cache, pot_request, pot_provider):
+        # But if logging level is trace should call available (as part of debug logging)
+        logger.log_level = logger.LogLevel.TRACE
+        director = PoTokenRequestDirector(logger=logger, cache=pot_cache)
+        provider = UnavailablePTP(ie, logger, {})
+        director.register_provider(pot_provider)
+        director.register_provider(provider)
+
+        response = director.get_po_token(pot_request)
+        assert response == EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN
+        assert provider.request_called_times == 0
+        assert provider.available_called_times == 1
+        assert pot_provider.request_called_times == 1
+        assert pot_provider.available_called_times == 3
+        assert 'PO Token Providers: success-0.0.1 (external), unavailable-0.0.0 (external, unavailable)' in logger.messages['trace']
+
+    def test_provider_error_no_fallback_unexpected(self, ie, logger, pot_cache, pot_request):
+        director = PoTokenRequestDirector(logger=logger, cache=pot_cache)
+        provider = ErrorPTP(ie, logger, {})
+        director.register_provider(provider)
+        pot_request.video_id = 'unexpected'
+        response = director.get_po_token(pot_request)
+        assert response is None
+        assert provider.request_called_times == 1
+        assert "Error fetching PO Token from \"error\" provider: PoTokenProviderError('an error occurred'); please report this issue to the provider developer at  https://error.example.com/issues  ." in logger.messages['warning']
+
+    def test_provider_error_no_fallback_expected(self, ie, logger, pot_cache, pot_request):
+        director = PoTokenRequestDirector(logger=logger, cache=pot_cache)
+        provider = ErrorPTP(ie, logger, {})
+        director.register_provider(provider)
+        pot_request.video_id = 'expected'
+        response = director.get_po_token(pot_request)
+        assert response is None
+        assert provider.request_called_times == 1
+        assert "Error fetching PO Token from \"error\" provider: PoTokenProviderError('an error occurred')" in logger.messages['warning']
+
+    def test_provider_error_fallback(self, ie, logger, pot_cache, pot_request, pot_provider):
+        # Should fallback to the next provider if the first one raises an error
+        director = PoTokenRequestDirector(logger=logger, cache=pot_cache)
+        provider = ErrorPTP(ie, logger, {})
+        director.register_provider(provider)
+        director.register_provider(pot_provider)
+
+        response = director.get_po_token(pot_request)
+        assert response == EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN
+        assert provider.request_called_times == 1
+        assert pot_provider.request_called_times == 1
+        assert "Error fetching PO Token from \"error\" provider: PoTokenProviderError('an error occurred'); please report this issue to the provider developer at  https://error.example.com/issues  ." in logger.messages['warning']
+
+    def test_provider_unexpected_error_no_fallback(self, ie, logger, pot_cache, pot_request):
+        director = PoTokenRequestDirector(logger=logger, cache=pot_cache)
+        provider = UnexpectedErrorPTP(ie, logger, {})
+        director.register_provider(provider)
+
+        response = director.get_po_token(pot_request)
+        assert response is None
+        assert provider.request_called_times == 1
+        assert "Unexpected error when fetching PO Token from \"unexpected_error\" provider: ValueError('an unexpected error occurred'); please report this issue to the provider developer at  https://unexpected.example.com/issues  ." in logger.messages['error']
+
+    def test_provider_unexpected_error_fallback(self, ie, logger, pot_cache, pot_request, pot_provider):
+        # Should fallback to the next provider if the first one raises an unexpected error
+        director = PoTokenRequestDirector(logger=logger, cache=pot_cache)
+        provider = UnexpectedErrorPTP(ie, logger, {})
+        director.register_provider(provider)
+        director.register_provider(pot_provider)
+
+        response = director.get_po_token(pot_request)
+        assert response == EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN
+        assert provider.request_called_times == 1
+        assert pot_provider.request_called_times == 1
+        assert "Unexpected error when fetching PO Token from \"unexpected_error\" provider: ValueError('an unexpected error occurred'); please report this issue to the provider developer at  https://unexpected.example.com/issues  ." in logger.messages['error']
+
+    def test_invalid_po_token_response_type(self, ie, logger, pot_cache, pot_request, pot_provider):
+        director = PoTokenRequestDirector(logger=logger, cache=pot_cache)
+        provider = InvalidPTP(ie, logger, {})
+        director.register_provider(provider)
+
+        pot_request.video_id = 'invalid_type'
+
+        response = director.get_po_token(pot_request)
+        assert response is None
+        assert provider.request_called_times == 1
+        assert 'Invalid PO Token response received from "invalid" provider: invalid-response; please report this issue to the provider developer at  https://invalid.example.com/issues  .' in logger.messages['error']
+
+        # Should fallback to next available provider
+        director.register_provider(pot_provider)
+        response = director.get_po_token(pot_request)
+        assert response == EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN
+        assert provider.request_called_times == 2
+        assert pot_provider.request_called_times == 1
+
+    def test_invalid_po_token_response(self, ie, logger, pot_cache, pot_request, pot_provider):
+        director = PoTokenRequestDirector(logger=logger, cache=pot_cache)
+        provider = InvalidPTP(ie, logger, {})
+        director.register_provider(provider)
+
+        response = director.get_po_token(pot_request)
+        assert response is None
+        assert provider.request_called_times == 1
+        assert "Invalid PO Token response received from \"invalid\" provider: PoTokenResponse(po_token='example-token?', expires_at='123'); please report this issue to the provider developer at  https://invalid.example.com/issues  ." in logger.messages['error']
+
+        # Should fallback to next available provider
+        director.register_provider(pot_provider)
+        response = director.get_po_token(pot_request)
+        assert response == EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN
+        assert provider.request_called_times == 2
+        assert pot_provider.request_called_times == 1
+
+    def test_copy_request_provider(self, ie, logger, pot_cache, pot_request):
+
+        class BadProviderPTP(BaseMockPoTokenProvider):
+            _SUPPORTED_CONTEXTS = None
+            _SUPPORTED_CLIENTS = None
+
+            def _real_request_pot(self, request: PoTokenRequest) -> PoTokenResponse:
+                # Providers should not modify the request object, but we should guard against it
+                request.video_id = 'bad'
+                raise PoTokenProviderRejectedRequest('bad request')
+
+        class GoodProviderPTP(BaseMockPoTokenProvider):
+            _SUPPORTED_CONTEXTS = None
+            _SUPPORTED_CLIENTS = None
+
+            def _real_request_pot(self, request: PoTokenRequest) -> PoTokenResponse:
+                return PoTokenResponse(base64.urlsafe_b64encode(request.video_id.encode()).decode())
+
+        director = PoTokenRequestDirector(logger=logger, cache=pot_cache)
+
+        bad_provider = BadProviderPTP(ie, logger, {})
+        good_provider = GoodProviderPTP(ie, logger, {})
+
+        director.register_provider(bad_provider)
+        director.register_provider(good_provider)
+
+        pot_request.video_id = 'good'
+        response = director.get_po_token(pot_request)
+        assert response == base64.urlsafe_b64encode(b'good').decode()
+        assert bad_provider.request_called_times == 1
+        assert good_provider.request_called_times == 1
+        assert pot_request.video_id == 'good'
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('spec, expected', [
+    (None, False),
+    (PoTokenCacheSpec(key_bindings={'v': 'video-id'}, default_ttl=60, write_policy=None), False),  # type: ignore
+    (PoTokenCacheSpec(key_bindings={'v': 'video-id'}, default_ttl='invalid'), False),  # type: ignore
+    (PoTokenCacheSpec(key_bindings='invalid', default_ttl=60), False),  # type: ignore
+    (PoTokenCacheSpec(key_bindings={2: 'video-id'}, default_ttl=60), False),  # type: ignore
+    (PoTokenCacheSpec(key_bindings={'v': 2}, default_ttl=60), False),  # type: ignore
+    (PoTokenCacheSpec(key_bindings={'v': None}, default_ttl=60), False),  # type: ignore
+
+    (PoTokenCacheSpec(key_bindings={'v': 'video_id', 'e': None}, default_ttl=60), True),
+    (PoTokenCacheSpec(key_bindings={'v': 'video_id'}, default_ttl=60, write_policy=CacheProviderWritePolicy.WRITE_FIRST), True),
+])
+def test_validate_cache_spec(spec, expected):
+    assert validate_cache_spec(spec) == expected
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('po_token', [
+    'invalid-token?',
+    '123',
+])
+def test_clean_pot_fail(po_token):
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='Invalid PO Token'):
+        clean_pot(po_token)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('po_token,expected', [
+    ('TwAA/+8=', 'TwAA_-8='),
+    ('TwAA%5F%2D9VA6Q92v%5FvEQ4==?extra-param=2', 'TwAA_-9VA6Q92v_vEQ4='),
+])
+def test_clean_pot(po_token, expected):
+    assert clean_pot(po_token) == expected
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    'response, expected',
+    [
+        (None, False),
+        (PoTokenResponse(None), False),
+        (PoTokenResponse(1), False),
+        (PoTokenResponse('invalid-token?'), False),
+        (PoTokenResponse(EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN, expires_at='abc'), False),  # type: ignore
+        (PoTokenResponse(EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN, expires_at=100), False),
+        (PoTokenResponse(EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN, expires_at=time.time() + 10000.0), False),  # type: ignore
+        (PoTokenResponse(EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN), True),
+        (PoTokenResponse(EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN, expires_at=-1), True),
+        (PoTokenResponse(EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN, expires_at=0), True),
+        (PoTokenResponse(EXAMPLE_PO_TOKEN, expires_at=int(time.time()) + 10000), True),
+    ],
+)
+def test_validate_pot_response(response, expected):
+    assert validate_response(response) == expected
+
+
+def test_built_in_provider(ie, logger):
+    class BuiltinProviderDefaultT(BuiltinIEContentProvider, suffix='T'):
+        def is_available(self):
+            return True
+
+    class BuiltinProviderCustomNameT(BuiltinIEContentProvider, suffix='T'):
+        PROVIDER_NAME = 'CustomName'
+
+        def is_available(self):
+            return True
+
+    class ExternalProviderDefaultT(IEContentProvider, suffix='T'):
+        def is_available(self):
+            return True
+
+    class ExternalProviderCustomT(IEContentProvider, suffix='T'):
+        PROVIDER_NAME = 'custom'
+        PROVIDER_VERSION = '5.4b2'
+
+        def is_available(self):
+            return True
+
+    class ExternalProviderUnavailableT(IEContentProvider, suffix='T'):
+        def is_available(self) -> bool:
+            return False
+
+    class BuiltinProviderUnavailableT(IEContentProvider, suffix='T'):
+        def is_available(self) -> bool:
+            return False
+
+    built_in_default = BuiltinProviderDefaultT(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+    built_in_custom_name = BuiltinProviderCustomNameT(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+    built_in_unavailable = BuiltinProviderUnavailableT(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+    external_default = ExternalProviderDefaultT(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+    external_custom = ExternalProviderCustomT(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+    external_unavailable = ExternalProviderUnavailableT(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+
+    assert provider_display_list([]) == 'none'
+    assert provider_display_list([built_in_default]) == 'BuiltinProviderDefault'
+    assert provider_display_list([external_unavailable]) == 'ExternalProviderUnavailable-0.0.0 (external, unavailable)'
+    assert provider_display_list([
+        built_in_default,
+        built_in_custom_name,
+        external_default,
+        external_custom,
+        external_unavailable,
+        built_in_unavailable],
+    ) == 'BuiltinProviderDefault, CustomName, ExternalProviderDefault-0.0.0 (external), custom-5.4b2 (external), ExternalProviderUnavailable-0.0.0 (external, unavailable), BuiltinProviderUnavailable-0.0.0 (external, unavailable)'
diff --git a/test/test_pot/test_pot_framework.py b/test/test_pot/test_pot_framework.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d2de1dd290
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/test_pot/test_pot_framework.py
@@ -0,0 +1,629 @@
+import pytest
+
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot._provider import IEContentProvider
+from yt_dlp.cookies import YoutubeDLCookieJar
+from yt_dlp.utils.networking import HTTPHeaderDict
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.provider import (
+    PoTokenRequest,
+    PoTokenContext,
+    ExternalRequestFeature,
+
+)
+
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.cache import (
+    PoTokenCacheProvider,
+    PoTokenCacheSpec,
+    PoTokenCacheSpecProvider,
+    CacheProviderWritePolicy,
+)
+
+import yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.cache as cache
+
+from yt_dlp.networking import Request
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.provider import (
+    PoTokenResponse,
+    PoTokenProvider,
+    PoTokenProviderRejectedRequest,
+    provider_bug_report_message,
+    register_provider,
+    register_preference,
+)
+
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot._registry import _pot_providers, _ptp_preferences, _pot_pcs_providers, _pot_cache_providers, _pot_cache_provider_preferences
+
+
+class ExamplePTP(PoTokenProvider):
+    PROVIDER_NAME = 'example'
+    PROVIDER_VERSION = '0.0.1'
+    BUG_REPORT_LOCATION = 'https://example.com/issues'
+
+    _SUPPORTED_CLIENTS = ('WEB',)
+    _SUPPORTED_CONTEXTS = (PoTokenContext.GVS, )
+
+    _SUPPORTED_EXTERNAL_REQUEST_FEATURES = (
+        ExternalRequestFeature.PROXY_SCHEME_HTTP,
+        ExternalRequestFeature.PROXY_SCHEME_SOCKS5H,
+    )
+
+    def is_available(self) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    def _real_request_pot(self, request: PoTokenRequest) -> PoTokenResponse:
+        return PoTokenResponse('example-token', expires_at=123)
+
+
+class ExampleCacheProviderPCP(PoTokenCacheProvider):
+
+    PROVIDER_NAME = 'example'
+    PROVIDER_VERSION = '0.0.1'
+    BUG_REPORT_LOCATION = 'https://example.com/issues'
+
+    def is_available(self) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    def get(self, key: str):
+        return 'example-cache'
+
+    def store(self, key: str, value: str, expires_at: int):
+        pass
+
+    def delete(self, key: str):
+        pass
+
+
+class ExampleCacheSpecProviderPCSP(PoTokenCacheSpecProvider):
+
+    PROVIDER_NAME = 'example'
+    PROVIDER_VERSION = '0.0.1'
+    BUG_REPORT_LOCATION = 'https://example.com/issues'
+
+    def generate_cache_spec(self, request: PoTokenRequest):
+        return PoTokenCacheSpec(
+            key_bindings={'field': 'example-key'},
+            default_ttl=60,
+            write_policy=CacheProviderWritePolicy.WRITE_FIRST,
+        )
+
+
+class TestPoTokenProvider:
+
+    def test_base_type(self):
+        assert issubclass(PoTokenProvider, IEContentProvider)
+
+    def test_create_provider_missing_fetch_method(self, ie, logger):
+        class MissingMethodsPTP(PoTokenProvider):
+            def is_available(self) -> bool:
+                return True
+
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            MissingMethodsPTP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+
+    def test_create_provider_missing_available_method(self, ie, logger):
+        class MissingMethodsPTP(PoTokenProvider):
+            def _real_request_pot(self, request: PoTokenRequest) -> PoTokenResponse:
+                raise PoTokenProviderRejectedRequest('Not implemented')
+
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            MissingMethodsPTP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+
+    def test_barebones_provider(self, ie, logger):
+        class BarebonesProviderPTP(PoTokenProvider):
+            def is_available(self) -> bool:
+                return True
+
+            def _real_request_pot(self, request: PoTokenRequest) -> PoTokenResponse:
+                raise PoTokenProviderRejectedRequest('Not implemented')
+
+        provider = BarebonesProviderPTP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+        assert provider.PROVIDER_NAME == 'BarebonesProvider'
+        assert provider.PROVIDER_KEY == 'BarebonesProvider'
+        assert provider.PROVIDER_VERSION == '0.0.0'
+        assert provider.BUG_REPORT_MESSAGE == 'please report this issue to the provider developer at  (developer has not provided a bug report location)  .'
+
+    def test_example_provider_success(self, ie, logger, pot_request):
+        provider = ExamplePTP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+        assert provider.PROVIDER_NAME == 'example'
+        assert provider.PROVIDER_KEY == 'Example'
+        assert provider.PROVIDER_VERSION == '0.0.1'
+        assert provider.BUG_REPORT_MESSAGE == 'please report this issue to the provider developer at  https://example.com/issues  .'
+        assert provider.is_available()
+
+        response = provider.request_pot(pot_request)
+
+        assert response.po_token == 'example-token'
+        assert response.expires_at == 123
+
+    def test_provider_unsupported_context(self, ie, logger, pot_request):
+        provider = ExamplePTP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+        pot_request.context = PoTokenContext.PLAYER
+
+        with pytest.raises(PoTokenProviderRejectedRequest):
+            provider.request_pot(pot_request)
+
+    def test_provider_unsupported_client(self, ie, logger, pot_request):
+        provider = ExamplePTP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+        pot_request.innertube_context['client']['clientName'] = 'ANDROID'
+
+        with pytest.raises(PoTokenProviderRejectedRequest):
+            provider.request_pot(pot_request)
+
+    def test_provider_unsupported_proxy_scheme(self, ie, logger, pot_request):
+        provider = ExamplePTP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+        pot_request.request_proxy = 'socks4://example.com'
+
+        with pytest.raises(
+            PoTokenProviderRejectedRequest,
+            match=r'External requests by "example" provider do not support proxy scheme "socks4"\. Supported proxy '
+            'schemes: http, socks5h',
+        ):
+            provider.request_pot(pot_request)
+
+        pot_request.request_proxy = 'http://example.com'
+
+        assert provider.request_pot(pot_request)
+
+    def test_provider_ignore_external_request_features(self, ie, logger, pot_request):
+        class InternalPTP(ExamplePTP):
+            _SUPPORTED_EXTERNAL_REQUEST_FEATURES = None
+
+        provider = InternalPTP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+
+        pot_request.request_proxy = 'socks5://example.com'
+        assert provider.request_pot(pot_request)
+        pot_request.request_source_address = '0.0.0.0'
+        assert provider.request_pot(pot_request)
+
+    def test_provider_unsupported_external_request_source_address(self, ie, logger, pot_request):
+        class InternalPTP(ExamplePTP):
+            _SUPPORTED_EXTERNAL_REQUEST_FEATURES = tuple()
+
+        provider = InternalPTP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+
+        pot_request.request_source_address = None
+        assert provider.request_pot(pot_request)
+
+        pot_request.request_source_address = '0.0.0.0'
+        with pytest.raises(
+            PoTokenProviderRejectedRequest,
+            match='External requests by "example" provider do not support setting source address',
+        ):
+            provider.request_pot(pot_request)
+
+    def test_provider_supported_external_request_source_address(self, ie, logger, pot_request):
+        class InternalPTP(ExamplePTP):
+            _SUPPORTED_EXTERNAL_REQUEST_FEATURES = (
+                ExternalRequestFeature.SOURCE_ADDRESS,
+            )
+
+        provider = InternalPTP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+
+        pot_request.request_source_address = None
+        assert provider.request_pot(pot_request)
+
+        pot_request.request_source_address = '0.0.0.0'
+        assert provider.request_pot(pot_request)
+
+    def test_provider_unsupported_external_request_tls_verification(self, ie, logger, pot_request):
+        class InternalPTP(ExamplePTP):
+            _SUPPORTED_EXTERNAL_REQUEST_FEATURES = tuple()
+
+        provider = InternalPTP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+
+        pot_request.request_verify_tls = True
+        assert provider.request_pot(pot_request)
+
+        pot_request.request_verify_tls = False
+        with pytest.raises(
+            PoTokenProviderRejectedRequest,
+            match='External requests by "example" provider do not support ignoring TLS certificate failures',
+        ):
+            provider.request_pot(pot_request)
+
+    def test_provider_supported_external_request_tls_verification(self, ie, logger, pot_request):
+        class InternalPTP(ExamplePTP):
+            _SUPPORTED_EXTERNAL_REQUEST_FEATURES = (
+                ExternalRequestFeature.DISABLE_TLS_VERIFICATION,
+            )
+
+        provider = InternalPTP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+
+        pot_request.request_verify_tls = True
+        assert provider.request_pot(pot_request)
+
+        pot_request.request_verify_tls = False
+        assert provider.request_pot(pot_request)
+
+    def test_provider_request_webpage(self, ie, logger, pot_request):
+        provider = ExamplePTP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+
+        cookiejar = YoutubeDLCookieJar()
+        pot_request.request_headers = HTTPHeaderDict({'User-Agent': 'example-user-agent'})
+        pot_request.request_proxy = 'socks5://example-proxy.com'
+        pot_request.request_cookiejar = cookiejar
+
+        def mock_urlopen(request):
+            return request
+
+        ie._downloader.urlopen = mock_urlopen
+
+        sent_request = provider._request_webpage(Request(
+            'https://example.com',
+        ), pot_request=pot_request)
+
+        assert sent_request.url == 'https://example.com'
+        assert sent_request.headers['User-Agent'] == 'example-user-agent'
+        assert sent_request.proxies == {'all': 'socks5://example-proxy.com'}
+        assert sent_request.extensions['cookiejar'] is cookiejar
+        assert 'Requesting webpage' in logger.messages['info']
+
+    def test_provider_request_webpage_override(self, ie, logger, pot_request):
+        provider = ExamplePTP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+
+        cookiejar_request = YoutubeDLCookieJar()
+        pot_request.request_headers = HTTPHeaderDict({'User-Agent': 'example-user-agent'})
+        pot_request.request_proxy = 'socks5://example-proxy.com'
+        pot_request.request_cookiejar = cookiejar_request
+
+        def mock_urlopen(request):
+            return request
+
+        ie._downloader.urlopen = mock_urlopen
+
+        sent_request = provider._request_webpage(Request(
+            'https://example.com',
+            headers={'User-Agent': 'override-user-agent-override'},
+            proxies={'http': 'http://example-proxy-override.com'},
+            extensions={'cookiejar': YoutubeDLCookieJar()},
+        ), pot_request=pot_request, note='Custom requesting webpage')
+
+        assert sent_request.url == 'https://example.com'
+        assert sent_request.headers['User-Agent'] == 'override-user-agent-override'
+        assert sent_request.proxies == {'http': 'http://example-proxy-override.com'}
+        assert sent_request.extensions['cookiejar'] is not cookiejar_request
+        assert 'Custom requesting webpage' in logger.messages['info']
+
+    def test_provider_request_webpage_no_log(self, ie, logger, pot_request):
+        provider = ExamplePTP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+
+        def mock_urlopen(request):
+            return request
+
+        ie._downloader.urlopen = mock_urlopen
+
+        sent_request = provider._request_webpage(Request(
+            'https://example.com',
+        ), note=False)
+
+        assert sent_request.url == 'https://example.com'
+        assert 'info' not in logger.messages
+
+    def test_provider_request_webpage_no_pot_request(self, ie, logger):
+        provider = ExamplePTP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+
+        def mock_urlopen(request):
+            return request
+
+        ie._downloader.urlopen = mock_urlopen
+
+        sent_request = provider._request_webpage(Request(
+            'https://example.com',
+        ), pot_request=None)
+
+        assert sent_request.url == 'https://example.com'
+
+    def test_get_config_arg(self, ie, logger):
+        provider = ExamplePTP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={'abc': ['123D'], 'xyz': ['456a', '789B']})
+
+        assert provider._configuration_arg('abc') == ['123d']
+        assert provider._configuration_arg('abc', default=['default']) == ['123d']
+        assert provider._configuration_arg('ABC', default=['default']) == ['default']
+        assert provider._configuration_arg('abc', casesense=True) == ['123D']
+        assert provider._configuration_arg('xyz', casesense=False) == ['456a', '789b']
+
+    def test_require_class_end_with_suffix(self, ie, logger):
+        class InvalidSuffix(PoTokenProvider):
+            PROVIDER_NAME = 'invalid-suffix'
+
+            def _real_request_pot(self, request: PoTokenRequest) -> PoTokenResponse:
+                raise PoTokenProviderRejectedRequest('Not implemented')
+
+            def is_available(self) -> bool:
+                return True
+
+        provider = InvalidSuffix(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+
+        with pytest.raises(AssertionError):
+            provider.PROVIDER_KEY  # noqa: B018
+
+
+class TestPoTokenCacheProvider:
+
+    def test_base_type(self):
+        assert issubclass(PoTokenCacheProvider, IEContentProvider)
+
+    def test_create_provider_missing_get_method(self, ie, logger):
+        class MissingMethodsPCP(PoTokenCacheProvider):
+            def store(self, key: str, value: str, expires_at: int):
+                pass
+
+            def delete(self, key: str):
+                pass
+
+                def is_available(self) -> bool:
+                    return True
+
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            MissingMethodsPCP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+
+    def test_create_provider_missing_store_method(self, ie, logger):
+        class MissingMethodsPCP(PoTokenCacheProvider):
+            def get(self, key: str):
+                pass
+
+            def delete(self, key: str):
+                pass
+
+            def is_available(self) -> bool:
+                return True
+
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            MissingMethodsPCP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+
+    def test_create_provider_missing_delete_method(self, ie, logger):
+        class MissingMethodsPCP(PoTokenCacheProvider):
+            def get(self, key: str):
+                pass
+
+            def store(self, key: str, value: str, expires_at: int):
+                pass
+
+            def is_available(self) -> bool:
+                return True
+
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            MissingMethodsPCP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+
+    def test_create_provider_missing_is_available_method(self, ie, logger):
+        class MissingMethodsPCP(PoTokenCacheProvider):
+            def get(self, key: str):
+                pass
+
+            def store(self, key: str, value: str, expires_at: int):
+                pass
+
+            def delete(self, key: str):
+                pass
+
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            MissingMethodsPCP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+
+    def test_barebones_provider(self, ie, logger):
+        class BarebonesProviderPCP(PoTokenCacheProvider):
+
+            def is_available(self) -> bool:
+                return True
+
+            def get(self, key: str):
+                return 'example-cache'
+
+            def store(self, key: str, value: str, expires_at: int):
+                pass
+
+            def delete(self, key: str):
+                pass
+
+        provider = BarebonesProviderPCP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+        assert provider.PROVIDER_NAME == 'BarebonesProvider'
+        assert provider.PROVIDER_KEY == 'BarebonesProvider'
+        assert provider.PROVIDER_VERSION == '0.0.0'
+        assert provider.BUG_REPORT_MESSAGE == 'please report this issue to the provider developer at  (developer has not provided a bug report location)  .'
+
+    def test_create_provider_example(self, ie, logger):
+        provider = ExampleCacheProviderPCP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+        assert provider.PROVIDER_NAME == 'example'
+        assert provider.PROVIDER_KEY == 'ExampleCacheProvider'
+        assert provider.PROVIDER_VERSION == '0.0.1'
+        assert provider.BUG_REPORT_MESSAGE == 'please report this issue to the provider developer at  https://example.com/issues  .'
+        assert provider.is_available()
+
+    def test_get_config_arg(self, ie, logger):
+        provider = ExampleCacheProviderPCP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={'abc': ['123D'], 'xyz': ['456a', '789B']})
+        assert provider._configuration_arg('abc') == ['123d']
+        assert provider._configuration_arg('abc', default=['default']) == ['123d']
+        assert provider._configuration_arg('ABC', default=['default']) == ['default']
+        assert provider._configuration_arg('abc', casesense=True) == ['123D']
+        assert provider._configuration_arg('xyz', casesense=False) == ['456a', '789b']
+
+    def test_require_class_end_with_suffix(self, ie, logger):
+        class InvalidSuffix(PoTokenCacheProvider):
+            def get(self, key: str):
+                return 'example-cache'
+
+            def store(self, key: str, value: str, expires_at: int):
+                pass
+
+            def delete(self, key: str):
+                pass
+
+            def is_available(self) -> bool:
+                return True
+
+        provider = InvalidSuffix(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+
+        with pytest.raises(AssertionError):
+            provider.PROVIDER_KEY  # noqa: B018
+
+
+class TestPoTokenCacheSpecProvider:
+
+    def test_base_type(self):
+        assert issubclass(PoTokenCacheSpecProvider, IEContentProvider)
+
+    def test_create_provider_missing_supports_method(self, ie, logger):
+        class MissingMethodsPCS(PoTokenCacheSpecProvider):
+            pass
+
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            MissingMethodsPCS(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+
+    def test_create_provider_barebones(self, ie, pot_request, logger):
+        class BarebonesProviderPCSP(PoTokenCacheSpecProvider):
+            def generate_cache_spec(self, request: PoTokenRequest):
+                return PoTokenCacheSpec(
+                    default_ttl=100,
+                    key_bindings={},
+                )
+
+        provider = BarebonesProviderPCSP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+        assert provider.PROVIDER_NAME == 'BarebonesProvider'
+        assert provider.PROVIDER_KEY == 'BarebonesProvider'
+        assert provider.PROVIDER_VERSION == '0.0.0'
+        assert provider.BUG_REPORT_MESSAGE == 'please report this issue to the provider developer at  (developer has not provided a bug report location)  .'
+        assert provider.is_available()
+        assert provider.generate_cache_spec(request=pot_request).default_ttl == 100
+        assert provider.generate_cache_spec(request=pot_request).key_bindings == {}
+        assert provider.generate_cache_spec(request=pot_request).write_policy == CacheProviderWritePolicy.WRITE_ALL
+
+    def test_create_provider_example(self, ie, pot_request, logger):
+        provider = ExampleCacheSpecProviderPCSP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+        assert provider.PROVIDER_NAME == 'example'
+        assert provider.PROVIDER_KEY == 'ExampleCacheSpecProvider'
+        assert provider.PROVIDER_VERSION == '0.0.1'
+        assert provider.BUG_REPORT_MESSAGE == 'please report this issue to the provider developer at  https://example.com/issues  .'
+        assert provider.is_available()
+        assert provider.generate_cache_spec(pot_request)
+        assert provider.generate_cache_spec(pot_request).key_bindings == {'field': 'example-key'}
+        assert provider.generate_cache_spec(pot_request).default_ttl == 60
+        assert provider.generate_cache_spec(pot_request).write_policy == CacheProviderWritePolicy.WRITE_FIRST
+
+    def test_get_config_arg(self, ie, logger):
+        provider = ExampleCacheSpecProviderPCSP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={'abc': ['123D'], 'xyz': ['456a', '789B']})
+
+        assert provider._configuration_arg('abc') == ['123d']
+        assert provider._configuration_arg('abc', default=['default']) == ['123d']
+        assert provider._configuration_arg('ABC', default=['default']) == ['default']
+        assert provider._configuration_arg('abc', casesense=True) == ['123D']
+        assert provider._configuration_arg('xyz', casesense=False) == ['456a', '789b']
+
+    def test_require_class_end_with_suffix(self, ie, logger):
+        class InvalidSuffix(PoTokenCacheSpecProvider):
+            def generate_cache_spec(self, request: PoTokenRequest):
+                return None
+
+        provider = InvalidSuffix(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+
+        with pytest.raises(AssertionError):
+            provider.PROVIDER_KEY  # noqa: B018
+
+
+class TestPoTokenRequest:
+    def test_copy_request(self, pot_request):
+        copied_request = pot_request.copy()
+
+        assert copied_request is not pot_request
+        assert copied_request.context == pot_request.context
+        assert copied_request.innertube_context == pot_request.innertube_context
+        assert copied_request.innertube_context is not pot_request.innertube_context
+        copied_request.innertube_context['client']['clientName'] = 'ANDROID'
+        assert pot_request.innertube_context['client']['clientName'] != 'ANDROID'
+        assert copied_request.innertube_host == pot_request.innertube_host
+        assert copied_request.session_index == pot_request.session_index
+        assert copied_request.player_url == pot_request.player_url
+        assert copied_request.is_authenticated == pot_request.is_authenticated
+        assert copied_request.visitor_data == pot_request.visitor_data
+        assert copied_request.data_sync_id == pot_request.data_sync_id
+        assert copied_request.video_id == pot_request.video_id
+        assert copied_request.request_cookiejar is pot_request.request_cookiejar
+        assert copied_request.request_proxy == pot_request.request_proxy
+        assert copied_request.request_headers == pot_request.request_headers
+        assert copied_request.request_headers is not pot_request.request_headers
+        assert copied_request.request_timeout == pot_request.request_timeout
+        assert copied_request.request_source_address == pot_request.request_source_address
+        assert copied_request.request_verify_tls == pot_request.request_verify_tls
+        assert copied_request.bypass_cache == pot_request.bypass_cache
+
+
+def test_provider_bug_report_message(ie, logger):
+    provider = ExamplePTP(ie=ie, logger=logger, settings={})
+    assert provider.BUG_REPORT_MESSAGE == 'please report this issue to the provider developer at  https://example.com/issues  .'
+
+    message = provider_bug_report_message(provider)
+    assert message == '; please report this issue to the provider developer at  https://example.com/issues  .'
+
+    message_before = provider_bug_report_message(provider, before='custom message!')
+    assert message_before == 'custom message! Please report this issue to the provider developer at  https://example.com/issues  .'
+
+
+def test_register_provider(ie):
+
+    @register_provider
+    class UnavailableProviderPTP(PoTokenProvider):
+        def is_available(self) -> bool:
+            return False
+
+        def _real_request_pot(self, request: PoTokenRequest) -> PoTokenResponse:
+            raise PoTokenProviderRejectedRequest('Not implemented')
+
+    assert _pot_providers.value.get('UnavailableProvider') == UnavailableProviderPTP
+    _pot_providers.value.pop('UnavailableProvider')
+
+
+def test_register_pot_preference(ie):
+    before = len(_ptp_preferences.value)
+
+    @register_preference(ExamplePTP)
+    def unavailable_preference(provider: PoTokenProvider, request: PoTokenRequest):
+        return 1
+
+    assert len(_ptp_preferences.value) == before + 1
+
+
+def test_register_cache_provider(ie):
+
+    @cache.register_provider
+    class UnavailableCacheProviderPCP(PoTokenCacheProvider):
+        def is_available(self) -> bool:
+            return False
+
+        def get(self, key: str):
+            return 'example-cache'
+
+        def store(self, key: str, value: str, expires_at: int):
+            pass
+
+        def delete(self, key: str):
+            pass
+
+    assert _pot_cache_providers.value.get('UnavailableCacheProvider') == UnavailableCacheProviderPCP
+    _pot_cache_providers.value.pop('UnavailableCacheProvider')
+
+
+def test_register_cache_provider_spec(ie):
+
+    @cache.register_spec
+    class UnavailableCacheProviderPCSP(PoTokenCacheSpecProvider):
+        def is_available(self) -> bool:
+            return False
+
+        def generate_cache_spec(self, request: PoTokenRequest):
+            return None
+
+    assert _pot_pcs_providers.value.get('UnavailableCacheProvider') == UnavailableCacheProviderPCSP
+    _pot_pcs_providers.value.pop('UnavailableCacheProvider')
+
+
+def test_register_cache_provider_preference(ie):
+    before = len(_pot_cache_provider_preferences.value)
+
+    @cache.register_preference(ExampleCacheProviderPCP)
+    def unavailable_preference(provider: PoTokenCacheProvider, request: PoTokenRequest):
+        return 1
+
+    assert len(_pot_cache_provider_preferences.value) == before + 1
+
+
+def test_logger_log_level(logger):
+    assert logger.LogLevel('INFO') == logger.LogLevel.INFO
+    assert logger.LogLevel('debuG') == logger.LogLevel.DEBUG
+    assert logger.LogLevel(10) == logger.LogLevel.DEBUG
+    assert logger.LogLevel('UNKNOWN') == logger.LogLevel.INFO
diff --git a/test/test_subtitles.py b/test/test_subtitles.py
index f3b0056179..53e0b4eaf8 100644
--- a/test/test_subtitles.py
+++ b/test/test_subtitles.py
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ from yt_dlp.extractor import (
     NRKTVIE,
     PBSIE,
     CeskaTelevizeIE,
-    ComedyCentralIE,
     DailymotionIE,
     DemocracynowIE,
     LyndaIE,
@@ -23,7 +22,6 @@ from yt_dlp.extractor import (
     TedTalkIE,
     ThePlatformFeedIE,
     ThePlatformIE,
-    VikiIE,
     VimeoIE,
     WallaIE,
     YoutubeIE,
@@ -280,23 +278,6 @@ class TestNPOSubtitles(BaseTestSubtitles):
         self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['nl']), 'fc6435027572b63fb4ab143abd5ad3f4')
 
 
-@is_download_test
-@unittest.skip('IE broken')
-class TestMTVSubtitles(BaseTestSubtitles):
-    url = 'http://www.cc.com/video-clips/p63lk0/adam-devine-s-house-party-chasing-white-swans'
-    IE = ComedyCentralIE
-
-    def getInfoDict(self):
-        return super().getInfoDict()['entries'][0]
-
-    def test_allsubtitles(self):
-        self.DL.params['writesubtitles'] = True
-        self.DL.params['allsubtitles'] = True
-        subtitles = self.getSubtitles()
-        self.assertEqual(set(subtitles.keys()), {'en'})
-        self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['en']), '78206b8d8a0cfa9da64dc026eea48961')
-
-
 @is_download_test
 class TestNRKSubtitles(BaseTestSubtitles):
     url = 'http://tv.nrk.no/serie/ikke-gjoer-dette-hjemme/DMPV73000411/sesong-2/episode-1'
@@ -331,20 +312,6 @@ class TestRaiPlaySubtitles(BaseTestSubtitles):
         self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['it']), '4b3264186fbb103508abe5311cfcb9cd')
 
 
-@is_download_test
-@unittest.skip('IE broken - DRM only')
-class TestVikiSubtitles(BaseTestSubtitles):
-    url = 'http://www.viki.com/videos/1060846v-punch-episode-18'
-    IE = VikiIE
-
-    def test_allsubtitles(self):
-        self.DL.params['writesubtitles'] = True
-        self.DL.params['allsubtitles'] = True
-        subtitles = self.getSubtitles()
-        self.assertEqual(set(subtitles.keys()), {'en'})
-        self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['en']), '53cb083a5914b2d84ef1ab67b880d18a')
-
-
 @is_download_test
 class TestThePlatformSubtitles(BaseTestSubtitles):
     # from http://www.3playmedia.com/services-features/tools/integrations/theplatform/
diff --git a/test/test_traversal.py b/test/test_traversal.py
index bc433029d8..52215f5a7b 100644
--- a/test/test_traversal.py
+++ b/test/test_traversal.py
@@ -416,18 +416,8 @@ class TestTraversal:
             '`any` should allow further branching'
 
     def test_traversal_morsel(self):
-        values = {
-            'expires': 'a',
-            'path': 'b',
-            'comment': 'c',
-            'domain': 'd',
-            'max-age': 'e',
-            'secure': 'f',
-            'httponly': 'g',
-            'version': 'h',
-            'samesite': 'i',
-        }
         morsel = http.cookies.Morsel()
+        values = dict(zip(morsel, 'abcdefghijklmnop'))
         morsel.set('item_key', 'item_value', 'coded_value')
         morsel.update(values)
         values['key'] = 'item_key'
diff --git a/test/test_update.py b/test/test_update.py
index 23c12d38c1..980470244f 100644
--- a/test/test_update.py
+++ b/test/test_update.py
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
 
 
 from test.helper import FakeYDL, report_warning
-from yt_dlp.update import UpdateInfo, Updater
+from yt_dlp.update import UpdateInfo, Updater, UPDATE_SOURCES, _make_label
 
 
 # XXX: Keep in sync with yt_dlp.update.UPDATE_SOURCES
@@ -84,8 +84,9 @@ lock 2023.11.16 (?!win_x86_exe).+ Python 3\.7
 lock 2023.11.16 win_x86_exe .+ Windows-(?:Vista|2008Server)
 lock 2024.10.22 py2exe .+
 lock 2024.10.22 linux_(?:armv7l|aarch64)_exe .+-glibc2\.(?:[12]?\d|30)\b
-lock 2024.10.22 (?!\w+_exe).+ Python 3\.8
+lock 2024.10.22 zip Python 3\.8
 lock 2024.10.22 win(?:_x86)?_exe Python 3\.[78].+ Windows-(?:7-|2008ServerR2)
+lock 2025.08.11 darwin_legacy_exe .+
 '''
 
 TEST_LOCKFILE_V2_TMPL = r'''%s
@@ -94,20 +95,23 @@ lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp 2023.11.16 (?!win_x86_exe).+ Python 3\.7
 lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp 2023.11.16 win_x86_exe .+ Windows-(?:Vista|2008Server)
 lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp 2024.10.22 py2exe .+
 lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp 2024.10.22 linux_(?:armv7l|aarch64)_exe .+-glibc2\.(?:[12]?\d|30)\b
-lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp 2024.10.22 (?!\w+_exe).+ Python 3\.8
+lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp 2024.10.22 zip Python 3\.8
 lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp 2024.10.22 win(?:_x86)?_exe Python 3\.[78].+ Windows-(?:7-|2008ServerR2)
+lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp 2025.08.11 darwin_legacy_exe .+
 lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-nightly-builds 2023.11.15.232826 (?!win_x86_exe).+ Python 3\.7
 lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-nightly-builds 2023.11.15.232826 win_x86_exe .+ Windows-(?:Vista|2008Server)
 lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-nightly-builds 2024.10.22.051025 py2exe .+
 lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-nightly-builds 2024.10.22.051025 linux_(?:armv7l|aarch64)_exe .+-glibc2\.(?:[12]?\d|30)\b
-lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-nightly-builds 2024.10.22.051025 (?!\w+_exe).+ Python 3\.8
+lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-nightly-builds 2024.10.22.051025 zip Python 3\.8
 lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-nightly-builds 2024.10.22.051025 win(?:_x86)?_exe Python 3\.[78].+ Windows-(?:7-|2008ServerR2)
+lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-nightly-builds 2025.08.12.233030 darwin_legacy_exe .+
 lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-master-builds 2023.11.15.232812 (?!win_x86_exe).+ Python 3\.7
 lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-master-builds 2023.11.15.232812 win_x86_exe .+ Windows-(?:Vista|2008Server)
 lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-master-builds 2024.10.22.045052 py2exe .+
 lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-master-builds 2024.10.22.060347 linux_(?:armv7l|aarch64)_exe .+-glibc2\.(?:[12]?\d|30)\b
-lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-master-builds 2024.10.22.060347 (?!\w+_exe).+ Python 3\.8
+lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-master-builds 2024.10.22.060347 zip Python 3\.8
 lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-master-builds 2024.10.22.060347 win(?:_x86)?_exe Python 3\.[78].+ Windows-(?:7-|2008ServerR2)
+lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp-master-builds 2025.08.12.232447 darwin_legacy_exe .+
 '''
 
 TEST_LOCKFILE_V2 = TEST_LOCKFILE_V2_TMPL % TEST_LOCKFILE_COMMENT
@@ -217,6 +221,10 @@ class TestUpdate(unittest.TestCase):
             test(  # linux_aarch64_exe w/glibc2.3 should only update to glibc<2.31 lock
                 lockfile, 'linux_aarch64_exe Python 3.8.0 (CPython aarch64 64bit) - Linux-6.5.0-1025-azure-aarch64-with-glibc2.3 (OpenSSL',
                 '2025.01.01', '2024.10.22')
+            test(lockfile, 'darwin_legacy_exe Python 3.10.5', '2025.08.11', '2025.08.11')
+            test(lockfile, 'darwin_legacy_exe Python 3.10.5', '2025.08.11', '2025.08.11', exact=True)
+            test(lockfile, 'darwin_legacy_exe Python 3.10.5', '2025.08.12', '2025.08.11')
+            test(lockfile, 'darwin_legacy_exe Python 3.10.5', '2025.08.12', None, exact=True)
 
         # Forks can block updates to non-numeric tags rather than lock
         test(TEST_LOCKFILE_FORK, 'zip Python 3.6.3', 'pr0000', None, repo='fork/yt-dlp')
@@ -272,6 +280,26 @@ class TestUpdate(unittest.TestCase):
         test('testing', None, current_commit='9' * 40)
         test('testing', UpdateInfo('testing', commit='9' * 40))
 
+    def test_make_label(self):
+        STABLE_REPO = UPDATE_SOURCES['stable']
+        NIGHTLY_REPO = UPDATE_SOURCES['nightly']
+        MASTER_REPO = UPDATE_SOURCES['master']
+
+        for inputs, expected in [
+            ([STABLE_REPO, '2025.09.02', '2025.09.02'], f'stable@2025.09.02 from {STABLE_REPO}'),
+            ([NIGHTLY_REPO, '2025.09.02.123456', '2025.09.02.123456'], f'nightly@2025.09.02.123456 from {NIGHTLY_REPO}'),
+            ([MASTER_REPO, '2025.09.02.987654', '2025.09.02.987654'], f'master@2025.09.02.987654 from {MASTER_REPO}'),
+            (['fork/yt-dlp', 'experimental', '2025.12.31.000000'], 'fork/yt-dlp@experimental build 2025.12.31.000000'),
+            (['fork/yt-dlp', '2025.09.02', '2025.09.02'], 'fork/yt-dlp@2025.09.02'),
+            ([STABLE_REPO, 'experimental', '2025.12.31.000000'], f'{STABLE_REPO}@experimental build 2025.12.31.000000'),
+            ([STABLE_REPO, 'experimental'], f'{STABLE_REPO}@experimental'),
+            (['fork/yt-dlp', 'experimental'], 'fork/yt-dlp@experimental'),
+        ]:
+            result = _make_label(*inputs)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                result, expected,
+                f'{inputs!r} returned {result!r} instead of {expected!r}')
+
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/test/test_utils.py b/test/test_utils.py
index 65f28db363..83916b46d9 100644
--- a/test/test_utils.py
+++ b/test/test_utils.py
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import datetime as dt
 import io
 import itertools
 import json
+import ntpath
 import pickle
 import subprocess
 import unittest
@@ -71,6 +72,8 @@ from yt_dlp.utils import (
     iri_to_uri,
     is_html,
     js_to_json,
+    jwt_decode_hs256,
+    jwt_encode,
     limit_length,
     locked_file,
     lowercase_escape,
@@ -99,11 +102,13 @@ from yt_dlp.utils import (
     remove_start,
     render_table,
     replace_extension,
+    datetime_round,
     rot47,
     sanitize_filename,
     sanitize_path,
     sanitize_url,
     shell_quote,
+    strftime_or_none,
     smuggle_url,
     str_to_int,
     strip_jsonp,
@@ -219,11 +224,8 @@ class TestUtil(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(sanitize_filename('_BD_eEpuzXw', is_id=True), '_BD_eEpuzXw')
         self.assertEqual(sanitize_filename('N0Y__7-UOdI', is_id=True), 'N0Y__7-UOdI')
 
+    @unittest.mock.patch('sys.platform', 'win32')
     def test_sanitize_path(self):
-        with unittest.mock.patch('sys.platform', 'win32'):
-            self._test_sanitize_path()
-
-    def _test_sanitize_path(self):
         self.assertEqual(sanitize_path('abc'), 'abc')
         self.assertEqual(sanitize_path('abc/def'), 'abc\\def')
         self.assertEqual(sanitize_path('abc\\def'), 'abc\\def')
@@ -252,14 +254,6 @@ class TestUtil(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(sanitize_path('abc.../def...'), 'abc..#\\def..#')
         self.assertEqual(sanitize_path('C:\\abc:%(title)s.%(ext)s'), 'C:\\abc#%(title)s.%(ext)s')
 
-        # Check with nt._path_normpath if available
-        try:
-            import nt
-
-            nt_path_normpath = getattr(nt, '_path_normpath', None)
-        except Exception:
-            nt_path_normpath = None
-
         for test, expected in [
             ('C:\\', 'C:\\'),
             ('../abc', '..\\abc'),
@@ -277,8 +271,7 @@ class TestUtil(unittest.TestCase):
             result = sanitize_path(test)
             assert result == expected, f'{test} was incorrectly resolved'
             assert result == sanitize_path(result), f'{test} changed after sanitizing again'
-            if nt_path_normpath:
-                assert result == nt_path_normpath(test), f'{test} does not match nt._path_normpath'
+            assert result == ntpath.normpath(test), f'{test} does not match ntpath.normpath'
 
     def test_sanitize_url(self):
         self.assertEqual(sanitize_url('//foo.bar'), 'http://foo.bar')
@@ -412,6 +405,25 @@ class TestUtil(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(datetime_from_str('now+1day', precision='hour'), datetime_from_str('now+24hours', precision='auto'))
         self.assertEqual(datetime_from_str('now+23hours', precision='hour'), datetime_from_str('now+23hours', precision='auto'))
 
+    def test_datetime_round(self):
+        self.assertEqual(datetime_round(dt.datetime.strptime('1820-05-12T01:23:45Z', '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ')),
+                         dt.datetime(1820, 5, 12, tzinfo=dt.timezone.utc))
+        self.assertEqual(datetime_round(dt.datetime.strptime('1969-12-31T23:34:45Z', '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ'), 'hour'),
+                         dt.datetime(1970, 1, 1, 0, tzinfo=dt.timezone.utc))
+        self.assertEqual(datetime_round(dt.datetime.strptime('2024-12-25T01:23:45Z', '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ'), 'minute'),
+                         dt.datetime(2024, 12, 25, 1, 24, tzinfo=dt.timezone.utc))
+        self.assertEqual(datetime_round(dt.datetime.strptime('2024-12-25T01:23:45.123Z', '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%fZ'), 'second'),
+                         dt.datetime(2024, 12, 25, 1, 23, 45, tzinfo=dt.timezone.utc))
+        self.assertEqual(datetime_round(dt.datetime.strptime('2024-12-25T01:23:45.678Z', '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%fZ'), 'second'),
+                         dt.datetime(2024, 12, 25, 1, 23, 46, tzinfo=dt.timezone.utc))
+
+    def test_strftime_or_none(self):
+        self.assertEqual(strftime_or_none(-4722192000), '18200512')
+        self.assertEqual(strftime_or_none(0), '19700101')
+        self.assertEqual(strftime_or_none(1735084800), '20241225')
+        # Throws OverflowError
+        self.assertEqual(strftime_or_none(1735084800000), None)
+
     def test_daterange(self):
         _20century = DateRange('19000101', '20000101')
         self.assertFalse('17890714' in _20century)
@@ -664,6 +676,8 @@ class TestUtil(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(url_or_none('mms://foo.de'), 'mms://foo.de')
         self.assertEqual(url_or_none('rtspu://foo.de'), 'rtspu://foo.de')
         self.assertEqual(url_or_none('ftps://foo.de'), 'ftps://foo.de')
+        self.assertEqual(url_or_none('ws://foo.de'), 'ws://foo.de')
+        self.assertEqual(url_or_none('wss://foo.de'), 'wss://foo.de')
 
     def test_parse_age_limit(self):
         self.assertEqual(parse_age_limit(None), None)
@@ -1265,6 +1279,7 @@ class TestUtil(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_js_to_json_malformed(self):
         self.assertEqual(js_to_json('42a1'), '42"a1"')
         self.assertEqual(js_to_json('42a-1'), '42"a"-1')
+        self.assertEqual(js_to_json('{a: `${e("")}`}'), '{"a": "\\"e\\"(\\"\\")"}')
 
     def test_js_to_json_template_literal(self):
         self.assertEqual(js_to_json('`Hello ${name}`', {'name': '"world"'}), '"Hello world"')
@@ -1375,6 +1390,7 @@ class TestUtil(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(parse_resolution('pre_1920x1080_post'), {'width': 1920, 'height': 1080})
         self.assertEqual(parse_resolution('ep1x2'), {})
         self.assertEqual(parse_resolution('1920, 1080'), {'width': 1920, 'height': 1080})
+        self.assertEqual(parse_resolution('1920w', lenient=True), {'width': 1920})
 
     def test_parse_bitrate(self):
         self.assertEqual(parse_bitrate(None), None)
@@ -2181,6 +2197,41 @@ Line 1
         assert int_or_none(v=10) == 10, 'keyword passed positional should call function'
         assert int_or_none(scale=0.1)(10) == 100, 'call after partial application should call the function'
 
+    _JWT_KEY = '12345678'
+    _JWT_HEADERS_1 = {'a': 'b'}
+    _JWT_HEADERS_2 = {'typ': 'JWT', 'alg': 'HS256'}
+    _JWT_HEADERS_3 = {'typ': 'JWT', 'alg': 'RS256'}
+    _JWT_HEADERS_4 = {'c': 'd', 'alg': 'ES256'}
+    _JWT_DECODED = {
+        'foo': 'bar',
+        'qux': 'baz',
+    }
+    _JWT_SIMPLE = 'eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmb28iOiJiYXIiLCJxdXgiOiJiYXoifQ.fKojvTWqnjNTbsdoDTmYNc4tgYAG3h_SWRzM77iLH0U'
+    _JWT_WITH_EXTRA_HEADERS = 'eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCIsImEiOiJiIn0.eyJmb28iOiJiYXIiLCJxdXgiOiJiYXoifQ.Ia91-B77yasfYM7jsB6iVKLew-3rO6ITjNmjWUVXCvQ'
+    _JWT_WITH_REORDERED_HEADERS = 'eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJmb28iOiJiYXIiLCJxdXgiOiJiYXoifQ.slg-7COta5VOfB36p3tqV4MGPV6TTA_ouGnD48UEVq4'
+    _JWT_WITH_REORDERED_HEADERS_AND_RS256_ALG = 'eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiJ9.eyJmb28iOiJiYXIiLCJxdXgiOiJiYXoifQ.XWp496oVgQnoits0OOocutdjxoaQwn4GUWWxUsKENPM'
+    _JWT_WITH_EXTRA_HEADERS_AND_ES256_ALG = 'eyJhbGciOiJFUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCIsImMiOiJkIn0.eyJmb28iOiJiYXIiLCJxdXgiOiJiYXoifQ.oM_tc7IkfrwkoRh43rFFE1wOi3J3mQGwx7_lMyKQqDg'
+
+    def test_jwt_encode(self):
+        def test(expected, headers={}):
+            self.assertEqual(jwt_encode(self._JWT_DECODED, self._JWT_KEY, headers=headers), expected)
+
+        test(self._JWT_SIMPLE)
+        test(self._JWT_WITH_EXTRA_HEADERS, headers=self._JWT_HEADERS_1)
+        test(self._JWT_WITH_REORDERED_HEADERS, headers=self._JWT_HEADERS_2)
+        test(self._JWT_WITH_REORDERED_HEADERS_AND_RS256_ALG, headers=self._JWT_HEADERS_3)
+        test(self._JWT_WITH_EXTRA_HEADERS_AND_ES256_ALG, headers=self._JWT_HEADERS_4)
+
+    def test_jwt_decode_hs256(self):
+        def test(inp):
+            self.assertEqual(jwt_decode_hs256(inp), self._JWT_DECODED)
+
+        test(self._JWT_SIMPLE)
+        test(self._JWT_WITH_EXTRA_HEADERS)
+        test(self._JWT_WITH_REORDERED_HEADERS)
+        test(self._JWT_WITH_REORDERED_HEADERS_AND_RS256_ALG)
+        test(self._JWT_WITH_EXTRA_HEADERS_AND_ES256_ALG)
+
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/test/test_verbose_output.py b/test/test_verbose_output.py
index 21ce10a1fb..e9559d33b1 100644
--- a/test/test_verbose_output.py
+++ b/test/test_verbose_output.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class TestVerboseOutput(unittest.TestCase):
                 '--username', 'johnsmith@gmail.com',
                 '--password', 'my_secret_password',
             ], cwd=rootDir, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
-        sout, serr = outp.communicate()
+        _, serr = outp.communicate()
         self.assertTrue(b'--username' in serr)
         self.assertTrue(b'johnsmith' not in serr)
         self.assertTrue(b'--password' in serr)
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class TestVerboseOutput(unittest.TestCase):
                 '-u', 'johnsmith@gmail.com',
                 '-p', 'my_secret_password',
             ], cwd=rootDir, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
-        sout, serr = outp.communicate()
+        _, serr = outp.communicate()
         self.assertTrue(b'-u' in serr)
         self.assertTrue(b'johnsmith' not in serr)
         self.assertTrue(b'-p' in serr)
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ class TestVerboseOutput(unittest.TestCase):
                 '--username=johnsmith@gmail.com',
                 '--password=my_secret_password',
             ], cwd=rootDir, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
-        sout, serr = outp.communicate()
+        _, serr = outp.communicate()
         self.assertTrue(b'--username' in serr)
         self.assertTrue(b'johnsmith' not in serr)
         self.assertTrue(b'--password' in serr)
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ class TestVerboseOutput(unittest.TestCase):
                 '-u=johnsmith@gmail.com',
                 '-p=my_secret_password',
             ], cwd=rootDir, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
-        sout, serr = outp.communicate()
+        _, serr = outp.communicate()
         self.assertTrue(b'-u' in serr)
         self.assertTrue(b'johnsmith' not in serr)
         self.assertTrue(b'-p' in serr)
diff --git a/test/test_websockets.py b/test/test_websockets.py
index dead5fe5c5..167f67daa7 100644
--- a/test/test_websockets.py
+++ b/test/test_websockets.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ import random
 import ssl
 import threading
 
-from yt_dlp import socks, traverse_obj
+from yt_dlp import socks
 from yt_dlp.cookies import YoutubeDLCookieJar
 from yt_dlp.dependencies import websockets
 from yt_dlp.networking import Request
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ from yt_dlp.networking.exceptions import (
     SSLError,
     TransportError,
 )
+from yt_dlp.utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 from yt_dlp.utils.networking import HTTPHeaderDict
 
 TEST_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
diff --git a/test/test_write_annotations.py.disabled b/test/test_write_annotations.py.disabled
deleted file mode 100644
index c7cf199f6c..0000000000
--- a/test/test_write_annotations.py.disabled
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3
-
-# Allow direct execution
-import os
-import sys
-import unittest
-
-sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
-
-
-import xml.etree.ElementTree
-
-import yt_dlp.extractor
-import yt_dlp.YoutubeDL
-from test.helper import get_params, is_download_test, try_rm
-
-
-class YoutubeDL(yt_dlp.YoutubeDL):
-    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
-        self.to_stderr = self.to_screen
-
-
-params = get_params({
-    'writeannotations': True,
-    'skip_download': True,
-    'writeinfojson': False,
-    'format': 'flv',
-})
-
-
-TEST_ID = 'gr51aVj-mLg'
-ANNOTATIONS_FILE = TEST_ID + '.annotations.xml'
-EXPECTED_ANNOTATIONS = ['Speech bubble', 'Note', 'Title', 'Spotlight', 'Label']
-
-
-@is_download_test
-class TestAnnotations(unittest.TestCase):
-    def setUp(self):
-        # Clear old files
-        self.tearDown()
-
-    def test_info_json(self):
-        expected = list(EXPECTED_ANNOTATIONS)  # Two annotations could have the same text.
-        ie = yt_dlp.extractor.YoutubeIE()
-        ydl = YoutubeDL(params)
-        ydl.add_info_extractor(ie)
-        ydl.download([TEST_ID])
-        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(ANNOTATIONS_FILE))
-        annoxml = None
-        with open(ANNOTATIONS_FILE, encoding='utf-8') as annof:
-            annoxml = xml.etree.ElementTree.parse(annof)
-        self.assertTrue(annoxml is not None, 'Failed to parse annotations XML')
-        root = annoxml.getroot()
-        self.assertEqual(root.tag, 'document')
-        annotationsTag = root.find('annotations')
-        self.assertEqual(annotationsTag.tag, 'annotations')
-        annotations = annotationsTag.findall('annotation')
-
-        # Not all the annotations have TEXT children and the annotations are returned unsorted.
-        for a in annotations:
-            self.assertEqual(a.tag, 'annotation')
-            if a.get('type') == 'text':
-                textTag = a.find('TEXT')
-                text = textTag.text
-                self.assertTrue(text in expected)  # assertIn only added in python 2.7
-                # remove the first occurrence, there could be more than one annotation with the same text
-                expected.remove(text)
-        # We should have seen (and removed) all the expected annotation texts.
-        self.assertEqual(len(expected), 0, 'Not all expected annotations were found.')
-
-    def tearDown(self):
-        try_rm(ANNOTATIONS_FILE)
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    unittest.main()
diff --git a/test/test_youtube_signature.py b/test/test_youtube_signature.py
index 7ae627f2c0..2e9c974db2 100644
--- a/test/test_youtube_signature.py
+++ b/test/test_youtube_signature.py
@@ -78,6 +78,81 @@ _SIG_TESTS = [
         '2aq0aqSyOoJXtK73m-uME_jv7-pT15gOFC02RFkGMqWpzEICs69VdbwQ0LDp1v7j8xx92efCJlYFYb1sUkkBSPOlPmXgIARw8JQ0qOAOAA',
         '0QJ8wRAIgXmPlOPSBkkUs1bYFYlJCfe29xxAj7v1pDL0QwbdV96sCIEzpWqMGkFR20CFOg51Tp-7vj_EMu-m37KtXJ2OySqa0q',
     ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/643afba4/tv-player-ias.vflset/tv-player-ias.js',
+        '2aq0aqSyOoJXtK73m-uME_jv7-pT15gOFC02RFkGMqWpzEICs69VdbwQ0LDp1v7j8xx92efCJlYFYb1sUkkBSPOlPmXgIARw8JQ0qOAOAA',
+        'AAOAOq0QJ8wRAIgXmPlOPSBkkUs1bYFYlJCfe29xx8j7vgpDL0QwbdV06sCIEzpWqMGkFR20CFOS21Tp-7vj_EMu-m37KtXJoOy1',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/363db69b/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        '2aq0aqSyOoJXtK73m-uME_jv7-pT15gOFC02RFkGMqWpzEICs69VdbwQ0LDp1v7j8xx92efCJlYFYb1sUkkBSPOlPmXgIARw8JQ0qOAOAA',
+        '0aqSyOoJXtK73m-uME_jv7-pT15gOFC02RFkGMqWpz2ICs6EVdbwQ0LDp1v7j8xx92efCJlYFYb1sUkkBSPOlPmXgIARw8JQ0qOAOAA',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/363db69b/player_ias_tce.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        '2aq0aqSyOoJXtK73m-uME_jv7-pT15gOFC02RFkGMqWpzEICs69VdbwQ0LDp1v7j8xx92efCJlYFYb1sUkkBSPOlPmXgIARw8JQ0qOAOAA',
+        '0aqSyOoJXtK73m-uME_jv7-pT15gOFC02RFkGMqWpz2ICs6EVdbwQ0LDp1v7j8xx92efCJlYFYb1sUkkBSPOlPmXgIARw8JQ0qOAOAA',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/4fcd6e4a/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        '2aq0aqSyOoJXtK73m-uME_jv7-pT15gOFC02RFkGMqWpzEICs69VdbwQ0LDp1v7j8xx92efCJlYFYb1sUkkBSPOlPmXgIARw8JQ0qOAOAA',
+        'wAOAOq0QJ8ARAIgXmPlOPSBkkUs1bYFYlJCfe29xx8q7v1pDL0QwbdV96sCIEzpWqMGkFR20CFOg51Tp-7vj_EMu-m37KtXJoOySqa0',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/4fcd6e4a/player_ias_tce.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        '2aq0aqSyOoJXtK73m-uME_jv7-pT15gOFC02RFkGMqWpzEICs69VdbwQ0LDp1v7j8xx92efCJlYFYb1sUkkBSPOlPmXgIARw8JQ0qOAOAA',
+        'wAOAOq0QJ8ARAIgXmPlOPSBkkUs1bYFYlJCfe29xx8q7v1pDL0QwbdV96sCIEzpWqMGkFR20CFOg51Tp-7vj_EMu-m37KtXJoOySqa0',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/20830619/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        '2aq0aqSyOoJXtK73m-uME_jv7-pT15gOFC02RFkGMqWpzEICs69VdbwQ0LDp1v7j8xx92efCJlYFYb1sUkkBSPOlPmXgIARw8JQ0qOAOAA',
+        '7AOq0QJ8wRAIgXmPlOPSBkkAs1bYFYlJCfe29xx8jOv1pDL0Q2bdV96sCIEzpWqMGkFR20CFOg51Tp-7vj_EMu-m37KtXJoOySqa0qaw',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/20830619/player_ias_tce.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        '2aq0aqSyOoJXtK73m-uME_jv7-pT15gOFC02RFkGMqWpzEICs69VdbwQ0LDp1v7j8xx92efCJlYFYb1sUkkBSPOlPmXgIARw8JQ0qOAOAA',
+        '7AOq0QJ8wRAIgXmPlOPSBkkAs1bYFYlJCfe29xx8jOv1pDL0Q2bdV96sCIEzpWqMGkFR20CFOg51Tp-7vj_EMu-m37KtXJoOySqa0qaw',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/20830619/player-plasma-ias-phone-en_US.vflset/base.js',
+        '2aq0aqSyOoJXtK73m-uME_jv7-pT15gOFC02RFkGMqWpzEICs69VdbwQ0LDp1v7j8xx92efCJlYFYb1sUkkBSPOlPmXgIARw8JQ0qOAOAA',
+        '7AOq0QJ8wRAIgXmPlOPSBkkAs1bYFYlJCfe29xx8jOv1pDL0Q2bdV96sCIEzpWqMGkFR20CFOg51Tp-7vj_EMu-m37KtXJoOySqa0qaw',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/20830619/player-plasma-ias-tablet-en_US.vflset/base.js',
+        '2aq0aqSyOoJXtK73m-uME_jv7-pT15gOFC02RFkGMqWpzEICs69VdbwQ0LDp1v7j8xx92efCJlYFYb1sUkkBSPOlPmXgIARw8JQ0qOAOAA',
+        '7AOq0QJ8wRAIgXmPlOPSBkkAs1bYFYlJCfe29xx8jOv1pDL0Q2bdV96sCIEzpWqMGkFR20CFOg51Tp-7vj_EMu-m37KtXJoOySqa0qaw',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/8a8ac953/player_ias_tce.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        '2aq0aqSyOoJXtK73m-uME_jv7-pT15gOFC02RFkGMqWpzEICs69VdbwQ0LDp1v7j8xx92efCJlYFYb1sUkkBSPOlPmXgIARw8JQ0qOAOAA',
+        'IAOAOq0QJ8wRAAgXmPlOPSBkkUs1bYFYlJCfe29xx8j7v1pDL0QwbdV96sCIEzpWqMGkFR20CFOg51Tp-7vj_E2u-m37KtXJoOySqa0',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/8a8ac953/tv-player-es6.vflset/tv-player-es6.js',
+        '2aq0aqSyOoJXtK73m-uME_jv7-pT15gOFC02RFkGMqWpzEICs69VdbwQ0LDp1v7j8xx92efCJlYFYb1sUkkBSPOlPmXgIARw8JQ0qOAOAA',
+        'IAOAOq0QJ8wRAAgXmPlOPSBkkUs1bYFYlJCfe29xx8j7v1pDL0QwbdV96sCIEzpWqMGkFR20CFOg51Tp-7vj_E2u-m37KtXJoOySqa0',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/e12fbea4/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        'gN7a-hudCuAuPH6fByOk1_GNXN0yNMHShjZXS2VOgsEItAJz0tipeavEOmNdYN-wUtcEqD3bCXjc0iyKfAyZxCBGgIARwsSdQfJ2CJtt',
+        'JC2JfQdSswRAIgGBCxZyAfKyi0cjXCb3DqEctUw-NYdNmOEvaepit0zJAtIEsgOV2SXZjhSHMNy0NXNG_1kOyBf6HPuAuCduh-a',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/010fbc8d/player_es5.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        'gN7a-hudCuAuPH6fByOk1_GNXN0yNMHShjZXS2VOgsEItAJz0tipeavEOmNdYN-wUtcEqD3bCXjc0iyKfAyZxCBGgIARwsSdQfJ2CJtt',
+        'ttJC2JfQdSswRAIgGBCxZyAfKyi0cjXCb3DqEctUw-NYdNmOEvaepit2zJAsIEggOVaSXZjhSHMNy0NXNG_1kOyBf6HPuAuCduh-',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/010fbc8d/player_es6.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        'gN7a-hudCuAuPH6fByOk1_GNXN0yNMHShjZXS2VOgsEItAJz0tipeavEOmNdYN-wUtcEqD3bCXjc0iyKfAyZxCBGgIARwsSdQfJ2CJtt',
+        'ttJC2JfQdSswRAIgGBCxZyAfKyi0cjXCb3DqEctUw-NYdNmOEvaepit2zJAsIEggOVaSXZjhSHMNy0NXNG_1kOyBf6HPuAuCduh-',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/5ec65609/player_ias_tcc.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        'AAJAJfQdSswRAIgNSN0GDUcHnCIXkKcF61yLBgDHiX1sUhOJdY4_GxunRYCIDeYNYP_16mQTPm5f1OVq3oV1ijUNYPjP4iUSMAjO9bZ',
+        'AJfQdSswRAIgNSN0GDUcHnCIXkKcF61ZLBgDHiX1sUhOJdY4_GxunRYCIDyYNYP_16mQTPm5f1OVq3oV1ijUNYPjP4iUSMAjO9be',
+    ),
 ]
 
 _NSIG_TESTS = [
@@ -205,6 +280,130 @@ _NSIG_TESTS = [
         'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/9c6dfc4a/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
         'jbu7ylIosQHyJyJV', 'uwI0ESiynAmhNg',
     ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/e7567ecf/player_ias_tce.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        'Sy4aDGc0VpYRR9ew_', '5UPOT1VhoZxNLQ',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/d50f54ef/player_ias_tce.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        'Ha7507LzRmH3Utygtj', 'XFTb2HoeOE5MHg',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/074a8365/player_ias_tce.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        'Ha7507LzRmH3Utygtj', 'ufTsrE0IVYrkl8v',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/643afba4/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        'N5uAlLqm0eg1GyHO', 'dCBQOejdq5s-ww',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/69f581a5/tv-player-ias.vflset/tv-player-ias.js',
+        '-qIP447rVlTTwaZjY', 'KNcGOksBAvwqQg',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/643afba4/tv-player-ias.vflset/tv-player-ias.js',
+        'ir9-V6cdbCiyKxhr', '2PL7ZDYAALMfmA',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/363db69b/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        'eWYu5d5YeY_4LyEDc', 'XJQqf-N7Xra3gg',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/4fcd6e4a/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        'o_L251jm8yhZkWtBW', 'lXoxI3XvToqn6A',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/4fcd6e4a/player_ias_tce.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        'o_L251jm8yhZkWtBW', 'lXoxI3XvToqn6A',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/20830619/tv-player-ias.vflset/tv-player-ias.js',
+        'ir9-V6cdbCiyKxhr', '9YE85kNjZiS4',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/20830619/player-plasma-ias-phone-en_US.vflset/base.js',
+        'ir9-V6cdbCiyKxhr', '9YE85kNjZiS4',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/20830619/player-plasma-ias-tablet-en_US.vflset/base.js',
+        'ir9-V6cdbCiyKxhr', '9YE85kNjZiS4',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/8a8ac953/player_ias_tce.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        'MiBYeXx_vRREbiCCmh', 'RtZYMVvmkE0JE',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/8a8ac953/tv-player-es6.vflset/tv-player-es6.js',
+        'MiBYeXx_vRREbiCCmh', 'RtZYMVvmkE0JE',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/59b252b9/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        'D3XWVpYgwhLLKNK4AGX', 'aZrQ1qWJ5yv5h',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/fc2a56a5/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        'qTKWg_Il804jd2kAC', 'OtUAm2W6gyzJjB9u',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/fc2a56a5/tv-player-ias.vflset/tv-player-ias.js',
+        'qTKWg_Il804jd2kAC', 'OtUAm2W6gyzJjB9u',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/a74bf670/player_ias_tce.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        'kM5r52fugSZRAKHfo3', 'hQP7k1hA22OrNTnq',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/6275f73c/player_ias_tce.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        'kM5r52fugSZRAKHfo3', '-I03XF0iyf6I_X0A',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/20c72c18/player_ias_tce.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        'kM5r52fugSZRAKHfo3', '-I03XF0iyf6I_X0A',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/9fe2e06e/player_ias_tce.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        'kM5r52fugSZRAKHfo3', '6r5ekNIiEMPutZy',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/680f8c75/player_ias_tce.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        'kM5r52fugSZRAKHfo3', '0ml9caTwpa55Jf',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/14397202/player_ias_tce.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        'kM5r52fugSZRAKHfo3', 'ozZFAN21okDdJTa',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/5dcb2c1f/player_ias_tce.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        'kM5r52fugSZRAKHfo3', 'p7iTbRZDYAF',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/a10d7fcc/player_ias_tce.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        'kM5r52fugSZRAKHfo3', '9Zue7DDHJSD',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/8e20cb06/player_ias_tce.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        'kM5r52fugSZRAKHfo3', '5-4tTneTROTpMzba',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/e12fbea4/player_ias_tce.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        'kM5r52fugSZRAKHfo3', 'XkeRfXIPOkSwfg',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/ef259203/player_ias_tce.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        'rPqBC01nJpqhhi2iA2U', 'hY7dbiKFT51UIA',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/010fbc8d/player_es5.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        '0hlOAlqjFszVvF4Z', 'R-H23bZGAsRFTg',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/010fbc8d/player_es6.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        '0hlOAlqjFszVvF4Z', 'R-H23bZGAsRFTg',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/5ec65609/player_ias_tcc.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        '6l5CTNx4AzIqH4MXM', 'NupToduxHBew1g',
+    ),
 ]
 
 
@@ -218,6 +417,8 @@ class TestPlayerInfo(unittest.TestCase):
             ('https://www.youtube.com/s/player/64dddad9/player-plasma-ias-phone-en_US.vflset/base.js', '64dddad9'),
             ('https://www.youtube.com/s/player/64dddad9/player-plasma-ias-phone-de_DE.vflset/base.js', '64dddad9'),
             ('https://www.youtube.com/s/player/64dddad9/player-plasma-ias-tablet-en_US.vflset/base.js', '64dddad9'),
+            ('https://www.youtube.com/s/player/e7567ecf/player_ias_tce.vflset/en_US/base.js', 'e7567ecf'),
+            ('https://www.youtube.com/s/player/643afba4/tv-player-ias.vflset/tv-player-ias.js', '643afba4'),
             # obsolete
             ('https://www.youtube.com/yts/jsbin/player_ias-vfle4-e03/en_US/base.js', 'vfle4-e03'),
             ('https://www.youtube.com/yts/jsbin/player_ias-vfl49f_g4/en_US/base.js', 'vfl49f_g4'),
@@ -250,46 +451,51 @@ def t_factory(name, sig_func, url_pattern):
     def make_tfunc(url, sig_input, expected_sig):
         m = url_pattern.match(url)
         assert m, f'{url!r} should follow URL format'
-        test_id = m.group('id')
+        test_id = re.sub(r'[/.-]', '_', m.group('id') or m.group('compat_id'))
 
         def test_func(self):
-            basename = f'player-{name}-{test_id}.js'
+            basename = f'player-{test_id}.js'
             fn = os.path.join(self.TESTDATA_DIR, basename)
 
             if not os.path.exists(fn):
                 urllib.request.urlretrieve(url, fn)
             with open(fn, encoding='utf-8') as testf:
                 jscode = testf.read()
-            self.assertEqual(sig_func(jscode, sig_input), expected_sig)
+            self.assertEqual(sig_func(jscode, sig_input, url), expected_sig)
 
         test_func.__name__ = f'test_{name}_js_{test_id}'
         setattr(TestSignature, test_func.__name__, test_func)
     return make_tfunc
 
 
-def signature(jscode, sig_input):
-    func = YoutubeIE(FakeYDL())._parse_sig_js(jscode)
+def signature(jscode, sig_input, player_url):
+    func = YoutubeIE(FakeYDL())._parse_sig_js(jscode, player_url)
     src_sig = (
         str(string.printable[:sig_input])
         if isinstance(sig_input, int) else sig_input)
     return func(src_sig)
 
 
-def n_sig(jscode, sig_input):
+def n_sig(jscode, sig_input, player_url):
     ie = YoutubeIE(FakeYDL())
-    funcname = ie._extract_n_function_name(jscode)
+    funcname = ie._extract_n_function_name(jscode, player_url=player_url)
     jsi = JSInterpreter(jscode)
-    func = jsi.extract_function_from_code(*ie._fixup_n_function_code(*jsi.extract_function_code(funcname)))
+    func = jsi.extract_function_from_code(*ie._fixup_n_function_code(*jsi.extract_function_code(funcname), jscode, player_url))
     return func([sig_input])
 
 
 make_sig_test = t_factory(
-    'signature', signature, re.compile(r'.*(?:-|/player/)(?P<id>[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+)(?:/.+\.js|(?:/watch_as3|/html5player)?\.[a-z]+)$'))
+    'signature', signature,
+    re.compile(r'''(?x)
+        .+(?:
+            /player/(?P<id>[a-zA-Z0-9_/.-]+)|
+            /html5player-(?:en_US-)?(?P<compat_id>[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+)(?:/watch_as3|/html5player)?
+        )\.js$'''))
 for test_spec in _SIG_TESTS:
     make_sig_test(*test_spec)
 
 make_nsig_test = t_factory(
-    'nsig', n_sig, re.compile(r'.+/player/(?P<id>[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+)/.+.js$'))
+    'nsig', n_sig, re.compile(r'.+/player/(?P<id>[a-zA-Z0-9_/.-]+)\.js$'))
 for test_spec in _NSIG_TESTS:
     make_nsig_test(*test_spec)
 
diff --git a/test/testdata/thumbnails/foo %d bar/foo_%d.webp b/test/testdata/thumbnails/foo %d bar/foo_%d.webp
deleted file mode 100644
index d64d0839f0..0000000000
Binary files a/test/testdata/thumbnails/foo %d bar/foo_%d.webp and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/test/testdata/thumbnails/foo %d bar/placeholder b/test/testdata/thumbnails/foo %d bar/placeholder
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e69de29bb2
diff --git a/yt_dlp/YoutubeDL.py b/yt_dlp/YoutubeDL.py
index 8790b326b7..3b41a15196 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/YoutubeDL.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/YoutubeDL.py
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ from .extractor.openload import PhantomJSwrapper
 from .globals import (
     IN_CLI,
     LAZY_EXTRACTORS,
+    WINDOWS_VT_MODE,
     plugin_ies,
     plugin_ies_overrides,
     plugin_pps,
@@ -52,7 +53,7 @@ from .networking.exceptions import (
     SSLError,
     network_exceptions,
 )
-from .networking.impersonate import ImpersonateRequestHandler
+from .networking.impersonate import ImpersonateRequestHandler, ImpersonateTarget
 from .plugins import directories as plugin_directories, load_all_plugins
 from .postprocessor import (
     EmbedThumbnailPP,
@@ -72,6 +73,7 @@ from .postprocessor.ffmpeg import resolve_mapping as resolve_recode_mapping
 from .update import (
     REPOSITORY,
     _get_system_deprecation,
+    _get_outdated_warning,
     _make_label,
     current_git_head,
     detect_variant,
@@ -302,7 +304,6 @@ class YoutubeDL:
     clean_infojson:    Remove internal metadata from the infojson
     getcomments:       Extract video comments. This will not be written to disk
                        unless writeinfojson is also given
-    writeannotations:  Write the video annotations to a .annotations.xml file
     writethumbnail:    Write the thumbnail image to a file
     allow_playlist_files: Whether to write playlists' description, infojson etc
                        also to disk when using the 'write*' options
@@ -482,7 +483,8 @@ class YoutubeDL:
                        The following options do not work when used through the API:
                        filename, abort-on-error, multistreams, no-live-chat,
                        format-sort, no-clean-infojson, no-playlist-metafiles,
-                       no-keep-subs, no-attach-info-json, allow-unsafe-ext, prefer-vp9-sort.
+                       no-keep-subs, no-attach-info-json, allow-unsafe-ext, prefer-vp9-sort,
+                       mtime-by-default.
                        Refer __init__.py for their implementation
     progress_template: Dictionary of templates for progress outputs.
                        Allowed keys are 'download', 'postprocess',
@@ -490,7 +492,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
                        The template is mapped on a dictionary with keys 'progress' and 'info'
     retry_sleep_functions: Dictionary of functions that takes the number of attempts
                        as argument and returns the time to sleep in seconds.
-                       Allowed keys are 'http', 'fragment', 'file_access'
+                       Allowed keys are 'http', 'fragment', 'file_access', 'extractor'
     download_ranges:   A callback function that gets called for every video with
                        the signature (info_dict, ydl) -> Iterable[Section].
                        Only the returned sections will be downloaded.
@@ -502,16 +504,17 @@ class YoutubeDL:
     force_keyframes_at_cuts: Re-encode the video when downloading ranges to get precise cuts
     noprogress:        Do not print the progress bar
     live_from_start:   Whether to download livestreams videos from the start
+    warn_when_outdated: Emit a warning if the yt-dlp version is older than 90 days
 
     The following parameters are not used by YoutubeDL itself, they are used by
     the downloader (see yt_dlp/downloader/common.py):
     nopart, updatetime, buffersize, ratelimit, throttledratelimit, min_filesize,
     max_filesize, test, noresizebuffer, retries, file_access_retries, fragment_retries,
-    continuedl, xattr_set_filesize, hls_use_mpegts, http_chunk_size,
-    external_downloader_args, concurrent_fragment_downloads, progress_delta.
+    continuedl, hls_use_mpegts, http_chunk_size, external_downloader_args,
+    concurrent_fragment_downloads, progress_delta.
 
     The following options are used by the post processors:
-    ffmpeg_location:   Location of the ffmpeg/avconv binary; either the path
+    ffmpeg_location:   Location of the ffmpeg binary; either the path
                        to the binary or its containing directory.
     postprocessor_args: A dictionary of postprocessor/executable keys (in lower case)
                        and a list of additional command-line arguments for the
@@ -528,6 +531,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
                        discontinuities such as ad breaks (default: False)
     extractor_args:    A dictionary of arguments to be passed to the extractors.
                        See "EXTRACTOR ARGUMENTS" for details.
+                       Argument values must always be a list of string(s).
                        E.g. {'youtube': {'skip': ['dash', 'hls']}}
     mark_watched:      Mark videos watched (even with --simulate). Only for YouTube
 
@@ -561,32 +565,14 @@ class YoutubeDL:
     allsubtitles:      - Use subtitleslangs = ['all']
                        Downloads all the subtitles of the video
                        (requires writesubtitles or writeautomaticsub)
-    include_ads:       - Doesn't work
-                       Download ads as well
-    call_home:         - Not implemented
-                       Boolean, true if we are allowed to contact the
-                       yt-dlp servers for debugging.
     post_hooks:        - Register a custom postprocessor
                        A list of functions that get called as the final step
                        for each video file, after all postprocessors have been
                        called. The filename will be passed as the only argument.
     hls_prefer_native: - Use external_downloader = {'m3u8': 'native'} or {'m3u8': 'ffmpeg'}.
-                       Use the native HLS downloader instead of ffmpeg/avconv
-                       if True, otherwise use ffmpeg/avconv if False, otherwise
+                       Use the native HLS downloader instead of ffmpeg
+                       if True, otherwise use ffmpeg if False, otherwise
                        use downloader suggested by extractor if None.
-    prefer_ffmpeg:     - avconv support is deprecated
-                       If False, use avconv instead of ffmpeg if both are available,
-                       otherwise prefer ffmpeg.
-    youtube_include_dash_manifest: - Use extractor_args
-                       If True (default), DASH manifests and related
-                       data will be downloaded and processed by extractor.
-                       You can reduce network I/O by disabling it if you don't
-                       care about DASH. (only for youtube)
-    youtube_include_hls_manifest: - Use extractor_args
-                       If True (default), HLS manifests and related
-                       data will be downloaded and processed by extractor.
-                       You can reduce network I/O by disabling it if you don't
-                       care about HLS. (only for youtube)
     no_color:          Same as `color='no_color'`
     no_overwrites:     Same as `overwrites=False`
     """
@@ -594,7 +580,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
     _NUMERIC_FIELDS = {
         'width', 'height', 'asr', 'audio_channels', 'fps',
         'tbr', 'abr', 'vbr', 'filesize', 'filesize_approx',
-        'timestamp', 'release_timestamp',
+        'timestamp', 'release_timestamp', 'available_at',
         'duration', 'view_count', 'like_count', 'dislike_count', 'repost_count',
         'average_rating', 'comment_count', 'age_limit',
         'start_time', 'end_time',
@@ -604,13 +590,13 @@ class YoutubeDL:
 
     _format_fields = {
         # NB: Keep in sync with the docstring of extractor/common.py
-        'url', 'manifest_url', 'manifest_stream_number', 'ext', 'format', 'format_id', 'format_note',
+        'url', 'manifest_url', 'manifest_stream_number', 'ext', 'format', 'format_id', 'format_note', 'available_at',
         'width', 'height', 'aspect_ratio', 'resolution', 'dynamic_range', 'tbr', 'abr', 'acodec', 'asr', 'audio_channels',
         'vbr', 'fps', 'vcodec', 'container', 'filesize', 'filesize_approx', 'rows', 'columns', 'hls_media_playlist_data',
         'player_url', 'protocol', 'fragment_base_url', 'fragments', 'is_from_start', 'is_dash_periods', 'request_data',
         'preference', 'language', 'language_preference', 'quality', 'source_preference', 'cookies',
         'http_headers', 'stretched_ratio', 'no_resume', 'has_drm', 'extra_param_to_segment_url', 'extra_param_to_key_url',
-        'hls_aes', 'downloader_options', 'page_url', 'app', 'play_path', 'tc_url', 'flash_version',
+        'hls_aes', 'downloader_options', 'impersonate', 'page_url', 'app', 'play_path', 'tc_url', 'flash_version',
         'rtmp_live', 'rtmp_conn', 'rtmp_protocol', 'rtmp_real_time',
     }
     _deprecated_multivalue_fields = {
@@ -640,6 +626,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
         self._printed_messages = set()
         self._first_webpage_request = True
         self._post_hooks = []
+        self._close_hooks = []
         self._progress_hooks = []
         self._postprocessor_hooks = []
         self._download_retcode = 0
@@ -654,19 +641,21 @@ class YoutubeDL:
         if not all_plugins_loaded.value:
             load_all_plugins()
 
-        try:
-            windows_enable_vt_mode()
-        except Exception as e:
-            self.write_debug(f'Failed to enable VT mode: {e}')
-
         stdout = sys.stderr if self.params.get('logtostderr') else sys.stdout
         self._out_files = Namespace(
             out=stdout,
             error=sys.stderr,
             screen=sys.stderr if self.params.get('quiet') else stdout,
-            console=next(filter(supports_terminal_sequences, (sys.stderr, sys.stdout)), None),
         )
 
+        try:
+            windows_enable_vt_mode()
+        except Exception as e:
+            self.write_debug(f'Failed to enable VT mode: {e}')
+
+        # hehe "immutable" namespace
+        self._out_files.console = next(filter(supports_terminal_sequences, (sys.stderr, sys.stdout)), None)
+
         if self.params.get('no_color'):
             if self.params.get('color') is not None:
                 self.params.setdefault('_warnings', []).append(
@@ -697,6 +686,9 @@ class YoutubeDL:
         system_deprecation = _get_system_deprecation()
         if system_deprecation:
             self.deprecated_feature(system_deprecation.replace('\n', '\n                    '))
+        elif self.params.get('warn_when_outdated'):
+            if outdated_warning := _get_outdated_warning():
+                self.report_warning(outdated_warning)
 
         if self.params.get('allow_unplayable_formats'):
             self.report_warning(
@@ -739,12 +731,6 @@ class YoutubeDL:
                 return True
             return False
 
-        if check_deprecated('cn_verification_proxy', '--cn-verification-proxy', '--geo-verification-proxy'):
-            if self.params.get('geo_verification_proxy') is None:
-                self.params['geo_verification_proxy'] = self.params['cn_verification_proxy']
-
-        check_deprecated('autonumber', '--auto-number', '-o "%(autonumber)s-%(title)s.%(ext)s"')
-        check_deprecated('usetitle', '--title', '-o "%(title)s-%(id)s.%(ext)s"')
         check_deprecated('useid', '--id', '-o "%(id)s.%(ext)s"')
 
         for msg in self.params.get('_warnings', []):
@@ -906,6 +892,11 @@ class YoutubeDL:
         """Add the post hook"""
         self._post_hooks.append(ph)
 
+    def add_close_hook(self, ch):
+        """Add a close hook, called when YoutubeDL.close() is called"""
+        assert callable(ch), 'Close hook must be callable'
+        self._close_hooks.append(ch)
+
     def add_progress_hook(self, ph):
         """Add the download progress hook"""
         self._progress_hooks.append(ph)
@@ -1014,6 +1005,9 @@ class YoutubeDL:
             self._request_director.close()
             del self._request_director
 
+        for close_hook in self._close_hooks:
+            close_hook()
+
     def trouble(self, message=None, tb=None, is_error=True):
         """Determine action to take when a download problem appears.
 
@@ -2183,7 +2177,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
             return op(actual_value, comparison_value)
         return _filter
 
-    def _check_formats(self, formats):
+    def _check_formats(self, formats, warning=True):
         for f in formats:
             working = f.get('__working')
             if working is not None:
@@ -2196,6 +2190,9 @@ class YoutubeDL:
                 continue
             temp_file = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix='.tmp', delete=False, dir=path or None)
             temp_file.close()
+            # If FragmentFD fails when testing a fragment, it will wrongly set a non-zero return code.
+            # Save the actual return code for later. See https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13750
+            original_retcode = self._download_retcode
             try:
                 success, _ = self.dl(temp_file.name, f, test=True)
             except (DownloadError, OSError, ValueError, *network_exceptions):
@@ -2206,11 +2203,18 @@ class YoutubeDL:
                         os.remove(temp_file.name)
                     except OSError:
                         self.report_warning(f'Unable to delete temporary file "{temp_file.name}"')
+            # Restore the actual return code
+            self._download_retcode = original_retcode
             f['__working'] = success
             if success:
+                f.pop('__needs_testing', None)
                 yield f
             else:
-                self.to_screen('[info] Unable to download format {}. Skipping...'.format(f['format_id']))
+                msg = f'Unable to download format {f["format_id"]}. Skipping...'
+                if warning:
+                    self.report_warning(msg)
+                else:
+                    self.to_screen(f'[info] {msg}')
 
     def _select_formats(self, formats, selector):
         return list(selector({
@@ -2690,11 +2694,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
                 ('modified_timestamp', 'modified_date'),
         ):
             if info_dict.get(date_key) is None and info_dict.get(ts_key) is not None:
-                # Working around out-of-range timestamp values (e.g. negative ones on Windows,
-                # see http://bugs.python.org/issue1646728)
-                with contextlib.suppress(ValueError, OverflowError, OSError):
-                    upload_date = dt.datetime.fromtimestamp(info_dict[ts_key], dt.timezone.utc)
-                    info_dict[date_key] = upload_date.strftime('%Y%m%d')
+                info_dict[date_key] = strftime_or_none(info_dict[ts_key])
 
         if not info_dict.get('release_year'):
             info_dict['release_year'] = traverse_obj(info_dict, ('release_date', {lambda x: int(x[:4])}))
@@ -2936,7 +2936,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
                     )
 
         if self.params.get('check_formats') is True:
-            formats = LazyList(self._check_formats(formats[::-1]), reverse=True)
+            formats = LazyList(self._check_formats(formats[::-1], warning=False), reverse=True)
 
         if not formats or formats[0] is not info_dict:
             # only set the 'formats' fields if the original info_dict list them
@@ -3209,6 +3209,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
             }
         else:
             params = self.params
+
         fd = get_suitable_downloader(info, params, to_stdout=(name == '-'))(self, params)
         if not test:
             for ph in self._progress_hooks:
@@ -3311,28 +3312,6 @@ class YoutubeDL:
         elif _infojson_written is None:
             return
 
-        # Note: Annotations are deprecated
-        annofn = None
-        if self.params.get('writeannotations', False):
-            annofn = self.prepare_filename(info_dict, 'annotation')
-        if annofn:
-            if not self._ensure_dir_exists(annofn):
-                return
-            if not self.params.get('overwrites', True) and os.path.exists(annofn):
-                self.to_screen('[info] Video annotations are already present')
-            elif not info_dict.get('annotations'):
-                self.report_warning('There are no annotations to write.')
-            else:
-                try:
-                    self.to_screen('[info] Writing video annotations to: ' + annofn)
-                    with open(annofn, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as annofile:
-                        annofile.write(info_dict['annotations'])
-                except (KeyError, TypeError):
-                    self.report_warning('There are no annotations to write.')
-                except OSError:
-                    self.report_error('Cannot write annotations file: ' + annofn)
-                    return
-
         # Write internet shortcut files
         def _write_link_file(link_type):
             url = try_get(info_dict['webpage_url'], iri_to_uri)
@@ -3684,6 +3663,8 @@ class YoutubeDL:
                 return {k: filter_fn(v) for k, v in obj.items() if not reject(k, v)}
             elif isinstance(obj, (list, tuple, set, LazyList)):
                 return list(map(filter_fn, obj))
+            elif isinstance(obj, ImpersonateTarget):
+                return str(obj)
             elif obj is None or isinstance(obj, (str, int, float, bool)):
                 return obj
             else:
@@ -3952,6 +3933,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
                     self._format_out('UNSUPPORTED', self.Styles.BAD_FORMAT) if f.get('ext') in ('f4f', 'f4m') else None,
                     (self._format_out('Maybe DRM', self.Styles.WARNING) if f.get('has_drm') == 'maybe'
                      else self._format_out('DRM', self.Styles.BAD_FORMAT) if f.get('has_drm') else None),
+                    self._format_out('Untested', self.Styles.WARNING) if f.get('__needs_testing') else None,
                     format_field(f, 'format_note'),
                     format_field(f, 'container', ignore=(None, f.get('ext'))),
                     delim=', '), delim=' '),
@@ -4013,8 +3995,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
             if os.environ.get('TERM', '').lower() == 'dumb':
                 additional_info.append('dumb')
             if not supports_terminal_sequences(stream):
-                from .utils import WINDOWS_VT_MODE  # Must be imported locally
-                additional_info.append('No VT' if WINDOWS_VT_MODE is False else 'No ANSI')
+                additional_info.append('No VT' if WINDOWS_VT_MODE.value is False else 'No ANSI')
             if additional_info:
                 ret = f'{ret} ({",".join(additional_info)})'
             return ret
@@ -4150,7 +4131,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
             (target, rh.RH_NAME)
             for rh in self._request_director.handlers.values()
             if isinstance(rh, ImpersonateRequestHandler)
-            for target in rh.supported_targets
+            for target in reversed(rh.supported_targets)
         ]
 
     def _impersonate_target_available(self, target):
@@ -4160,6 +4141,31 @@ class YoutubeDL:
             for rh in self._request_director.handlers.values()
             if isinstance(rh, ImpersonateRequestHandler))
 
+    def _parse_impersonate_targets(self, impersonate):
+        if impersonate in (True, ''):
+            impersonate = ImpersonateTarget()
+
+        requested_targets = [
+            t if isinstance(t, ImpersonateTarget) else ImpersonateTarget.from_str(t)
+            for t in variadic(impersonate)
+        ] if impersonate else []
+
+        available_target = next(filter(self._impersonate_target_available, requested_targets), None)
+
+        return available_target, requested_targets
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _unavailable_targets_message(requested_targets, note=None, is_error=False):
+        note = note or 'The extractor specified to use impersonation for this download'
+        specific_targets = ', '.join(filter(None, map(str, requested_targets)))
+        message = (
+            'no impersonate target is available' if not specific_targets
+            else f'none of these impersonate targets are available: {specific_targets}')
+        return (
+            f'{note}, but {message}. {"See" if is_error else "If you encounter errors, then see"}'
+            f'  https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp#impersonation  '
+            f'for information on installing the required dependencies')
+
     def urlopen(self, req):
         """ Start an HTTP download """
         if isinstance(req, str):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/__init__.py b/yt_dlp/__init__.py
index 7d8f100474..09c022fa0e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/__init__.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/__init__.py
@@ -59,11 +59,9 @@ from .utils import (
     render_table,
     setproctitle,
     shell_quote,
-    traverse_obj,
     variadic,
     write_string,
 )
-from .utils.networking import std_headers
 from .utils._utils import _UnsafeExtensionError
 from .YoutubeDL import YoutubeDL
 
@@ -159,6 +157,12 @@ def set_compat_opts(opts):
     elif 'prefer-vp9-sort' in opts.compat_opts:
         opts.format_sort.extend(FormatSorter._prefer_vp9_sort)
 
+    if 'mtime-by-default' in opts.compat_opts:
+        if opts.updatetime is None:
+            opts.updatetime = True
+        else:
+            _unused_compat_opt('mtime-by-default')
+
     _video_multistreams_set = set_default_compat('multistreams', 'allow_multiple_video_streams', False, remove_compat=False)
     _audio_multistreams_set = set_default_compat('multistreams', 'allow_multiple_audio_streams', False, remove_compat=False)
     if _video_multistreams_set is False and _audio_multistreams_set is False:
@@ -494,6 +498,14 @@ def validate_options(opts):
             'To let yt-dlp download and merge the best available formats, simply do not pass any format selection',
             'If you know what you are doing and want only the best pre-merged format, use "-f b" instead to suppress this warning')))
 
+    # Common mistake: -f mp4
+    if opts.format == 'mp4':
+        warnings.append('.\n         '.join((
+            '"-f mp4" selects the best pre-merged mp4 format which is often not what\'s intended',
+            'Pre-merged mp4 formats are not available from all sites, or may only be available in lower quality',
+            'To prioritize the best h264 video and aac audio in an mp4 container, use "-t mp4" instead',
+            'If you know what you are doing and want a pre-merged mp4 format, use "-f b[ext=mp4]" instead to suppress this warning')))
+
     # --(postprocessor/downloader)-args without name
     def report_args_compat(name, value, key1, key2=None, where=None):
         if key1 in value and key2 not in value:
@@ -509,7 +521,6 @@ def validate_options(opts):
 
     if report_args_compat('post-processor', opts.postprocessor_args, 'default-compat', 'default'):
         opts.postprocessor_args['default'] = opts.postprocessor_args.pop('default-compat')
-        opts.postprocessor_args.setdefault('sponskrub', [])
 
     def report_conflict(arg1, opt1, arg2='--allow-unplayable-formats', opt2='allow_unplayable_formats',
                         val1=NO_DEFAULT, val2=NO_DEFAULT, default=False):
@@ -534,11 +545,6 @@ def validate_options(opts):
                     '"--exec before_dl:"', 'exec_cmd', val2=opts.exec_cmd.get('before_dl'))
     report_conflict('--id', 'useid', '--output', 'outtmpl', val2=opts.outtmpl.get('default'))
     report_conflict('--remux-video', 'remuxvideo', '--recode-video', 'recodevideo')
-    report_conflict('--sponskrub', 'sponskrub', '--remove-chapters', 'remove_chapters')
-    report_conflict('--sponskrub', 'sponskrub', '--sponsorblock-mark', 'sponsorblock_mark')
-    report_conflict('--sponskrub', 'sponskrub', '--sponsorblock-remove', 'sponsorblock_remove')
-    report_conflict('--sponskrub-cut', 'sponskrub_cut', '--split-chapter', 'split_chapters',
-                    val1=opts.sponskrub and opts.sponskrub_cut)
 
     # Conflicts with --allow-unplayable-formats
     report_conflict('--embed-metadata', 'addmetadata')
@@ -551,23 +557,15 @@ def validate_options(opts):
     report_conflict('--recode-video', 'recodevideo')
     report_conflict('--remove-chapters', 'remove_chapters', default=[])
     report_conflict('--remux-video', 'remuxvideo')
-    report_conflict('--sponskrub', 'sponskrub')
     report_conflict('--sponsorblock-remove', 'sponsorblock_remove', default=set())
     report_conflict('--xattrs', 'xattrs')
 
-    # Fully deprecated options
-    def report_deprecation(val, old, new=None):
-        if not val:
-            return
+    if hasattr(opts, '_deprecated_options'):
         deprecation_warnings.append(
-            f'{old} is deprecated and may be removed in a future version. Use {new} instead' if new
-            else f'{old} is deprecated and may not work as expected')
-
-    report_deprecation(opts.sponskrub, '--sponskrub', '--sponsorblock-mark or --sponsorblock-remove')
-    report_deprecation(not opts.prefer_ffmpeg, '--prefer-avconv', 'ffmpeg')
-    # report_deprecation(opts.include_ads, '--include-ads')  # We may re-implement this in future
-    # report_deprecation(opts.call_home, '--call-home')  # We may re-implement this in future
-    # report_deprecation(opts.writeannotations, '--write-annotations')  # It's just that no website has it
+            f'The following options have been deprecated: {", ".join(opts._deprecated_options)}\n'
+            'Please remove them from your command/configuration to avoid future errors.\n'
+            'See  https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14198  for more details')
+        del opts._deprecated_options
 
     # Dependent options
     opts.date = DateRange.day(opts.date) if opts.date else DateRange(opts.dateafter, opts.datebefore)
@@ -698,21 +696,6 @@ def get_postprocessors(opts):
             'add_metadata': opts.addmetadata,
             'add_infojson': opts.embed_infojson,
         }
-    # Deprecated
-    # This should be above EmbedThumbnail since sponskrub removes the thumbnail attachment
-    # but must be below EmbedSubtitle and FFmpegMetadata
-    # See https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/204 , https://github.com/faissaloo/SponSkrub/issues/29
-    # If opts.sponskrub is None, sponskrub is used, but it silently fails if the executable can't be found
-    if opts.sponskrub is not False:
-        yield {
-            'key': 'SponSkrub',
-            'path': opts.sponskrub_path,
-            'args': opts.sponskrub_args,
-            'cut': opts.sponskrub_cut,
-            'force': opts.sponskrub_force,
-            'ignoreerror': opts.sponskrub is None,
-            '_from_cli': True,
-        }
     if opts.embedthumbnail:
         yield {
             'key': 'EmbedThumbnail',
@@ -871,7 +854,6 @@ def parse_options(argv=None):
         'nopart': opts.nopart,
         'updatetime': opts.updatetime,
         'writedescription': opts.writedescription,
-        'writeannotations': opts.writeannotations,
         'writeinfojson': opts.writeinfojson,
         'allow_playlist_files': opts.allow_playlist_files,
         'clean_infojson': opts.clean_infojson,
@@ -905,7 +887,6 @@ def parse_options(argv=None):
         'max_views': opts.max_views,
         'daterange': opts.date,
         'cachedir': opts.cachedir,
-        'youtube_print_sig_code': opts.youtube_print_sig_code,
         'age_limit': opts.age_limit,
         'download_archive': opts.download_archive,
         'break_on_existing': opts.break_on_existing,
@@ -923,13 +904,9 @@ def parse_options(argv=None):
         'socket_timeout': opts.socket_timeout,
         'bidi_workaround': opts.bidi_workaround,
         'debug_printtraffic': opts.debug_printtraffic,
-        'prefer_ffmpeg': opts.prefer_ffmpeg,
-        'include_ads': opts.include_ads,
         'default_search': opts.default_search,
         'dynamic_mpd': opts.dynamic_mpd,
         'extractor_args': opts.extractor_args,
-        'youtube_include_dash_manifest': opts.youtube_include_dash_manifest,
-        'youtube_include_hls_manifest': opts.youtube_include_hls_manifest,
         'encoding': opts.encoding,
         'extract_flat': opts.extract_flat,
         'live_from_start': opts.live_from_start,
@@ -941,7 +918,6 @@ def parse_options(argv=None):
         'fixup': opts.fixup,
         'source_address': opts.source_address,
         'impersonate': opts.impersonate,
-        'call_home': opts.call_home,
         'sleep_interval_requests': opts.sleep_interval_requests,
         'sleep_interval': opts.sleep_interval,
         'max_sleep_interval': opts.max_sleep_interval,
@@ -951,7 +927,6 @@ def parse_options(argv=None):
         'force_keyframes_at_cuts': opts.force_keyframes_at_cuts,
         'list_thumbnails': opts.list_thumbnails,
         'playlist_items': opts.playlist_items,
-        'xattr_set_filesize': opts.xattr_set_filesize,
         'match_filter': opts.match_filter,
         'color': opts.color,
         'ffmpeg_location': opts.ffmpeg_location,
@@ -960,11 +935,12 @@ def parse_options(argv=None):
         'hls_split_discontinuity': opts.hls_split_discontinuity,
         'external_downloader_args': opts.external_downloader_args,
         'postprocessor_args': opts.postprocessor_args,
-        'cn_verification_proxy': opts.cn_verification_proxy,
         'geo_verification_proxy': opts.geo_verification_proxy,
         'geo_bypass': opts.geo_bypass,
         'geo_bypass_country': opts.geo_bypass_country,
         'geo_bypass_ip_block': opts.geo_bypass_ip_block,
+        'useid': opts.useid or None,
+        'warn_when_outdated': opts.update_self is None,
         '_warnings': warnings,
         '_deprecation_warnings': deprecation_warnings,
         'compat_opts': opts.compat_opts,
@@ -976,12 +952,6 @@ def _real_main(argv=None):
 
     parser, opts, all_urls, ydl_opts = parse_options(argv)
 
-    # Dump user agent
-    if opts.dump_user_agent:
-        ua = traverse_obj(opts.headers, 'User-Agent', casesense=False, default=std_headers['User-Agent'])
-        write_string(f'{ua}\n', out=sys.stdout)
-        return
-
     if print_extractor_information(opts, all_urls):
         return
 
@@ -1021,8 +991,10 @@ def _real_main(argv=None):
                 # List of simplified targets we know are supported,
                 # to help users know what dependencies may be required.
                 (ImpersonateTarget('chrome'), 'curl_cffi'),
-                (ImpersonateTarget('edge'), 'curl_cffi'),
                 (ImpersonateTarget('safari'), 'curl_cffi'),
+                (ImpersonateTarget('firefox'), 'curl_cffi>=0.10'),
+                (ImpersonateTarget('edge'), 'curl_cffi'),
+                (ImpersonateTarget('tor'), 'curl_cffi>=0.11'),
             ]
 
             available_targets = ydl._get_available_impersonate_targets()
@@ -1038,12 +1010,12 @@ def _real_main(argv=None):
 
             for known_target, known_handler in known_targets:
                 if not any(
-                    known_target in target and handler == known_handler
+                    known_target in target and known_handler.startswith(handler)
                     for target, handler in available_targets
                 ):
-                    rows.append([
+                    rows.insert(0, [
                         ydl._format_out(text, ydl.Styles.SUPPRESS)
-                        for text in make_row(known_target, f'{known_handler} (not available)')
+                        for text in make_row(known_target, f'{known_handler} (unavailable)')
                     ])
 
             ydl.to_screen('[info] Available impersonate targets')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/aes.py b/yt_dlp/aes.py
index 9908434a58..600cb12a89 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/aes.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/aes.py
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ def aes_ecb_encrypt(data, key, iv=None):
     @returns {int[]}           encrypted data
     """
     expanded_key = key_expansion(key)
-    block_count = int(ceil(float(len(data)) / BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES))
+    block_count = ceil(len(data) / BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES)
 
     encrypted_data = []
     for i in range(block_count):
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ def aes_ecb_decrypt(data, key, iv=None):
     @returns {int[]}           decrypted data
     """
     expanded_key = key_expansion(key)
-    block_count = int(ceil(float(len(data)) / BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES))
+    block_count = ceil(len(data) / BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES)
 
     encrypted_data = []
     for i in range(block_count):
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ def aes_ctr_encrypt(data, key, iv):
     @returns {int[]}           encrypted data
     """
     expanded_key = key_expansion(key)
-    block_count = int(ceil(float(len(data)) / BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES))
+    block_count = ceil(len(data) / BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES)
     counter = iter_vector(iv)
 
     encrypted_data = []
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ def aes_cbc_decrypt(data, key, iv):
     @returns {int[]}           decrypted data
     """
     expanded_key = key_expansion(key)
-    block_count = int(ceil(float(len(data)) / BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES))
+    block_count = ceil(len(data) / BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES)
 
     decrypted_data = []
     previous_cipher_block = iv
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ def aes_cbc_encrypt(data, key, iv, *, padding_mode='pkcs7'):
     @returns {int[]}           encrypted data
     """
     expanded_key = key_expansion(key)
-    block_count = int(ceil(float(len(data)) / BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES))
+    block_count = ceil(len(data) / BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES)
 
     encrypted_data = []
     previous_cipher_block = iv
@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@ def sub_bytes_inv(data):
 
 
 def rotate(data):
-    return data[1:] + [data[0]]
+    return [*data[1:], data[0]]
 
 
 def key_schedule_core(data, rcon_iteration):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/compat/__init__.py b/yt_dlp/compat/__init__.py
index d779620688..ad1268143c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/compat/__init__.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/compat/__init__.py
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import datetime as dt
 import os
 import xml.etree.ElementTree as etree
 
@@ -27,6 +28,13 @@ def compat_ord(c):
     return c if isinstance(c, int) else ord(c)
 
 
+def compat_datetime_from_timestamp(timestamp):
+    # Calling dt.datetime.fromtimestamp with negative timestamps throws error in Windows
+    # Ref: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/5185, https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/81708,
+    # https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/6706#issuecomment-1496842642
+    return (dt.datetime.fromtimestamp(0, dt.timezone.utc) + dt.timedelta(seconds=timestamp))
+
+
 # Python 3.8+ does not honor %HOME% on windows, but this breaks compatibility with youtube-dl
 # See https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/792
 # https://docs.python.org/3/library/os.path.html#os.path.expanduser
diff --git a/yt_dlp/compat/_legacy.py b/yt_dlp/compat/_legacy.py
index dae2c14592..2f3e35d4a8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/compat/_legacy.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/compat/_legacy.py
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ from ..dependencies import websockets as compat_websockets  # noqa: F401
 from ..dependencies.Cryptodome import AES as compat_pycrypto_AES  # noqa: F401
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError as compat_HTTPError
 
-passthrough_module(__name__, '...utils', ('WINDOWS_VT_MODE', 'windows_enable_vt_mode'))
+passthrough_module(__name__, '...utils', ('windows_enable_vt_mode',))
 
 
 # compat_ctypes_WINFUNCTYPE = ctypes.WINFUNCTYPE
diff --git a/yt_dlp/cookies.py b/yt_dlp/cookies.py
index fad323c901..4fdc0b8de7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/cookies.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/cookies.py
@@ -125,6 +125,8 @@ def extract_cookies_from_browser(browser_name, profile=None, logger=YDLLogger(),
 
 
 def _extract_firefox_cookies(profile, container, logger):
+    MAX_SUPPORTED_DB_SCHEMA_VERSION = 16
+
     logger.info('Extracting cookies from firefox')
     if not sqlite3:
         logger.warning('Cannot extract cookies from firefox without sqlite3 support. '
@@ -159,9 +161,11 @@ def _extract_firefox_cookies(profile, container, logger):
             raise ValueError(f'could not find firefox container "{container}" in containers.json')
 
     with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix='yt_dlp') as tmpdir:
-        cursor = None
-        try:
-            cursor = _open_database_copy(cookie_database_path, tmpdir)
+        cursor = _open_database_copy(cookie_database_path, tmpdir)
+        with contextlib.closing(cursor.connection):
+            db_schema_version = cursor.execute('PRAGMA user_version;').fetchone()[0]
+            if db_schema_version > MAX_SUPPORTED_DB_SCHEMA_VERSION:
+                logger.warning(f'Possibly unsupported firefox cookies database version: {db_schema_version}')
             if isinstance(container_id, int):
                 logger.debug(
                     f'Only loading cookies from firefox container "{container}", ID {container_id}')
@@ -180,6 +184,10 @@ def _extract_firefox_cookies(profile, container, logger):
                 total_cookie_count = len(table)
                 for i, (host, name, value, path, expiry, is_secure) in enumerate(table):
                     progress_bar.print(f'Loading cookie {i: 6d}/{total_cookie_count: 6d}')
+                    # FF142 upgraded cookies DB to schema version 16 and started using milliseconds for cookie expiry
+                    # Ref: https://github.com/mozilla-firefox/firefox/commit/5869af852cd20425165837f6c2d9971f3efba83d
+                    if db_schema_version >= 16 and expiry is not None:
+                        expiry /= 1000
                     cookie = http.cookiejar.Cookie(
                         version=0, name=name, value=value, port=None, port_specified=False,
                         domain=host, domain_specified=bool(host), domain_initial_dot=host.startswith('.'),
@@ -188,9 +196,6 @@ def _extract_firefox_cookies(profile, container, logger):
                     jar.set_cookie(cookie)
             logger.info(f'Extracted {len(jar)} cookies from firefox')
             return jar
-        finally:
-            if cursor is not None:
-                cursor.connection.close()
 
 
 def _firefox_browser_dirs():
@@ -764,11 +769,11 @@ def _get_linux_desktop_environment(env, logger):
     GetDesktopEnvironment
     """
     xdg_current_desktop = env.get('XDG_CURRENT_DESKTOP', None)
-    desktop_session = env.get('DESKTOP_SESSION', None)
+    desktop_session = env.get('DESKTOP_SESSION', '')
     if xdg_current_desktop is not None:
         for part in map(str.strip, xdg_current_desktop.split(':')):
             if part == 'Unity':
-                if desktop_session is not None and 'gnome-fallback' in desktop_session:
+                if 'gnome-fallback' in desktop_session:
                     return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.GNOME
                 else:
                     return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.UNITY
@@ -797,35 +802,34 @@ def _get_linux_desktop_environment(env, logger):
                 return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.UKUI
             elif part == 'LXQt':
                 return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.LXQT
-        logger.info(f'XDG_CURRENT_DESKTOP is set to an unknown value: "{xdg_current_desktop}"')
-
-    elif desktop_session is not None:
-        if desktop_session == 'deepin':
-            return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.DEEPIN
-        elif desktop_session in ('mate', 'gnome'):
-            return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.GNOME
-        elif desktop_session in ('kde4', 'kde-plasma'):
+        logger.debug(f'XDG_CURRENT_DESKTOP is set to an unknown value: "{xdg_current_desktop}"')
+
+    if desktop_session == 'deepin':
+        return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.DEEPIN
+    elif desktop_session in ('mate', 'gnome'):
+        return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.GNOME
+    elif desktop_session in ('kde4', 'kde-plasma'):
+        return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE4
+    elif desktop_session == 'kde':
+        if 'KDE_SESSION_VERSION' in env:
             return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE4
-        elif desktop_session == 'kde':
-            if 'KDE_SESSION_VERSION' in env:
-                return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE4
-            else:
-                return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE3
-        elif 'xfce' in desktop_session or desktop_session == 'xubuntu':
-            return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.XFCE
-        elif desktop_session == 'ukui':
-            return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.UKUI
         else:
-            logger.info(f'DESKTOP_SESSION is set to an unknown value: "{desktop_session}"')
-
+            return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE3
+    elif 'xfce' in desktop_session or desktop_session == 'xubuntu':
+        return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.XFCE
+    elif desktop_session == 'ukui':
+        return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.UKUI
     else:
-        if 'GNOME_DESKTOP_SESSION_ID' in env:
-            return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.GNOME
-        elif 'KDE_FULL_SESSION' in env:
-            if 'KDE_SESSION_VERSION' in env:
-                return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE4
-            else:
-                return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE3
+        logger.debug(f'DESKTOP_SESSION is set to an unknown value: "{desktop_session}"')
+
+    if 'GNOME_DESKTOP_SESSION_ID' in env:
+        return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.GNOME
+    elif 'KDE_FULL_SESSION' in env:
+        if 'KDE_SESSION_VERSION' in env:
+            return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE4
+        else:
+            return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE3
+
     return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.OTHER
 
 
@@ -1336,7 +1340,7 @@ class YoutubeDLCookieJar(http.cookiejar.MozillaCookieJar):
             if len(cookie_list) != self._ENTRY_LEN:
                 raise http.cookiejar.LoadError(f'invalid length {len(cookie_list)}')
             cookie = self._CookieFileEntry(*cookie_list)
-            if cookie.expires_at and not cookie.expires_at.isdigit():
+            if cookie.expires_at and not re.fullmatch(r'[0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)?', cookie.expires_at):
                 raise http.cookiejar.LoadError(f'invalid expires at {cookie.expires_at}')
             return line
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/__init__.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/__init__.py
index 1b12bd4bed..17458b9b94 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/__init__.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/__init__.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ from .hls import HlsFD
 from .http import HttpFD
 from .ism import IsmFD
 from .mhtml import MhtmlFD
-from .niconico import NiconicoDmcFD, NiconicoLiveFD
+from .niconico import NiconicoLiveFD
 from .rtmp import RtmpFD
 from .rtsp import RtspFD
 from .websocket import WebSocketFragmentFD
@@ -50,7 +50,6 @@ PROTOCOL_MAP = {
     'http_dash_segments_generator': DashSegmentsFD,
     'ism': IsmFD,
     'mhtml': MhtmlFD,
-    'niconico_dmc': NiconicoDmcFD,
     'niconico_live': NiconicoLiveFD,
     'fc2_live': FC2LiveFD,
     'websocket_frag': WebSocketFragmentFD,
@@ -67,7 +66,6 @@ def shorten_protocol_name(proto, simplify=False):
         'rtmp_ffmpeg': 'rtmpF',
         'http_dash_segments': 'dash',
         'http_dash_segments_generator': 'dashG',
-        'niconico_dmc': 'dmc',
         'websocket_frag': 'WSfrag',
     }
     if simplify:
@@ -101,7 +99,7 @@ def _get_suitable_downloader(info_dict, protocol, params, default):
     if external_downloader is None:
         if info_dict['to_stdout'] and FFmpegFD.can_merge_formats(info_dict, params):
             return FFmpegFD
-    elif external_downloader.lower() != 'native':
+    elif external_downloader.lower() != 'native' and info_dict.get('impersonate') is None:
         ed = get_external_downloader(external_downloader)
         if ed.can_download(info_dict, external_downloader):
             return ed
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/common.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/common.py
index bb9303f8a1..122c479562 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/common.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/common.py
@@ -62,7 +62,6 @@ class FileDownloader:
     test:               Download only first bytes to test the downloader.
     min_filesize:       Skip files smaller than this size
     max_filesize:       Skip files larger than this size
-    xattr_set_filesize: Set ytdl.filesize user xattribute with expected size.
     progress_delta:     The minimum time between progress output, in seconds
     external_downloader_args:  A dictionary of downloader keys (in lower case)
                         and a list of additional command-line arguments for the
@@ -455,14 +454,26 @@ class FileDownloader:
                 self._finish_multiline_status()
                 return True, False
 
+        sleep_note = ''
         if subtitle:
             sleep_interval = self.params.get('sleep_interval_subtitles') or 0
         else:
             min_sleep_interval = self.params.get('sleep_interval') or 0
+            max_sleep_interval = self.params.get('max_sleep_interval') or 0
+
+            if available_at := info_dict.get('available_at'):
+                forced_sleep_interval = available_at - int(time.time())
+                if forced_sleep_interval > min_sleep_interval:
+                    sleep_note = 'as required by the site'
+                    min_sleep_interval = forced_sleep_interval
+                if forced_sleep_interval > max_sleep_interval:
+                    max_sleep_interval = forced_sleep_interval
+
             sleep_interval = random.uniform(
-                min_sleep_interval, self.params.get('max_sleep_interval') or min_sleep_interval)
+                min_sleep_interval, max_sleep_interval or min_sleep_interval)
+
         if sleep_interval > 0:
-            self.to_screen(f'[download] Sleeping {sleep_interval:.2f} seconds ...')
+            self.to_screen(f'[download] Sleeping {sleep_interval:.2f} seconds {sleep_note}...')
             time.sleep(sleep_interval)
 
         ret = self.real_download(filename, info_dict)
@@ -495,3 +506,14 @@ class FileDownloader:
             exe = os.path.basename(args[0])
 
         self.write_debug(f'{exe} command line: {shell_quote(args)}')
+
+    def _get_impersonate_target(self, info_dict):
+        impersonate = info_dict.get('impersonate')
+        if impersonate is None:
+            return None
+        available_target, requested_targets = self.ydl._parse_impersonate_targets(impersonate)
+        if available_target:
+            return available_target
+        elif requested_targets:
+            self.report_warning(self.ydl._unavailable_targets_message(requested_targets))
+        return None
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/dash.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/dash.py
index afc79b6caf..bf8652d8b0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/dash.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/dash.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import urllib.parse
 
 from . import get_suitable_downloader
 from .fragment import FragmentFD
-from ..utils import update_url_query, urljoin
+from ..utils import ReExtractInfo, update_url_query, urljoin
 
 
 class DashSegmentsFD(FragmentFD):
@@ -28,6 +28,11 @@ class DashSegmentsFD(FragmentFD):
         requested_formats = [{**info_dict, **fmt} for fmt in info_dict.get('requested_formats', [])]
         args = []
         for fmt in requested_formats or [info_dict]:
+            # Re-extract if --load-info-json is used and 'fragments' was originally a generator
+            # See https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13906
+            if isinstance(fmt['fragments'], str):
+                raise ReExtractInfo('the stream needs to be re-extracted', expected=True)
+
             try:
                 fragment_count = 1 if self.params.get('test') else len(fmt['fragments'])
             except TypeError:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/external.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/external.py
index ee73ac043e..3b8fd27bc7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/external.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/external.py
@@ -563,7 +563,7 @@ class FFmpegFD(ExternalFD):
                     f'{cookie.name}={cookie.value}; path={cookie.path}; domain={cookie.domain};\r\n'
                     for cookie in cookies)])
             if fmt.get('http_headers') and is_http:
-                # Trailing \r\n after each HTTP header is important to prevent warning from ffmpeg/avconv:
+                # Trailing \r\n after each HTTP header is important to prevent warning from ffmpeg:
                 # [http @ 00000000003d2fa0] No trailing CRLF found in HTTP header.
                 args.extend(['-headers', ''.join(f'{key}: {val}\r\n' for key, val in fmt['http_headers'].items())])
 
@@ -572,7 +572,21 @@ class FFmpegFD(ExternalFD):
             if end_time:
                 args += ['-t', str(end_time - start_time)]
 
-            args += [*self._configuration_args((f'_i{i + 1}', '_i')), '-i', fmt['url']]
+            url = fmt['url']
+            if self.params.get('enable_file_urls') and url.startswith('file:'):
+                # The default protocol_whitelist is 'file,crypto,data' when reading local m3u8 URLs,
+                # so only local segments can be read unless we also include 'http,https,tcp,tls'
+                args += ['-protocol_whitelist', 'file,crypto,data,http,https,tcp,tls']
+                # ffmpeg incorrectly handles 'file:' URLs by only removing the
+                # 'file:' prefix and treating the rest as if it's a normal filepath.
+                # FFmpegPostProcessor also depends on this behavior, so we need to fixup the URLs:
+                # - On Windows/Cygwin, replace 'file:///' and 'file://localhost/' with 'file:'
+                # - On *nix, replace 'file://localhost/' with 'file:/'
+                # Ref: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13781
+                #      https://trac.ffmpeg.org/ticket/2702
+                url = re.sub(r'^file://(?:localhost)?/', 'file:' if os.name == 'nt' else 'file:/', url)
+
+            args += [*self._configuration_args((f'_i{i + 1}', '_i')), '-i', url]
 
         if not (start_time or end_time) or not self.params.get('force_keyframes_at_cuts'):
             args += ['-c', 'copy']
@@ -640,10 +654,6 @@ class FFmpegFD(ExternalFD):
             return retval
 
 
-class AVconvFD(FFmpegFD):
-    pass
-
-
 _BY_NAME = {
     klass.get_basename(): klass
     for name, klass in globals().items()
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/f4m.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/f4m.py
index 22d0ebd265..3c8f0265e6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/f4m.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/f4m.py
@@ -149,14 +149,14 @@ class FlvReader(io.BytesIO):
         segments_count = self.read_unsigned_char()
         segments = []
         for _ in range(segments_count):
-            box_size, box_type, box_data = self.read_box_info()
+            _box_size, box_type, box_data = self.read_box_info()
             assert box_type == b'asrt'
             segment = FlvReader(box_data).read_asrt()
             segments.append(segment)
         fragments_run_count = self.read_unsigned_char()
         fragments = []
         for _ in range(fragments_run_count):
-            box_size, box_type, box_data = self.read_box_info()
+            _box_size, box_type, box_data = self.read_box_info()
             assert box_type == b'afrt'
             fragments.append(FlvReader(box_data).read_afrt())
 
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ class FlvReader(io.BytesIO):
         }
 
     def read_bootstrap_info(self):
-        total_size, box_type, box_data = self.read_box_info()
+        _, box_type, box_data = self.read_box_info()
         assert box_type == b'abst'
         return FlvReader(box_data).read_abst()
 
@@ -324,9 +324,9 @@ class F4mFD(FragmentFD):
         if requested_bitrate is None or len(formats) == 1:
             # get the best format
             formats = sorted(formats, key=lambda f: f[0])
-            rate, media = formats[-1]
+            _, media = formats[-1]
         else:
-            rate, media = next(filter(
+            _, media = next(filter(
                 lambda f: int(f[0]) == requested_bitrate, formats))
 
         # Prefer baseURL for relative URLs as per 11.2 of F4M 3.0 spec.
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/fragment.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/fragment.py
index 98784e7039..7852ae90d0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/fragment.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/fragment.py
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ class FragmentFD(FileDownloader):
         elif to_file:
             self.try_rename(ctx['tmpfilename'], ctx['filename'])
             filetime = ctx.get('fragment_filetime')
-            if self.params.get('updatetime', True) and filetime:
+            if self.params.get('updatetime') and filetime:
                 with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
                     os.utime(ctx['filename'], (time.time(), filetime))
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/hls.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/hls.py
index 1f36a07f5f..58cfbbf163 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/hls.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/hls.py
@@ -94,12 +94,19 @@ class HlsFD(FragmentFD):
         can_download, message = self.can_download(s, info_dict, self.params.get('allow_unplayable_formats')), None
         if can_download:
             has_ffmpeg = FFmpegFD.available()
-            no_crypto = not Cryptodome.AES and '#EXT-X-KEY:METHOD=AES-128' in s
-            if no_crypto and has_ffmpeg:
-                can_download, message = False, 'The stream has AES-128 encryption and pycryptodomex is not available'
-            elif no_crypto:
-                message = ('The stream has AES-128 encryption and neither ffmpeg nor pycryptodomex are available; '
-                           'Decryption will be performed natively, but will be extremely slow')
+            if not Cryptodome.AES and '#EXT-X-KEY:METHOD=AES-128' in s:
+                # Even if pycryptodomex isn't available, force HlsFD for m3u8s that won't work with ffmpeg
+                ffmpeg_can_dl = not traverse_obj(info_dict, ((
+                    'extra_param_to_segment_url', 'extra_param_to_key_url',
+                    'hls_media_playlist_data', ('hls_aes', ('uri', 'key', 'iv')),
+                ), any))
+                message = 'The stream has AES-128 encryption and {} available'.format(
+                    'neither ffmpeg nor pycryptodomex are' if ffmpeg_can_dl and not has_ffmpeg else
+                    'pycryptodomex is not')
+                if has_ffmpeg and ffmpeg_can_dl:
+                    can_download = False
+                else:
+                    message += '; decryption will be performed natively, but will be extremely slow'
             elif info_dict.get('extractor_key') == 'Generic' and re.search(r'(?m)#EXT-X-MEDIA-SEQUENCE:(?!0$)', s):
                 install_ffmpeg = '' if has_ffmpeg else 'install ffmpeg and '
                 message = ('Live HLS streams are not supported by the native downloader. If this is a livestream, '
@@ -198,7 +205,7 @@ class HlsFD(FragmentFD):
             line = line.strip()
             if line:
                 if not line.startswith('#'):
-                    if format_index and discontinuity_count != format_index:
+                    if format_index is not None and discontinuity_count != format_index:
                         continue
                     if ad_frag_next:
                         continue
@@ -224,7 +231,7 @@ class HlsFD(FragmentFD):
                         byte_range = {}
 
                 elif line.startswith('#EXT-X-MAP'):
-                    if format_index and discontinuity_count != format_index:
+                    if format_index is not None and discontinuity_count != format_index:
                         continue
                     if frag_index > 0:
                         self.report_error(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/http.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/http.py
index 9c6dd8b799..6dcf7e7b69 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/http.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/http.py
@@ -13,12 +13,9 @@ from ..utils import (
     ContentTooShortError,
     RetryManager,
     ThrottledDownload,
-    XAttrMetadataError,
-    XAttrUnavailableError,
     int_or_none,
     parse_http_range,
     try_call,
-    write_xattr,
 )
 from ..utils.networking import HTTPHeaderDict
 
@@ -27,6 +24,10 @@ class HttpFD(FileDownloader):
     def real_download(self, filename, info_dict):
         url = info_dict['url']
         request_data = info_dict.get('request_data', None)
+        request_extensions = {}
+        impersonate_target = self._get_impersonate_target(info_dict)
+        if impersonate_target is not None:
+            request_extensions['impersonate'] = impersonate_target
 
         class DownloadContext(dict):
             __getattr__ = dict.get
@@ -109,7 +110,7 @@ class HttpFD(FileDownloader):
             if try_call(lambda: range_end >= ctx.content_len):
                 range_end = ctx.content_len - 1
 
-            request = Request(url, request_data, headers)
+            request = Request(url, request_data, headers, extensions=request_extensions)
             has_range = range_start is not None
             if has_range:
                 request.headers['Range'] = f'bytes={int(range_start)}-{int_or_none(range_end) or ""}'
@@ -269,12 +270,6 @@ class HttpFD(FileDownloader):
                         self.report_error(f'unable to open for writing: {err}')
                         return False
 
-                    if self.params.get('xattr_set_filesize', False) and data_len is not None:
-                        try:
-                            write_xattr(ctx.tmpfilename, 'user.ytdl.filesize', str(data_len).encode())
-                        except (XAttrUnavailableError, XAttrMetadataError) as err:
-                            self.report_error(f'unable to set filesize xattr: {err}')
-
                 try:
                     ctx.stream.write(data_block)
                 except OSError as err:
@@ -348,7 +343,7 @@ class HttpFD(FileDownloader):
             self.try_rename(ctx.tmpfilename, ctx.filename)
 
             # Update file modification time
-            if self.params.get('updatetime', True):
+            if self.params.get('updatetime'):
                 info_dict['filetime'] = self.try_utime(ctx.filename, ctx.data.headers.get('last-modified', None))
 
             self._hook_progress({
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/niconico.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/niconico.py
index 462c6e2d63..35a12b5554 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/niconico.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/niconico.py
@@ -2,97 +2,49 @@ import json
 import threading
 import time
 
-from . import get_suitable_downloader
 from .common import FileDownloader
 from .external import FFmpegFD
 from ..networking import Request
-from ..utils import DownloadError, str_or_none, try_get
-
-
-class NiconicoDmcFD(FileDownloader):
-    """ Downloading niconico douga from DMC with heartbeat """
-
-    def real_download(self, filename, info_dict):
-        from ..extractor.niconico import NiconicoIE
-
-        self.to_screen(f'[{self.FD_NAME}] Downloading from DMC')
-        ie = NiconicoIE(self.ydl)
-        info_dict, heartbeat_info_dict = ie._get_heartbeat_info(info_dict)
-
-        fd = get_suitable_downloader(info_dict, params=self.params)(self.ydl, self.params)
-
-        success = download_complete = False
-        timer = [None]
-        heartbeat_lock = threading.Lock()
-        heartbeat_url = heartbeat_info_dict['url']
-        heartbeat_data = heartbeat_info_dict['data'].encode()
-        heartbeat_interval = heartbeat_info_dict.get('interval', 30)
-
-        request = Request(heartbeat_url, heartbeat_data)
-
-        def heartbeat():
-            try:
-                self.ydl.urlopen(request).read()
-            except Exception:
-                self.to_screen(f'[{self.FD_NAME}] Heartbeat failed')
-
-            with heartbeat_lock:
-                if not download_complete:
-                    timer[0] = threading.Timer(heartbeat_interval, heartbeat)
-                    timer[0].start()
-
-        heartbeat_info_dict['ping']()
-        self.to_screen('[%s] Heartbeat with %d second interval ...' % (self.FD_NAME, heartbeat_interval))
-        try:
-            heartbeat()
-            if type(fd).__name__ == 'HlsFD':
-                info_dict.update(ie._extract_m3u8_formats(info_dict['url'], info_dict['id'])[0])
-            success = fd.real_download(filename, info_dict)
-        finally:
-            if heartbeat_lock:
-                with heartbeat_lock:
-                    timer[0].cancel()
-                    download_complete = True
-        return success
+from ..networking.websocket import WebSocketResponse
+from ..utils import DownloadError, str_or_none, truncate_string
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 
 
 class NiconicoLiveFD(FileDownloader):
     """ Downloads niconico live without being stopped """
 
     def real_download(self, filename, info_dict):
-        video_id = info_dict['video_id']
-        ws_url = info_dict['url']
-        ws_extractor = info_dict['ws']
-        ws_origin_host = info_dict['origin']
-        live_quality = info_dict.get('live_quality', 'high')
-        live_latency = info_dict.get('live_latency', 'high')
+        video_id = info_dict['id']
+        opts = info_dict['downloader_options']
+        quality, ws_extractor, ws_url = opts['max_quality'], opts['ws'], opts['ws_url']
         dl = FFmpegFD(self.ydl, self.params or {})
 
         new_info_dict = info_dict.copy()
-        new_info_dict.update({
-            'protocol': 'm3u8',
-        })
+        new_info_dict['protocol'] = 'm3u8'
 
         def communicate_ws(reconnect):
-            if reconnect:
-                ws = self.ydl.urlopen(Request(ws_url, headers={'Origin': f'https://{ws_origin_host}'}))
+            # Support --load-info-json as if it is a reconnect attempt
+            if reconnect or not isinstance(ws_extractor, WebSocketResponse):
+                ws = self.ydl.urlopen(Request(
+                    ws_url, headers={'Origin': 'https://live.nicovideo.jp'}))
                 if self.ydl.params.get('verbose', False):
-                    self.to_screen('[debug] Sending startWatching request')
+                    self.write_debug('Sending startWatching request')
                 ws.send(json.dumps({
-                    'type': 'startWatching',
                     'data': {
-                        'stream': {
-                            'quality': live_quality,
-                            'protocol': 'hls+fmp4',
-                            'latency': live_latency,
-                            'chasePlay': False,
-                        },
+                        'reconnect': True,
                         'room': {
-                            'protocol': 'webSocket',
                             'commentable': True,
+                            'protocol': 'webSocket',
+                        },
+                        'stream': {
+                            'accessRightMethod': 'single_cookie',
+                            'chasePlay': False,
+                            'latency': 'high',
+                            'protocol': 'hls',
+                            'quality': quality,
                         },
-                        'reconnect': True,
                     },
+                    'type': 'startWatching',
                 }))
             else:
                 ws = ws_extractor
@@ -105,7 +57,6 @@ class NiconicoLiveFD(FileDownloader):
                     if not data or not isinstance(data, dict):
                         continue
                     if data.get('type') == 'ping':
-                        # pong back
                         ws.send(r'{"type":"pong"}')
                         ws.send(r'{"type":"keepSeat"}')
                     elif data.get('type') == 'disconnect':
@@ -113,12 +64,10 @@ class NiconicoLiveFD(FileDownloader):
                         return True
                     elif data.get('type') == 'error':
                         self.write_debug(data)
-                        message = try_get(data, lambda x: x['body']['code'], str) or recv
+                        message = traverse_obj(data, ('body', 'code', {str_or_none}), default=recv)
                         return DownloadError(message)
                     elif self.ydl.params.get('verbose', False):
-                        if len(recv) > 100:
-                            recv = recv[:100] + '...'
-                        self.to_screen(f'[debug] Server said: {recv}')
+                        self.write_debug(f'Server response: {truncate_string(recv, 100)}')
 
         def ws_main():
             reconnect = False
@@ -128,7 +77,8 @@ class NiconicoLiveFD(FileDownloader):
                     if ret is True:
                         return
                 except BaseException as e:
-                    self.to_screen('[{}] {}: Connection error occured, reconnecting after 10 seconds: {}'.format('niconico:live', video_id, str_or_none(e)))
+                    self.to_screen(
+                        f'[niconico:live] {video_id}: Connection error occured, reconnecting after 10 seconds: {e}')
                     time.sleep(10)
                     continue
                 finally:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/_extractors.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/_extractors.py
index 1896592b12..b1c8dc4e0c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/_extractors.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/_extractors.py
@@ -58,13 +58,7 @@ from .adn import (
     ADNSeasonIE,
 )
 from .adobeconnect import AdobeConnectIE
-from .adobetv import (
-    AdobeTVChannelIE,
-    AdobeTVEmbedIE,
-    AdobeTVIE,
-    AdobeTVShowIE,
-    AdobeTVVideoIE,
-)
+from .adobetv import AdobeTVVideoIE
 from .adultswim import AdultSwimIE
 from .aenetworks import (
     AENetworksCollectionIE,
@@ -152,7 +146,6 @@ from .ard import (
     ARDBetaMediathekIE,
     ARDMediathekCollectionIE,
 )
-from .arkena import ArkenaIE
 from .arnes import ArnesIE
 from .art19 import (
     Art19IE,
@@ -201,7 +194,6 @@ from .banbye import (
     BanByeChannelIE,
     BanByeIE,
 )
-from .bandaichannel import BandaiChannelIE
 from .bandcamp import (
     BandcampAlbumIE,
     BandcampIE,
@@ -229,7 +221,6 @@ from .beatbump import (
 from .beatport import BeatportIE
 from .beeg import BeegIE
 from .behindkink import BehindKinkIE
-from .bellmedia import BellMediaIE
 from .berufetv import BerufeTVIE
 from .bet import BetIE
 from .bfi import BFIPlayerIE
@@ -275,7 +266,10 @@ from .bitchute import (
     BitChuteChannelIE,
     BitChuteIE,
 )
-from .blackboardcollaborate import BlackboardCollaborateIE
+from .blackboardcollaborate import (
+    BlackboardCollaborateIE,
+    BlackboardCollaborateLaunchIE,
+)
 from .bleacherreport import (
     BleacherReportCMSIE,
     BleacherReportIE,
@@ -300,7 +294,6 @@ from .brainpop import (
     BrainPOPIlIE,
     BrainPOPJrIE,
 )
-from .bravotv import BravoTVIE
 from .breitbart import BreitBartIE
 from .brightcove import (
     BrightcoveLegacyIE,
@@ -310,6 +303,7 @@ from .brilliantpala import (
     BrilliantpalaClassesIE,
     BrilliantpalaElearnIE,
 )
+from .btvplus import BTVPlusIE
 from .bundesliga import BundesligaIE
 from .bundestag import BundestagIE
 from .bunnycdn import BunnyCdnIE
@@ -336,8 +330,8 @@ from .canal1 import Canal1IE
 from .canalalpha import CanalAlphaIE
 from .canalc2 import Canalc2IE
 from .canalplus import CanalplusIE
+from .canalsurmas import CanalsurmasIE
 from .caracoltv import CaracolTvPlayIE
-from .cartoonnetwork import CartoonNetworkIE
 from .cbc import (
     CBCIE,
     CBCGemIE,
@@ -404,16 +398,12 @@ from .cloudflarestream import CloudflareStreamIE
 from .cloudycdn import CloudyCDNIE
 from .clubic import ClubicIE
 from .clyp import ClypIE
-from .cmt import CMTIE
 from .cnbc import CNBCVideoIE
 from .cnn import (
     CNNIE,
     CNNIndonesiaIE,
 )
-from .comedycentral import (
-    ComedyCentralIE,
-    ComedyCentralTVIE,
-)
+from .comedycentral import ComedyCentralIE
 from .commonmistakes import (
     BlobIE,
     CommonMistakesIE,
@@ -434,7 +424,6 @@ from .cpac import (
     CPACPlaylistIE,
 )
 from .cracked import CrackedIE
-from .crackle import CrackleIE
 from .craftsy import CraftsyIE
 from .crooksandliars import CrooksAndLiarsIE
 from .crowdbunker import (
@@ -447,7 +436,6 @@ from .cspan import (
     CSpanIE,
 )
 from .ctsnews import CtsNewsIE
-from .ctv import CTVIE
 from .ctvnews import CTVNewsIE
 from .cultureunplugged import CultureUnpluggedIE
 from .curiositystream import (
@@ -455,10 +443,6 @@ from .curiositystream import (
     CuriosityStreamIE,
     CuriosityStreamSeriesIE,
 )
-from .cwtv import (
-    CWTVIE,
-    CWTVMovieIE,
-)
 from .cybrary import (
     CybraryCourseIE,
     CybraryIE,
@@ -495,10 +479,6 @@ from .daum import (
 from .daystar import DaystarClipIE
 from .dbtv import DBTVIE
 from .dctp import DctpTvIE
-from .deezer import (
-    DeezerAlbumIE,
-    DeezerPlaylistIE,
-)
 from .democracynow import DemocracynowIE
 from .detik import DetikEmbedIE
 from .deuxm import (
@@ -575,10 +555,6 @@ from .dw import (
     DWIE,
     DWArticleIE,
 )
-from .eagleplatform import (
-    ClipYouEmbedIE,
-    EaglePlatformIE,
-)
 from .ebaumsworld import EbaumsWorldIE
 from .ebay import EbayIE
 from .egghead import (
@@ -644,6 +620,10 @@ from .fancode import (
     FancodeVodIE,
 )
 from .fathom import FathomIE
+from .faulio import (
+    FaulioIE,
+    FaulioLiveIE,
+)
 from .faz import FazIE
 from .fc2 import (
     FC2IE,
@@ -686,6 +666,7 @@ from .foxnews import (
 )
 from .foxsports import FoxSportsIE
 from .fptplay import FptplayIE
+from .francaisfacile import FrancaisFacileIE
 from .franceinter import FranceInterIE
 from .francetv import (
     FranceTVIE,
@@ -809,9 +790,7 @@ from .holodex import HolodexIE
 from .hotnewhiphop import HotNewHipHopIE
 from .hotstar import (
     HotStarIE,
-    HotStarPlaylistIE,
     HotStarPrefixIE,
-    HotStarSeasonIE,
     HotStarSeriesIE,
 )
 from .hrefli import HrefLiRedirectIE
@@ -842,6 +821,7 @@ from .icareus import IcareusIE
 from .ichinanalive import (
     IchinanaLiveClipIE,
     IchinanaLiveIE,
+    IchinanaLiveVODIE,
 )
 from .idolplus import IdolPlusIE
 from .ign import (
@@ -904,6 +884,7 @@ from .ivi import (
     IviIE,
 )
 from .ivideon import IvideonIE
+from .ivoox import IvooxIE
 from .iwara import (
     IwaraIE,
     IwaraPlaylistIE,
@@ -923,17 +904,15 @@ from .japandiet import (
     ShugiinItvVodIE,
 )
 from .jeuxvideo import JeuxVideoIE
-from .jiocinema import (
-    JioCinemaIE,
-    JioCinemaSeriesIE,
-)
 from .jiosaavn import (
     JioSaavnAlbumIE,
+    JioSaavnArtistIE,
     JioSaavnPlaylistIE,
+    JioSaavnShowIE,
+    JioSaavnShowPlaylistIE,
     JioSaavnSongIE,
 )
 from .joj import JojIE
-from .joqrag import JoqrAgIE
 from .jove import JoveIE
 from .jstream import JStreamIE
 from .jtbc import (
@@ -961,7 +940,10 @@ from .kick import (
 )
 from .kicker import KickerIE
 from .kickstarter import KickStarterIE
-from .kika import KikaIE
+from .kika import (
+    KikaIE,
+    KikaPlaylistIE,
+)
 from .kinja import KinjaEmbedIE
 from .kinopoisk import KinoPoiskIE
 from .kommunetv import KommunetvIE
@@ -1033,12 +1015,8 @@ from .likee import (
     LikeeIE,
     LikeeUserIE,
 )
-from .limelight import (
-    LimelightChannelIE,
-    LimelightChannelListIE,
-    LimelightMediaIE,
-)
 from .linkedin import (
+    LinkedInEventsIE,
     LinkedInIE,
     LinkedInLearningCourseIE,
     LinkedInLearningIE,
@@ -1054,6 +1032,7 @@ from .livestream import (
 )
 from .livestreamfails import LivestreamfailsIE
 from .lnk import LnkIE
+from .loco import LocoIE
 from .loom import (
     LoomFolderIE,
     LoomIE,
@@ -1061,6 +1040,7 @@ from .loom import (
 from .lovehomeporn import LoveHomePornIE
 from .lrt import (
     LRTVODIE,
+    LRTRadioIE,
     LRTStreamIE,
 )
 from .lsm import (
@@ -1100,6 +1080,7 @@ from .markiza import (
 from .massengeschmacktv import MassengeschmackTVIE
 from .masters import MastersIE
 from .matchtv import MatchTVIE
+from .mave import MaveIE
 from .mbn import MBNIE
 from .mdr import MDRIE
 from .medaltv import MedalTVIE
@@ -1145,6 +1126,7 @@ from .minds import (
     MindsIE,
 )
 from .minoto import MinotoIE
+from .mir24tv import Mir24TvIE
 from .mirrativ import (
     MirrativIE,
     MirrativUserIE,
@@ -1154,7 +1136,6 @@ from .mit import (
     OCWMITIE,
     TechTVMITIE,
 )
-from .mitele import MiTeleIE
 from .mixch import (
     MixchArchiveIE,
     MixchIE,
@@ -1165,6 +1146,10 @@ from .mixcloud import (
     MixcloudPlaylistIE,
     MixcloudUserIE,
 )
+from .mixlr import (
+    MixlrIE,
+    MixlrRecoringIE,
+)
 from .mlb import (
     MLBIE,
     MLBTVIE,
@@ -1188,15 +1173,7 @@ from .moview import MoviewPlayIE
 from .moviezine import MoviezineIE
 from .movingimage import MovingImageIE
 from .msn import MSNIE
-from .mtv import (
-    MTVDEIE,
-    MTVIE,
-    MTVItaliaIE,
-    MTVItaliaProgrammaIE,
-    MTVJapanIE,
-    MTVServicesEmbeddedIE,
-    MTVVideoIE,
-)
+from .mtv import MTVIE
 from .muenchentv import MuenchenTVIE
 from .murrtube import (
     MurrtubeIE,
@@ -1255,6 +1232,7 @@ from .nba import (
 )
 from .nbc import (
     NBCIE,
+    BravoTVIE,
     NBCNewsIE,
     NBCOlympicsIE,
     NBCOlympicsStreamIE,
@@ -1262,6 +1240,7 @@ from .nbc import (
     NBCSportsStreamIE,
     NBCSportsVPlayerIE,
     NBCStationsIE,
+    SyfyIE,
 )
 from .ndr import (
     NDRIE,
@@ -1337,12 +1316,7 @@ from .nhk import (
     NhkVodProgramIE,
 )
 from .nhl import NHLIE
-from .nick import (
-    NickBrIE,
-    NickDeIE,
-    NickIE,
-    NickRuIE,
-)
+from .nick import NickIE
 from .niconico import (
     NiconicoHistoryIE,
     NiconicoIE,
@@ -1374,7 +1348,6 @@ from .nobelprize import NobelPrizeIE
 from .noice import NoicePodcastIE
 from .nonktube import NonkTubeIE
 from .noodlemagazine import NoodleMagazineIE
-from .noovo import NoovoIE
 from .nosnl import NOSNLArticleIE
 from .nova import (
     NovaEmbedIE,
@@ -1455,6 +1428,7 @@ from .onet import (
     OnetPlIE,
 )
 from .onionstudios import OnionStudiosIE
+from .onsen import OnsenIE
 from .opencast import (
     OpencastIE,
     OpencastPlaylistIE,
@@ -1488,12 +1462,12 @@ from .panopto import (
     PanoptoListIE,
     PanoptoPlaylistIE,
 )
-from .paramountplus import (
-    ParamountPlusIE,
-    ParamountPlusSeriesIE,
-)
 from .parler import ParlerIE
 from .parlview import ParlviewIE
+from .parti import (
+    PartiLivestreamIE,
+    PartiVideoIE,
+)
 from .patreon import (
     PatreonCampaignIE,
     PatreonIE,
@@ -1541,16 +1515,12 @@ from .piramidetv import (
     PiramideTVChannelIE,
     PiramideTVIE,
 )
-from .pixivsketch import (
-    PixivSketchIE,
-    PixivSketchUserIE,
-)
-from .pladform import PladformIE
 from .planetmarathi import PlanetMarathiIE
 from .platzi import (
     PlatziCourseIE,
     PlatziIE,
 )
+from .playerfm import PlayerFmIE
 from .playplustv import PlayPlusTVIE
 from .playsuisse import PlaySuisseIE
 from .playtvak import PlaytvakIE
@@ -1561,6 +1531,7 @@ from .pluralsight import (
 )
 from .plutotv import PlutoTVIE
 from .plvideo import PlVideoIE
+from .plyr import PlyrEmbedIE
 from .podbayfm import (
     PodbayFMChannelIE,
     PodbayFMIE,
@@ -1740,6 +1711,7 @@ from .roosterteeth import (
     RoosterTeethSeriesIE,
 )
 from .rottentomatoes import RottenTomatoesIE
+from .roya import RoyaLiveIE
 from .rozhlas import (
     MujRozhlasIE,
     RozhlasIE,
@@ -1774,8 +1746,8 @@ from .rtvcplay import (
 from .rtve import (
     RTVEALaCartaIE,
     RTVEAudioIE,
-    RTVEInfantilIE,
     RTVELiveIE,
+    RTVEProgramIE,
     RTVETelevisionIE,
 )
 from .rtvs import RTVSIE
@@ -1799,7 +1771,6 @@ from .rutube import (
     RutubePlaylistIE,
     RutubeTagsIE,
 )
-from .rutv import RUTVIE
 from .ruutu import RuutuIE
 from .ruv import (
     RuvIE,
@@ -1817,6 +1788,7 @@ from .safari import (
 from .saitosan import SaitosanIE
 from .samplefocus import SampleFocusIE
 from .sapo import SapoIE
+from .sauceplus import SaucePlusIE
 from .sbs import SBSIE
 from .sbscokr import (
     SBSCoKrAllvodProgramIE,
@@ -1859,6 +1831,7 @@ from .shahid import (
 from .sharepoint import SharePointIE
 from .sharevideos import ShareVideosEmbedIE
 from .shemaroome import ShemarooMeIE
+from .shiey import ShieyIE
 from .showroomlive import ShowRoomLiveIE
 from .sibnet import SibnetEmbedIE
 from .simplecast import (
@@ -1867,7 +1840,6 @@ from .simplecast import (
     SimplecastPodcastIE,
 )
 from .sina import SinaIE
-from .sixplay import SixPlayIE
 from .skeb import SkebIE
 from .sky import (
     SkyNewsIE,
@@ -1883,6 +1855,8 @@ from .skyit import (
     SkyItVideoIE,
     SkyItVideoLiveIE,
     TV8ItIE,
+    TV8ItLiveIE,
+    TV8ItPlaylistIE,
 )
 from .skylinewebcams import SkylineWebcamsIE
 from .skynewsarabia import (
@@ -1893,7 +1867,12 @@ from .skynewsau import SkyNewsAUIE
 from .slideshare import SlideshareIE
 from .slideslive import SlidesLiveIE
 from .slutload import SlutloadIE
-from .smotrim import SmotrimIE
+from .smotrim import (
+    SmotrimAudioIE,
+    SmotrimIE,
+    SmotrimLiveIE,
+    SmotrimPlaylistIE,
+)
 from .snapchat import SnapchatSpotlightIE
 from .snotr import SnotrIE
 from .softwhiteunderbelly import SoftWhiteUnderbellyIE
@@ -1921,12 +1900,13 @@ from .soundgasm import (
     SoundgasmProfileIE,
 )
 from .southpark import (
+    SouthParkComBrIE,
+    SouthParkCoUkIE,
     SouthParkDeIE,
     SouthParkDkIE,
     SouthParkEsIE,
     SouthParkIE,
     SouthParkLatIE,
-    SouthParkNlIE,
 )
 from .sovietscloset import (
     SovietsClosetIE,
@@ -1937,23 +1917,14 @@ from .spankbang import (
     SpankBangPlaylistIE,
 )
 from .spiegel import SpiegelIE
-from .spike import (
-    BellatorIE,
-    ParamountNetworkIE,
-)
 from .sport5 import Sport5IE
 from .sportbox import SportBoxIE
 from .sportdeutschland import SportDeutschlandIE
-from .spotify import (
-    SpotifyIE,
-    SpotifyShowIE,
-)
 from .spreaker import (
     SpreakerIE,
     SpreakerShowIE,
 )
 from .springboardplatform import SpringboardPlatformIE
-from .sprout import SproutIE
 from .sproutvideo import (
     SproutVideoIE,
     VidsIoIE,
@@ -1975,6 +1946,7 @@ from .startrek import StarTrekIE
 from .startv import StarTVIE
 from .steam import (
     SteamCommunityBroadcastIE,
+    SteamCommunityIE,
     SteamIE,
 )
 from .stitcher import (
@@ -1986,6 +1958,7 @@ from .storyfire import (
     StoryFireSeriesIE,
     StoryFireUserIE,
 )
+from .streaks import StreaksIE
 from .streamable import StreamableIE
 from .streamcz import StreamCZIE
 from .streetvoice import StreetVoiceIE
@@ -2003,13 +1976,11 @@ from .sverigesradio import (
     SverigesRadioPublicationIE,
 )
 from .svt import (
-    SVTIE,
     SVTPageIE,
     SVTPlayIE,
     SVTSeriesIE,
 )
 from .swearnet import SwearnetEpisodeIE
-from .syfy import SyfyIE
 from .syvdk import SYVDKIE
 from .sztvhu import SztvHuIE
 from .tagesschau import TagesschauIE
@@ -2088,6 +2059,7 @@ from .theguardian import (
     TheGuardianPodcastIE,
     TheGuardianPodcastPlaylistIE,
 )
+from .thehighwire import TheHighWireIE
 from .theholetv import TheHoleTvIE
 from .theintercept import TheInterceptIE
 from .theplatform import (
@@ -2134,6 +2106,7 @@ from .toggle import (
 from .toggo import ToggoIE
 from .tonline import TOnlineIE
 from .toongoggles import ToonGogglesIE
+from .toutiao import ToutiaoIE
 from .toutv import TouTvIE
 from .toypics import (
     ToypicsIE,
@@ -2156,7 +2129,6 @@ from .trtworld import TrtWorldIE
 from .trueid import TrueIDIE
 from .trunews import TruNewsIE
 from .truth import TruthIE
-from .trutv import TruTVIE
 from .tube8 import Tube8IE
 from .tubetugraz import (
     TubeTuGrazIE,
@@ -2168,6 +2140,7 @@ from .tubitv import (
 )
 from .tumblr import TumblrIE
 from .tunein import (
+    TuneInEmbedIE,
     TuneInPodcastEpisodeIE,
     TuneInPodcastIE,
     TuneInShortenerIE,
@@ -2206,7 +2179,6 @@ from .tvc import (
 from .tver import TVerIE
 from .tvigle import TvigleIE
 from .tviplayer import TVIPlayerIE
-from .tvland import TVLandIE
 from .tvn24 import TVN24IE
 from .tvnoe import TVNoeIE
 from .tvopengr import (
@@ -2225,7 +2197,11 @@ from .tvplay import (
     TVPlayIE,
 )
 from .tvplayer import TVPlayerIE
-from .tvw import TvwIE
+from .tvw import (
+    TvwIE,
+    TvwNewsIE,
+    TvwTvChannelsIE,
+)
 from .tweakers import TweakersIE
 from .twentymin import TwentyMinutenIE
 from .twentythreevideo import TwentyThreeVideoIE
@@ -2272,6 +2248,7 @@ from .uliza import (
 )
 from .umg import UMGDeIE
 from .unistra import UnistraIE
+from .unitednations import UnitedNationsWebTvIE
 from .unity import UnityIE
 from .unsupported import (
     KnownDRMIE,
@@ -2298,7 +2275,6 @@ from .utreon import UtreonIE
 from .varzesh3 import Varzesh3IE
 from .vbox7 import Vbox7IE
 from .veo import VeoIE
-from .vesti import VestiIE
 from .vevo import (
     VevoIE,
     VevoPlaylistIE,
@@ -2349,14 +2325,11 @@ from .viewlift import (
     ViewLiftIE,
 )
 from .viidea import ViideaIE
-from .viki import (
-    VikiChannelIE,
-    VikiIE,
-)
 from .vimeo import (
     VHXEmbedIE,
     VimeoAlbumIE,
     VimeoChannelIE,
+    VimeoEventIE,
     VimeoGroupsIE,
     VimeoIE,
     VimeoLikesIE,
@@ -2397,10 +2370,15 @@ from .voxmedia import (
     VoxMediaIE,
     VoxMediaVolumeIE,
 )
+from .vrsquare import (
+    VrSquareChannelIE,
+    VrSquareIE,
+    VrSquareSearchIE,
+    VrSquareSectionIE,
+)
 from .vrt import (
     VRTIE,
     DagelijkseKostIE,
-    KetnetIE,
     Radio1BeIE,
     VrtNUIE,
 )
@@ -2485,7 +2463,6 @@ from .wykop import (
     WykopPostCommentIE,
     WykopPostIE,
 )
-from .xanimu import XanimuIE
 from .xboxclips import XboxClipsIE
 from .xhamster import (
     XHamsterEmbedIE,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/abematv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/abematv.py
index 8c7131b10a..8f2fc4c80a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/abematv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/abematv.py
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     time_seconds,
     traverse_obj,
+    update_url,
     update_url_query,
 )
 
@@ -417,6 +418,10 @@ class AbemaTVIE(AbemaTVBaseIE):
             'is_live': is_live,
             'availability': availability,
         })
+
+        if thumbnail := update_url(self._og_search_thumbnail(webpage, default=''), query=None):
+            info['thumbnails'] = [{'url': thumbnail}]
+
         return info
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/adobepass.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/adobepass.py
index f1b8779271..eb45734ec0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/adobepass.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/adobepass.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import json
 import re
 import time
 import urllib.parse
+import uuid
 import xml.etree.ElementTree as etree
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
@@ -10,6 +11,7 @@ from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
     NO_DEFAULT,
     ExtractorError,
+    parse_qs,
     unescapeHTML,
     unified_timestamp,
     urlencode_postdata,
@@ -45,6 +47,7 @@ MSO_INFO = {
         'name': 'Comcast XFINITY',
         'username_field': 'user',
         'password_field': 'passwd',
+        'login_hostname': 'login.xfinity.com',
     },
     'TWC': {
         'name': 'Time Warner Cable | Spectrum',
@@ -74,6 +77,12 @@ MSO_INFO = {
         'name': 'Verizon FiOS',
         'username_field': 'IDToken1',
         'password_field': 'IDToken2',
+        'login_hostname': 'ssoauth.verizon.com',
+    },
+    'Fubo': {
+        'name': 'Fubo',
+        'username_field': 'username',
+        'password_field': 'password',
     },
     'Cablevision': {
         'name': 'Optimum/Cablevision',
@@ -1338,6 +1347,7 @@ MSO_INFO = {
         'name': 'Sling TV',
         'username_field': 'username',
         'password_field': 'password',
+        'login_hostname': 'identity.sling.com',
     },
     'Suddenlink': {
         'name': 'Suddenlink',
@@ -1355,7 +1365,6 @@ MSO_INFO = {
 class AdobePassIE(InfoExtractor):  # XXX: Conventionally, base classes should end with BaseIE/InfoExtractor
     _SERVICE_PROVIDER_TEMPLATE = 'https://sp.auth.adobe.com/adobe-services/%s'
     _USER_AGENT = 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux i686; rv:47.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/47.0'
-    _MODERN_USER_AGENT = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; rv:131.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/131.0'
     _MVPD_CACHE = 'ap-mvpd'
 
     _DOWNLOADING_LOGIN_PAGE = 'Downloading Provider Login Page'
@@ -1367,6 +1376,11 @@ class AdobePassIE(InfoExtractor):  # XXX: Conventionally, base classes should en
         return super()._download_webpage_handle(
             *args, **kwargs)
 
+    @staticmethod
+    def _get_mso_headers(mso_info):
+        # Not needed currently
+        return {}
+
     @staticmethod
     def _get_mvpd_resource(provider_id, title, guid, rating):
         channel = etree.Element('channel')
@@ -1382,7 +1396,13 @@ class AdobePassIE(InfoExtractor):  # XXX: Conventionally, base classes should en
         resource_rating.text = rating
         return '<rss version="2.0" xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/">' + etree.tostring(channel).decode() + '</rss>'
 
-    def _extract_mvpd_auth(self, url, video_id, requestor_id, resource):
+    def _extract_mvpd_auth(self, url, video_id, requestor_id, resource, software_statement):
+        mso_id = self.get_param('ap_mso')
+        if mso_id:
+            mso_info = MSO_INFO[mso_id]
+        else:
+            mso_info = {}
+
         def xml_text(xml_str, tag):
             return self._search_regex(
                 f'<{tag}>(.+?)</{tag}>', xml_str, tag)
@@ -1391,15 +1411,27 @@ class AdobePassIE(InfoExtractor):  # XXX: Conventionally, base classes should en
             token_expires = unified_timestamp(re.sub(r'[_ ]GMT', '', xml_text(token, date_ele)))
             return token_expires and token_expires <= int(time.time())
 
-        def post_form(form_page_res, note, data={}):
+        def post_form(form_page_res, note, data={}, validate_url=False):
             form_page, urlh = form_page_res
             post_url = self._html_search_regex(r'<form[^>]+action=(["\'])(?P<url>.+?)\1', form_page, 'post url', group='url')
             if not re.match(r'https?://', post_url):
                 post_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(urlh.url, post_url)
+            if validate_url:
+                # This request is submitting credentials so we should validate it when possible
+                url_parsed = urllib.parse.urlparse(post_url)
+                expected_hostname = mso_info.get('login_hostname')
+                if expected_hostname and expected_hostname != url_parsed.hostname:
+                    raise ExtractorError(
+                        f'Unexpected login URL hostname; expected "{expected_hostname}" but got '
+                        f'"{url_parsed.hostname}". Aborting before submitting credentials')
+                if url_parsed.scheme != 'https':
+                    self.write_debug('Upgrading login URL scheme to https')
+                    post_url = urllib.parse.urlunparse(url_parsed._replace(scheme='https'))
             form_data = self._hidden_inputs(form_page)
             form_data.update(data)
             return self._download_webpage_handle(
                 post_url, video_id, note, data=urlencode_postdata(form_data), headers={
+                    **self._get_mso_headers(mso_info),
                     'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
                 })
 
@@ -1432,40 +1464,72 @@ class AdobePassIE(InfoExtractor):  # XXX: Conventionally, base classes should en
         }
 
         guid = xml_text(resource, 'guid') if '<' in resource else resource
-        count = 0
-        while count < 2:
+        for _ in range(2):
             requestor_info = self.cache.load(self._MVPD_CACHE, requestor_id) or {}
             authn_token = requestor_info.get('authn_token')
             if authn_token and is_expired(authn_token, 'simpleTokenExpires'):
                 authn_token = None
             if not authn_token:
-                mso_id = self.get_param('ap_mso')
-                if mso_id:
-                    username, password = self._get_login_info('ap_username', 'ap_password', mso_id)
-                    if not username or not password:
-                        raise_mvpd_required()
-                    mso_info = MSO_INFO[mso_id]
-
-                    provider_redirect_page_res = self._download_webpage_handle(
-                        self._SERVICE_PROVIDER_TEMPLATE % 'authenticate/saml', video_id,
-                        'Downloading Provider Redirect Page', query={
-                            'noflash': 'true',
-                            'mso_id': mso_id,
-                            'requestor_id': requestor_id,
-                            'no_iframe': 'false',
-                            'domain_name': 'adobe.com',
-                            'redirect_url': url,
-                        }, headers={
-                            # yt-dlp's default user-agent is usually too old for Comcast_SSO
-                            # See: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/10848
-                            'User-Agent': self._MODERN_USER_AGENT,
-                        } if mso_id == 'Comcast_SSO' else None)
-                elif not self._cookies_passed:
+                if not mso_id:
+                    raise_mvpd_required()
+                username, password = self._get_login_info('ap_username', 'ap_password', mso_id)
+                if not username or not password:
                     raise_mvpd_required()
 
-                if not mso_id:
-                    pass
-                elif mso_id == 'Comcast_SSO':
+                device_info, urlh = self._download_json_handle(
+                    'https://sp.auth.adobe.com/indiv/devices',
+                    video_id, 'Registering device with Adobe',
+                    data=json.dumps({'fingerprint': uuid.uuid4().hex}).encode(),
+                    headers={'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=UTF-8'})
+
+                device_id = device_info['deviceId']
+                mvpd_headers['pass_sfp'] = urlh.get_header('pass_sfp')
+                mvpd_headers['Ap_21'] = device_id
+
+                registration = self._download_json(
+                    'https://sp.auth.adobe.com/o/client/register',
+                    video_id, 'Registering client with Adobe',
+                    data=json.dumps({'software_statement': software_statement}).encode(),
+                    headers={'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=UTF-8'})
+
+                access_token = self._download_json(
+                    'https://sp.auth.adobe.com/o/client/token', video_id,
+                    'Obtaining access token', data=urlencode_postdata({
+                        'grant_type': 'client_credentials',
+                        'client_id': registration['client_id'],
+                        'client_secret': registration['client_secret'],
+                    }),
+                    headers={
+                        'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8',
+                    })['access_token']
+                mvpd_headers['Authorization'] = f'Bearer {access_token}'
+
+                reg_code = self._download_json(
+                    f'https://sp.auth.adobe.com/reggie/v1/{requestor_id}/regcode',
+                    video_id, 'Obtaining registration code',
+                    data=urlencode_postdata({
+                        'requestor': requestor_id,
+                        'deviceId': device_id,
+                        'format': 'json',
+                    }),
+                    headers={
+                        'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8',
+                        'Authorization': f'Bearer {access_token}',
+                    })['code']
+
+                provider_redirect_page_res = self._download_webpage_handle(
+                    self._SERVICE_PROVIDER_TEMPLATE % 'authenticate/saml', video_id,
+                    'Downloading Provider Redirect Page', query={
+                        'noflash': 'true',
+                        'mso_id': mso_id,
+                        'requestor_id': requestor_id,
+                        'no_iframe': 'false',
+                        'domain_name': 'adobe.com',
+                        'redirect_url': url,
+                        'reg_code': reg_code,
+                    }, headers=self._get_mso_headers(mso_info))
+
+                if mso_id == 'Comcast_SSO':
                     # Comcast page flow varies by video site and whether you
                     # are on Comcast's network.
                     provider_redirect_page, urlh = provider_redirect_page_res
@@ -1489,8 +1553,8 @@ class AdobePassIE(InfoExtractor):  # XXX: Conventionally, base classes should en
                             oauth_redirect_url = extract_redirect_url(
                                 provider_redirect_page, fatal=True)
                             provider_login_page_res = self._download_webpage_handle(
-                                oauth_redirect_url, video_id,
-                                self._DOWNLOADING_LOGIN_PAGE)
+                                oauth_redirect_url, video_id, self._DOWNLOADING_LOGIN_PAGE,
+                                headers=self._get_mso_headers(mso_info))
                         else:
                             provider_login_page_res = post_form(
                                 provider_redirect_page_res,
@@ -1500,24 +1564,35 @@ class AdobePassIE(InfoExtractor):  # XXX: Conventionally, base classes should en
                             provider_login_page_res, 'Logging in', {
                                 mso_info['username_field']: username,
                                 mso_info['password_field']: password,
-                            })
+                            }, validate_url=True)
                         mvpd_confirm_page, urlh = mvpd_confirm_page_res
                         if '<button class="submit" value="Resume">Resume</button>' in mvpd_confirm_page:
                             post_form(mvpd_confirm_page_res, 'Confirming Login')
                 elif mso_id == 'Philo':
                     # Philo has very unique authentication method
-                    self._download_webpage(
-                        'https://idp.philo.com/auth/init/login_code', video_id, 'Requesting auth code', data=urlencode_postdata({
+                    self._request_webpage(
+                        'https://idp.philo.com/auth/init/login_code', video_id,
+                        'Requesting Philo auth code', data=json.dumps({
                             'ident': username,
                             'device': 'web',
                             'send_confirm_link': False,
                             'send_token': True,
-                        }))
+                            'device_ident': f'web-{uuid.uuid4().hex}',
+                            'include_login_link': True,
+                        }).encode(), headers={
+                            'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+                            'Accept': 'application/json',
+                        })
+
                     philo_code = getpass.getpass('Type auth code you have received [Return]: ')
-                    self._download_webpage(
-                        'https://idp.philo.com/auth/update/login_code', video_id, 'Submitting token', data=urlencode_postdata({
-                            'token': philo_code,
-                        }))
+                    self._request_webpage(
+                        'https://idp.philo.com/auth/update/login_code', video_id,
+                        'Submitting token', data=json.dumps({'token': philo_code}).encode(),
+                        headers={
+                            'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+                            'Accept': 'application/json',
+                        })
+
                     mvpd_confirm_page_res = self._download_webpage_handle('https://idp.philo.com/idp/submit', video_id, 'Confirming Philo Login')
                     post_form(mvpd_confirm_page_res, 'Confirming Login')
                 elif mso_id == 'Verizon':
@@ -1539,7 +1614,7 @@ class AdobePassIE(InfoExtractor):  # XXX: Conventionally, base classes should en
                             provider_redirect_page_res, 'Logging in', {
                                 mso_info['username_field']: username,
                                 mso_info['password_field']: password,
-                            })
+                            }, validate_url=True)
                         saml_login_page, urlh = saml_login_page_res
                         if 'Please try again.' in saml_login_page:
                             raise ExtractorError(
@@ -1560,7 +1635,7 @@ class AdobePassIE(InfoExtractor):  # XXX: Conventionally, base classes should en
                             [saml_login_page, saml_redirect_url], 'Logging in', {
                                 mso_info['username_field']: username,
                                 mso_info['password_field']: password,
-                            })
+                            }, validate_url=True)
                         if 'Please try again.' in saml_login_page:
                             raise ExtractorError(
                                 'Failed to login, incorrect User ID or Password.')
@@ -1631,7 +1706,7 @@ class AdobePassIE(InfoExtractor):  # XXX: Conventionally, base classes should en
                         provider_login_page_res, 'Logging in', {
                             mso_info['username_field']: username,
                             mso_info['password_field']: password,
-                        })
+                        }, validate_url=True)
 
                     provider_refresh_redirect_url = extract_redirect_url(
                         provider_association_redirect, url=urlh.url)
@@ -1682,7 +1757,7 @@ class AdobePassIE(InfoExtractor):  # XXX: Conventionally, base classes should en
                         provider_login_page_res, 'Logging in', {
                             mso_info['username_field']: username,
                             mso_info['password_field']: password,
-                        })
+                        }, validate_url=True)
 
                     provider_refresh_redirect_url = extract_redirect_url(
                         provider_association_redirect, url=urlh.url)
@@ -1699,6 +1774,27 @@ class AdobePassIE(InfoExtractor):  # XXX: Conventionally, base classes should en
                         query=hidden_data)
 
                     post_form(mvpd_confirm_page_res, 'Confirming Login')
+                elif mso_id == 'Fubo':
+                    _, urlh = provider_redirect_page_res
+
+                    fubo_response = self._download_json(
+                        'https://api.fubo.tv/partners/tve/connect', video_id,
+                        'Authenticating with Fubo', 'Unable to authenticate with Fubo',
+                        query=parse_qs(urlh.url), data=json.dumps({
+                            'username': username,
+                            'password': password,
+                        }).encode(), headers={
+                            'Accept': 'application/json',
+                            'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+                        })
+
+                    self._request_webpage(
+                        'https://sp.auth.adobe.com/adobe-services/oauth2', video_id,
+                        'Authenticating with Adobe', 'Failed to authenticate with Adobe',
+                        query={
+                            'code': fubo_response['code'],
+                            'state': fubo_response['state'],
+                        })
                 else:
                     # Some providers (e.g. DIRECTV NOW) have another meta refresh
                     # based redirect that should be followed.
@@ -1717,7 +1813,8 @@ class AdobePassIE(InfoExtractor):  # XXX: Conventionally, base classes should en
                     }
                     if mso_id in ('Cablevision', 'AlticeOne'):
                         form_data['_eventId_proceed'] = ''
-                    mvpd_confirm_page_res = post_form(provider_login_page_res, 'Logging in', form_data)
+                    mvpd_confirm_page_res = post_form(
+                        provider_login_page_res, 'Logging in', form_data, validate_url=True)
                     if mso_id != 'Rogers':
                         post_form(mvpd_confirm_page_res, 'Confirming Login')
 
@@ -1727,6 +1824,7 @@ class AdobePassIE(InfoExtractor):  # XXX: Conventionally, base classes should en
                         'Retrieving Session', data=urlencode_postdata({
                             '_method': 'GET',
                             'requestor_id': requestor_id,
+                            'reg_code': reg_code,
                         }), headers=mvpd_headers)
                 except ExtractorError as e:
                     if not mso_id and isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 401:
@@ -1734,7 +1832,6 @@ class AdobePassIE(InfoExtractor):  # XXX: Conventionally, base classes should en
                     raise
                 if '<pendingLogout' in session:
                     self.cache.store(self._MVPD_CACHE, requestor_id, {})
-                    count += 1
                     continue
                 authn_token = unescapeHTML(xml_text(session, 'authnToken'))
                 requestor_info['authn_token'] = authn_token
@@ -1755,7 +1852,6 @@ class AdobePassIE(InfoExtractor):  # XXX: Conventionally, base classes should en
                     }), headers=mvpd_headers)
                 if '<pendingLogout' in authorize:
                     self.cache.store(self._MVPD_CACHE, requestor_id, {})
-                    count += 1
                     continue
                 if '<error' in authorize:
                     raise ExtractorError(xml_text(authorize, 'details'), expected=True)
@@ -1778,6 +1874,5 @@ class AdobePassIE(InfoExtractor):  # XXX: Conventionally, base classes should en
                 }), headers=mvpd_headers)
             if '<pendingLogout' in short_authorize:
                 self.cache.store(self._MVPD_CACHE, requestor_id, {})
-                count += 1
                 continue
             return short_authorize
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/adobetv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/adobetv.py
index 4608e5c13d..7a29a349c1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/adobetv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/adobetv.py
@@ -1,285 +1,100 @@
-import functools
-import re
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     ISO639Utils,
-    OnDemandPagedList,
+    clean_html,
+    determine_ext,
     float_or_none,
     int_or_none,
     join_nonempty,
-    parse_duration,
-    str_or_none,
-    str_to_int,
-    unified_strdate,
+    url_or_none,
 )
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 
 
-class AdobeTVBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
-    def _call_api(self, path, video_id, query, note=None):
-        return self._download_json(
-            'http://tv.adobe.com/api/v4/' + path,
-            video_id, note, query=query)['data']
-
-    def _parse_subtitles(self, video_data, url_key):
-        subtitles = {}
-        for translation in video_data.get('translations', []):
-            vtt_path = translation.get(url_key)
-            if not vtt_path:
-                continue
-            lang = translation.get('language_w3c') or ISO639Utils.long2short(translation['language_medium'])
-            subtitles.setdefault(lang, []).append({
-                'ext': 'vtt',
-                'url': vtt_path,
-            })
-        return subtitles
-
-    def _parse_video_data(self, video_data):
-        video_id = str(video_data['id'])
-        title = video_data['title']
-
-        s3_extracted = False
-        formats = []
-        for source in video_data.get('videos', []):
-            source_url = source.get('url')
-            if not source_url:
-                continue
-            f = {
-                'format_id': source.get('quality_level'),
-                'fps': int_or_none(source.get('frame_rate')),
-                'height': int_or_none(source.get('height')),
-                'tbr': int_or_none(source.get('video_data_rate')),
-                'width': int_or_none(source.get('width')),
-                'url': source_url,
-            }
-            original_filename = source.get('original_filename')
-            if original_filename:
-                if not (f.get('height') and f.get('width')):
-                    mobj = re.search(r'_(\d+)x(\d+)', original_filename)
-                    if mobj:
-                        f.update({
-                            'height': int(mobj.group(2)),
-                            'width': int(mobj.group(1)),
-                        })
-                if original_filename.startswith('s3://') and not s3_extracted:
-                    formats.append({
-                        'format_id': 'original',
-                        'quality': 1,
-                        'url': original_filename.replace('s3://', 'https://s3.amazonaws.com/'),
-                    })
-                    s3_extracted = True
-            formats.append(f)
-
-        return {
-            'id': video_id,
-            'title': title,
-            'description': video_data.get('description'),
-            'thumbnail': video_data.get('thumbnail'),
-            'upload_date': unified_strdate(video_data.get('start_date')),
-            'duration': parse_duration(video_data.get('duration')),
-            'view_count': str_to_int(video_data.get('playcount')),
-            'formats': formats,
-            'subtitles': self._parse_subtitles(video_data, 'vtt'),
-        }
-
-
-class AdobeTVEmbedIE(AdobeTVBaseIE):
-    IE_NAME = 'adobetv:embed'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://tv\.adobe\.com/embed/\d+/(?P<id>\d+)'
-    _TEST = {
-        'url': 'https://tv.adobe.com/embed/22/4153',
-        'md5': 'c8c0461bf04d54574fc2b4d07ac6783a',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '4153',
-            'ext': 'flv',
-            'title': 'Creating Graphics Optimized for BlackBerry',
-            'description': 'md5:eac6e8dced38bdaae51cd94447927459',
-            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.jpg$',
-            'upload_date': '20091109',
-            'duration': 377,
-            'view_count': int,
-        },
-    }
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        video_id = self._match_id(url)
-
-        video_data = self._call_api(
-            'episode/' + video_id, video_id, {'disclosure': 'standard'})[0]
-        return self._parse_video_data(video_data)
-
-
-class AdobeTVIE(AdobeTVBaseIE):
+class AdobeTVVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
     IE_NAME = 'adobetv'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://tv\.adobe\.com/(?:(?P<language>fr|de|es|jp)/)?watch/(?P<show_urlname>[^/]+)/(?P<id>[^/]+)'
-
-    _TEST = {
-        'url': 'http://tv.adobe.com/watch/the-complete-picture-with-julieanne-kost/quick-tip-how-to-draw-a-circle-around-an-object-in-photoshop/',
-        'md5': '9bc5727bcdd55251f35ad311ca74fa1e',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '10981',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Quick Tip - How to Draw a Circle Around an Object in Photoshop',
-            'description': 'md5:99ec318dc909d7ba2a1f2b038f7d2311',
-            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.jpg$',
-            'upload_date': '20110914',
-            'duration': 60,
-            'view_count': int,
-        },
-    }
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        language, show_urlname, urlname = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
-        if not language:
-            language = 'en'
-
-        video_data = self._call_api(
-            'episode/get', urlname, {
-                'disclosure': 'standard',
-                'language': language,
-                'show_urlname': show_urlname,
-                'urlname': urlname,
-            })[0]
-        return self._parse_video_data(video_data)
-
-
-class AdobeTVPlaylistBaseIE(AdobeTVBaseIE):
-    _PAGE_SIZE = 25
-
-    def _fetch_page(self, display_id, query, page):
-        page += 1
-        query['page'] = page
-        for element_data in self._call_api(
-                self._RESOURCE, display_id, query, f'Download Page {page}'):
-            yield self._process_data(element_data)
-
-    def _extract_playlist_entries(self, display_id, query):
-        return OnDemandPagedList(functools.partial(
-            self._fetch_page, display_id, query), self._PAGE_SIZE)
-
-
-class AdobeTVShowIE(AdobeTVPlaylistBaseIE):
-    IE_NAME = 'adobetv:show'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://tv\.adobe\.com/(?:(?P<language>fr|de|es|jp)/)?show/(?P<id>[^/]+)'
-
-    _TEST = {
-        'url': 'http://tv.adobe.com/show/the-complete-picture-with-julieanne-kost',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '36',
-            'title': 'The Complete Picture with Julieanne Kost',
-            'description': 'md5:fa50867102dcd1aa0ddf2ab039311b27',
-        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 136,
-    }
-    _RESOURCE = 'episode'
-    _process_data = AdobeTVBaseIE._parse_video_data
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        language, show_urlname = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
-        if not language:
-            language = 'en'
-        query = {
-            'disclosure': 'standard',
-            'language': language,
-            'show_urlname': show_urlname,
-        }
-
-        show_data = self._call_api(
-            'show/get', show_urlname, query)[0]
-
-        return self.playlist_result(
-            self._extract_playlist_entries(show_urlname, query),
-            str_or_none(show_data.get('id')),
-            show_data.get('show_name'),
-            show_data.get('show_description'))
-
-
-class AdobeTVChannelIE(AdobeTVPlaylistBaseIE):
-    IE_NAME = 'adobetv:channel'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://tv\.adobe\.com/(?:(?P<language>fr|de|es|jp)/)?channel/(?P<id>[^/]+)(?:/(?P<category_urlname>[^/]+))?'
-
-    _TEST = {
-        'url': 'http://tv.adobe.com/channel/development',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'development',
-        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 96,
-    }
-    _RESOURCE = 'show'
-
-    def _process_data(self, show_data):
-        return self.url_result(
-            show_data['url'], 'AdobeTVShow', str_or_none(show_data.get('id')))
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        language, channel_urlname, category_urlname = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
-        if not language:
-            language = 'en'
-        query = {
-            'channel_urlname': channel_urlname,
-            'language': language,
-        }
-        if category_urlname:
-            query['category_urlname'] = category_urlname
-
-        return self.playlist_result(
-            self._extract_playlist_entries(channel_urlname, query),
-            channel_urlname)
-
-
-class AdobeTVVideoIE(AdobeTVBaseIE):
-    IE_NAME = 'adobetv:video'
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://video\.tv\.adobe\.com/v/(?P<id>\d+)'
-    _EMBED_REGEX = [r'<iframe[^>]+src=[\'"](?P<url>(?:https?:)?//video\.tv\.adobe\.com/v/\d+[^"]+)[\'"]']
-
-    _TEST = {
-        # From https://helpx.adobe.com/acrobat/how-to/new-experience-acrobat-dc.html?set=acrobat--get-started--essential-beginners
-        'url': 'https://video.tv.adobe.com/v/2456/',
+    _EMBED_REGEX = [r'<iframe[^>]+src=["\'](?P<url>(?:https?:)?//video\.tv\.adobe\.com/v/\d+)']
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://video.tv.adobe.com/v/2456',
         'md5': '43662b577c018ad707a63766462b1e87',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '2456',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'New experience with Acrobat DC',
             'description': 'New experience with Acrobat DC',
-            'duration': 248.667,
+            'duration': 248.522,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://images-tv\.adobe\.com/.+\.jpg',
         },
-    }
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://video.tv.adobe.com/v/3463980/adobe-acrobat',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '3463980',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Adobe Acrobat: How to Customize the Toolbar for Faster PDF Editing',
+            'description': 'md5:94368ab95ae24f9c1bee0cb346e03dc3',
+            'duration': 97.514,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://images-tv\.adobe\.com/.+\.jpg',
+        },
+    }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        # https://video.tv.adobe.com/v/3442499
+        'url': 'https://business.adobe.com/dx-fragments/summit/2025/marquees/S335/ondemand.live.html',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '3442499',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'S335 - Beyond Personalization: Creating Intent-Based Experiences at Scale',
+            'description': 'Beyond Personalization: Creating Intent-Based Experiences at Scale',
+            'duration': 2906.8,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://images-tv\.adobe\.com/.+\.jpg',
+        },
+    }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
-
-        video_data = self._parse_json(self._search_regex(
-            r'var\s+bridge\s*=\s*([^;]+);', webpage, 'bridged data'), video_id)
-        title = video_data['title']
+        video_data = self._search_json(
+            r'var\s+bridge\s*=', webpage, 'bridged data', video_id)
 
         formats = []
-        sources = video_data.get('sources') or []
-        for source in sources:
-            source_src = source.get('src')
-            if not source_src:
-                continue
-            formats.append({
-                'filesize': int_or_none(source.get('kilobytes') or None, invscale=1000),
-                'format_id': join_nonempty(source.get('format'), source.get('label')),
-                'height': int_or_none(source.get('height') or None),
-                'tbr': int_or_none(source.get('bitrate') or None),
-                'width': int_or_none(source.get('width') or None),
-                'url': source_src,
-            })
+        for source in traverse_obj(video_data, (
+            'sources', lambda _, v: v['format'] != 'playlist' and url_or_none(v['src']),
+        )):
+            source_url = self._proto_relative_url(source['src'])
+            if determine_ext(source_url) == 'm3u8':
+                fmts = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
+                    source_url, video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False)
+            else:
+                fmts = [{'url': source_url}]
+
+            for fmt in fmts:
+                fmt.update(traverse_obj(source, {
+                    'duration': ('duration', {float_or_none(scale=1000)}),
+                    'filesize': ('kilobytes', {float_or_none(invscale=1000)}),
+                    'format_id': (('format', 'label'), {str}, all, {lambda x: join_nonempty(*x)}),
+                    'height': ('height', {int_or_none}),
+                    'tbr': ('bitrate', {int_or_none}),
+                    'width': ('width', {int_or_none}),
+                }))
+            formats.extend(fmts)
 
-        # For both metadata and downloaded files the duration varies among
-        # formats. I just pick the max one
-        duration = max(filter(None, [
-            float_or_none(source.get('duration'), scale=1000)
-            for source in sources]))
+        subtitles = {}
+        for translation in traverse_obj(video_data, (
+            'translations', lambda _, v: url_or_none(v['vttPath']),
+        )):
+            lang = translation.get('language_w3c') or ISO639Utils.long2short(translation.get('language_medium')) or 'und'
+            subtitles.setdefault(lang, []).append({
+                'ext': 'vtt',
+                'url': self._proto_relative_url(translation['vttPath']),
+            })
 
         return {
             'id': video_id,
             'formats': formats,
-            'title': title,
-            'description': video_data.get('description'),
-            'thumbnail': video_data.get('video', {}).get('poster'),
-            'duration': duration,
-            'subtitles': self._parse_subtitles(video_data, 'vttPath'),
+            'subtitles': subtitles,
+            **traverse_obj(video_data, {
+                'title': ('title', {clean_html}),
+                'description': ('description', {clean_html}, filter),
+                'thumbnail': ('video', 'poster', {self._proto_relative_url}, {url_or_none}),
+            }),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/adultswim.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/adultswim.py
index 2c83701e78..a399c3ae36 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/adultswim.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/adultswim.py
@@ -84,6 +84,8 @@ class AdultSwimIE(TurnerBaseIE):
         'skip': '404 Not Found',
     }]
 
+    _SOFTWARE_STATEMENT = 'eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiJ9.eyJzdWIiOiIwNjg5ZmU2My00OTc5LTQxZmQtYWYxNC1hYjVlNmJjNWVkZWIiLCJuYmYiOjE1MzcxOTA2NzQsImlzcyI6ImF1dGguYWRvYmUuY29tIiwiaWF0IjoxNTM3MTkwNjc0fQ.Xl3AEduM0s1TxDQ6-XssdKIiLm261hhsEv1C1yo_nitIajZThSI9rXILqtIzO0aujoHhdzUnu_dUCq9ffiSBzEG632tTa1la-5tegHtce80cMhewBN4n2t8n9O5tiaPx8MPY8ALdm5wS7QzWE6DO_LTJKgE8Bl7Yv-CWJT4q4SywtNiQWLVOuhBRnDyfsRezxRwptw8qTn9dv5ZzUrVJaby5fDZ_nOncMKvegOgaKd5KEuCAGQ-mg-PSuValMjGuf6FwDguGaK7IyI5Y2oOrzXmD4Dj7q4WBg8w9QoZhtLeAU56mcsGILolku2R5FHlVLO9xhjResyt-pfmegOkpSw'
+
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         show_path, episode_path = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
         display_id = episode_path or show_path
@@ -152,7 +154,7 @@ class AdultSwimIE(TurnerBaseIE):
                     # CDN_TOKEN_APP_ID from:
                     # https://d2gg02c3xr550i.cloudfront.net/assets/asvp.e9c8bef24322d060ef87.bundle.js
                     'appId': 'eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJhcHBJZCI6ImFzLXR2ZS1kZXNrdG9wLXB0enQ2bSIsInByb2R1Y3QiOiJ0dmUiLCJuZXR3b3JrIjoiYXMiLCJwbGF0Zm9ybSI6ImRlc2t0b3AiLCJpYXQiOjE1MzI3MDIyNzl9.BzSCk-WYOZ2GMCIaeVb8zWnzhlgnXuJTCu0jGp_VaZE',
-                }, {
+                }, self._SOFTWARE_STATEMENT, {
                     'url': url,
                     'site_name': 'AdultSwim',
                     'auth_required': auth,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/aenetworks.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/aenetworks.py
index 8e257865fb..a4a5f409ec 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/aenetworks.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/aenetworks.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import json
+
 from .theplatform import ThePlatformIE
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
@@ -6,7 +8,6 @@ from ..utils import (
     remove_start,
     traverse_obj,
     update_url_query,
-    urlencode_postdata,
 )
 
 
@@ -20,13 +21,13 @@ class AENetworksBaseIE(ThePlatformIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
     _THEPLATFORM_KEY = '43jXaGRQud'
     _THEPLATFORM_SECRET = 'S10BPXHMlb'
     _DOMAIN_MAP = {
-        'history.com': ('HISTORY', 'history'),
-        'aetv.com': ('AETV', 'aetv'),
-        'mylifetime.com': ('LIFETIME', 'lifetime'),
-        'lifetimemovieclub.com': ('LIFETIMEMOVIECLUB', 'lmc'),
-        'fyi.tv': ('FYI', 'fyi'),
-        'historyvault.com': (None, 'historyvault'),
-        'biography.com': (None, 'biography'),
+        'history.com': ('HISTORY', 'history', 'eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiJ9.eyJzdWIiOiI1MzZlMTQ3ZS0zMzFhLTQxY2YtYTMwNC01MDA2NzNlOGYwYjYiLCJuYmYiOjE1Mzg2NjMzMDksImlzcyI6ImF1dGguYWRvYmUuY29tIiwiaWF0IjoxNTM4NjYzMzA5fQ.n24-FVHLGXJe2D4atIQZ700aiXKIajKh5PWFoHJ40Az4itjtwwSFHnvufnoal3T8lYkwNLxce7H-IEGxIykRkZEdwq09pMKMT-ft9ASzE4vQ8fAWbf5ZgDME86x4Jq_YaxkRc9Ne0eShGhl8fgTJHvk07sfWcol61HJ7kU7K8FzzcHR0ucFQgA5VNd8RyjoGWY7c6VxnXR214LOpXsywmit04-vGJC102b_WA2EQfqI93UzG6M6l0EeV4n0_ijP3s8_i8WMJZ_uwnTafCIY6G_731i01dKXDLSFzG1vYglAwDa8DTcdrAAuIFFDF6QNGItCCmwbhjufjmoeVb7R1Gg'),
+        'aetv.com': ('AETV', 'aetv', 'eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiJ9.eyJzdWIiOiI5Y2IwNjg2Yy03ODUxLTRiZDUtODcyMC00MjNlZTg1YTQ1NzMiLCJuYmYiOjE1Mzg2NjMyOTAsImlzcyI6ImF1dGguYWRvYmUuY29tIiwiaWF0IjoxNTM4NjYzMjkwfQ.T5Elf0X4TndO4NEgqBas1gDxNHGPVk_daO2Ha5FBzVO6xi3zM7eavdAKfYMCN7gpWYJx03iADaVPtczO_t_aGZczDjpwJHgTUzDgvcLZAVsVDqtDIAMy3S846rPgT6UDbVoxurA7B2VTPm9phjrSXhejvd0LBO8MQL4AZ3sy2VmiPJ2noT1ily5PuHCYlkrT1fheO064duR__Cd9DQ5VTMnKjzY3Cx345CEwKDkUk5gwgxhXM-aY0eblehrq8VD81_aRM_O3tvh7nbTydHOnUpV-k_iKVi49gqz7Sf8zb6Zh5z2Uftn3vYCfE5NQuesitoRMnsH17nW7o_D59hkRgg'),
+        'mylifetime.com': ('LIFETIME', 'lifetime', 'eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiJ9.eyJzdWIiOiJmODg0MDM1ZC1mZGRmLTRmYjgtYmRkMC05MzRhZDdiYTAwYTciLCJuYmYiOjE1NDkzOTI2NDQsImlzcyI6ImF1dGguYWRvYmUuY29tIiwiaWF0IjoxNTQ5MzkyNjQ0fQ.vkTIaCpheKdKQd__2-3ec4qkcpbAhyCTvwe5iTl922ItSQfVhpEJG4wseVSNmBTrpBi0hvLedcw6Hj1_UuzBMVuVcCqLprU-pI8recEwL0u7G-eVkylsxe1OTUm1o3V6OykXQ9KlA-QQLL1neUhdhR1n5B1LZ4cmtBmiEpfgf4rFwXD1ScFylIcaWKLBqHoRBNUmxyTmoXXvn_A-GGSj9eCizFzY8W5uBwUcsoiw2Cr1skx7PbB2RSP1I5DsoIJKG-8XV1KS7MWl-fNLjE-hVAsI9znqfEEFcPBiv3LhCP4Nf4OIs7xAselMn0M0c8igRUZhURWX_hdygUAxkbKFtQ'),
+        'fyi.tv': ('FYI', 'fyi', 'eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiJ9.eyJzdWIiOiIxOGZiOWM3Ny1mYmMzLTQxYTktYmE1Yi1lMzM0ZmUzNzU4NjEiLCJuYmYiOjE1ODc1ODAzNzcsImlzcyI6ImF1dGguYWRvYmUuY29tIiwiaWF0IjoxNTg3NTgwMzc3fQ.AYDuipKswmIfLBfOjHRsfc5fMV5NmJUmiJnkpiep4VEw9QiXkygFj4bN06Si5tFc5Mee5TDrGzDpV6iuKbVpLT5kuqXhAn-Wozf5zKPsg_IpdEKO7gsiCq4calt72ct44KTqtKD_hVcoxQU24_HaJsRgXzu3B-6Ff6UrmsXkyvYifYVC9v2DSkdCuA02_IrlllzVT2kRuefUXgL4vQRtTFf77uYa0RKSTG7uVkiQ_AU41eXevKlO2qgtc14Hk5cZ7-ZNrDyMCXYA5ngdIHP7Gs9PWaFXT36PFHI_rC4EfxUABPzjQFxjpP75aX5qn8SH__HbM9q3hoPWgaEaf76qIQ'),
+        'lifetimemovieclub.com': ('LIFETIMEMOVIECLUB', 'lmc', None),
+        'historyvault.com': (None, 'historyvault', None),
+        'biography.com': (None, 'biography', None),
     }
 
     def _extract_aen_smil(self, smil_url, video_id, auth=None):
@@ -71,7 +72,7 @@ class AENetworksBaseIE(ThePlatformIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
         }
 
     def _extract_aetn_info(self, domain, filter_key, filter_value, url):
-        requestor_id, brand = self._DOMAIN_MAP[domain]
+        requestor_id, brand, software_statement = self._DOMAIN_MAP[domain]
         result = self._download_json(
             f'https://feeds.video.aetnd.com/api/v2/{brand}/videos',
             filter_value, query={f'filter[{filter_key}]': filter_value})
@@ -95,7 +96,7 @@ class AENetworksBaseIE(ThePlatformIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
                 theplatform_metadata.get('AETN$PPL_pplProgramId') or theplatform_metadata.get('AETN$PPL_pplProgramId_OLD'),
                 traverse_obj(theplatform_metadata, ('ratings', 0, 'rating')))
             auth = self._extract_mvpd_auth(
-                url, video_id, requestor_id, resource)
+                url, video_id, requestor_id, resource, software_statement)
         info.update(self._extract_aen_smil(media_url, video_id, auth))
         info.update({
             'title': title,
@@ -110,11 +111,9 @@ class AENetworksIE(AENetworksBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'aenetworks'
     IE_DESC = 'A+E Networks: A&E, Lifetime, History.com, FYI Network and History Vault'
     _VALID_URL = AENetworksBaseIE._BASE_URL_REGEX + r'''(?P<id>
-        shows/[^/]+/season-\d+/episode-\d+|
-        (?:
-            (?:movie|special)s/[^/]+|
-            (?:shows/[^/]+/)?videos
-        )/[^/?#&]+
+        shows/[^/?#]+/season-\d+/episode-\d+|
+        (?P<type>movie|special)s/[^/?#]+(?P<extra>/[^/?#]+)?|
+        (?:shows/[^/?#]+/)?videos/[^/?#]+
     )'''
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'http://www.history.com/shows/mountain-men/season-1/episode-1',
@@ -127,20 +126,18 @@ class AENetworksIE(AENetworksBaseIE):
             'upload_date': '20120529',
             'uploader': 'AENE-NEW',
             'duration': 2592.0,
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpe?g$',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/.+\.jpg',
             'chapters': 'count:5',
             'tags': 'count:14',
             'categories': ['Mountain Men'],
             'episode_number': 1,
-            'episode': 'Episode 1',
+            'episode': 'Winter Is Coming',
             'season': 'Season 1',
             'season_number': 1,
             'series': 'Mountain Men',
+            'age_limit': 0,
         },
-        'params': {
-            # m3u8 download
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
         'add_ie': ['ThePlatform'],
         'skip': 'Geo-restricted - This content is not available in your location.',
     }, {
@@ -154,21 +151,64 @@ class AENetworksIE(AENetworksBaseIE):
             'upload_date': '20160112',
             'uploader': 'AENE-NEW',
             'duration': 1277.695,
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpe?g$',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/.+\.jpg',
             'chapters': 'count:4',
             'tags': 'count:23',
-            'episode': 'Episode 1',
+            'episode': 'Inlawful Entry',
             'episode_number': 1,
             'season': 'Season 9',
             'season_number': 9,
             'series': 'Duck Dynasty',
+            'age_limit': 0,
         },
-        'params': {
-            # m3u8 download
-            'skip_download': True,
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+        'add_ie': ['ThePlatform'],
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://play.mylifetime.com/movies/v-c-andrews-web-of-dreams',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '1590627395981',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'VC Andrews\' Web of Dreams',
+            'description': 'md5:2a8ba13ae64271c79eb65c0577d312ce',
+            'uploader': 'AENE-NEW',
+            'age_limit': 14,
+            'duration': 5253.665,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/.+\.jpg',
+            'chapters': 'count:8',
+            'tags': ['lifetime', 'mylifetime', 'lifetime channel', "VC Andrews' Web of Dreams"],
+            'series': '',
+            'season': 'Season 0',
+            'season_number': 0,
+            'episode': 'VC Andrews\' Web of Dreams',
+            'episode_number': 0,
+            'timestamp': 1566489703.0,
+            'upload_date': '20190822',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+        'add_ie': ['ThePlatform'],
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.aetv.com/specials/hunting-jonbenets-killer-the-untold-story',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '1488235587551',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Hunting JonBenet\'s Killer: The Untold Story',
+            'description': 'md5:209869425ee392d74fe29201821e48b4',
+            'uploader': 'AENE-NEW',
+            'age_limit': 14,
+            'duration': 5003.903,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/.+\.jpg',
+            'chapters': 'count:10',
+            'tags': 'count:11',
+            'series': '',
+            'season': 'Season 0',
+            'season_number': 0,
+            'episode': 'Hunting JonBenet\'s Killer: The Untold Story',
+            'episode_number': 0,
+            'timestamp': 1554987697.0,
+            'upload_date': '20190411',
         },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
         'add_ie': ['ThePlatform'],
-        'skip': 'This video is only available for users of participating TV providers.',
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.fyi.tv/shows/tiny-house-nation/season-1/episode-8',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -196,25 +236,28 @@ class AENetworksIE(AENetworksBaseIE):
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        domain, canonical = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
+        domain, canonical, url_type, extra = self._match_valid_url(url).group('domain', 'id', 'type', 'extra')
+        if url_type in ('movie', 'special') and not extra:
+            canonical += f'/full-{url_type}'
         return self._extract_aetn_info(domain, 'canonical', '/' + canonical, url)
 
 
 class AENetworksListBaseIE(AENetworksBaseIE):
     def _call_api(self, resource, slug, brand, fields):
         return self._download_json(
-            'https://yoga.appsvcs.aetnd.com/graphql',
-            slug, query={'brand': brand}, data=urlencode_postdata({
+            'https://yoga.appsvcs.aetnd.com/graphql', slug,
+            query={'brand': brand}, headers={'Content-Type': 'application/json'},
+            data=json.dumps({
                 'query': '''{
   %s(slug: "%s") {
     %s
   }
 }''' % (resource, slug, fields),  # noqa: UP031
-            }))['data'][resource]
+            }).encode())['data'][resource]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         domain, slug = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
-        _, brand = self._DOMAIN_MAP[domain]
+        _, brand, _ = self._DOMAIN_MAP[domain]
         playlist = self._call_api(self._RESOURCE, slug, brand, self._FIELDS)
         base_url = f'http://watch.{domain}'
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/afreecatv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/afreecatv.py
index 572d1a3893..aadb4d6605 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/afreecatv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/afreecatv.py
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import datetime as dt
 import functools
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
@@ -10,7 +11,7 @@ from ..utils import (
     filter_dict,
     int_or_none,
     orderedSet,
-    unified_timestamp,
+    parse_iso8601,
     url_or_none,
     urlencode_postdata,
     urljoin,
@@ -87,9 +88,9 @@ class AfreecaTVIE(AfreecaTVBaseIE):
             'uploader_id': 'rlantnghks',
             'uploader': '페�즈으',
             'duration': 10840,
-            'thumbnail': r're:https?://videoimg\.sooplive\.co/.kr/.+',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://videoimg\.(?:sooplive\.co\.kr|afreecatv\.com)/.+',
             'upload_date': '20230108',
-            'timestamp': 1673218805,
+            'timestamp': 1673186405,
             'title': '젠지 페�즈',
         },
         'params': {
@@ -102,7 +103,7 @@ class AfreecaTVIE(AfreecaTVBaseIE):
             'id': '20170411_BE689A0E_190960999_1_2_h',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': '혼�사는여�집',
-            'thumbnail': r're:https?://(?:video|st)img\.sooplive\.co\.kr/.+',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://(?:video|st)img\.(?:sooplive\.co\.kr|afreecatv\.com)/.+',
             'uploader': '♥�슬�',
             'uploader_id': 'dasl8121',
             'upload_date': '20170411',
@@ -119,7 +120,7 @@ class AfreecaTVIE(AfreecaTVBaseIE):
             'id': '20180327_27901457_202289533_1',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': '[�]빨개요♥ (part 1)',
-            'thumbnail': r're:https?://(?:video|st)img\.sooplive\.co\.kr/.+',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://(?:video|st)img\.(?:sooplive\.co\.kr|afreecatv\.com)/.+',
             'uploader': '[SA]서아',
             'uploader_id': 'bjdyrksu',
             'upload_date': '20180327',
@@ -187,7 +188,7 @@ class AfreecaTVIE(AfreecaTVBaseIE):
                 'formats': formats,
                 **traverse_obj(file_element, {
                     'duration': ('duration', {int_or_none(scale=1000)}),
-                    'timestamp': ('file_start', {unified_timestamp}),
+                    'timestamp': ('file_start', {parse_iso8601(delimiter=' ', timezone=dt.timedelta(hours=9))}),
                 }),
             })
 
@@ -370,7 +371,7 @@ class AfreecaTVLiveIE(AfreecaTVBaseIE):
             'title': channel_info.get('TITLE') or station_info.get('station_title'),
             'uploader': channel_info.get('BJNICK') or station_info.get('station_name'),
             'uploader_id': broadcaster_id,
-            'timestamp': unified_timestamp(station_info.get('broad_start')),
+            'timestamp': parse_iso8601(station_info.get('broad_start'), delimiter=' ', timezone=dt.timedelta(hours=9)),
             'formats': formats,
             'is_live': True,
             'http_headers': {'Referer': url},
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/agora.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/agora.py
index 9835584254..e040db6010 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/agora.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/agora.py
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ class TokFMPodcastIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'https://audycje.tokfm.pl/podcast/91275,-Systemowy-rasizm-Czy-zamieszki-w-USA-po-morderstwie-w-Minneapolis-doprowadza-do-zmian-w-sluzbach-panstwowych',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '91275',
-            'ext': 'aac',
+            'ext': 'mp3',
             'title': 'md5:a9b15488009065556900169fb8061cce',
             'episode': 'md5:a9b15488009065556900169fb8061cce',
             'series': 'Analizy',
@@ -164,23 +164,20 @@ class TokFMPodcastIE(InfoExtractor):
             raise ExtractorError('No such podcast', expected=True)
         metadata = metadata[0]
 
-        formats = []
-        for ext in ('aac', 'mp3'):
-            url_data = self._download_json(
-                f'https://api.podcast.radioagora.pl/api4/getSongUrl?podcast_id={media_id}&device_id={uuid.uuid4()}&ppre=false&audio={ext}',
-                media_id, f'Downloading podcast {ext} URL')
-            # prevents inserting the mp3 (default) multiple times
-            if 'link_ssl' in url_data and f'.{ext}' in url_data['link_ssl']:
-                formats.append({
-                    'url': url_data['link_ssl'],
-                    'ext': ext,
-                    'vcodec': 'none',
-                    'acodec': ext,
-                })
+        mp3_url = self._download_json(
+            'https://api.podcast.radioagora.pl/api4/getSongUrl',
+            media_id, 'Downloading podcast mp3 URL', query={
+                'podcast_id': media_id,
+                'device_id': str(uuid.uuid4()),
+                'ppre': 'false',
+                'audio': 'mp3',
+            })['link_ssl']
 
         return {
             'id': media_id,
-            'formats': formats,
+            'url': mp3_url,
+            'vcodec': 'none',
+            'ext': 'mp3',
             'title': metadata.get('podcast_name'),
             'series': metadata.get('series_name'),
             'episode': metadata.get('podcast_name'),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/amcnetworks.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/amcnetworks.py
index 15a86e2452..3817f35165 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/amcnetworks.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/amcnetworks.py
@@ -1,32 +1,24 @@
-import re
+from .brightcove import BrightcoveNewIE
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 
-from .theplatform import ThePlatformIE
-from ..utils import (
-    int_or_none,
-    parse_age_limit,
-    try_get,
-    update_url_query,
-)
 
-
-class AMCNetworksIE(ThePlatformIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?(?P<site>amc|bbcamerica|ifc|(?:we|sundance)tv)\.com/(?P<id>(?:movies|shows(?:/[^/]+)+)/[^/?#&]+)'
+class AMCNetworksIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?(?:amc|bbcamerica|ifc|(?:we|sundance)tv)\.com/(?P<id>(?:movies|shows(?:/[^/?#]+)+)/[^/?#&]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://www.bbcamerica.com/shows/the-graham-norton-show/videos/tina-feys-adorable-airline-themed-family-dinner--51631',
+        'url': 'https://www.amc.com/shows/dark-winds/videos/dark-winds-a-look-at-season-3--1072027',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '4Lq1dzOnZGt0',
+            'id': '6369261343112',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': "The Graham Norton Show - Season 28 - Tina Fey's Adorable Airline-Themed Family Dinner",
-            'description': "It turns out child stewardesses are very generous with the wine! All-new episodes of 'The Graham Norton Show' premiere Fridays at 11/10c on BBC America.",
-            'upload_date': '20201120',
-            'timestamp': 1605904350,
-            'uploader': 'AMCN',
-        },
-        'params': {
-            # m3u8 download
-            'skip_download': True,
+            'title': 'Dark Winds: A Look at Season 3',
+            'uploader_id': '6240731308001',
+            'duration': 176.427,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://[^/]+\.boltdns\.net/.+/image\.jpg',
+            'tags': [],
+            'timestamp': 1740414792,
+            'upload_date': '20250224',
         },
-        'skip': '404 Not Found',
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.bbcamerica.com/shows/the-hunt/full-episodes/season-1/episode-01-the-hardest-challenge',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -52,96 +44,18 @@ class AMCNetworksIE(ThePlatformIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
         'url': 'https://www.sundancetv.com/shows/riviera/full-episodes/season-1/episode-01-episode-1',
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
-    _REQUESTOR_ID_MAP = {
-        'amc': 'AMC',
-        'bbcamerica': 'BBCA',
-        'ifc': 'IFC',
-        'sundancetv': 'SUNDANCE',
-        'wetv': 'WETV',
-    }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        site, display_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
-        requestor_id = self._REQUESTOR_ID_MAP[site]
-        page_data = self._download_json(
-            f'https://content-delivery-gw.svc.ds.amcn.com/api/v2/content/amcn/{requestor_id.lower()}/url/{display_id}',
-            display_id)['data']
-        properties = page_data.get('properties') or {}
-        query = {
-            'mbr': 'true',
-            'manifest': 'm3u',
-        }
-
-        video_player_count = 0
-        try:
-            for v in page_data['children']:
-                if v.get('type') == 'video-player':
-                    release_pid = v['properties']['currentVideo']['meta']['releasePid']
-                    tp_path = 'M_UwQC/' + release_pid
-                    media_url = 'https://link.theplatform.com/s/' + tp_path
-                    video_player_count += 1
-        except KeyError:
-            pass
-        if video_player_count > 1:
-            self.report_warning(
-                f'The JSON data has {video_player_count} video players. Only one will be extracted')
-
-        # Fall back to videoPid if releasePid not found.
-        # TODO: Fall back to videoPid if releasePid manifest uses DRM.
-        if not video_player_count:
-            tp_path = 'M_UwQC/media/' + properties['videoPid']
-            media_url = 'https://link.theplatform.com/s/' + tp_path
-
-        theplatform_metadata = self._download_theplatform_metadata(tp_path, display_id)
-        info = self._parse_theplatform_metadata(theplatform_metadata)
-        video_id = theplatform_metadata['pid']
-        title = theplatform_metadata['title']
-        rating = try_get(
-            theplatform_metadata, lambda x: x['ratings'][0]['rating'])
-        video_category = properties.get('videoCategory')
-        if video_category and video_category.endswith('-Auth'):
-            resource = self._get_mvpd_resource(
-                requestor_id, title, video_id, rating)
-            query['auth'] = self._extract_mvpd_auth(
-                url, video_id, requestor_id, resource)
-        media_url = update_url_query(media_url, query)
-        formats, subtitles = self._extract_theplatform_smil(
-            media_url, video_id)
-
-        thumbnails = []
-        thumbnail_urls = [properties.get('imageDesktop')]
-        if 'thumbnail' in info:
-            thumbnail_urls.append(info.pop('thumbnail'))
-        for thumbnail_url in thumbnail_urls:
-            if not thumbnail_url:
-                continue
-            mobj = re.search(r'(\d+)x(\d+)', thumbnail_url)
-            thumbnails.append({
-                'url': thumbnail_url,
-                'width': int(mobj.group(1)) if mobj else None,
-                'height': int(mobj.group(2)) if mobj else None,
-            })
-
-        info.update({
-            'age_limit': parse_age_limit(rating),
-            'formats': formats,
-            'id': video_id,
-            'subtitles': subtitles,
-            'thumbnails': thumbnails,
-        })
-        ns_keys = theplatform_metadata.get('$xmlns', {}).keys()
-        if ns_keys:
-            ns = next(iter(ns_keys))
-            episode = theplatform_metadata.get(ns + '$episodeTitle') or None
-            episode_number = int_or_none(
-                theplatform_metadata.get(ns + '$episode'))
-            season_number = int_or_none(
-                theplatform_metadata.get(ns + '$season'))
-            series = theplatform_metadata.get(ns + '$show') or None
-            info.update({
-                'episode': episode,
-                'episode_number': episode_number,
-                'season_number': season_number,
-                'series': series,
-            })
-        return info
+        display_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
+        initial_data = self._search_json(
+            r'window\.initialData\s*=\s*JSON\.parse\(String\.raw`', webpage, 'initial data', display_id)
+        video_id = traverse_obj(initial_data, ('initialData', 'properties', 'videoId', {str}))
+        if not video_id:  # All locked videos are now DRM-protected
+            self.report_drm(display_id)
+        account_id = initial_data['config']['brightcove']['accountId']
+        player_id = initial_data['config']['brightcove']['playerId']
+
+        return self.url_result(
+            f'https://players.brightcove.net/{account_id}/{player_id}_default/index.html?videoId={video_id}',
+            BrightcoveNewIE, video_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/apa.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/apa.py
index fed597042a..db82b56187 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/apa.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/apa.py
@@ -11,12 +11,11 @@ class APAIE(InfoExtractor):
     _EMBED_REGEX = [r'<iframe[^>]+\bsrc=(["\'])(?P<url>(?:https?:)?//[^/]+\.apa\.at/embed/[\da-f]{8}-[\da-f]{4}-[\da-f]{4}-[\da-f]{4}-[\da-f]{12}.*?)\1']
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'http://uvp.apa.at/embed/293f6d17-692a-44e3-9fd5-7b178f3a1029',
-        'md5': '2b12292faeb0a7d930c778c7a5b4759b',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '293f6d17-692a-44e3-9fd5-7b178f3a1029',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': '293f6d17-692a-44e3-9fd5-7b178f3a1029',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://kf-vn\.sf\.apa\.at/vn/.+\.jpg',
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://uvp-apapublisher.sf.apa.at/embed/2f94e9e6-d945-4db2-9548-f9a41ebf7b78',
@@ -28,6 +27,15 @@ class APAIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'http://uvp-kleinezeitung.sf.apa.at/embed/f1c44979-dba2-4ebf-b021-e4cf2cac3c81',
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.vol.at/blue-man-group/5593454',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '293f6d17-692a-44e3-9fd5-7b178f3a1029',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '293f6d17-692a-44e3-9fd5-7b178f3a1029',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://kf-vn\.sf\.apa\.at/vn/.+\.jpg',
+        },
+    }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/applepodcasts.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/applepodcasts.py
index b99d24e0eb..91a7028367 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/applepodcasts.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/applepodcasts.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
+    clean_html,
     clean_podcast_url,
     int_or_none,
     parse_iso8601,
@@ -17,7 +18,7 @@ class ApplePodcastsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp3',
             'title': 'Ferreck Dawn - To The Break of Dawn 117',
             'episode': 'Ferreck Dawn - To The Break of Dawn 117',
-            'description': 'md5:1fc571102f79dbd0a77bfd71ffda23bc',
+            'description': 'md5:8c4f5c2c30af17ed6a98b0b9daf15b76',
             'upload_date': '20240812',
             'timestamp': 1723449600,
             'duration': 3596,
@@ -58,7 +59,7 @@ class ApplePodcastsIE(InfoExtractor):
             r'<script [^>]*\bid=["\']serialized-server-data["\'][^>]*>', webpage,
             'server data', episode_id, contains_pattern=r'\[{(?s:.+)}\]')[0]['data']
         model_data = traverse_obj(server_data, (
-            'headerButtonItems', lambda _, v: v['$kind'] == 'bookmark' and v['modelType'] == 'EpisodeOffer',
+            'headerButtonItems', lambda _, v: v['$kind'] == 'share' and v['modelType'] == 'EpisodeLockup',
             'model', {dict}, any))
 
         return {
@@ -68,7 +69,8 @@ class ApplePodcastsIE(InfoExtractor):
                 or self._yield_json_ld(webpage, episode_id, fatal=False), episode_id, fatal=False),
             **traverse_obj(model_data, {
                 'title': ('title', {str}),
-                'url': ('streamUrl', {clean_podcast_url}),
+                'description': ('summary', {clean_html}),
+                'url': ('playAction', 'episodeOffer', 'streamUrl', {clean_podcast_url}),
                 'timestamp': ('releaseDate', {parse_iso8601}),
                 'duration': ('duration', {int_or_none}),
             }),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/archiveorg.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/archiveorg.py
index 2849d9fd5b..1864ddbfd9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/archiveorg.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/archiveorg.py
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ from ..utils import (
     dict_get,
     extract_attributes,
     get_element_by_id,
+    get_element_text_and_html_by_tag,
     int_or_none,
     join_nonempty,
     js_to_json,
@@ -32,7 +33,6 @@ from ..utils import (
     unified_timestamp,
     url_or_none,
     urlhandle_detect_ext,
-    variadic,
 )
 
 
@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@ class ArchiveOrgIE(InfoExtractor):
             'display_id': 'Cops-v2.mp4',
             'thumbnail': r're:https://archive\.org/download/.*\.jpg',
             'duration': 1091.96,
+            'track': 'Cops-v2',
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://archive.org/embed/XD300-23_68HighlightsAResearchCntAugHumanIntellect',
@@ -86,6 +87,7 @@ class ArchiveOrgIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:https://archive\.org/download/.*\.jpg',
             'duration': 59.77,
             'display_id': 'Commercial-JFK1960ElectionAdCampaignJingle.mpg',
+            'track': 'Commercial-JFK1960ElectionAdCampaignJingle',
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://archive.org/details/Election_Ads/Commercial-Nixon1960ElectionAdToughonDefense.mpg',
@@ -102,6 +104,7 @@ class ArchiveOrgIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 59.51,
             'license': 'http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/',
             'thumbnail': r're:https://archive\.org/download/.*\.jpg',
+            'track': 'Commercial-Nixon1960ElectionAdToughonDefense',
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://archive.org/details/gd1977-05-08.shure57.stevenson.29303.flac16',
@@ -182,6 +185,7 @@ class ArchiveOrgIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'duration': 130.46,
                     'thumbnail': 'https://archive.org/download/irelandthemakingofarepublic/irelandthemakingofarepublic.thumbs/irelandthemakingofarepublicreel1_01_000117.jpg',
                     'display_id': 'irelandthemakingofarepublicreel1_01.mov',
+                    'track': 'irelandthemakingofarepublicreel1 01',
                 },
             }, {
                 'md5': '67335ee3b23a0da930841981c1e79b02',
@@ -192,6 +196,7 @@ class ArchiveOrgIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'title': 'irelandthemakingofarepublicreel1_02.mov',
                     'display_id': 'irelandthemakingofarepublicreel1_02.mov',
                     'thumbnail': 'https://archive.org/download/irelandthemakingofarepublic/irelandthemakingofarepublic.thumbs/irelandthemakingofarepublicreel1_02_001374.jpg',
+                    'track': 'irelandthemakingofarepublicreel1 02',
                 },
             }, {
                 'md5': 'e470e86787893603f4a341a16c281eb5',
@@ -202,6 +207,7 @@ class ArchiveOrgIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'title': 'irelandthemakingofarepublicreel2.mov',
                     'thumbnail': 'https://archive.org/download/irelandthemakingofarepublic/irelandthemakingofarepublic.thumbs/irelandthemakingofarepublicreel2_001554.jpg',
                     'display_id': 'irelandthemakingofarepublicreel2.mov',
+                    'track': 'irelandthemakingofarepublicreel2',
                 },
             },
         ],
@@ -225,19 +231,29 @@ class ArchiveOrgIE(InfoExtractor):
             'release_date': '19950402',
             'timestamp': 1084927901,
         },
+    }, {
+        # metadata['metadata']['description'] is a list of strings instead of str
+        'url': 'https://archive.org/details/pra-KZ1908.02',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'pra-KZ1908.02',
+            'ext': 'mp3',
+            'display_id': 'KZ1908.02_01.wav',
+            'title': 'Crips and Bloods speak about gang life',
+            'description': 'md5:2b56b35ff021311e3554b47a285e70b3',
+            'uploader': 'jake@archive.org',
+            'duration': 1733.74,
+            'track': 'KZ1908.02 01',
+            'track_number': 1,
+            'timestamp': 1336026026,
+            'upload_date': '20120503',
+            'release_year': 1992,
+        },
     }]
 
     @staticmethod
     def _playlist_data(webpage):
-        element = re.findall(r'''(?xs)
-            <input
-            (?:\s+[a-zA-Z0-9:._-]+(?:=[a-zA-Z0-9:._-]*|="[^"]*"|='[^']*'|))*?
-            \s+class=['"]?js-play8-playlist['"]?
-            (?:\s+[a-zA-Z0-9:._-]+(?:=[a-zA-Z0-9:._-]*|="[^"]*"|='[^']*'|))*?
-            \s*/>
-        ''', webpage)[0]
-
-        return json.loads(extract_attributes(element)['value'])
+        element = get_element_text_and_html_by_tag('play-av', webpage)[1]
+        return json.loads(extract_attributes(element)['playlist'])
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = urllib.parse.unquote_plus(self._match_id(url))
@@ -274,34 +290,40 @@ class ArchiveOrgIE(InfoExtractor):
         m = metadata['metadata']
         identifier = m['identifier']
 
-        info = {
+        info = traverse_obj(m, {
+            'title': ('title', {str}),
+            'description': ('description', ({str}, (..., all, {' '.join})), {clean_html}, filter, any),
+            'uploader': (('uploader', 'adder'), {str}, any),
+            'creators': ('creator', (None, ...), {str}, filter, all, filter),
+            'license': ('licenseurl', {url_or_none}),
+            'release_date': ('date', {unified_strdate}),
+            'timestamp': (('publicdate', 'addeddate'), {unified_timestamp}, any),
+            'location': ('venue', {str}),
+            'release_year': ('year', {int_or_none}),
+        })
+        info.update({
             'id': identifier,
-            'title': m['title'],
-            'description': clean_html(m.get('description')),
-            'uploader': dict_get(m, ['uploader', 'adder']),
-            'creators': traverse_obj(m, ('creator', {variadic}, {lambda x: x[0] and list(x)})),
-            'license': m.get('licenseurl'),
-            'release_date': unified_strdate(m.get('date')),
-            'timestamp': unified_timestamp(dict_get(m, ['publicdate', 'addeddate'])),
             'webpage_url': f'https://archive.org/details/{identifier}',
-            'location': m.get('venue'),
-            'release_year': int_or_none(m.get('year'))}
+        })
 
         for f in metadata['files']:
             if f['name'] in entries:
                 entries[f['name']] = merge_dicts(entries[f['name']], {
                     'id': identifier + '/' + f['name'],
-                    'title': f.get('title') or f['name'],
-                    'display_id': f['name'],
-                    'description': clean_html(f.get('description')),
-                    'creators': traverse_obj(f, ('creator', {variadic}, {lambda x: x[0] and list(x)})),
-                    'duration': parse_duration(f.get('length')),
-                    'track_number': int_or_none(f.get('track')),
-                    'album': f.get('album'),
-                    'discnumber': int_or_none(f.get('disc')),
-                    'release_year': int_or_none(f.get('year'))})
+                    **traverse_obj(f, {
+                        'title': (('title', 'name'), {str}, any),
+                        'display_id': ('name', {str}),
+                        'description': ('description', ({str}, (..., all, {' '.join})), {clean_html}, filter, any),
+                        'creators': ('creator', (None, ...), {str}, filter, all, filter),
+                        'duration': ('length', {parse_duration}),
+                        'track_number': ('track', {int_or_none}),
+                        'album': ('album', {str}),
+                        'discnumber': ('disc', {int_or_none}),
+                        'release_year': ('year', {int_or_none}),
+                    }),
+                })
                 entry = entries[f['name']]
-            elif traverse_obj(f, 'original', expected_type=str) in entries:
+            elif traverse_obj(f, ('original', {str})) in entries:
                 entry = entries[f['original']]
             else:
                 continue
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/arcpublishing.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/arcpublishing.py
index 8da9bc4ccb..903f9c739a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/arcpublishing.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/arcpublishing.py
@@ -62,6 +62,20 @@ class ArcPublishingIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'arcpublishing:tronc:460f2931-8130-4719-8ea1-ffcb2d7cb685',
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.uppermichiganssource.com/2025/07/18/scattered-showers-storms-bring-heavy-rain-potential/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '508116f7-e999-48db-b7c2-60a04842679b',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Scattered showers & storms bring heavy rain potential',
+            'description': 'Scattered showers & storms bring heavy rain potential',
+            'duration': 2016,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
+            'timestamp': 1752881287,
+            'upload_date': '20250718',
+        },
+        'expected_warnings': ['Ignoring subtitle tracks found in the HLS manifest'],
+    }]
     _POWA_DEFAULTS = [
         (['cmg', 'prisa'], '%s-config-prod.api.cdn.arcpublishing.com/video'),
         ([
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/arkena.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/arkena.py
deleted file mode 100644
index aa6c5ca4d6..0000000000
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/arkena.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,150 +0,0 @@
-from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import (
-    ExtractorError,
-    float_or_none,
-    int_or_none,
-    parse_iso8601,
-    parse_qs,
-    try_get,
-)
-
-
-class ArkenaIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
-                        https?://
-                            (?:
-                                video\.(?:arkena|qbrick)\.com/play2/embed/player\?|
-                                play\.arkena\.com/(?:config|embed)/avp/v\d/player/media/(?P<id>[^/]+)/[^/]+/(?P<account_id>\d+)
-                            )
-                        '''
-    # See https://support.arkena.com/display/PLAY/Ways+to+embed+your+video
-    _EMBED_REGEX = [r'<iframe[^>]+src=(["\'])(?P<url>(?:https?:)?//play\.arkena\.com/embed/avp/.+?)\1']
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://video.qbrick.com/play2/embed/player?accountId=1034090&mediaId=d8ab4607-00090107-aab86310',
-        'md5': '97f117754e5f3c020f5f26da4a44ebaf',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'd8ab4607-00090107-aab86310',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'EM_HT20_117_roslund_v2.mp4',
-            'timestamp': 1608285912,
-            'upload_date': '20201218',
-            'duration': 1429.162667,
-            'subtitles': {
-                'sv': 'count:3',
-            },
-        },
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://play.arkena.com/embed/avp/v2/player/media/b41dda37-d8e7-4d3f-b1b5-9a9db578bdfe/1/129411',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://play.arkena.com/config/avp/v2/player/media/b41dda37-d8e7-4d3f-b1b5-9a9db578bdfe/1/129411/?callbackMethod=jQuery1111023664739129262213_1469227693893',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://play.arkena.com/config/avp/v1/player/media/327336/darkmatter/131064/?callbackMethod=jQuery1111002221189684892677_1469227595972',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://play.arkena.com/embed/avp/v1/player/media/327336/darkmatter/131064/',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://video.arkena.com/play2/embed/player?accountId=472718&mediaId=35763b3b-00090078-bf604299&pageStyling=styled',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
-        video_id = mobj.group('id')
-        account_id = mobj.group('account_id')
-
-        # Handle http://video.arkena.com/play2/embed/player URL
-        if not video_id:
-            qs = parse_qs(url)
-            video_id = qs.get('mediaId', [None])[0]
-            account_id = qs.get('accountId', [None])[0]
-            if not video_id or not account_id:
-                raise ExtractorError('Invalid URL', expected=True)
-
-        media = self._download_json(
-            f'https://video.qbrick.com/api/v1/public/accounts/{account_id}/medias/{video_id}',
-            video_id, query={
-                # https://video.qbrick.com/docs/api/examples/library-api.html
-                'fields': 'asset/resources/*/renditions/*(height,id,language,links/*(href,mimeType),type,size,videos/*(audios/*(codec,sampleRate),bitrate,codec,duration,height,width),width),created,metadata/*(title,description),tags',
-            })
-        metadata = media.get('metadata') or {}
-        title = metadata['title']
-
-        duration = None
-        formats = []
-        thumbnails = []
-        subtitles = {}
-        for resource in media['asset']['resources']:
-            for rendition in (resource.get('renditions') or []):
-                rendition_type = rendition.get('type')
-                for i, link in enumerate(rendition.get('links') or []):
-                    href = link.get('href')
-                    if not href:
-                        continue
-                    if rendition_type == 'image':
-                        thumbnails.append({
-                            'filesize': int_or_none(rendition.get('size')),
-                            'height': int_or_none(rendition.get('height')),
-                            'id': rendition.get('id'),
-                            'url': href,
-                            'width': int_or_none(rendition.get('width')),
-                        })
-                    elif rendition_type == 'subtitle':
-                        subtitles.setdefault(rendition.get('language') or 'en', []).append({
-                            'url': href,
-                        })
-                    elif rendition_type == 'video':
-                        f = {
-                            'filesize': int_or_none(rendition.get('size')),
-                            'format_id': rendition.get('id'),
-                            'url': href,
-                        }
-                        video = try_get(rendition, lambda x: x['videos'][i], dict)
-                        if video:
-                            if not duration:
-                                duration = float_or_none(video.get('duration'))
-                            f.update({
-                                'height': int_or_none(video.get('height')),
-                                'tbr': int_or_none(video.get('bitrate'), 1000),
-                                'vcodec': video.get('codec'),
-                                'width': int_or_none(video.get('width')),
-                            })
-                            audio = try_get(video, lambda x: x['audios'][0], dict)
-                            if audio:
-                                f.update({
-                                    'acodec': audio.get('codec'),
-                                    'asr': int_or_none(audio.get('sampleRate')),
-                                })
-                        formats.append(f)
-                    elif rendition_type == 'index':
-                        mime_type = link.get('mimeType')
-                        if mime_type == 'application/smil+xml':
-                            formats.extend(self._extract_smil_formats(
-                                href, video_id, fatal=False))
-                        elif mime_type == 'application/x-mpegURL':
-                            formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-                                href, video_id, 'mp4', 'm3u8_native',
-                                m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False))
-                        elif mime_type == 'application/hds+xml':
-                            formats.extend(self._extract_f4m_formats(
-                                href, video_id, f4m_id='hds', fatal=False))
-                        elif mime_type == 'application/dash+xml':
-                            formats.extend(self._extract_mpd_formats(
-                                href, video_id, mpd_id='dash', fatal=False))
-                        elif mime_type == 'application/vnd.ms-sstr+xml':
-                            formats.extend(self._extract_ism_formats(
-                                href, video_id, ism_id='mss', fatal=False))
-
-        return {
-            'id': video_id,
-            'title': title,
-            'description': metadata.get('description'),
-            'timestamp': parse_iso8601(media.get('created')),
-            'thumbnails': thumbnails,
-            'subtitles': subtitles,
-            'duration': duration,
-            'tags': media.get('tags'),
-            'formats': formats,
-        }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/arte.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/arte.py
index 142d4b066b..3f17da463d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/arte.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/arte.py
@@ -51,8 +51,8 @@ class ArteTVIE(ArteTVBaseIE):
             'id': '109067-000-A',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'description': 'md5:d2ca367b8ecee028dddaa8bd1aebc739',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://api-cdn\.arte\.tv/img/v2/image/.+',
             'timestamp': 1713927600,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://api-cdn.arte.tv/img/v2/image/3rR6PLzfbigSkkeHtkCZNF/940x530',
             'duration': 7599,
             'title': 'La loi de Téhéran',
             'upload_date': '20240424',
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ class ArteTVIE(ArteTVBaseIE):
                 'fr-forced': 'mincount:1',
             },
         },
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
     }, {
         'note': 'age-restricted',
         'url': 'https://www.arte.tv/de/videos/006785-000-A/the-element-of-crime/',
@@ -69,9 +70,9 @@ class ArteTVIE(ArteTVBaseIE):
             'id': '006785-000-A',
             'description': 'md5:c2f94fdfefc8a280e4dab68ab96ab0ba',
             'title': 'The Element of Crime',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://api-cdn\.arte\.tv/img/v2/image/.+',
             'timestamp': 1696111200,
             'duration': 5849,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://api-cdn.arte.tv/img/v2/image/q82dTTfyuCXupPsGxXsd7B/940x530',
             'upload_date': '20230930',
             'ext': 'mp4',
         },
@@ -252,6 +253,30 @@ class ArteTVEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'https://www.arte.tv/player/v3/index.php?json_url=https://api.arte.tv/api/player/v2/config/de/100605-013-A',
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        # FIXME: Embed detection
+        'url': 'https://timesofmalta.com/article/watch-sunken-warships-north-sea-arte.1108358',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '110288-000-A',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Danger on the Seabed',
+            'alt_title': 'Sunken Warships in the North Sea',
+            'description': 'md5:a2c84cbad37d280bddb6484087120add',
+            'duration': 3148,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://api-cdn\.arte\.tv/img/v2/image/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1741686820,
+            'upload_date': '20250311',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }, {
+        # FIXME: Embed detection
+        'url': 'https://www.eurockeennes.fr/en-live/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'en-live',
+            'title': 'Les Eurocks en live | Les Eurockéennes de Belfort – 3-4-5-6 juillet 2025 sur la Presqu&#039;Île du Malsaucy',
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 4,
+    }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         qs = parse_qs(url)
@@ -304,9 +329,9 @@ class ArteTVCategoryIE(ArteTVBaseIE):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'politics-and-society',
             'title': 'Politics and society',
-            'description': 'Investigative documentary series, geopolitical analysis, and international commentary',
+            'description': 'Watch documentaries and reportage about politics, society and current affairs.',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 13,
+        'playlist_mincount': 3,
     }]
 
     @classmethod
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/atresplayer.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/atresplayer.py
index 0fe95bec5c..1258a5704d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/atresplayer.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/atresplayer.py
@@ -1,64 +1,105 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     int_or_none,
+    parse_age_limit,
+    url_or_none,
     urlencode_postdata,
 )
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 
 
 class AtresPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?atresplayer\.com/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/(?P<display_id>.+?)_(?P<id>[0-9a-f]{24})'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?atresplayer\.com/(?:[^/?#]+/){4}(?P<display_id>.+?)_(?P<id>[0-9a-f]{24})'
     _NETRC_MACHINE = 'atresplayer'
-    _TESTS = [
-        {
-            'url': 'https://www.atresplayer.com/antena3/series/pequenas-coincidencias/temporada-1/capitulo-7-asuntos-pendientes_5d4aa2c57ed1a88fc715a615/',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '5d4aa2c57ed1a88fc715a615',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Capítulo 7: Asuntos pendientes',
-                'description': 'md5:7634cdcb4d50d5381bedf93efb537fbc',
-                'duration': 3413,
-            },
-            'skip': 'This video is only available for registered users',
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.atresplayer.com/lasexta/programas/el-objetivo/clips/mbappe-describe-como-entrenador-a-carlo-ancelotti-sabe-cuando-tiene-que-ser-padre-jefe-amigo-entrenador_67f2dfb2fb6ab0e4c7203849/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'id': '67f2dfb2fb6ab0e4c7203849',
+            'display_id': 'md5:c203f8d4e425ed115ba56a1c6e4b3e6c',
+            'title': 'Mbappé describe como entrenador a Carlo Ancelotti: "Sabe cuándo tiene que ser padre, jefe, amigo, entrenador..."',
+            'channel': 'laSexta',
+            'duration': 31,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://imagenes.atresplayer.com/atp/clipping/cmsimages02/2025/04/06/B02DBE1E-D59B-4683-8404-1A9595D15269/1920x1080.jpg',
+            'tags': ['Entrevista informativa', 'Actualidad', 'Debate informativo', 'Política', 'Economía', 'Sociedad', 'Cara a cara', 'Análisis', 'Más periodismo'],
+            'series': 'El Objetivo',
+            'season': 'Temporada 12',
+            'timestamp': 1743970079,
+            'upload_date': '20250406',
         },
-        {
-            'url': 'https://www.atresplayer.com/lasexta/programas/el-club-de-la-comedia/temporada-4/capitulo-10-especial-solidario-nochebuena_5ad08edf986b2855ed47adc4/',
-            'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.atresplayer.com/antena3/programas/el-hormiguero/clips/revive-la-entrevista-completa-a-miguel-bose-en-el-hormiguero_67f836baa4a5b0e4147ca59a/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'id': '67f836baa4a5b0e4147ca59a',
+            'display_id': 'revive-la-entrevista-completa-a-miguel-bose-en-el-hormiguero',
+            'title': 'Revive la entrevista completa a Miguel Bosé en El Hormiguero',
+            'description': 'md5:c6d2b591408d45a7bc2986dfb938eb72',
+            'channel': 'Antena 3',
+            'duration': 2556,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://imagenes.atresplayer.com/atp/clipping/cmsimages02/2025/04/10/9076395F-F1FD-48BE-9F18-540DBA10EBAD/1920x1080.jpg',
+            'tags': ['Entrevista', 'Variedades', 'Humor', 'Entretenimiento', 'Te sigo', 'Buen rollo', 'Cara a cara'],
+            'series': 'El Hormiguero ',
+            'season': 'Temporada 14',
+            'timestamp': 1744320111,
+            'upload_date': '20250410',
         },
-        {
-            'url': 'https://www.atresplayer.com/antena3/series/el-secreto-de-puente-viejo/el-chico-de-los-tres-lunares/capitulo-977-29-12-14_5ad51046986b2886722ccdea/',
-            'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.atresplayer.com/flooxer/series/biara-proyecto-lazarus/temporada-1/capitulo-3-supervivientes_67a6038b64ceca00070f4f69/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'id': '67a6038b64ceca00070f4f69',
+            'display_id': 'capitulo-3-supervivientes',
+            'title': 'Capítulo 3: Supervivientes',
+            'description': 'md5:65b231f20302f776c2b0dd24594599a1',
+            'channel': 'Flooxer',
+            'duration': 1196,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://imagenes.atresplayer.com/atp/clipping/cmsimages01/2025/02/14/17CF90D3-FE67-40C5-A941-7825B3E13992/1920x1080.jpg',
+            'tags': ['Juvenil', 'Terror', 'Piel de gallina', 'Te sigo', 'Un break', 'Del tirón'],
+            'series': 'BIARA: Proyecto Lázarus',
+            'season': 'Temporada 1',
+            'season_number': 1,
+            'episode': 'Episode 3',
+            'episode_number': 3,
+            'timestamp': 1743095191,
+            'upload_date': '20250327',
         },
-    ]
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.atresplayer.com/lasexta/programas/el-club-de-la-comedia/temporada-4/capitulo-10-especial-solidario-nochebuena_5ad08edf986b2855ed47adc4/',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.atresplayer.com/antena3/series/el-secreto-de-puente-viejo/el-chico-de-los-tres-lunares/capitulo-977-29-12-14_5ad51046986b2886722ccdea/',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]
     _API_BASE = 'https://api.atresplayer.com/'
 
     def _perform_login(self, username, password):
-        self._request_webpage(
-            self._API_BASE + 'login', None, 'Downloading login page')
-
         try:
-            target_url = self._download_json(
-                'https://account.atresmedia.com/api/login', None,
-                'Logging in', headers={
-                    'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
-                }, data=urlencode_postdata({
+            self._download_webpage(
+                'https://account.atresplayer.com/auth/v1/login', None,
+                'Logging in', 'Failed to log in', data=urlencode_postdata({
                     'username': username,
                     'password': password,
-                }))['targetUrl']
+                }))
         except ExtractorError as e:
             if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 400:
                 raise ExtractorError('Invalid username and/or password', expected=True)
             raise
 
-        self._request_webpage(target_url, None, 'Following Target URL')
-
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id, video_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
 
+        metadata_url = self._download_json(
+            self._API_BASE + 'client/v1/url', video_id, 'Downloading API endpoint data',
+            query={'href': urllib.parse.urlparse(url).path})['href']
+        metadata = self._download_json(metadata_url, video_id)
+
         try:
-            episode = self._download_json(
-                self._API_BASE + 'client/v1/player/episode/' + video_id, video_id)
+            video_data = self._download_json(metadata['urlVideo'], video_id, 'Downloading video data')
         except ExtractorError as e:
             if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 403:
                 error = self._parse_json(e.cause.response.read(), None)
@@ -67,37 +108,45 @@ class AtresPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
                 raise ExtractorError(error['error_description'], expected=True)
             raise
 
-        title = episode['titulo']
-
         formats = []
         subtitles = {}
-        for source in episode.get('sources', []):
-            src = source.get('src')
-            if not src:
-                continue
+        for source in traverse_obj(video_data, ('sources', lambda _, v: url_or_none(v['src']))):
+            src_url = source['src']
             src_type = source.get('type')
-            if src_type == 'application/vnd.apple.mpegurl':
-                formats, subtitles = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-                    src, video_id, 'mp4', 'm3u8_native',
-                    m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False)
-            elif src_type == 'application/dash+xml':
-                formats, subtitles = self._extract_mpd_formats(
-                    src, video_id, mpd_id='dash', fatal=False)
-
-        heartbeat = episode.get('heartbeat') or {}
-        omniture = episode.get('omniture') or {}
-        get_meta = lambda x: heartbeat.get(x) or omniture.get(x)
+            if src_type in ('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl', 'application/hls+legacy', 'application/hls+hevc'):
+                fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
+                    src_url, video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False)
+            elif src_type in ('application/dash+xml', 'application/dash+hevc'):
+                fmts, subs = self._extract_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(
+                    src_url, video_id, mpd_id='dash', fatal=False)
+            else:
+                continue
+            formats.extend(fmts)
+            self._merge_subtitles(subs, target=subtitles)
 
         return {
             'display_id': display_id,
             'id': video_id,
-            'title': title,
-            'description': episode.get('descripcion'),
-            'thumbnail': episode.get('imgPoster'),
-            'duration': int_or_none(episode.get('duration')),
             'formats': formats,
-            'channel': get_meta('channel'),
-            'season': get_meta('season'),
-            'episode_number': int_or_none(get_meta('episodeNumber')),
             'subtitles': subtitles,
+            **traverse_obj(video_data, {
+                'title': ('titulo', {str}),
+                'description': ('descripcion', {str}),
+                'duration': ('duration', {int_or_none}),
+                'thumbnail': ('imgPoster', {url_or_none}, {lambda v: f'{v}1920x1080.jpg'}),
+                'age_limit': ('ageRating', {parse_age_limit}),
+            }),
+            **traverse_obj(metadata, {
+                'title': ('title', {str}),
+                'description': ('description', {str}),
+                'duration': ('duration', {int_or_none}),
+                'tags': ('tags', ..., 'title', {str}),
+                'age_limit': ('ageRating', {parse_age_limit}),
+                'series': ('format', 'title', {str}),
+                'season': ('currentSeason', 'title', {str}),
+                'season_number': ('currentSeason', 'seasonNumber', {int_or_none}),
+                'episode_number': ('numberOfEpisode', {int_or_none}),
+                'timestamp': ('publicationDate', {int_or_none(scale=1000)}),
+                'channel': ('channel', 'title', {str}),
+            }),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/atvat.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/atvat.py
index 37bb616952..b05eccf182 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/atvat.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/atvat.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     float_or_none,
-    jwt_encode_hs256,
+    jwt_encode,
     try_get,
 )
 
@@ -83,11 +83,10 @@ class ATVAtIE(InfoExtractor):
             'nbf': int(not_before.timestamp()),
             'exp': int(expire.timestamp()),
         }
-        jwt_token = jwt_encode_hs256(payload, self._ENCRYPTION_KEY, headers={'kid': self._ACCESS_ID})
         videos = self._download_json(
             'https://vas-v4.p7s1video.net/4.0/getsources',
             content_id, 'Downloading videos JSON', query={
-                'token': jwt_token.decode('utf-8'),
+                'token': jwt_encode(payload, self._ENCRYPTION_KEY, headers={'kid': self._ACCESS_ID}),
             })
 
         video_id, videos_data = next(iter(videos['data'].items()))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bandaichannel.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bandaichannel.py
deleted file mode 100644
index d7fcf44bd9..0000000000
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bandaichannel.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-from .brightcove import BrightcoveNewBaseIE
-from ..utils import extract_attributes
-
-
-class BandaiChannelIE(BrightcoveNewBaseIE):
-    IE_NAME = 'bandaichannel'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?b-ch\.com/titles/(?P<id>\d+/\d+)'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://www.b-ch.com/titles/514/001',
-        'md5': 'a0f2d787baa5729bed71108257f613a4',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '6128044564001',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'メタルファイターMIKU 第1話',
-            'timestamp': 1580354056,
-            'uploader_id': '5797077852001',
-            'upload_date': '20200130',
-            'duration': 1387.733,
-        },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
-    }]
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
-        attrs = extract_attributes(self._search_regex(
-            r'(<video-js[^>]+\bid="bcplayer"[^>]*>)', webpage, 'player'))
-        bc = self._download_json(
-            'https://pbifcd.b-ch.com/v1/playbackinfo/ST/70/' + attrs['data-info'],
-            video_id, headers={'X-API-KEY': attrs['data-auth'].strip()})['bc']
-        return self._parse_brightcove_metadata(bc, bc['id'])
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bandcamp.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bandcamp.py
index 939c2800e6..0a8f88fa8c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bandcamp.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bandcamp.py
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     KNOWN_EXTENSIONS,
     ExtractorError,
+    clean_html,
     extract_attributes,
     float_or_none,
     int_or_none,
@@ -19,7 +20,7 @@ from ..utils import (
     url_or_none,
     urljoin,
 )
-from ..utils.traversal import find_element, traverse_obj
+from ..utils.traversal import find_element, find_elements, traverse_obj
 
 
 class BandcampIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -35,14 +36,12 @@ class BandcampIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 9.8485,
             'uploader': 'youtube-dl "\'/\\ä↭',
             'upload_date': '20121129',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://f4\.bcbits\.com/img/.+\.jpg',
             'timestamp': 1354224127,
             'track': 'youtube-dl "\'/\\ä↭ - youtube-dl test song "\'/\\ä↭',
-            'album_artist': 'youtube-dl "\'/\\ä↭',
             'track_id': '1812978515',
-            'artist': 'youtube-dl "\'/\\ä↭',
             'uploader_url': 'https://youtube-dl.bandcamp.com',
             'uploader_id': 'youtube-dl',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://f4.bcbits.com/img/a3216802731_5.jpg',
             'artists': ['youtube-dl "\'/\\ä↭'],
             'album_artists': ['youtube-dl "\'/\\ä↭'],
         },
@@ -53,10 +52,9 @@ class BandcampIE(InfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '2650410135',
             'ext': 'm4a',
-            'acodec': r're:[fa]lac',
             'title': 'Ben Prunty - Lanius (Battle)',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'uploader': 'Ben Prunty',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://f4\.bcbits\.com/img/.+\.jpg',
             'timestamp': 1396508491,
             'upload_date': '20140403',
             'release_timestamp': 1396483200,
@@ -65,11 +63,12 @@ class BandcampIE(InfoExtractor):
             'track': 'Lanius (Battle)',
             'track_number': 1,
             'track_id': '2650410135',
-            'artist': 'Ben Prunty',
-            'album_artist': 'Ben Prunty',
             'album': 'FTL: Advanced Edition Soundtrack',
             'uploader_url': 'https://benprunty.bandcamp.com',
             'uploader_id': 'benprunty',
+            'tags': ['soundtrack', 'chiptunes', 'cinematic', 'electronic', 'video game music', 'California'],
+            'artists': ['Ben Prunty'],
+            'album_artists': ['Ben Prunty'],
         },
     }, {
         # no free download, mp3 128
@@ -79,8 +78,8 @@ class BandcampIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': '2584466013',
             'ext': 'mp3',
             'title': 'Mastodon - Hail to Fire',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'uploader': 'Mastodon',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://f4\.bcbits\.com/img/.+\.jpg',
             'timestamp': 1322005399,
             'upload_date': '20111122',
             'release_timestamp': 1076112000,
@@ -89,11 +88,12 @@ class BandcampIE(InfoExtractor):
             'track': 'Hail to Fire',
             'track_number': 5,
             'track_id': '2584466013',
-            'artist': 'Mastodon',
-            'album_artist': 'Mastodon',
             'album': 'Call of the Mastodon',
             'uploader_url': 'https://relapsealumni.bandcamp.com',
             'uploader_id': 'relapsealumni',
+            'tags': ['Philadelphia'],
+            'artists': ['Mastodon'],
+            'album_artists': ['Mastodon'],
         },
     }, {
         # track from compilation album (artist/album_artist difference)
@@ -103,8 +103,8 @@ class BandcampIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': '1978174799',
             'ext': 'mp3',
             'title': 'submerse - submerse - Safehouse',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'uploader': 'submerse',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://f4\.bcbits\.com/img/.+\.jpg',
             'timestamp': 1480779297,
             'upload_date': '20161203',
             'release_timestamp': 1481068800,
@@ -113,11 +113,36 @@ class BandcampIE(InfoExtractor):
             'track': 'submerse - Safehouse',
             'track_number': 3,
             'track_id': '1978174799',
-            'artist': 'submerse',
-            'album_artist': 'Diskotopia',
             'album': 'DSK F/W 2016-2017 Free Compilation',
             'uploader_url': 'https://diskotopia.bandcamp.com',
             'uploader_id': 'diskotopia',
+            'tags': ['Japan'],
+            'artists': ['submerse'],
+            'album_artists': ['Diskotopia'],
+        },
+    }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        # FIXME: Embed detection
+        'url': 'https://www.punknews.org/article/85809/stay-inside-super-sonic',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '2475540375',
+            'ext': 'mp3',
+            'title': 'Stay Inside - Super Sonic',
+            'album': 'Lunger',
+            'album_artists': ['Stay Inside'],
+            'artists': ['Stay Inside'],
+            'duration': 166.157,
+            'release_date': '20251003',
+            'release_timestamp': 1759449600.0,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://f4\.bcbits\.com/img/.+\.jpg',
+            'timestamp': 1749473029.0,
+            'track': 'Super Sonic',
+            'track_id': '2475540375',
+            'track_number': 3,
+            'upload_date': '20250609',
+            'uploader': 'Stay Inside',
+            'uploader_id': 'stayinside',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://stayinside.bandcamp.com',
         },
     }]
 
@@ -252,6 +277,7 @@ class BandcampIE(InfoExtractor):
             'album': embed.get('album_title'),
             'album_artist': album_artist,
             'formats': formats,
+            'tags': traverse_obj(webpage, ({find_elements(cls='tag')}, ..., {clean_html})),
         }
 
 
@@ -268,10 +294,10 @@ class BandcampAlbumIE(BandcampIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
                     'id': '1353101989',
                     'ext': 'mp3',
                     'title': 'Blazo - Intro',
+                    'thumbnail': r're:https?://f4\.bcbits\.com/img/.+\.jpg',
                     'timestamp': 1311756226,
                     'upload_date': '20110727',
                     'uploader': 'Blazo',
-                    'thumbnail': 'https://f4.bcbits.com/img/a1721150828_5.jpg',
                     'album_artists': ['Blazo'],
                     'uploader_url': 'https://blazo.bandcamp.com',
                     'release_date': '20110727',
@@ -291,6 +317,7 @@ class BandcampAlbumIE(BandcampIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
                     'id': '38097443',
                     'ext': 'mp3',
                     'title': 'Blazo - Kero One - Keep It Alive (Blazo remix)',
+                    'thumbnail': r're:https?://f4\.bcbits\.com/img/.+\.jpg',
                     'timestamp': 1311757238,
                     'upload_date': '20110727',
                     'uploader': 'Blazo',
@@ -304,7 +331,6 @@ class BandcampAlbumIE(BandcampIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
                     'uploader_id': 'blazo',
                     'album_artists': ['Blazo'],
                     'artists': ['Blazo'],
-                    'thumbnail': 'https://f4.bcbits.com/img/a1721150828_5.jpg',
                     'release_timestamp': 1311724800.0,
                 },
             },
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bandlab.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bandlab.py
index 64aa2ba70d..f110b793b5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bandlab.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bandlab.py
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ class BandlabBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'webpage_url': (
                     'id', ({value(url)}, {format_field(template='https://www.bandlab.com/post/%s')}), filter, any),
                 'url': ('video', 'url', {url_or_none}),
-                'title': ('caption', {lambda x: x.replace('\n', ' ')}, {truncate_string(left=50)}),
+                'title': ('caption', {lambda x: x.replace('\n', ' ')}, {truncate_string(left=72)}),
                 'description': ('caption', {str}),
                 'thumbnail': ('video', 'picture', 'url', {url_or_none}),
                 'view_count': ('video', 'counters', 'plays', {int_or_none}),
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ class BandlabIE(BandlabBaseIE):
             'duration': 54.629999999999995,
             'title': 'sweet black',
             'upload_date': '20231210',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://bandlabimages.azureedge.net/v1.0/songs/fa082beb-b856-4730-9170-a57e4e32cc2c/',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://bl-prod-images.azureedge.net/v1.0/songs/fa082beb-b856-4730-9170-a57e4e32cc2c/',
             'genres': ['Lofi'],
             'uploader': 'ender milze',
             'comment_count': int,
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ class BandlabIE(BandlabBaseIE):
             'duration': 54.629999999999995,
             'title': 'sweet black',
             'upload_date': '20231210',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://bandlabimages.azureedge.net/v1.0/songs/fa082beb-b856-4730-9170-a57e4e32cc2c/',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://bl-prod-images.azureedge.net/v1.0/songs/fa082beb-b856-4730-9170-a57e4e32cc2c/',
             'genres': ['Lofi'],
             'uploader': 'ender milze',
             'comment_count': int,
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ class BandlabIE(BandlabBaseIE):
             'comment_count': int,
             'genres': ['Other'],
             'uploader_id': 'user8353034818103753',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://bandlabimages.azureedge.net/v1.0/songs/51b18363-da23-4b9b-a29c-2933a3e561ca/',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://bl-prod-images.azureedge.net/v1.0/songs/51b18363-da23-4b9b-a29c-2933a3e561ca/',
             'timestamp': 1709625771,
             'track': 'PodcastMaerchen4b',
             'duration': 468.14,
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ class BandlabIE(BandlabBaseIE):
             'id': '110343fc-148b-ea11-96d2-0003ffd1fc09',
             'ext': 'm4a',
             'timestamp': 1588273294,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://bandlabimages.azureedge.net/v1.0/users/b612e533-e4f7-4542-9f50-3fcfd8dd822c/',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://bl-prod-images.azureedge.net/v1.0/users/b612e533-e4f7-4542-9f50-3fcfd8dd822c/',
             'description': 'Final Revision.',
             'title': 'Replay ( Instrumental)',
             'uploader': 'David R Sparks',
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ class BandlabIE(BandlabBaseIE):
             'id': '5cdf9036-3857-ef11-991a-6045bd36e0d9',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'duration': 44.705,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://bandlabimages.azureedge.net/v1.0/videos/67c6cef1-cef6-40d3-831e-a55bc1dcb972/',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://bl-prod-images.azureedge.net/v1.0/videos/67c6cef1-cef6-40d3-831e-a55bc1dcb972/',
             'comment_count': int,
             'title': 'backing vocals',
             'uploader_id': 'marliashya',
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ class BandlabIE(BandlabBaseIE):
             'view_count': int,
             'track': 'Positronic Meltdown',
             'duration': 318.55,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://bandlabimages.azureedge.net/v1.0/songs/87165bc3-5439-496e-b1f7-a9f13b541ff2/',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://bl-prod-images.azureedge.net/v1.0/songs/87165bc3-5439-496e-b1f7-a9f13b541ff2/',
             'description': 'Checkout my tracks at AOMX http://aomxsounds.com/',
             'uploader_id': 'microfreaks',
             'title': 'Positronic Meltdown',
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ class BandlabIE(BandlabBaseIE):
             'comment_count': int,
             'uploader': 'Sorakime',
             'uploader_id': 'sorakime',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://bandlabimages.azureedge.net/v1.0/users/572a351a-0f3a-4c6a-ac39-1a5defdeeb1c/',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://bl-prod-images.azureedge.net/v1.0/users/572a351a-0f3a-4c6a-ac39-1a5defdeeb1c/',
             'timestamp': 1691162128,
             'upload_date': '20230804',
             'media_type': 'track',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bellmedia.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bellmedia.py
deleted file mode 100644
index ac45dd4779..0000000000
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bellmedia.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,91 +0,0 @@
-from .common import InfoExtractor
-
-
-class BellMediaIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)https?://(?:www\.)?
-        (?P<domain>
-            (?:
-                ctv|
-                tsn|
-                bnn(?:bloomberg)?|
-                thecomedynetwork|
-                discovery|
-                discoveryvelocity|
-                sciencechannel|
-                investigationdiscovery|
-                animalplanet|
-                bravo|
-                mtv|
-                space|
-                etalk|
-                marilyn
-            )\.ca|
-            (?:much|cp24)\.com
-        )/.*?(?:\b(?:vid(?:eoid)?|clipId)=|-vid|~|%7E|/(?:episode)?)(?P<id>[0-9]{6,})'''
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/video/david-cockfield-s-top-picks~1403070',
-        'md5': '3e5b8e38370741d5089da79161646635',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '1403070',
-            'ext': 'flv',
-            'title': 'David Cockfield\'s Top Picks',
-            'description': 'md5:810f7f8c6a83ad5b48677c3f8e5bb2c3',
-            'upload_date': '20180525',
-            'timestamp': 1527288600,
-            'season_id': '73997',
-            'season': '2018',
-            'thumbnail': 'http://images2.9c9media.com/image_asset/2018_5_25_baf30cbd-b28d-4a18-9903-4bb8713b00f5_PNG_956x536.jpg',
-            'tags': [],
-            'categories': ['ETFs'],
-            'season_number': 8,
-            'duration': 272.038,
-            'series': 'Market Call Tonight',
-        },
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.thecomedynetwork.ca/video/player?vid=923582',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.tsn.ca/video/expectations-high-for-milos-raonic-at-us-open~939549',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.bnn.ca/video/berman-s-call-part-two-viewer-questions~939654',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.ctv.ca/YourMorning/Video/S1E6-Monday-August-29-2016-vid938009',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.much.com/shows/atmidnight/episode948007/tuesday-september-13-2016',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.much.com/shows/the-almost-impossible-gameshow/928979/episode-6',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.ctv.ca/DCs-Legends-of-Tomorrow/Video/S2E11-Turncoat-vid1051430',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.etalk.ca/video?videoid=663455',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.cp24.com/video?clipId=1982548',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-    _DOMAINS = {
-        'thecomedynetwork': 'comedy',
-        'discoveryvelocity': 'discvel',
-        'sciencechannel': 'discsci',
-        'investigationdiscovery': 'invdisc',
-        'animalplanet': 'aniplan',
-        'etalk': 'ctv',
-        'bnnbloomberg': 'bnn',
-        'marilyn': 'ctv_marilyn',
-    }
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        domain, video_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
-        domain = domain.split('.')[0]
-        return {
-            '_type': 'url_transparent',
-            'id': video_id,
-            'url': f'9c9media:{self._DOMAINS.get(domain, domain)}_web:{video_id}',
-            'ie_key': 'NineCNineMedia',
-        }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bet.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bet.py
index 3a8e743092..d8fc47f7b3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bet.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bet.py
@@ -1,79 +1,47 @@
-from .mtv import MTVServicesInfoExtractor
-from ..utils import unified_strdate
-
-
-class BetIE(MTVServicesInfoExtractor):
-    _WORKING = False
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?bet\.com/(?:[^/]+/)+(?P<id>.+?)\.html'
-    _TESTS = [
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.bet.com/news/politics/2014/12/08/in-bet-exclusive-obama-talks-race-and-racism.html',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '07e96bd3-8850-3051-b856-271b457f0ab8',
-                'display_id': 'in-bet-exclusive-obama-talks-race-and-racism',
-                'ext': 'flv',
-                'title': 'A Conversation With President Obama',
-                'description': 'President Obama urges persistence in confronting racism and bias.',
-                'duration': 1534,
-                'upload_date': '20141208',
-                'thumbnail': r're:(?i)^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-                'subtitles': {
-                    'en': 'mincount:2',
-                },
-            },
-            'params': {
-                # rtmp download
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
+from .mtv import MTVServicesBaseIE
+
+
+class BetIE(MTVServicesBaseIE):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?bet\.com/(?:video-clips|episodes)/(?P<id>[\da-z]{6})'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.bet.com/video-clips/w9mk7v',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '3022d121-d191-43fd-b5fb-b2c26f335497',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'display_id': 'w9mk7v',
+            'title': 'New Normal',
+            'description': 'md5:d7898c124713b4646cecad9d16ff01f3',
+            'duration': 30.08,
+            'series': 'Tyler Perry\'s Sistas',
+            'season': 'Season 0',
+            'season_number': 0,
+            'episode': 'Episode 0',
+            'episode_number': 0,
+            'timestamp': 1755269073,
+            'upload_date': '20250815',
         },
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.bet.com/video/news/national/2014/justice-for-ferguson-a-community-reacts.html',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '9f516bf1-7543-39c4-8076-dd441b459ba9',
-                'display_id': 'justice-for-ferguson-a-community-reacts',
-                'ext': 'flv',
-                'title': 'Justice for Ferguson: A Community Reacts',
-                'description': 'A BET News special.',
-                'duration': 1696,
-                'upload_date': '20141125',
-                'thumbnail': r're:(?i)^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-                'subtitles': {
-                    'en': 'mincount:2',
-                },
-            },
-            'params': {
-                # rtmp download
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.bet.com/episodes/nmce72/tyler-perry-s-sistas-heavy-is-the-crown-season-9-ep-5',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '6427562b-3029-11f0-b405-16fff45bc035',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'display_id': 'nmce72',
+            'title': 'Heavy Is the Crown',
+            'description': 'md5:1ed345d3157a50572d2464afcc7a652a',
+            'channel': 'BET',
+            'duration': 2550.0,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://images\.paramount\.tech/uri/mgid:arc:imageassetref',
+            'series': 'Tyler Perry\'s Sistas',
+            'season': 'Season 9',
+            'season_number': 9,
+            'episode': 'Episode 5',
+            'episode_number': 5,
+            'timestamp': 1755165600,
+            'upload_date': '20250814',
+            'release_timestamp': 1755129600,
+            'release_date': '20250814',
         },
-    ]
-
-    _FEED_URL = 'http://feeds.mtvnservices.com/od/feed/bet-mrss-player'
-
-    def _get_feed_query(self, uri):
-        return {
-            'uuid': uri,
-        }
-
-    def _extract_mgid(self, webpage):
-        return self._search_regex(r'data-uri="([^"]+)', webpage, 'mgid')
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        display_id = self._match_id(url)
-
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
-        mgid = self._extract_mgid(webpage)
-        videos_info = self._get_videos_info(mgid)
-
-        info_dict = videos_info['entries'][0]
-
-        upload_date = unified_strdate(self._html_search_meta('date', webpage))
-        description = self._html_search_meta('description', webpage)
-
-        info_dict.update({
-            'display_id': display_id,
-            'description': description,
-            'upload_date': upload_date,
-        })
-
-        return info_dict
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+        'skip': 'Requires provider sign-in',
+    }]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bilibili.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bilibili.py
index 42b4e2d3c2..8675061d1a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bilibili.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bilibili.py
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ class BilibiliBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
 
 class BiliBiliIE(BilibiliBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?bilibili\.com/(?:video/|festival/[^/?#]+\?(?:[^#]*&)?bvid=)[aAbB][vV](?P<id>[^/?#&]+)'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?bilibili\.com/(?:video/|festival/[^/?#]+\?(?:[^#]*&)?bvid=)(?P<prefix>[aAbB][vV])(?P<id>[^/?#&]+)'
 
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV13x41117TL',
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ class BiliBiliIE(BilibiliBaseIE):
             'id': 'BV1bK411W797',
             'title': '物语中的人物是如何�槽自己的OP的',
         },
-        'playlist_count': 18,
+        'playlist_count': 23,
         'playlist': [{
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': 'BV1bK411W797_p1',
@@ -373,6 +373,7 @@ class BiliBiliIE(BilibiliBaseIE):
                 '_old_archive_ids': ['bilibili 498159642_part1'],
             },
         }],
+        'params': {'playlist_items': '2'},
     }, {
         'note': 'Specific page of Anthology',
         'url': 'https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1bK411W797?p=1',
@@ -562,7 +563,7 @@ class BiliBiliIE(BilibiliBaseIE):
             },
         }],
     }, {
-        'note': '301 redirect to bangumi link',
+        'note': 'redirect from bvid to bangumi link via redirect_url',
         'url': 'https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1TE411f7f1',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '288525',
@@ -579,7 +580,27 @@ class BiliBiliIE(BilibiliBaseIE):
             'duration': 1183.957,
             'timestamp': 1571648124,
             'upload_date': '20191021',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(jpg|jpeg|png)$',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.(jpg|jpeg|png)$',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'note': 'redirect from aid to bangumi link via redirect_url',
+        'url': 'https://www.bilibili.com/video/av114868162141203',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '1933368',
+            'title': 'PV 引爆��的起点',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'duration': 63.139,
+            'series': '时光代�人',
+            'series_id': '5183',
+            'season': '第三季',
+            'season_number': 4,
+            'season_id': '105212',
+            'episode': '引爆��的起点',
+            'episode_number': 1,
+            'episode_id': '1933368',
+            'timestamp': 1752849001,
+            'upload_date': '20250718',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.(jpg|jpeg|png)$',
         },
     }, {
         'note': 'video has subtitles, which requires login',
@@ -635,7 +656,7 @@ class BiliBiliIE(BilibiliBaseIE):
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        video_id, prefix = self._match_valid_url(url).group('id', 'prefix')
         headers = self.geo_verification_headers()
         webpage, urlh = self._download_webpage_handle(url, video_id, headers=headers)
         if not self._match_valid_url(urlh.url):
@@ -643,7 +664,24 @@ class BiliBiliIE(BilibiliBaseIE):
 
         headers['Referer'] = url
 
-        initial_state = self._search_json(r'window\.__INITIAL_STATE__\s*=', webpage, 'initial state', video_id)
+        initial_state = self._search_json(r'window\.__INITIAL_STATE__\s*=', webpage, 'initial state', video_id, default=None)
+        if not initial_state:
+            if self._search_json(r'\bwindow\._riskdata_\s*=', webpage, 'risk', video_id, default={}).get('v_voucher'):
+                raise ExtractorError('You have exceeded the rate limit. Try again later', expected=True)
+            query = {'platform': 'web'}
+            prefix = prefix.upper()
+            if prefix == 'BV':
+                query['bvid'] = prefix + video_id
+            elif prefix == 'AV':
+                query['aid'] = video_id
+            detail = self._download_json(
+                'https://api.bilibili.com/x/web-interface/wbi/view/detail', video_id,
+                note='Downloading redirection URL', errnote='Failed to download redirection URL',
+                query=self._sign_wbi(query, video_id), headers=headers)
+            new_url = traverse_obj(detail, ('data', 'View', 'redirect_url', {url_or_none}))
+            if new_url and BiliBiliBangumiIE.suitable(new_url):
+                return self.url_result(new_url, BiliBiliBangumiIE)
+            raise ExtractorError('Unable to extract initial state')
 
         if traverse_obj(initial_state, ('error', 'trueCode')) == -403:
             self.raise_login_required()
@@ -816,6 +854,26 @@ class BiliBiliBangumiIE(BilibiliBaseIE):
             'upload_date': '20111104',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(jpg|jpeg|png)$',
         },
+    }, {
+        'note': 'new playurlSSRData scheme',
+        'url': 'https://www.bilibili.com/bangumi/play/ep678060',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '678060',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'series': '去你家�饭好�',
+            'series_id': '6198',
+            'season': '第二季',
+            'season_id': '42542',
+            'season_number': 2,
+            'episode': '��二：你家大公鸡养�熟，能煮熟�…',
+            'episode_id': '678060',
+            'episode_number': 61,
+            'title': '一����丫 ��二：你家大公鸡养�熟，能煮熟�…',
+            'duration': 266.123,
+            'timestamp': 1663315904,
+            'upload_date': '20220916',
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(jpg|jpeg|png)$',
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.bilibili.com/bangumi/play/ep267851',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -879,12 +937,41 @@ class BiliBiliBangumiIE(BilibiliBaseIE):
                 'Extracting episode', query={'fnval': 12240, 'ep_id': episode_id},
                 headers=headers))
 
-        premium_only = play_info.get('code') == -10403
-        play_info = traverse_obj(play_info, ('result', 'video_info', {dict})) or {}
+        # play_info can be structured in at least three different ways, e.g.:
+        # 1.) play_info['result']['video_info'] and play_info['code']
+        # 2.) play_info['raw']['data']['video_info'] and play_info['code']
+        # 3.) play_info['data']['result']['video_info'] and play_info['data']['code']
+        # So we need to transform any of the above into a common structure
+        status_code = play_info.get('code')
+        if 'raw' in play_info:
+            play_info = play_info['raw']
+        if 'data' in play_info:
+            play_info = play_info['data']
+        if status_code is None:
+            status_code = play_info.get('code')
+        if 'result' in play_info:
+            play_info = play_info['result']
+
+        geo_blocked = traverse_obj(play_info, (
+            'plugins', lambda _, v: v['name'] == 'AreaLimitPanel', 'config', 'is_block', {bool}, any))
+        premium_only = status_code == -10403
+
+        video_info = traverse_obj(play_info, ('video_info', {dict})) or {}
+        formats = self.extract_formats(video_info)
+
+        if not formats:
+            if geo_blocked:
+                self.raise_geo_restricted()
+            elif premium_only or '�为大会员抢先看' in webpage or '开通大会员观看' in webpage:
+                self.raise_login_required('This video is for premium members only')
 
-        formats = self.extract_formats(play_info)
-        if not formats and (premium_only or '�为大会员抢先看' in webpage or '开通大会员观看' in webpage):
-            self.raise_login_required('This video is for premium members only')
+        if traverse_obj(play_info, ((
+            ('play_check', 'play_detail'),  # 'PLAY_PREVIEW' vs 'PLAY_WHOLE' vs 'PLAY_NONE'
+            'play_video_type',              # 'preview' vs 'whole' vs 'none'
+        ), any, {lambda x: x in ('PLAY_PREVIEW', 'preview')})):
+            self.report_warning(
+                'Only preview format is available, '
+                f'you have to become a premium member to access full video. {self._login_hint()}')
 
         bangumi_info = self._download_json(
             'https://api.bilibili.com/pgc/view/web/season', episode_id, 'Get episode details',
@@ -922,7 +1009,7 @@ class BiliBiliBangumiIE(BilibiliBaseIE):
             'season': str_or_none(season_title),
             'season_id': str_or_none(season_id),
             'season_number': season_number,
-            'duration': float_or_none(play_info.get('timelength'), scale=1000),
+            'duration': float_or_none(video_info.get('timelength'), scale=1000),
             'subtitles': self.extract_subtitles(episode_id, episode_info.get('cid'), aid=aid),
             '__post_extractor': self.extract_comments(aid),
             'http_headers': {'Referer': url},
@@ -966,6 +1053,7 @@ class BiliBiliBangumiMediaIE(BilibiliBaseIE):
                 'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(jpg|jpeg|png)$',
             },
         }],
+        'params': {'playlist_items': '2'},
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -1021,6 +1109,7 @@ class BiliBiliBangumiSeasonIE(BilibiliBaseIE):
                 'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(jpg|jpeg|png)$',
             },
         }],
+        'params': {'playlist_items': '2'},
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -1192,6 +1281,26 @@ class BilibiliSpaceVideoIE(BilibiliSpaceBaseIE):
             'id': '313580179',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 92,
+    }, {
+        # Hidden-mode collection
+        'url': 'https://space.bilibili.com/3669403/video',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '3669403',
+        },
+        'playlist': [{
+            'info_dict': {
+                '_type': 'playlist',
+                'id': '3669403_3958082',
+                'title': '�集·直播回放',
+                'description': '',
+                'uploader': '月路Yuel',
+                'uploader_id': '3669403',
+                'timestamp': int,
+                'upload_date': str,
+                'thumbnail': str,
+            },
+        }],
+        'params': {'playlist_items': '7'},
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -1248,10 +1357,16 @@ class BilibiliSpaceVideoIE(BilibiliSpaceBaseIE):
             }
 
         def get_entries(page_data):
-            for entry in traverse_obj(page_data, ('list', 'vlist')) or []:
-                yield self.url_result(f'https://www.bilibili.com/video/{entry["bvid"]}', BiliBiliIE, entry['bvid'])
+            for entry in traverse_obj(page_data, ('list', 'vlist', ..., {dict})):
+                if traverse_obj(entry, ('meta', 'attribute')) == 156:
+                    # hidden-mode collection doesn't show its videos in uploads; extract as playlist instead
+                    yield self.url_result(
+                        f'https://space.bilibili.com/{entry["mid"]}/lists/{entry["meta"]["id"]}?type=season',
+                        BilibiliCollectionListIE, f'{entry["mid"]}_{entry["meta"]["id"]}')
+                else:
+                    yield self.url_result(f'https://www.bilibili.com/video/{entry["bvid"]}', BiliBiliIE, entry['bvid'])
 
-        metadata, paged_list = self._extract_playlist(fetch_page, get_metadata, get_entries)
+        _, paged_list = self._extract_playlist(fetch_page, get_metadata, get_entries)
         return self.playlist_result(paged_list, playlist_id)
 
 
@@ -1285,7 +1400,7 @@ class BilibiliSpaceAudioIE(BilibiliSpaceBaseIE):
             for entry in page_data.get('data') or []:
                 yield self.url_result(f'https://www.bilibili.com/audio/au{entry["id"]}', BilibiliAudioIE, entry['id'])
 
-        metadata, paged_list = self._extract_playlist(fetch_page, get_metadata, get_entries)
+        _, paged_list = self._extract_playlist(fetch_page, get_metadata, get_entries)
         return self.playlist_result(paged_list, playlist_id)
 
 
@@ -1596,16 +1711,16 @@ class BilibiliPlaylistIE(BilibiliSpaceListBaseIE):
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, list_id)
         initial_state = self._search_json(r'window\.__INITIAL_STATE__\s*=', webpage, 'initial state', list_id)
-        if traverse_obj(initial_state, ('error', 'code', {int_or_none})) != 200:
-            error_code = traverse_obj(initial_state, ('error', 'trueCode', {int_or_none}))
-            error_message = traverse_obj(initial_state, ('error', 'message', {str_or_none}))
+        error = traverse_obj(initial_state, (('error', 'listError'), all, lambda _, v: v['code'], any))
+        if error and error['code'] != 200:
+            error_code = error.get('trueCode')
             if error_code == -400 and list_id == 'watchlater':
                 self.raise_login_required('You need to login to access your watchlater playlist')
             elif error_code == -403:
                 self.raise_login_required('This is a private playlist. You need to login as its owner')
             elif error_code == 11010:
                 raise ExtractorError('Playlist is no longer available', expected=True)
-            raise ExtractorError(f'Could not access playlist: {error_code} {error_message}')
+            raise ExtractorError(f'Could not access playlist: {error_code} {error.get("message")}')
 
         query = {
             'ps': 20,
@@ -1785,7 +1900,7 @@ class BilibiliAudioIE(BilibiliAudioBaseIE):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.+\.jpg',
             'timestamp': 1564836614,
             'upload_date': '20190803',
-            'uploader': 'tsukimi-����ー',
+            'uploader': '�六夜tsukimi����',
             'view_count': int,
         },
     }
@@ -1840,10 +1955,10 @@ class BilibiliAudioAlbumIE(BilibiliAudioBaseIE):
         'url': 'https://www.bilibili.com/audio/am10624',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '10624',
-            'title': '�日新曲推�（�日11:00更新）',
+            'title': '新曲推�',
             'description': '�天11:00更新，为你推�最新音�',
         },
-        'playlist_count': 19,
+        'playlist_count': 16,
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bitchute.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bitchute.py
index c83222ea5b..981eebfbb8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bitchute.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bitchute.py
@@ -1,30 +1,32 @@
 import functools
+import json
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..networking import HEADRequest
+from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     OnDemandPagedList,
     clean_html,
-    extract_attributes,
+    determine_ext,
+    format_field,
     get_element_by_class,
-    get_element_by_id,
-    get_element_html_by_class,
     get_elements_html_by_class,
     int_or_none,
     orderedSet,
     parse_count,
     parse_duration,
-    traverse_obj,
-    unified_strdate,
+    parse_iso8601,
+    url_or_none,
     urlencode_postdata,
     urljoin,
 )
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 
 
 class BitChuteIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:(?:www|old)\.)?bitchute\.com/(?:video|embed|torrent/[^/]+)/(?P<id>[^/?#&]+)'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:(?:www|old)\.)?bitchute\.com/(?:video|embed|torrent/[^/?#]+)/(?P<id>[^/?#&]+)'
     _EMBED_REGEX = [rf'<(?:script|iframe)[^>]+\bsrc=(["\'])(?P<url>{_VALID_URL})']
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.bitchute.com/video/UGlrF9o9b-Q/',
@@ -34,12 +36,17 @@ class BitChuteIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'This is the first video on #BitChute !',
             'description': 'md5:a0337e7b1fe39e32336974af8173a034',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/.+\.jpg$',
             'uploader': 'BitChute',
             'upload_date': '20170103',
             'uploader_url': 'https://www.bitchute.com/profile/I5NgtHZn9vPj/',
             'channel': 'BitChute',
             'channel_url': 'https://www.bitchute.com/channel/bitchute/',
+            'uploader_id': 'I5NgtHZn9vPj',
+            'channel_id': '1VBwRfyNcKdX',
+            'view_count': int,
+            'duration': 16.0,
+            'timestamp': 1483425443,
         },
     }, {
         # test case: video with different channel and uploader
@@ -49,13 +56,18 @@ class BitChuteIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': 'Yti_j9A-UZ4',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Israel at War | Full Measure',
-            'description': 'md5:38cf7bc6f42da1a877835539111c69ef',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
+            'description': 'md5:e60198b89971966d6030d22b3268f08f',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/.+\.jpg$',
             'uploader': 'sharylattkisson',
             'upload_date': '20231106',
             'uploader_url': 'https://www.bitchute.com/profile/9K0kUWA9zmd9/',
             'channel': 'Full Measure with Sharyl Attkisson',
             'channel_url': 'https://www.bitchute.com/channel/sharylattkisson/',
+            'uploader_id': '9K0kUWA9zmd9',
+            'channel_id': 'NpdxoCRv3ZLb',
+            'view_count': int,
+            'duration': 554.0,
+            'timestamp': 1699296106,
         },
     }, {
         # video not downloadable in browser, but we can recover it
@@ -66,25 +78,21 @@ class BitChuteIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'filesize': 71537926,
             'title': 'STYXHEXENHAMMER666 - Election Fraud, Clinton 2020, EU Armies, and Gun Control',
-            'description': 'md5:228ee93bd840a24938f536aeac9cf749',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
+            'description': 'md5:2029c7c212ccd4b040f52bb2d036ef4e',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/.+\.jpg$',
             'uploader': 'BitChute',
             'upload_date': '20181113',
             'uploader_url': 'https://www.bitchute.com/profile/I5NgtHZn9vPj/',
             'channel': 'BitChute',
             'channel_url': 'https://www.bitchute.com/channel/bitchute/',
+            'uploader_id': 'I5NgtHZn9vPj',
+            'channel_id': '1VBwRfyNcKdX',
+            'view_count': int,
+            'duration': 1701.0,
+            'tags': ['bitchute'],
+            'timestamp': 1542130287,
         },
         'params': {'check_formats': None},
-    }, {
-        # restricted video
-        'url': 'https://www.bitchute.com/video/WEnQU7XGcTdl/',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'WEnQU7XGcTdl',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Impartial Truth - Ein Letzter Appell an die Vernunft',
-        },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True},
-        'skip': 'Georestricted in DE',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.bitchute.com/embed/lbb5G1hjPhw/',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -96,11 +104,8 @@ class BitChuteIE(InfoExtractor):
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
     _GEO_BYPASS = False
-
-    _HEADERS = {
-        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_0) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/69.0.3497.57 Safari/537.36',
-        'Referer': 'https://www.bitchute.com/',
-    }
+    _UPLOADER_URL_TMPL = 'https://www.bitchute.com/profile/%s/'
+    _CHANNEL_URL_TMPL = 'https://www.bitchute.com/channel/%s/'
 
     def _check_format(self, video_url, video_id):
         urls = orderedSet(
@@ -112,7 +117,7 @@ class BitChuteIE(InfoExtractor):
         for url in urls:
             try:
                 response = self._request_webpage(
-                    HEADRequest(url), video_id=video_id, note=f'Checking {url}', headers=self._HEADERS)
+                    HEADRequest(url), video_id=video_id, note=f'Checking {url}')
             except ExtractorError as e:
                 self.to_screen(f'{video_id}: URL is invalid, skipping: {e.cause}')
                 continue
@@ -121,54 +126,79 @@ class BitChuteIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'filesize': int_or_none(response.headers.get('Content-Length')),
             }
 
-    def _raise_if_restricted(self, webpage):
-        page_title = clean_html(get_element_by_class('page-title', webpage)) or ''
-        if re.fullmatch(r'(?:Channel|Video) Restricted', page_title):
-            reason = clean_html(get_element_by_id('page-detail', webpage)) or page_title
-            self.raise_geo_restricted(reason)
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _make_url(html):
-        path = extract_attributes(get_element_html_by_class('spa', html) or '').get('href')
-        return urljoin('https://www.bitchute.com', path)
+    def _call_api(self, endpoint, data, display_id, fatal=True):
+        note = endpoint.rpartition('/')[2]
+        try:
+            return self._download_json(
+                f'https://api.bitchute.com/api/beta/{endpoint}', display_id,
+                f'Downloading {note} API JSON', f'Unable to download {note} API JSON',
+                data=json.dumps(data).encode(),
+                headers={
+                    'Accept': 'application/json',
+                    'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+                })
+        except ExtractorError as e:
+            if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 403:
+                errors = '. '.join(traverse_obj(e.cause.response.read().decode(), (
+                    {json.loads}, 'errors', lambda _, v: v['context'] == 'reason', 'message', {str})))
+                if errors and 'location' in errors:
+                    # Can always be fatal since the video/media call will reach this code first
+                    self.raise_geo_restricted(errors)
+            if fatal:
+                raise
+            self.report_warning(e.msg)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            f'https://old.bitchute.com/video/{video_id}', video_id, headers=self._HEADERS)
-
-        self._raise_if_restricted(webpage)
-        publish_date = clean_html(get_element_by_class('video-publish-date', webpage))
-        entries = self._parse_html5_media_entries(url, webpage, video_id)
+        data = {'video_id': video_id}
+        media_url = self._call_api('video/media', data, video_id)['media_url']
 
         formats = []
-        for format_ in traverse_obj(entries, (0, 'formats', ...)):
+        if determine_ext(media_url) == 'm3u8':
+            formats.extend(
+                self._extract_m3u8_formats(media_url, video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls', live=True))
+        else:
             if self.get_param('check_formats') is not False:
-                format_.update(self._check_format(format_.pop('url'), video_id) or {})
-                if 'url' not in format_:
-                    continue
-            formats.append(format_)
+                if fmt := self._check_format(media_url, video_id):
+                    formats.append(fmt)
+            else:
+                formats.append({'url': media_url})
 
         if not formats:
             self.raise_no_formats(
                 'Video is unavailable. Please make sure this video is playable in the browser '
                 'before reporting this issue.', expected=True, video_id=video_id)
 
-        details = get_element_by_class('details', webpage) or ''
-        uploader_html = get_element_html_by_class('creator', details) or ''
-        channel_html = get_element_html_by_class('name', details) or ''
+        video = self._call_api('video', data, video_id, fatal=False)
+        channel = None
+        if channel_id := traverse_obj(video, ('channel', 'channel_id', {str})):
+            channel = self._call_api('channel', {'channel_id': channel_id}, video_id, fatal=False)
 
         return {
+            **traverse_obj(video, {
+                'title': ('video_name', {str}),
+                'description': ('description', {str}),
+                'thumbnail': ('thumbnail_url', {url_or_none}),
+                'channel': ('channel', 'channel_name', {str}),
+                'channel_id': ('channel', 'channel_id', {str}),
+                'channel_url': ('channel', 'channel_url', {urljoin('https://www.bitchute.com/')}),
+                'uploader_id': ('profile_id', {str}),
+                'uploader_url': ('profile_id', {format_field(template=self._UPLOADER_URL_TMPL)}, filter),
+                'timestamp': ('date_published', {parse_iso8601}),
+                'duration': ('duration', {parse_duration}),
+                'tags': ('hashtags', ..., {str}, filter, all, filter),
+                'view_count': ('view_count', {int_or_none}),
+                'is_live': ('state_id', {lambda x: x == 'live'}),
+            }),
+            **traverse_obj(channel, {
+                'channel': ('channel_name', {str}),
+                'channel_id': ('channel_id', {str}),
+                'channel_url': ('url_slug', {format_field(template=self._CHANNEL_URL_TMPL)}, filter),
+                'uploader': ('profile_name', {str}),
+                'uploader_id': ('profile_id', {str}),
+                'uploader_url': ('profile_id', {format_field(template=self._UPLOADER_URL_TMPL)}, filter),
+            }),
             'id': video_id,
-            'title': self._html_extract_title(webpage) or self._og_search_title(webpage),
-            'description': self._og_search_description(webpage, default=None),
-            'thumbnail': self._og_search_thumbnail(webpage),
-            'uploader': clean_html(uploader_html),
-            'uploader_url': self._make_url(uploader_html),
-            'channel': clean_html(channel_html),
-            'channel_url': self._make_url(channel_html),
-            'upload_date': unified_strdate(self._search_regex(
-                r'at \d+:\d+ UTC on (.+?)\.', publish_date, 'upload date', fatal=False)),
             'formats': formats,
         }
 
@@ -190,7 +220,7 @@ class BitChuteChannelIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'ext': 'mp4',
                     'title': 'This is the first video on #BitChute !',
                     'description': 'md5:a0337e7b1fe39e32336974af8173a034',
-                    'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
+                    'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/.+\.jpg$',
                     'uploader': 'BitChute',
                     'upload_date': '20170103',
                     'uploader_url': 'https://www.bitchute.com/profile/I5NgtHZn9vPj/',
@@ -198,6 +228,9 @@ class BitChuteChannelIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'channel_url': 'https://www.bitchute.com/channel/bitchute/',
                     'duration': 16,
                     'view_count': int,
+                    'uploader_id': 'I5NgtHZn9vPj',
+                    'channel_id': '1VBwRfyNcKdX',
+                    'timestamp': 1483425443,
                 },
             },
         ],
@@ -213,6 +246,7 @@ class BitChuteChannelIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Bruce MacDonald and "The Light of Darkness"',
             'description': 'md5:747724ef404eebdfc04277714f81863e',
         },
+        'skip': '404 Not Found',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://old.bitchute.com/playlist/wV9Imujxasw9/',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/blackboardcollaborate.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/blackboardcollaborate.py
index 535890979b..c14ff1f142 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/blackboardcollaborate.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/blackboardcollaborate.py
@@ -1,16 +1,27 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import parse_iso8601
+from ..utils import (
+    UnsupportedError,
+    float_or_none,
+    int_or_none,
+    join_nonempty,
+    jwt_decode_hs256,
+    mimetype2ext,
+    parse_iso8601,
+    parse_qs,
+    url_or_none,
+)
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 
 
 class BlackboardCollaborateIE(InfoExtractor):
     _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
                         https?://
-                        (?P<region>[a-z-]+)\.bbcollab\.com/
+                        (?P<region>[a-z]+)(?:-lti)?\.bbcollab\.com/
                         (?:
                             collab/ui/session/playback/load|
                             recording
                         )/
-                        (?P<id>[^/]+)'''
+                        (?P<id>[^/?#]+)'''
     _TESTS = [
         {
             'url': 'https://us-lti.bbcollab.com/collab/ui/session/playback/load/0a633b6a88824deb8c918f470b22b256',
@@ -19,9 +30,55 @@ class BlackboardCollaborateIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'id': '0a633b6a88824deb8c918f470b22b256',
                 'title': 'HESI A2 Information Session - Thursday, May 6, 2021 - recording_1',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
-                'duration': 1896000,
-                'timestamp': 1620331399,
+                'duration': 1896,
+                'timestamp': 1620333295,
                 'upload_date': '20210506',
+                'subtitles': {
+                    'live_chat': 'mincount:1',
+                },
+            },
+        },
+        {
+            'url': 'https://eu.bbcollab.com/collab/ui/session/playback/load/4bde2dee104f40289a10f8e554270600',
+            'md5': '108db6a8f83dcb0c2a07793649581865',
+            'info_dict': {
+                'id': '4bde2dee104f40289a10f8e554270600',
+                'title': 'Meeting - Azerbaycanca erize formasi',
+                'ext': 'mp4',
+                'duration': 880,
+                'timestamp': 1671176868,
+                'upload_date': '20221216',
+            },
+        },
+        {
+            'url': 'https://eu.bbcollab.com/recording/f83be390ecff46c0bf7dccb9dddcf5f6',
+            'md5': 'e3b0b88ddf7847eae4b4c0e2d40b83a5',
+            'info_dict': {
+                'id': 'f83be390ecff46c0bf7dccb9dddcf5f6',
+                'title': 'Keynote lecture by Laura Carvalho - recording_1',
+                'ext': 'mp4',
+                'duration': 5506,
+                'timestamp': 1662721705,
+                'upload_date': '20220909',
+                'subtitles': {
+                    'live_chat': 'mincount:1',
+                },
+            },
+        },
+        {
+            'url': 'https://eu.bbcollab.com/recording/c3e1e7c9e83d4cd9981c93c74888d496',
+            'md5': 'fdb2d8c43d66fbc0b0b74ef5e604eb1f',
+            'info_dict': {
+                'id': 'c3e1e7c9e83d4cd9981c93c74888d496',
+                'title': 'International Ally User Group - recording_18',
+                'ext': 'mp4',
+                'duration': 3479,
+                'timestamp': 1721919621,
+                'upload_date': '20240725',
+                'subtitles': {
+                    'en': 'mincount:1',
+                    'live_chat': 'mincount:1',
+                },
             },
         },
         {
@@ -42,22 +99,81 @@ class BlackboardCollaborateIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
     ]
 
+    def _call_api(self, region, video_id, path=None, token=None, note=None, fatal=False):
+        # Ref: https://github.com/blackboard/BBDN-Collab-Postman-REST
+        return self._download_json(
+            join_nonempty(f'https://{region}.bbcollab.com/collab/api/csa/recordings', video_id, path, delim='/'),
+            video_id, note or 'Downloading JSON metadata', fatal=fatal,
+            headers={'Authorization': f'Bearer {token}'} if token else None)
+
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
         region = mobj.group('region')
         video_id = mobj.group('id')
-        info = self._download_json(
-            f'https://{region}.bbcollab.com/collab/api/csa/recordings/{video_id}/data', video_id)
-        duration = info.get('duration')
-        title = info['name']
-        upload_date = info.get('created')
-        streams = info['streams']
-        formats = [{'format_id': k, 'url': url} for k, url in streams.items()]
+        token = parse_qs(url).get('authToken', [None])[-1]
+
+        video_info = self._call_api(region, video_id, path='data/secure', token=token, note='Trying auth token')
+        if video_info:
+            video_extra = self._call_api(region, video_id, token=token, note='Retrieving extra attributes')
+        else:
+            video_info = self._call_api(region, video_id, path='data', note='Trying fallback', fatal=True)
+            video_extra = {}
+
+        formats = traverse_obj(video_info, ('extStreams', lambda _, v: url_or_none(v['streamUrl']), {
+            'url': 'streamUrl',
+            'ext': ('contentType', {mimetype2ext}),
+            'aspect_ratio': ('aspectRatio', {float_or_none}),
+        }))
+
+        if filesize := traverse_obj(video_extra, ('storageSize', {int_or_none})):
+            for fmt in formats:
+                fmt['filesize'] = filesize
+
+        subtitles = {}
+        for subs in traverse_obj(video_info, ('subtitles', lambda _, v: url_or_none(v['url']))):
+            subtitles.setdefault(subs.get('lang') or 'und', []).append({
+                'name': traverse_obj(subs, ('label', {str})),
+                'url': subs['url'],
+            })
+
+        for live_chat_url in traverse_obj(video_info, ('chats', ..., 'url', {url_or_none})):
+            subtitles.setdefault('live_chat', []).append({'url': live_chat_url})
 
         return {
-            'duration': duration,
+            **traverse_obj(video_info, {
+                'title': ('name', {str}),
+                'timestamp': ('created', {parse_iso8601}),
+                'duration': ('duration', {int_or_none(scale=1000)}),
+            }),
             'formats': formats,
             'id': video_id,
-            'timestamp': parse_iso8601(upload_date),
-            'title': title,
+            'subtitles': subtitles,
         }
+
+
+class BlackboardCollaborateLaunchIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://[a-z]+\.bbcollab\.com/launch/(?P<id>[^/?#]+)'
+
+    _TESTS = [
+        {
+            'url': 'https://au.bbcollab.com/launch/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.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.xuELw4EafEwUMoYcCHidGn4Tw9O1QCbYHzYGJUl0kKk',
+            'only_matching': True,
+        },
+        {
+            'url': 'https://us.bbcollab.com/launch/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.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.yOhRZNaIjXYoMYMpcTzgjZJCnIFaYf2cAzbco8OAxlY',
+            'only_matching': True,
+        },
+        {
+            'url': 'https://eu.bbcollab.com/launch/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.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.Xj4ymojYLwZ1vKPKZ-KxjpqQvFXoJekjRaG0npngwWs',
+            'only_matching': True,
+        },
+    ]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        token = self._match_id(url)
+        video_id = jwt_decode_hs256(token)['resourceAccessTicket']['resourceId']
+
+        redirect_url = self._request_webpage(url, video_id).url
+        if self.suitable(redirect_url):
+            raise UnsupportedError(redirect_url)
+        return self.url_result(redirect_url, BlackboardCollaborateIE, video_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/blogger.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/blogger.py
index 1614b6f947..6ff72e70d2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/blogger.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/blogger.py
@@ -19,8 +19,19 @@ class BloggerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': 'BLOGGER-video-3c740e3a49197e16-796',
             'title': 'BLOGGER-video-3c740e3a49197e16-796',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*',
             'duration': 76.068,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i9\.ytimg\.com/vi_blogger/.+',
+        },
+    }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://blog.tomeuvizoso.net/2019/01/a-panfrost-milestone.html',
+        'md5': 'f1bc19b6ea1b0fd1d81e84ca9ec467ac',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'BLOGGER-video-3c740e3a49197e16-12203',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'BLOGGER-video-3c740e3a49197e16-12203',
+            'duration': 76.068,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i9\.ytimg\.com/vi_blogger/.+',
         },
     }]
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bluesky.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bluesky.py
index 23344ac6c5..8cb5c0d257 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bluesky.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bluesky.py
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ class BlueskyIE(InfoExtractor):
             'channel_id': 'did:plc:z72i7hdynmk6r22z27h6tvur',
             'channel_url': 'https://bsky.app/profile/did:plc:z72i7hdynmk6r22z27h6tvur',
             'thumbnail': r're:https://video.bsky.app/watch/.*\.jpg$',
-            'title': 'Bluesky now has video! Update your app to versi...',
+            'title': 'Bluesky now has video! Update your app to version 1.91 or refresh on ...',
             'alt_title': 'Bluesky video feature announcement',
             'description': r're:(?s)Bluesky now has video! .{239}',
             'upload_date': '20240911',
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ class BlueskyIE(InfoExtractor):
             'channel_id': 'did:plc:z72i7hdynmk6r22z27h6tvur',
             'channel_url': 'https://bsky.app/profile/did:plc:z72i7hdynmk6r22z27h6tvur',
             'thumbnail': r're:https://video.bsky.app/watch/.*\.jpg$',
-            'title': 'Bluesky now has video! Update your app to versi...',
+            'title': 'Bluesky now has video! Update your app to version 1.91 or refresh on ...',
             'alt_title': 'Bluesky video feature announcement',
             'description': r're:(?s)Bluesky now has video! .{239}',
             'upload_date': '20240911',
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ class BlueskyIE(InfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '3l7rdfxhyds2f',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'uploader': 'cinnamon',
+            'uploader': 'cinnamon � ���⚧�',
             'uploader_id': 'cinny.bun.how',
             'uploader_url': 'https://bsky.app/profile/cinny.bun.how',
             'channel_id': 'did:plc:7x6rtuenkuvxq3zsvffp2ide',
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ class BlueskyIE(InfoExtractor):
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': '3l77u64l7le2e',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'hearing people on twitter say that bluesky isn\'...',
+                'title': "hearing people on twitter say that bluesky isn't funny yet  so post t...",
                 'like_count': int,
                 'uploader_id': 'thafnine.net',
                 'uploader_url': 'https://bsky.app/profile/thafnine.net',
@@ -387,7 +387,7 @@ class BlueskyIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'age_limit': (
                     'labels', ..., 'val', {lambda x: 18 if x in ('sexual', 'porn', 'graphic-media') else None}, any),
                 'description': (*record_path, 'text', {str}, filter),
-                'title': (*record_path, 'text', {lambda x: x.replace('\n', ' ')}, {truncate_string(left=50)}),
+                'title': (*record_path, 'text', {lambda x: x.replace('\n', ' ')}, {truncate_string(left=72)}),
             }),
         })
         return entries
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bokecc.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bokecc.py
index 5fe937a6ac..42047aced1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bokecc.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bokecc.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class BokeCCBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
 
 class BokeCCIE(BokeCCBaseIE):
-    _IE_DESC = 'CC视频'
+    IE_DESC = 'CC视频'
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://union\.bokecc\.com/playvideo\.bo\?(?P<query>.*)'
 
     _TESTS = [{
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bpb.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bpb.py
index d7bf58b366..a2a9082527 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bpb.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bpb.py
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ from ..utils import (
     join_nonempty,
     js_to_json,
     mimetype2ext,
+    parse_resolution,
     unified_strdate,
     url_or_none,
     urljoin,
@@ -110,24 +111,23 @@ class BpbIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         return attributes
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def _process_source(source):
+    def _process_source(self, source):
         url = url_or_none(source['src'])
         if not url:
             return None
 
         source_type = source.get('type', '')
         extension = mimetype2ext(source_type)
-        is_video = source_type.startswith('video')
-        note = url.rpartition('.')[0].rpartition('_')[2] if is_video else None
+        note = self._search_regex(r'[_-]([a-z]+)\.[\da-z]+(?:$|\?)', url, 'note', default=None)
 
         return {
             'url': url,
             'ext': extension,
-            'vcodec': None if is_video else 'none',
+            'vcodec': None if source_type.startswith('video') else 'none',
             'quality': 10 if note == 'high' else 0,
             'format_note': note,
             'format_id': join_nonempty(extension, note),
+            **parse_resolution(source.get('label')),
         }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/brainpop.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/brainpop.py
index df10299a0c..1e4fb2c8f5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/brainpop.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/brainpop.py
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ class BrainPOPLegacyBaseIE(BrainPOPBaseIE):
         }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        slug, display_id = self._match_valid_url(url).group('slug', 'id')
+        display_id = self._match_id(url)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
         topic_data = self._search_json(
             r'var\s+content\s*=\s*', webpage, 'content data',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bravotv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bravotv.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 0b2c447987..0000000000
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bravotv.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,188 +0,0 @@
-from .adobepass import AdobePassIE
-from ..networking import HEADRequest
-from ..utils import (
-    extract_attributes,
-    float_or_none,
-    get_element_html_by_class,
-    int_or_none,
-    merge_dicts,
-    parse_age_limit,
-    remove_end,
-    str_or_none,
-    traverse_obj,
-    unescapeHTML,
-    unified_timestamp,
-    update_url_query,
-    url_or_none,
-)
-
-
-class BravoTVIE(AdobePassIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?(?P<site>bravotv|oxygen)\.com/(?:[^/]+/)+(?P<id>[^/?#]+)'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://www.bravotv.com/top-chef/season-16/episode-15/videos/the-top-chef-season-16-winner-is',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '3923059',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'The Top Chef Season 16 Winner Is...',
-            'description': 'Find out who takes the title of Top Chef!',
-            'upload_date': '20190314',
-            'timestamp': 1552591860,
-            'season_number': 16,
-            'episode_number': 15,
-            'series': 'Top Chef',
-            'episode': 'The Top Chef Season 16 Winner Is...',
-            'duration': 190.357,
-            'season': 'Season 16',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https://.+\.jpg',
-        },
-        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.bravotv.com/top-chef/season-20/episode-1/london-calling',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '9000234570',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'London Calling',
-            'description': 'md5:5af95a8cbac1856bd10e7562f86bb759',
-            'upload_date': '20230310',
-            'timestamp': 1678410000,
-            'season_number': 20,
-            'episode_number': 1,
-            'series': 'Top Chef',
-            'episode': 'London Calling',
-            'duration': 3266.03,
-            'season': 'Season 20',
-            'chapters': 'count:7',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https://.+\.jpg',
-            'age_limit': 14,
-        },
-        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
-        'skip': 'This video requires AdobePass MSO credentials',
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.oxygen.com/in-ice-cold-blood/season-1/closing-night',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '3692045',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Closing Night',
-            'description': 'md5:3170065c5c2f19548d72a4cbc254af63',
-            'upload_date': '20180401',
-            'timestamp': 1522623600,
-            'season_number': 1,
-            'episode_number': 1,
-            'series': 'In Ice Cold Blood',
-            'episode': 'Closing Night',
-            'duration': 2629.051,
-            'season': 'Season 1',
-            'chapters': 'count:6',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https://.+\.jpg',
-            'age_limit': 14,
-        },
-        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
-        'skip': 'This video requires AdobePass MSO credentials',
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.oxygen.com/in-ice-cold-blood/season-2/episode-16/videos/handling-the-horwitz-house-after-the-murder-season-2',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '3974019',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': '\'Handling The Horwitz House After The Murder (Season 2, Episode 16)',
-            'description': 'md5:f9d638dd6946a1c1c0533a9c6100eae5',
-            'upload_date': '20190617',
-            'timestamp': 1560790800,
-            'season_number': 2,
-            'episode_number': 16,
-            'series': 'In Ice Cold Blood',
-            'episode': '\'Handling The Horwitz House After The Murder (Season 2, Episode 16)',
-            'duration': 68.235,
-            'season': 'Season 2',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https://.+\.jpg',
-            'age_limit': 14,
-        },
-        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.bravotv.com/below-deck/season-3/ep-14-reunion-part-1',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        site, display_id = self._match_valid_url(url).group('site', 'id')
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
-        settings = self._search_json(
-            r'<script[^>]+data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json"[^>]*>', webpage, 'settings', display_id)
-        tve = extract_attributes(get_element_html_by_class('tve-video-deck-app', webpage) or '')
-        query = {
-            'manifest': 'm3u',
-            'formats': 'm3u,mpeg4',
-        }
-
-        if tve:
-            account_pid = tve.get('data-mpx-media-account-pid') or 'HNK2IC'
-            account_id = tve['data-mpx-media-account-id']
-            metadata = self._parse_json(
-                tve.get('data-normalized-video', ''), display_id, fatal=False, transform_source=unescapeHTML)
-            video_id = tve.get('data-guid') or metadata['guid']
-            if tve.get('data-entitlement') == 'auth':
-                auth = traverse_obj(settings, ('tve_adobe_auth', {dict})) or {}
-                site = remove_end(site, 'tv')
-                release_pid = tve['data-release-pid']
-                resource = self._get_mvpd_resource(
-                    tve.get('data-adobe-pass-resource-id') or auth.get('adobePassResourceId') or site,
-                    tve['data-title'], release_pid, tve.get('data-rating'))
-                query.update({
-                    'switch': 'HLSServiceSecure',
-                    'auth': self._extract_mvpd_auth(
-                        url, release_pid, auth.get('adobePassRequestorId') or site, resource),
-                })
-
-        else:
-            ls_playlist = traverse_obj(settings, ('ls_playlist', ..., {dict}), get_all=False) or {}
-            account_pid = ls_playlist.get('mpxMediaAccountPid') or 'PHSl-B'
-            account_id = ls_playlist['mpxMediaAccountId']
-            video_id = ls_playlist['defaultGuid']
-            metadata = traverse_obj(
-                ls_playlist, ('videos', lambda _, v: v['guid'] == video_id, {dict}), get_all=False)
-
-        tp_url = f'https://link.theplatform.com/s/{account_pid}/media/guid/{account_id}/{video_id}'
-        tp_metadata = self._download_json(
-            update_url_query(tp_url, {'format': 'preview'}), video_id, fatal=False)
-
-        chapters = traverse_obj(tp_metadata, ('chapters', ..., {
-            'start_time': ('startTime', {float_or_none(scale=1000)}),
-            'end_time': ('endTime', {float_or_none(scale=1000)}),
-        }))
-        # prune pointless single chapters that span the entire duration from short videos
-        if len(chapters) == 1 and not traverse_obj(chapters, (0, 'end_time')):
-            chapters = None
-
-        m3u8_url = self._request_webpage(HEADRequest(
-            update_url_query(f'{tp_url}/stream.m3u8', query)), video_id, 'Checking m3u8 URL').url
-        if 'mpeg_cenc' in m3u8_url:
-            self.report_drm(video_id)
-        formats, subtitles = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(m3u8_url, video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls')
-
-        return {
-            'id': video_id,
-            'formats': formats,
-            'subtitles': subtitles,
-            'chapters': chapters,
-            **merge_dicts(traverse_obj(tp_metadata, {
-                'title': 'title',
-                'description': 'description',
-                'duration': ('duration', {float_or_none(scale=1000)}),
-                'timestamp': ('pubDate', {float_or_none(scale=1000)}),
-                'season_number': (('pl1$seasonNumber', 'nbcu$seasonNumber'), {int_or_none}),
-                'episode_number': (('pl1$episodeNumber', 'nbcu$episodeNumber'), {int_or_none}),
-                'series': (('pl1$show', 'nbcu$show'), (None, ...), {str}),
-                'episode': (('title', 'pl1$episodeNumber', 'nbcu$episodeNumber'), {str_or_none}),
-                'age_limit': ('ratings', ..., 'rating', {parse_age_limit}),
-            }, get_all=False), traverse_obj(metadata, {
-                'title': 'title',
-                'description': 'description',
-                'duration': ('durationInSeconds', {int_or_none}),
-                'timestamp': ('airDate', {unified_timestamp}),
-                'thumbnail': ('thumbnailUrl', {url_or_none}),
-                'season_number': ('seasonNumber', {int_or_none}),
-                'episode_number': ('episodeNumber', {int_or_none}),
-                'episode': 'episodeTitle',
-                'series': 'show',
-            })),
-        }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/brightcove.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/brightcove.py
index 3ada1fd5de..c0f2f8b572 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/brightcove.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/brightcove.py
@@ -495,8 +495,6 @@ class BrightcoveLegacyIE(InfoExtractor):
 
 class BrightcoveNewBaseIE(AdobePassIE):
     def _parse_brightcove_metadata(self, json_data, video_id, headers={}):
-        title = json_data['name'].strip()
-
         formats, subtitles = [], {}
         sources = json_data.get('sources') or []
         for source in sources:
@@ -600,16 +598,18 @@ class BrightcoveNewBaseIE(AdobePassIE):
 
         return {
             'id': video_id,
-            'title': title,
-            'description': clean_html(json_data.get('description')),
             'thumbnails': thumbnails,
             'duration': duration,
-            'timestamp': parse_iso8601(json_data.get('published_at')),
-            'uploader_id': json_data.get('account_id'),
             'formats': formats,
             'subtitles': subtitles,
-            'tags': json_data.get('tags', []),
             'is_live': is_live,
+            **traverse_obj(json_data, {
+                'title': ('name', {clean_html}),
+                'description': ('description', {clean_html}),
+                'tags': ('tags', ..., {str}, filter, all, filter),
+                'timestamp': ('published_at', {parse_iso8601}),
+                'uploader_id': ('account_id', {str}),
+            }),
         }
 
 
@@ -645,10 +645,7 @@ class BrightcoveNewIE(BrightcoveNewBaseIE):
             'uploader_id': '4036320279001',
             'formats': 'mincount:39',
         },
-        'params': {
-            # m3u8 download
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
+        'skip': '404 Not Found',
     }, {
         # playlist stream
         'url': 'https://players.brightcove.net/1752604059001/S13cJdUBz_default/index.html?playlistId=5718313430001',
@@ -709,7 +706,6 @@ class BrightcoveNewIE(BrightcoveNewBaseIE):
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'title': 'TGD_01-032_5',
                 'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-                'tags': [],
                 'timestamp': 1646078943,
                 'uploader_id': '1569565978001',
                 'upload_date': '20220228',
@@ -721,7 +717,6 @@ class BrightcoveNewIE(BrightcoveNewBaseIE):
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'title': 'TGD 01-087 (Airs 05.25.22)_Segment 5',
                 'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-                'tags': [],
                 'timestamp': 1651604591,
                 'uploader_id': '1569565978001',
                 'upload_date': '20220503',
@@ -923,10 +918,18 @@ class BrightcoveNewIE(BrightcoveNewBaseIE):
         errors = json_data.get('errors')
         if errors and errors[0].get('error_subcode') == 'TVE_AUTH':
             custom_fields = json_data['custom_fields']
+            missing_fields = ', '.join(
+                key for key in ('source_url', 'software_statement') if not smuggled_data.get(key))
+            if missing_fields:
+                raise ExtractorError(
+                    f'Missing fields in smuggled data: {missing_fields}. '
+                    f'This video can be only extracted from the webpage where it is embedded. '
+                    f'Pass the URL of the embedding webpage instead of the Brightcove URL', expected=True)
             tve_token = self._extract_mvpd_auth(
                 smuggled_data['source_url'], video_id,
                 custom_fields['bcadobepassrequestorid'],
-                custom_fields['bcadobepassresourceid'])
+                custom_fields['bcadobepassresourceid'],
+                smuggled_data['software_statement'])
             json_data = self._download_json(
                 api_url, video_id, headers={
                     'Accept': f'application/json;pk={policy_key}',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/btvplus.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/btvplus.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..531ace1471
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/btvplus.py
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..utils import (
+    bug_reports_message,
+    clean_html,
+    get_element_by_class,
+    js_to_json,
+    mimetype2ext,
+    strip_or_none,
+    url_or_none,
+    urljoin,
+)
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
+
+
+class BTVPlusIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?btvplus\.bg/produkt/(?:predavaniya|seriali|novini)/(?P<id>\d+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://btvplus.bg/produkt/predavaniya/67271/btv-reporterite/btv-reporterite-12-07-2025-g',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'id': '67271',
+            'title': 'bTV Репортерите - 12.07.2025 г.',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://cdn.btv.bg/media/images/940x529/Jul2025/2113606319.jpg',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://btvplus.bg/produkt/seriali/66942/sezon-2/plen-sezon-2-epizod-55',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'id': '66942',
+            'title': 'Плен - �езон 2, епизод 55',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://cdn.btv.bg/media/images/940x529/Jun2025/2113595104.jpg',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://btvplus.bg/produkt/novini/67270/btv-novinite-centralna-emisija-12-07-2025',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
+
+        player_url = self._search_regex(
+            r'var\s+videoUrl\s*=\s*[\'"]([^\'"]+)[\'"]',
+            webpage, 'player URL')
+
+        player_config = self._download_json(
+            urljoin('https://btvplus.bg', player_url), video_id)['config']
+
+        videojs_data = self._search_json(
+            r'videojs\(["\'][^"\']+["\'],', player_config, 'videojs data',
+            video_id, transform_source=js_to_json)
+        formats = []
+        subtitles = {}
+        for src in traverse_obj(videojs_data, ('sources', lambda _, v: url_or_none(v['src']))):
+            ext = mimetype2ext(src.get('type'))
+            if ext == 'm3u8':
+                fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
+                    src['src'], video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False)
+                formats.extend(fmts)
+                self._merge_subtitles(subs, target=subtitles)
+            else:
+                self.report_warning(f'Unknown format type {ext}{bug_reports_message()}')
+
+        return {
+            'id': video_id,
+            'formats': formats,
+            'subtitles': subtitles,
+            'title': (
+                strip_or_none(self._og_search_title(webpage, default=None))
+                or clean_html(get_element_by_class('product-title', webpage))),
+            'thumbnail': self._og_search_thumbnail(webpage, default=None),
+            'description': self._og_search_description(webpage, default=None),
+        }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/canalsurmas.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/canalsurmas.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..210973a0b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/canalsurmas.py
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+import json
+import time
+
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..utils import (
+    determine_ext,
+    float_or_none,
+    jwt_decode_hs256,
+    parse_iso8601,
+    url_or_none,
+    variadic,
+)
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
+
+
+class CanalsurmasIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?canalsurmas\.es/videos/(?P<id>\d+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.canalsurmas.es/videos/44006-el-gran-queo-1-lora-del-rio-sevilla-20072014',
+        'md5': '861f86fdc1221175e15523047d0087ef',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '44006',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Lora del Río (Sevilla)',
+            'description': 'md5:3d9ee40a9b1b26ed8259e6b71ed27b8b',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://cdn2.rtva.interactvty.com/content_cards/00f3e8f67b0a4f3b90a4a14618a48b0d.jpg',
+            'timestamp': 1648123182,
+            'upload_date': '20220324',
+        },
+    }]
+    _API_BASE = 'https://api-rtva.interactvty.com'
+    _access_token = None
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _is_jwt_expired(token):
+        return jwt_decode_hs256(token)['exp'] - time.time() < 300
+
+    def _call_api(self, endpoint, video_id, fields=None):
+        if not self._access_token or self._is_jwt_expired(self._access_token):
+            self._access_token = self._download_json(
+                f'{self._API_BASE}/jwt/token/', None,
+                'Downloading access token', 'Failed to download access token',
+                headers={'Content-Type': 'application/json'},
+                data=json.dumps({
+                    'username': 'canalsur_demo',
+                    'password': 'dsUBXUcI',
+                }).encode())['access']
+
+        return self._download_json(
+            f'{self._API_BASE}/api/2.0/contents/{endpoint}/{video_id}/', video_id,
+            f'Downloading {endpoint} API JSON', f'Failed to download {endpoint} API JSON',
+            headers={'Authorization': f'jwtok {self._access_token}'},
+            query={'optional_fields': ','.join(variadic(fields))} if fields else None)
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        video_info = self._call_api('content', video_id, fields=[
+            'description', 'image', 'duration', 'created_at', 'tags',
+        ])
+        stream_info = self._call_api('content_resources', video_id, 'media_url')
+
+        formats, subtitles = [], {}
+        for stream_url in traverse_obj(stream_info, ('results', ..., 'media_url', {url_or_none})):
+            if determine_ext(stream_url) == 'm3u8':
+                fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
+                    stream_url, video_id, m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False)
+                formats.extend(fmts)
+                self._merge_subtitles(subs, target=subtitles)
+            else:
+                formats.append({'url': stream_url})
+
+        return {
+            'id': video_id,
+            'formats': formats,
+            'subtitles': subtitles,
+            **traverse_obj(video_info, {
+                'title': ('name', {str.strip}),
+                'description': ('description', {str}),
+                'thumbnail': ('image', {url_or_none}),
+                'duration': ('duration', {float_or_none}),
+                'timestamp': ('created_at', {parse_iso8601}),
+                'tags': ('tags', ..., {str}),
+            }),
+        }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cartoonnetwork.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cartoonnetwork.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 1749a008a2..0000000000
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cartoonnetwork.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
-from .turner import TurnerBaseIE
-from ..utils import int_or_none
-
-
-class CartoonNetworkIE(TurnerBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?cartoonnetwork\.com/video/(?:[^/]+/)+(?P<id>[^/?#]+)-(?:clip|episode)\.html'
-    _TEST = {
-        'url': 'https://www.cartoonnetwork.com/video/ben-10/how-to-draw-upgrade-episode.html',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '6e3375097f63874ebccec7ef677c1c3845fa850e',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'How to Draw Upgrade',
-            'description': 'md5:2061d83776db7e8be4879684eefe8c0f',
-        },
-        'params': {
-            # m3u8 download
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
-    }
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        display_id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
-
-        def find_field(global_re, name, content_re=None, value_re='[^"]+', fatal=False):
-            metadata_re = ''
-            if content_re:
-                metadata_re = r'|video_metadata\.content_' + content_re
-            return self._search_regex(
-                rf'(?:_cnglobal\.currentVideo\.{global_re}{metadata_re})\s*=\s*"({value_re})";',
-                webpage, name, fatal=fatal)
-
-        media_id = find_field('mediaId', 'media id', 'id', '[0-9a-f]{40}', True)
-        title = find_field('episodeTitle', 'title', '(?:episodeName|name)', fatal=True)
-
-        info = self._extract_ngtv_info(
-            media_id, {'networkId': 'cartoonnetwork'}, {
-                'url': url,
-                'site_name': 'CartoonNetwork',
-                'auth_required': find_field('authType', 'auth type') != 'unauth',
-            })
-
-        series = find_field(
-            'propertyName', 'series', 'showName') or self._html_search_meta('partOfSeries', webpage)
-        info.update({
-            'id': media_id,
-            'display_id': display_id,
-            'title': title,
-            'description': self._html_search_meta('description', webpage),
-            'series': series,
-            'episode': title,
-        })
-
-        for field in ('season', 'episode'):
-            field_name = field + 'Number'
-            info[field + '_number'] = int_or_none(find_field(
-                field_name, field + ' number', value_re=r'\d+') or self._html_search_meta(field_name, webpage))
-
-        return info
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cbsnews.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cbsnews.py
index b01c0efd5d..59457813f5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cbsnews.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cbsnews.py
@@ -5,8 +5,6 @@ import zlib
 
 from .anvato import AnvatoIE
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from .paramountplus import ParamountPlusIE
-from ..networking import HEADRequest
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     UserNotLive,
@@ -132,13 +130,7 @@ class CBSNewsEmbedIE(CBSNewsBaseIE):
         video_id = item['mpxRefId']
         video_url = self._get_video_url(item)
         if not video_url:
-            # Old embeds redirect user to ParamountPlus but most links are 404
-            pplus_url = f'https://www.paramountplus.com/shows/video/{video_id}'
-            try:
-                self._request_webpage(HEADRequest(pplus_url), video_id)
-                return self.url_result(pplus_url, ParamountPlusIE)
-            except ExtractorError:
-                self.raise_no_formats('This video is no longer available', True, video_id)
+            raise ExtractorError('This video is no longer available', expected=True)
 
         return self._extract_video(item, video_url, video_id)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cda.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cda.py
index b2738e492f..027b37d448 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cda.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cda.py
@@ -13,16 +13,17 @@ from ..compat import compat_ord
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     OnDemandPagedList,
+    determine_ext,
     float_or_none,
     int_or_none,
     merge_dicts,
     multipart_encode,
     parse_duration,
-    traverse_obj,
     try_call,
-    try_get,
+    url_or_none,
     urljoin,
 )
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 
 
 class CDAIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -121,10 +122,7 @@ class CDAIE(InfoExtractor):
             }, **kwargs)
 
     def _perform_login(self, username, password):
-        app_version = random.choice((
-            '1.2.88 build 15306',
-            '1.2.174 build 18469',
-        ))
+        app_version = '1.2.255 build 21541'
         android_version = random.randrange(8, 14)
         phone_model = random.choice((
             # x-kom.pl top selling Android smartphones, as of 2022-12-26
@@ -190,7 +188,7 @@ class CDAIE(InfoExtractor):
         meta = self._download_json(
             f'{self._BASE_API_URL}/video/{video_id}', video_id, headers=self._API_HEADERS)['video']
 
-        uploader = traverse_obj(meta, 'author', 'login')
+        uploader = traverse_obj(meta, ('author', 'login', {str}))
 
         formats = [{
             'url': quality['file'],
@@ -293,34 +291,47 @@ class CDAIE(InfoExtractor):
             if not video or 'file' not in video:
                 self.report_warning(f'Unable to extract {version} version information')
                 return
-            if video['file'].startswith('uggc'):
-                video['file'] = codecs.decode(video['file'], 'rot_13')
-                if video['file'].endswith('adc.mp4'):
-                    video['file'] = video['file'].replace('adc.mp4', '.mp4')
-            elif not video['file'].startswith('http'):
-                video['file'] = decrypt_file(video['file'])
             video_quality = video.get('quality')
             qualities = video.get('qualities', {})
             video_quality = next((k for k, v in qualities.items() if v == video_quality), video_quality)
-            info_dict['formats'].append({
-                'url': video['file'],
-                'format_id': video_quality,
-                'height': int_or_none(video_quality[:-1]),
-            })
+            if video.get('file'):
+                if video['file'].startswith('uggc'):
+                    video['file'] = codecs.decode(video['file'], 'rot_13')
+                    if video['file'].endswith('adc.mp4'):
+                        video['file'] = video['file'].replace('adc.mp4', '.mp4')
+                elif not video['file'].startswith('http'):
+                    video['file'] = decrypt_file(video['file'])
+                info_dict['formats'].append({
+                    'url': video['file'],
+                    'format_id': video_quality,
+                    'height': int_or_none(video_quality[:-1]),
+                })
             for quality, cda_quality in qualities.items():
                 if quality == video_quality:
                     continue
                 data = {'jsonrpc': '2.0', 'method': 'videoGetLink', 'id': 2,
                         'params': [video_id, cda_quality, video.get('ts'), video.get('hash2'), {}]}
                 data = json.dumps(data).encode()
-                video_url = self._download_json(
+                response = self._download_json(
                     f'https://www.cda.pl/video/{video_id}', video_id, headers={
                         'Content-Type': 'application/json',
                         'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',
                     }, data=data, note=f'Fetching {quality} url',
                     errnote=f'Failed to fetch {quality} url', fatal=False)
-                if try_get(video_url, lambda x: x['result']['status']) == 'ok':
-                    video_url = try_get(video_url, lambda x: x['result']['resp'])
+                if (
+                    traverse_obj(response, ('result', 'status')) != 'ok'
+                    or not traverse_obj(response, ('result', 'resp', {url_or_none}))
+                ):
+                    continue
+                video_url = response['result']['resp']
+                ext = determine_ext(video_url)
+                if ext == 'mpd':
+                    info_dict['formats'].extend(self._extract_mpd_formats(
+                        video_url, video_id, mpd_id='dash', fatal=False))
+                elif ext == 'm3u8':
+                    info_dict['formats'].extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
+                        video_url, video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False))
+                else:
                     info_dict['formats'].append({
                         'url': video_url,
                         'format_id': quality,
@@ -356,7 +367,7 @@ class CDAIE(InfoExtractor):
 
 class CDAFolderIE(InfoExtractor):
     _MAX_PAGE_SIZE = 36
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?cda\.pl/(?P<channel>\w+)/folder/(?P<id>\d+)'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?cda\.pl/(?P<channel>[\w-]+)/folder/(?P<id>\d+)'
     _TESTS = [
         {
             'url': 'https://www.cda.pl/domino264/folder/31188385',
@@ -381,6 +392,9 @@ class CDAFolderIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'title': 'TESTY KOSMETYKÓW',
             },
             'playlist_mincount': 139,
+        }, {
+            'url': 'https://www.cda.pl/FILMY-SERIALE-ANIME-KRESKOWKI-BAJKI/folder/18493422',
+            'only_matching': True,
         }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/charlierose.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/charlierose.py
index 8fe6797c6a..9fa71fea17 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/charlierose.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/charlierose.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ class CharlieRoseIE(InfoExtractor):
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?charlierose\.com/(?:video|episode)(?:s|/player)/(?P<id>\d+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://charlierose.com/videos/27996',
-        'md5': 'fda41d49e67d4ce7c2411fd2c4702e09',
+        'md5': '4405b662f557f94aa256fa6a7baf7426',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '27996',
             'ext': 'mp4',
@@ -39,12 +39,16 @@ class CharlieRoseIE(InfoExtractor):
             self._PLAYER_BASE % video_id, webpage, video_id,
             m3u8_entry_protocol='m3u8_native')[0]
         self._remove_duplicate_formats(info_dict['formats'])
+        for fmt in info_dict['formats']:
+            if fmt.get('protocol') == 'm3u8_native':
+                fmt['__needs_testing'] = True
 
         info_dict.update({
             'id': video_id,
             'title': title,
             'thumbnail': self._og_search_thumbnail(webpage),
             'description': self._og_search_description(webpage),
+            '_format_sort_fields': ('proto',),
         })
 
         return info_dict
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/chzzk.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/chzzk.py
index aec77ac454..a5daf5ca7c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/chzzk.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/chzzk.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class CHZZKLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
             'channel': '진짜�현',
             'channel_id': 'c68b8ef525fb3d2fa146344d84991753',
             'channel_is_verified': False,
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/.+\.jpg',
             'timestamp': 1705510344,
             'upload_date': '20240117',
             'live_status': 'is_live',
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ class CHZZKVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'channel': '침착맨',
             'channel_id': 'bb382c2c0cc9fa7c86ab3b037fb5799c',
             'channel_is_verified': False,
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/.+\.jpg',
             'duration': 15577,
             'timestamp': 1702970505.417,
             'upload_date': '20231219',
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ class CHZZKVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'channel': '�디유radiyu',
             'channel_id': '68f895c59a1043bc5019b5e08c83a5c5',
             'channel_is_verified': False,
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/.+\.jpg',
             'duration': 95,
             'timestamp': 1703102631.722,
             'upload_date': '20231220',
@@ -131,12 +131,30 @@ class CHZZKVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'channel': '강지',
             'channel_id': 'b5ed5db484d04faf4d150aedd362f34b',
             'channel_is_verified': True,
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/.+\.jpg',
             'duration': 4433,
             'timestamp': 1703307460.214,
             'upload_date': '20231223',
             'view_count': int,
         },
+    }, {
+        # video_status == 'NONE' but is downloadable
+        'url': 'https://chzzk.naver.com/video/6325166',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '6325166',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '와�프 숙제빼주기',
+            'channel': '� 다',
+            'channel_id': '0076a519f147ee9fd0959bf02f9571ca',
+            'channel_is_verified': False,
+            'view_count': int,
+            'duration': 28167,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/.+\.jpg',
+            'timestamp': 1742139216.86,
+            'upload_date': '20250316',
+            'live_status': 'was_live',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -147,11 +165,7 @@ class CHZZKVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         live_status = 'was_live' if video_meta.get('liveOpenDate') else 'not_live'
         video_status = video_meta.get('vodStatus')
-        if video_status == 'UPLOAD':
-            playback = self._parse_json(video_meta['liveRewindPlaybackJson'], video_id)
-            formats, subtitles = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
-                playback['media'][0]['path'], video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls')
-        elif video_status == 'ABR_HLS':
+        if video_status == 'ABR_HLS':
             formats, subtitles = self._extract_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(
                 f'https://apis.naver.com/neonplayer/vodplay/v1/playback/{video_meta["videoId"]}',
                 video_id, query={
@@ -161,10 +175,17 @@ class CHZZKVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'cpl': 'en_US',
                 })
         else:
-            self.raise_no_formats(
-                f'Unknown video status detected: "{video_status}"', expected=True, video_id=video_id)
-            formats, subtitles = [], {}
-            live_status = 'post_live' if live_status == 'was_live' else None
+            fatal = video_status == 'UPLOAD'
+            playback = self._parse_json(video_meta['liveRewindPlaybackJson'], video_id, fatal=fatal)
+            formats, subtitles = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
+                traverse_obj(playback, ('media', 0, 'path')), video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls', fatal=fatal)
+            if formats and video_status != 'UPLOAD':
+                self.write_debug(f'Video found with status: "{video_status}"')
+            elif not formats:
+                self.raise_no_formats(
+                    f'Unknown video status detected: "{video_status}"', expected=True, video_id=video_id)
+                formats, subtitles = [], {}
+                live_status = 'post_live' if live_status == 'was_live' else None
 
         return {
             'id': video_id,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cloudflarestream.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cloudflarestream.py
index 9e9e89a801..a90fceaacf 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cloudflarestream.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cloudflarestream.py
@@ -19,18 +19,16 @@ class CloudflareStreamIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': '31c9291ab41fac05471db4e73aa11717',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': '31c9291ab41fac05471db4e73aa11717',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://cloudflarestream.com/31c9291ab41fac05471db4e73aa11717/thumbnails/thumbnail.jpg',
-        },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': 'm3u8',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://cloudflarestream\.com/.+\.jpg',
         },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://watch.cloudflarestream.com/embed/sdk-iframe-integration.fla9.latest.js?video=0e8e040aec776862e1d632a699edf59e',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '0e8e040aec776862e1d632a699edf59e',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': '0e8e040aec776862e1d632a699edf59e',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://cloudflarestream.com/0e8e040aec776862e1d632a699edf59e/thumbnails/thumbnail.jpg',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://cloudflarestream\.com/.+\.jpg',
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://watch.cloudflarestream.com/9df17203414fd1db3e3ed74abbe936c1',
@@ -54,11 +52,21 @@ class CloudflareStreamIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': 'eaef9dea5159cf968be84241b5cedfe7',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'eaef9dea5159cf968be84241b5cedfe7',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://cloudflarestream.com/eaef9dea5159cf968be84241b5cedfe7/thumbnails/thumbnail.jpg',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://cloudflarestream\.com/.+\.jpg',
         },
         'params': {
+            'extractor_args': {'generic': {'impersonate': ['chrome']}},
             'skip_download': 'm3u8',
         },
+    }, {
+        # FIXME: Embed detection
+        'url': 'https://www.cloudflare.com/developer-platform/products/cloudflare-stream/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'e7bd2dd67e0f8860b4ae81e33a966049',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'e7bd2dd67e0f8860b4ae81e33a966049',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://cloudflarestream\.com/.+\.jpg',
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cloudycdn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cloudycdn.py
index 6e757d79ee..a9a5392744 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cloudycdn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cloudycdn.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 
 
 class CloudyCDNIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'(?:https?:)?//embed\.cloudycdn\.services/(?P<site_id>[^/?#]+)/media/(?P<id>[\w-]+)'
+    _VALID_URL = r'(?:https?:)?//embed\.(?P<domain>cloudycdn\.services|backscreen\.com)/(?P<site_id>[^/?#]+)/media/(?P<id>[\w-]+)'
     _EMBED_REGEX = [rf'<iframe[^>]+\bsrc=[\'"](?P<url>{_VALID_URL})']
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://embed.cloudycdn.services/ltv/media/46k_d23-6000-105?',
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class CloudyCDNIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 1442,
             'upload_date': '20231121',
             'title': 'D23-6000-105_cetstud',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://store.cloudycdn.services/tmsp00060/assets/media/660858/placeholder1700589200.jpg',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://store.bstrm.net/tmsp00060/assets/media/660858/placeholder1700589200.jpg',
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://embed.cloudycdn.services/izm/media/26e_lv-8-5-1',
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class CloudyCDNIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'LV-8-5-1',
             'timestamp': 1669767167,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://store.cloudycdn.services/tmsp00120/assets/media/488306/placeholder1679423604.jpg',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://store.bstrm.net/tmsp00120/assets/media/488306/placeholder1679423604.jpg',
             'duration': 1205,
             'upload_date': '20221130',
         },
@@ -48,9 +48,21 @@ class CloudyCDNIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 1673,
             'title': 'D24-6000-074-cetstud',
             'timestamp': 1718902233,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://store.cloudycdn.services/tmsp00060/assets/media/788392/placeholder1718903938.jpg',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://store.bstrm.net/tmsp00060/assets/media/788392/placeholder1718903938.jpg',
         },
         'params': {'format': 'bv'},
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://embed.backscreen.com/ltv/media/32j_z25-0600-127?',
+        'md5': '9b6fa09ac1a4de53d4f42b94affc3b42',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '32j_z25-0600-127',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Z25-0600-127-DZ',
+            'duration': 1906,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://store.bstrm.net/tmsp00060/assets/media/977427/placeholder1746633646.jpg',
+            'timestamp': 1746632402,
+            'upload_date': '20250507',
+        },
     }]
     _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.tavaklase.lv/video/es-esmu-mina-um-2/',
@@ -60,17 +72,17 @@ class CloudyCDNIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'upload_date': '20230223',
             'duration': 629,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://store.cloudycdn.services/tmsp00120/assets/media/518407/placeholder1678748124.jpg',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://store.bstrm.net/tmsp00120/assets/media/518407/placeholder1678748124.jpg',
             'timestamp': 1677181513,
             'title': 'LIB-2',
         },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        site_id, video_id = self._match_valid_url(url).group('site_id', 'id')
+        domain, site_id, video_id = self._match_valid_url(url).group('domain', 'site_id', 'id')
 
         data = self._download_json(
-            f'https://player.cloudycdn.services/player/{site_id}/media/{video_id}/',
+            f'https://player.{domain}/player/{site_id}/media/{video_id}/',
             video_id, data=urlencode_postdata({
                 'version': '6.4.0',
                 'referer': url,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cmt.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cmt.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 8e53b7fbf8..0000000000
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cmt.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,55 +0,0 @@
-from .mtv import MTVIE
-
-# TODO: Remove - Reason: Outdated Site
-
-
-class CMTIE(MTVIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
-    _WORKING = False
-    IE_NAME = 'cmt.com'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?cmt\.com/(?:videos|shows|(?:full-)?episodes|video-clips)/(?P<id>[^/]+)'
-
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'http://www.cmt.com/videos/garth-brooks/989124/the-call-featuring-trisha-yearwood.jhtml#artist=30061',
-        'md5': 'e6b7ef3c4c45bbfae88061799bbba6c2',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '989124',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Garth Brooks - "The Call (featuring Trisha Yearwood)"',
-            'description': 'Blame It All On My Roots',
-        },
-        'skip': 'Video not available',
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.cmt.com/videos/misc/1504699/still-the-king-ep-109-in-3-minutes.jhtml#id=1739908',
-        'md5': 'e61a801ca4a183a466c08bd98dccbb1c',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '1504699',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Still The King Ep. 109 in 3 Minutes',
-            'description': 'Relive or catch up with Still The King by watching this recap of season 1, episode 9.',
-            'timestamp': 1469421000.0,
-            'upload_date': '20160725',
-        },
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.cmt.com/shows/party-down-south/party-down-south-ep-407-gone-girl/1738172/playlist/#id=1738172',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.cmt.com/full-episodes/537qb3/nashville-the-wayfaring-stranger-season-5-ep-501',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.cmt.com/video-clips/t9e4ci/nashville-juliette-in-2-minutes',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-
-    def _extract_mgid(self, webpage, url):
-        mgid = self._search_regex(
-            r'MTVN\.VIDEO\.contentUri\s*=\s*([\'"])(?P<mgid>.+?)\1',
-            webpage, 'mgid', group='mgid', default=None)
-        if not mgid:
-            mgid = self._extract_triforce_mgid(webpage)
-        return mgid
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
-        mgid = self._extract_mgid(webpage, url)
-        return self.url_result(f'http://media.mtvnservices.com/embed/{mgid}')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cnn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cnn.py
index 8148762c54..a601e3eb53 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cnn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cnn.py
@@ -272,6 +272,7 @@ class CNNIndonesiaIE(InfoExtractor):
         return merge_dicts(json_ld_data, {
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
             'url': embed_url,
+            'id': video_id,
             'upload_date': upload_date,
             'tags': try_call(lambda: self._html_search_meta('keywords', webpage).split(', ')),
         })
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/comedycentral.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/comedycentral.py
index 27d295bb38..b9f0d66d1c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/comedycentral.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/comedycentral.py
@@ -1,55 +1,27 @@
-from .mtv import MTVServicesInfoExtractor
+from .mtv import MTVServicesBaseIE
 
 
-class ComedyCentralIE(MTVServicesInfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?cc\.com/(?:episodes|video(?:-clips)?|collection-playlist|movies)/(?P<id>[0-9a-z]{6})'
-    _FEED_URL = 'http://comedycentral.com/feeds/mrss/'
-
+class ComedyCentralIE(MTVServicesBaseIE):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?cc\.com/video-clips/(?P<id>[\da-z]{6})'
     _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'http://www.cc.com/video-clips/5ke9v2/the-daily-show-with-trevor-noah-doc-rivers-and-steve-ballmer---the-nba-player-strike',
-        'md5': 'b8acb347177c680ff18a292aa2166f80',
+        'url': 'https://www.cc.com/video-clips/wl12cx',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '89ccc86e-1b02-4f83-b0c9-1d9592ecd025',
+            'id': 'dec6953e-80c8-43b3-96cd-05e9230e704d',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'The Daily Show with Trevor Noah|August 28, 2020|25|25149|Doc Rivers and Steve Ballmer - The NBA Player Strike',
-            'description': 'md5:5334307c433892b85f4f5e5ac9ef7498',
-            'timestamp': 1598670000,
-            'upload_date': '20200829',
+            'display_id': 'wl12cx',
+            'title': 'Alison Brie and Dave Franco -"Together"- Extended Interview',
+            'description': 'md5:ec68e38d3282f863de9cde0ce5cd231c',
+            'duration': 516.76,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://images\.paramount\.tech/uri/mgid:arc:imageassetref:',
+            'series': 'The Daily Show',
+            'season': 'Season 30',
+            'season_number': 30,
+            'episode': 'Episode 0',
+            'episode_number': 0,
+            'timestamp': 1753973314,
+            'upload_date': '20250731',
+            'release_timestamp': 1753977914,
+            'release_date': '20250731',
         },
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.cc.com/episodes/pnzzci/drawn-together--american-idol--parody-clip-show-season-3-ep-314',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.cc.com/video/k3sdvm/the-daily-show-with-jon-stewart-exclusive-the-fourth-estate',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.cc.com/collection-playlist/cosnej/stand-up-specials/t6vtjb',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.cc.com/movies/tkp406/a-cluesterfuenke-christmas',
-        'only_matching': True,
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }]
-
-
-class ComedyCentralTVIE(MTVServicesInfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?comedycentral\.tv/folgen/(?P<id>[0-9a-z]{6})'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://www.comedycentral.tv/folgen/pxdpec/josh-investigates-klimawandel-staffel-1-ep-1',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '15907dc3-ec3c-11e8-a442-0e40cf2fc285',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Josh Investigates',
-            'description': 'Steht uns das Ende der Welt bevor?',
-        },
-    }]
-    _FEED_URL = 'http://feeds.mtvnservices.com/od/feed/intl-mrss-player-feed'
-    _GEO_COUNTRIES = ['DE']
-
-    def _get_feed_query(self, uri):
-        return {
-            'accountOverride': 'intl.mtvi.com',
-            'arcEp': 'web.cc.tv',
-            'ep': 'b9032c3a',
-            'imageEp': 'web.cc.tv',
-            'mgid': uri,
-        }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/common.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/common.py
index b816d788fa..573a9c5a0a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/common.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/common.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import base64
 import collections
+import contextlib
 import functools
 import getpass
 import http.client
@@ -37,7 +38,6 @@ from ..networking.exceptions import (
     TransportError,
     network_exceptions,
 )
-from ..networking.impersonate import ImpersonateTarget
 from ..utils import (
     IDENTITY,
     JSON_LD_RE,
@@ -78,6 +78,7 @@ from ..utils import (
     parse_iso8601,
     parse_m3u8_attributes,
     parse_resolution,
+    qualities,
     sanitize_url,
     smuggle_url,
     str_or_none,
@@ -100,6 +101,7 @@ from ..utils import (
     xpath_with_ns,
 )
 from ..utils._utils import _request_dump_filename
+from ..utils.jslib import devalue
 
 
 class InfoExtractor:
@@ -241,7 +243,7 @@ class InfoExtractor:
                     * extra_param_to_segment_url  A query string to append to each
                                  fragment's URL, or to update each existing query string
                                  with. If it is an HLS stream with an AES-128 decryption key,
-                                 the query paramaters will be passed to the key URI as well,
+                                 the query parameters will be passed to the key URI as well,
                                  unless there is an `extra_param_to_key_url` given,
                                  or unless an external key URI is provided via `hls_aes`.
                                  Only applied by the native HLS/DASH downloaders.
@@ -256,11 +258,20 @@ class InfoExtractor:
                                  * key  The key (as hex) used to decrypt fragments.
                                         If `key` is given, any key URI will be ignored
                                  * iv   The IV (as hex) used to decrypt fragments
+                    * impersonate  Impersonate target(s). Can be any of the following entities:
+                                * an instance of yt_dlp.networking.impersonate.ImpersonateTarget
+                                * a string in the format of CLIENT[:OS]
+                                * a list or a tuple of CLIENT[:OS] strings or ImpersonateTarget instances
+                                * a boolean value; True means any impersonate target is sufficient
+                    * available_at  Unix timestamp of when a format will be available to download
                     * downloader_options  A dictionary of downloader options
                                  (For internal use only)
                                  * http_chunk_size Chunk size for HTTP downloads
                                  * ffmpeg_args     Extra arguments for ffmpeg downloader (input)
                                  * ffmpeg_args_out Extra arguments for ffmpeg downloader (output)
+                                 * ws              (NiconicoLiveFD only) WebSocketResponse
+                                 * ws_url          (NiconicoLiveFD only) Websockets URL
+                                 * max_quality     (NiconicoLiveFD only) Max stream quality string
                     * is_dash_periods  Whether the format is a result of merging
                                  multiple DASH periods.
                     RTMP formats can also have the additional fields: page_url,
@@ -330,6 +341,7 @@ class InfoExtractor:
                         * "name": Name or description of the subtitles
                         * "http_headers": A dictionary of additional HTTP headers
                                   to add to the request.
+                        * "impersonate": Impersonate target(s); same as the "formats" field
                     "ext" will be calculated from URL if missing
     automatic_captions: Like 'subtitles'; contains automatically generated
                     captions instead of normal subtitles
@@ -386,6 +398,8 @@ class InfoExtractor:
     chapters:       A list of dictionaries, with the following entries:
                         * "start_time" - The start time of the chapter in seconds
                         * "end_time" - The end time of the chapter in seconds
+                                       (optional: core code can determine this value from
+                                       the next chapter's start_time or the video's duration)
                         * "title" (optional, string)
     heatmap:        A list of dictionaries, with the following entries:
                         * "start_time" - The start time of the data point in seconds
@@ -400,12 +414,13 @@ class InfoExtractor:
                     'unlisted' or 'public'. Use 'InfoExtractor._availability'
                     to set it
     media_type:     The type of media as classified by the site, e.g. "episode", "clip", "trailer"
-    _old_archive_ids: A list of old archive ids needed for backward compatibility
+    _old_archive_ids: A list of old archive ids needed for backward
+                   compatibility. Use yt_dlp.utils.make_archive_id to generate ids
     _format_sort_fields: A list of fields to use for sorting formats
     __post_extractor: A function to be called just before the metadata is
                     written to either disk, logger or console. The function
                     must return a dict which will be added to the info_dict.
-                    This is usefull for additional information that is
+                    This is useful for additional information that is
                     time-consuming to extract. Note that the fields thus
                     extracted will not be available to output template and
                     match_filter. So, only "comments" and "comment_count" are
@@ -878,26 +893,17 @@ class InfoExtractor:
 
         extensions = {}
 
-        if impersonate in (True, ''):
-            impersonate = ImpersonateTarget()
-        requested_targets = [
-            t if isinstance(t, ImpersonateTarget) else ImpersonateTarget.from_str(t)
-            for t in variadic(impersonate)
-        ] if impersonate else []
-
-        available_target = next(filter(self._downloader._impersonate_target_available, requested_targets), None)
+        available_target, requested_targets = self._downloader._parse_impersonate_targets(impersonate)
         if available_target:
             extensions['impersonate'] = available_target
         elif requested_targets:
-            message = 'The extractor is attempting impersonation, but '
-            message += (
-                'no impersonate target is available' if not str(impersonate)
-                else f'none of these impersonate targets are available: "{", ".join(map(str, requested_targets))}"')
-            info_msg = ('see  https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp#impersonation  '
-                        'for information on installing the required dependencies')
+            msg = 'The extractor is attempting impersonation'
             if require_impersonation:
-                raise ExtractorError(f'{message}; {info_msg}', expected=True)
-            self.report_warning(f'{message}; if you encounter errors, then {info_msg}', only_once=True)
+                raise ExtractorError(
+                    self._downloader._unavailable_targets_message(requested_targets, note=msg, is_error=True),
+                    expected=True)
+            self.report_warning(
+                self._downloader._unavailable_targets_message(requested_targets, note=msg), only_once=True)
 
         try:
             return self._downloader.urlopen(self._create_request(url_or_request, data, headers, query, extensions))
@@ -1522,11 +1528,11 @@ class InfoExtractor:
             r'>\s*(?:18\s+U(?:\.S\.C\.|SC)\s+)?(?:§+\s*)?2257\b',
         ]
 
-        age_limit = 0
+        age_limit = None
         for marker in AGE_LIMIT_MARKERS:
             mobj = re.search(marker, html)
             if mobj:
-                age_limit = max(age_limit, int(traverse_obj(mobj, 1, default=18)))
+                age_limit = max(age_limit or 0, int(traverse_obj(mobj, 1, default=18)))
         return age_limit
 
     def _media_rating_search(self, html):
@@ -1569,6 +1575,8 @@ class InfoExtractor:
         """Yield all json ld objects in the html"""
         if default is not NO_DEFAULT:
             fatal = False
+        if not fatal and not isinstance(html, str):
+            return
         for mobj in re.finditer(JSON_LD_RE, html):
             json_ld_item = self._parse_json(
                 mobj.group('json_ld'), video_id, fatal=fatal,
@@ -1672,9 +1680,9 @@ class InfoExtractor:
                 'ext': mimetype2ext(e.get('encodingFormat')),
                 'title': unescapeHTML(e.get('name')),
                 'description': unescapeHTML(e.get('description')),
-                'thumbnails': [{'url': unescapeHTML(url)}
-                               for url in variadic(traverse_obj(e, 'thumbnailUrl', 'thumbnailURL'))
-                               if url_or_none(url)],
+                'thumbnails': traverse_obj(e, (('thumbnailUrl', 'thumbnailURL', 'thumbnail_url'), (None, ...), {
+                    'url': ({str}, {unescapeHTML}, {self._proto_relative_url}, {url_or_none}),
+                })),
                 'duration': parse_duration(e.get('duration')),
                 'timestamp': unified_timestamp(e.get('uploadDate')),
                 # author can be an instance of 'Organization' or 'Person' types.
@@ -1775,6 +1783,59 @@ class InfoExtractor:
             r'<script[^>]+id=[\'"]__NEXT_DATA__[\'"][^>]*>', webpage, 'next.js data',
             video_id, end_pattern='</script>', fatal=fatal, default=default, **kw)
 
+    def _search_nextjs_v13_data(self, webpage, video_id, fatal=True):
+        """Parses Next.js app router flight data that was introduced in Next.js v13"""
+        nextjs_data = {}
+        if not fatal and not isinstance(webpage, str):
+            return nextjs_data
+
+        def flatten(flight_data):
+            if not isinstance(flight_data, list):
+                return
+            if len(flight_data) == 4 and flight_data[0] == '$':
+                _, name, _, data = flight_data
+                if not isinstance(data, dict):
+                    return
+                children = data.pop('children', None)
+                if data and isinstance(name, str) and re.fullmatch(r'\$L[0-9a-f]+', name):
+                    # It is useful hydration JSON data
+                    nextjs_data[name[2:]] = data
+                flatten(children)
+                return
+            for f in flight_data:
+                flatten(f)
+
+        flight_text = ''
+        # The pattern for the surrounding JS/tag should be strict as it's a hardcoded string in the next.js source
+        # Ref: https://github.com/vercel/next.js/blob/5a4a08fdc/packages/next/src/server/app-render/use-flight-response.tsx#L189
+        for flight_segment in re.findall(r'<script\b[^>]*>self\.__next_f\.push\((\[.+?\])\)</script>', webpage):
+            segment = self._parse_json(flight_segment, video_id, fatal=fatal, errnote=None if fatal else False)
+            # Some earlier versions of next.js "optimized" away this array structure; this is unsupported
+            # Ref: https://github.com/vercel/next.js/commit/0123a9d5c9a9a77a86f135b7ae30b46ca986d761
+            if not isinstance(segment, list) or len(segment) != 2:
+                self.write_debug(
+                    f'{video_id}: Unsupported next.js flight data structure detected', only_once=True)
+                continue
+            # Only use the relevant payload type (1 == data)
+            # Ref: https://github.com/vercel/next.js/blob/5a4a08fdc/packages/next/src/server/app-render/use-flight-response.tsx#L11-L14
+            payload_type, chunk = segment
+            if payload_type == 1:
+                flight_text += chunk
+
+        for f in flight_text.splitlines():
+            prefix, _, body = f.lstrip().partition(':')
+            if not re.fullmatch(r'[0-9a-f]+', prefix):
+                continue
+            # The body still isn't guaranteed to be valid JSON, so parsing should always be non-fatal
+            if body.startswith('[') and body.endswith(']'):
+                flatten(self._parse_json(body, video_id, fatal=False, errnote=False))
+            elif body.startswith('{') and body.endswith('}'):
+                data = self._parse_json(body, video_id, fatal=False, errnote=False)
+                if data is not None:
+                    nextjs_data[prefix] = data
+
+        return nextjs_data
+
     def _search_nuxt_data(self, webpage, video_id, context_name='__NUXT__', *, fatal=True, traverse=('data', 0)):
         """Parses Nuxt.js metadata. This works as long as the function __NUXT__ invokes is a pure function"""
         rectx = re.escape(context_name)
@@ -1792,6 +1853,63 @@ class InfoExtractor:
         ret = self._parse_json(js, video_id, transform_source=functools.partial(js_to_json, vars=args), fatal=fatal)
         return traverse_obj(ret, traverse) or {}
 
+    def _resolve_nuxt_array(self, array, video_id, *, fatal=True, default=NO_DEFAULT):
+        """Resolves Nuxt rich JSON payload arrays"""
+        # Ref: https://github.com/nuxt/nuxt/commit/9e503be0f2a24f4df72a3ccab2db4d3e63511f57
+        #      https://github.com/nuxt/nuxt/pull/19205
+        if default is not NO_DEFAULT:
+            fatal = False
+
+        if not isinstance(array, list) or not array:
+            error_msg = 'Unable to resolve Nuxt JSON data: invalid input'
+            if fatal:
+                raise ExtractorError(error_msg, video_id=video_id)
+            elif default is NO_DEFAULT:
+                self.report_warning(error_msg, video_id=video_id)
+            return {} if default is NO_DEFAULT else default
+
+        def indirect_reviver(data):
+            return data
+
+        def json_reviver(data):
+            return json.loads(data)
+
+        gen = devalue.parse_iter(array, revivers={
+            'NuxtError': indirect_reviver,
+            'EmptyShallowRef': json_reviver,
+            'EmptyRef': json_reviver,
+            'ShallowRef': indirect_reviver,
+            'ShallowReactive': indirect_reviver,
+            'Ref': indirect_reviver,
+            'Reactive': indirect_reviver,
+        })
+
+        while True:
+            try:
+                error_msg = f'Error resolving Nuxt JSON: {gen.send(None)}'
+                if fatal:
+                    raise ExtractorError(error_msg, video_id=video_id)
+                elif default is NO_DEFAULT:
+                    self.report_warning(error_msg, video_id=video_id, only_once=True)
+                else:
+                    self.write_debug(f'{video_id}: {error_msg}', only_once=True)
+            except StopIteration as error:
+                return error.value or ({} if default is NO_DEFAULT else default)
+
+    def _search_nuxt_json(self, webpage, video_id, *, fatal=True, default=NO_DEFAULT):
+        """Parses metadata from Nuxt rich JSON payloads embedded in HTML"""
+        passed_default = default is not NO_DEFAULT
+
+        array = self._search_json(
+            r'<script\b[^>]+\bid="__NUXT_DATA__"[^>]*>', webpage,
+            'Nuxt JSON data', video_id, contains_pattern=r'\[(?s:.+)\]',
+            fatal=fatal, default=NO_DEFAULT if not passed_default else None)
+
+        if not array:
+            return default if passed_default else {}
+
+        return self._resolve_nuxt_array(array, video_id, fatal=fatal, default=default)
+
     @staticmethod
     def _hidden_inputs(html):
         html = re.sub(r'<!--(?:(?!<!--).)*-->', '', html)
@@ -2065,21 +2183,33 @@ class InfoExtractor:
                     raise ExtractorError(errnote, video_id=video_id)
                 self.report_warning(f'{errnote}{bug_reports_message()}')
             return [], {}
-
-        res = self._download_webpage_handle(
-            m3u8_url, video_id,
-            note='Downloading m3u8 information' if note is None else note,
-            errnote='Failed to download m3u8 information' if errnote is None else errnote,
+        if note is None:
+            note = 'Downloading m3u8 information'
+        if errnote is None:
+            errnote = 'Failed to download m3u8 information'
+        response = self._request_webpage(
+            m3u8_url, video_id, note=note, errnote=errnote,
             fatal=fatal, data=data, headers=headers, query=query)
-
-        if res is False:
+        if response is False:
             return [], {}
 
-        m3u8_doc, urlh = res
-        m3u8_url = urlh.url
+        with contextlib.closing(response):
+            prefix = response.read(512)
+            if not prefix.startswith(b'#EXTM3U'):
+                msg = 'Response data has no m3u header'
+                if fatal:
+                    raise ExtractorError(msg, video_id=video_id)
+                self.report_warning(f'{msg}{bug_reports_message()}', video_id=video_id)
+                return [], {}
+
+            content = self._webpage_read_content(
+                response, m3u8_url, video_id, note=note, errnote=errnote,
+                fatal=fatal, prefix=prefix, data=data)
+        if content is False:
+            return [], {}
 
         return self._parse_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
-            m3u8_doc, m3u8_url, ext=ext, entry_protocol=entry_protocol,
+            content, response.url, ext=ext, entry_protocol=entry_protocol,
             preference=preference, quality=quality, m3u8_id=m3u8_id,
             note=note, errnote=errnote, fatal=fatal, live=live, data=data,
             headers=headers, query=query, video_id=video_id)
@@ -2177,6 +2307,8 @@ class InfoExtractor:
             media_url = media.get('URI')
             if media_url:
                 manifest_url = format_url(media_url)
+                is_audio = media_type == 'AUDIO'
+                is_alternate = media.get('DEFAULT') == 'NO' or media.get('AUTOSELECT') == 'NO'
                 formats.extend({
                     'format_id': join_nonempty(m3u8_id, group_id, name, idx),
                     'format_note': name,
@@ -2189,7 +2321,11 @@ class InfoExtractor:
                     'preference': preference,
                     'quality': quality,
                     'has_drm': has_drm,
-                    'vcodec': 'none' if media_type == 'AUDIO' else None,
+                    'vcodec': 'none' if is_audio else None,
+                    # Alternate audio formats (e.g. audio description) should be deprioritized
+                    'source_preference': -2 if is_audio and is_alternate else None,
+                    # Save this to assign source_preference based on associated video stream
+                    '_audio_group_id': group_id if is_audio and not is_alternate else None,
                 } for idx in _extract_m3u8_playlist_indices(manifest_url))
 
         def build_stream_name():
@@ -2284,6 +2420,8 @@ class InfoExtractor:
                     # ignore references to rendition groups and treat them
                     # as complete formats.
                     if audio_group_id and codecs and f.get('vcodec') != 'none':
+                        # Save this to determine quality of audio formats that only have a GROUP-ID
+                        f['_audio_group_id'] = audio_group_id
                         audio_group = groups.get(audio_group_id)
                         if audio_group and audio_group[0].get('URI'):
                             # TODO: update acodec for audio only formats with
@@ -2306,6 +2444,28 @@ class InfoExtractor:
                         formats.append(http_f)
 
                 last_stream_inf = {}
+
+        # Some audio-only formats only have a GROUP-ID without any other quality/bitrate/codec info
+        # Each audio GROUP-ID corresponds with one or more video formats' AUDIO attribute
+        # For sorting purposes, set source_preference based on the quality of the video formats they are grouped with
+        # See https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/11178
+        audio_groups_by_quality = orderedSet(f['_audio_group_id'] for f in sorted(
+            traverse_obj(formats, lambda _, v: v.get('vcodec') != 'none' and v['_audio_group_id']),
+            key=lambda x: (x.get('tbr') or 0, x.get('width') or 0)))
+        audio_quality_map = {
+            audio_groups_by_quality[0]: 'low',
+            audio_groups_by_quality[-1]: 'high',
+        } if len(audio_groups_by_quality) > 1 else None
+        audio_preference = qualities(audio_groups_by_quality)
+        for fmt in formats:
+            audio_group_id = fmt.pop('_audio_group_id', None)
+            if not audio_quality_map or not audio_group_id or fmt.get('vcodec') != 'none':
+                continue
+            # Use source_preference since quality and preference are set by params
+            fmt['source_preference'] = audio_preference(audio_group_id)
+            fmt['format_note'] = join_nonempty(
+                fmt.get('format_note'), audio_quality_map.get(audio_group_id), delim=', ')
+
         return formats, subtitles
 
     def _extract_m3u8_vod_duration(
@@ -2809,7 +2969,7 @@ class InfoExtractor:
                     else:
                         codecs = parse_codecs(codec_str)
                     if content_type not in ('video', 'audio', 'text'):
-                        if mime_type == 'image/jpeg':
+                        if mime_type in ('image/avif', 'image/jpeg'):
                             content_type = mime_type
                         elif codecs.get('vcodec', 'none') != 'none':
                             content_type = 'video'
@@ -2869,14 +3029,14 @@ class InfoExtractor:
                             'manifest_url': mpd_url,
                             'filesize': filesize,
                         }
-                    elif content_type == 'image/jpeg':
+                    elif content_type in ('image/avif', 'image/jpeg'):
                         # See test case in VikiIE
                         # https://www.viki.com/videos/1175236v-choosing-spouse-by-lottery-episode-1
                         f = {
                             'format_id': format_id,
                             'ext': 'mhtml',
                             'manifest_url': mpd_url,
-                            'format_note': 'DASH storyboards (jpeg)',
+                            'format_note': f'DASH storyboards ({mimetype2ext(mime_type)})',
                             'acodec': 'none',
                             'vcodec': 'none',
                         }
@@ -2935,8 +3095,7 @@ class InfoExtractor:
                             segment_duration = None
                             if 'total_number' not in representation_ms_info and 'segment_duration' in representation_ms_info:
                                 segment_duration = float_or_none(representation_ms_info['segment_duration'], representation_ms_info['timescale'])
-                                representation_ms_info['total_number'] = int(math.ceil(
-                                    float_or_none(period_duration, segment_duration, default=0)))
+                                representation_ms_info['total_number'] = math.ceil(float_or_none(period_duration, segment_duration, default=0))
                             representation_ms_info['fragments'] = [{
                                 media_location_key: media_template % {
                                     'Number': segment_number,
@@ -2949,7 +3108,6 @@ class InfoExtractor:
                         else:
                             # $Number*$ or $Time$ in media template with S list available
                             # Example $Number*$: http://www.svtplay.se/klipp/9023742/stopptid-om-bjorn-borg
-                            # Example $Time$: https://play.arkena.com/embed/avp/v2/player/media/b41dda37-d8e7-4d3f-b1b5-9a9db578bdfe/1/129411
                             representation_ms_info['fragments'] = []
                             segment_time = 0
                             segment_d = None
@@ -3019,7 +3177,7 @@ class InfoExtractor:
                             'url': mpd_url or base_url,
                             'fragment_base_url': base_url,
                             'fragments': [],
-                            'protocol': 'http_dash_segments' if mime_type != 'image/jpeg' else 'mhtml',
+                            'protocol': 'mhtml' if mime_type in ('image/avif', 'image/jpeg') else 'http_dash_segments',
                         })
                         if 'initialization_url' in representation_ms_info:
                             initialization_url = representation_ms_info['initialization_url']
@@ -3034,7 +3192,7 @@ class InfoExtractor:
                     else:
                         # Assuming direct URL to unfragmented media.
                         f['url'] = base_url
-                    if content_type in ('video', 'audio', 'image/jpeg'):
+                    if content_type in ('video', 'audio', 'image/avif', 'image/jpeg'):
                         f['manifest_stream_number'] = stream_numbers[f['url']]
                         stream_numbers[f['url']] += 1
                         period_entry['formats'].append(f)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/condenast.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/condenast.py
index 0c84cfdab7..318fa8943b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/condenast.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/condenast.py
@@ -96,6 +96,24 @@ class CondeNastIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20150916',
             'timestamp': 1442434920,
         },
+    }, {
+        # FIXME: Subtitles
+        'url': 'https://www.vanityfair.com/video/watch/vf-quiz-show-squid-game-s3',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '6862f999c1afbc5ff06b4803',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '\'Squid Game\' Cast Tests How Well They Know Each Other',
+            'categories': ['Arts & Culture', 'Hollywood'],
+            'description': 'md5:7a9c668a1fc87648e77da13842ec1534',
+            'duration': 955,
+            'season': 'Season 1',
+            'series': 'Quizzing Each Other',
+            'tags': 'count:2',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://dwgyu36up6iuz\.cloudfront\.net/.+\.jpg',
+            'timestamp': 1751341306,
+            'upload_date': '20250701',
+            'uploader': 'vanityfair',
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://player.cnevids.com/inline/video/59138decb57ac36b83000005.js?target=js-cne-player',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/crackle.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/crackle.py
deleted file mode 100644
index c4ceba9408..0000000000
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/crackle.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,243 +0,0 @@
-import hashlib
-import hmac
-import re
-import time
-
-from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
-from ..utils import (
-    ExtractorError,
-    determine_ext,
-    float_or_none,
-    int_or_none,
-    orderedSet,
-    parse_age_limit,
-    parse_duration,
-    url_or_none,
-)
-
-
-class CrackleIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'(?:crackle:|https?://(?:(?:www|m)\.)?(?:sony)?crackle\.com/(?:playlist/\d+/|(?:[^/]+/)+))(?P<id>\d+)'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        # Crackle is available in the United States and territories
-        'url': 'https://www.crackle.com/thanksgiving/2510064',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '2510064',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Touch Football',
-            'description': 'md5:cfbb513cf5de41e8b56d7ab756cff4df',
-            'duration': 1398,
-            'view_count': int,
-            'average_rating': 0,
-            'age_limit': 17,
-            'genre': 'Comedy',
-            'creator': 'Daniel Powell',
-            'artist': 'Chris Elliott, Amy Sedaris',
-            'release_year': 2016,
-            'series': 'Thanksgiving',
-            'episode': 'Touch Football',
-            'season_number': 1,
-            'episode_number': 1,
-        },
-        'params': {
-            # m3u8 download
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
-        'expected_warnings': [
-            'Trying with a list of known countries',
-        ],
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.sonycrackle.com/thanksgiving/2510064',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-
-    _MEDIA_FILE_SLOTS = {
-        '360p.mp4': {
-            'width': 640,
-            'height': 360,
-        },
-        '480p.mp4': {
-            'width': 768,
-            'height': 432,
-        },
-        '480p_1mbps.mp4': {
-            'width': 852,
-            'height': 480,
-        },
-    }
-
-    def _download_json(self, url, *args, **kwargs):
-        # Authorization generation algorithm is reverse engineered from:
-        # https://www.sonycrackle.com/static/js/main.ea93451f.chunk.js
-        timestamp = time.strftime('%Y%m%d%H%M', time.gmtime())
-        h = hmac.new(b'IGSLUQCBDFHEOIFM', '|'.join([url, timestamp]).encode(), hashlib.sha1).hexdigest().upper()
-        headers = {
-            'Accept': 'application/json',
-            'Authorization': '|'.join([h, timestamp, '117', '1']),
-        }
-        return InfoExtractor._download_json(self, url, *args, headers=headers, **kwargs)
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        video_id = self._match_id(url)
-
-        geo_bypass_country = self.get_param('geo_bypass_country', None)
-        countries = orderedSet((geo_bypass_country, 'US', 'AU', 'CA', 'AS', 'FM', 'GU', 'MP', 'PR', 'PW', 'MH', 'VI', ''))
-        num_countries, num = len(countries) - 1, 0
-
-        media = {}
-        for num, country in enumerate(countries):
-            if num == 1:  # start hard-coded list
-                self.report_warning('%s. Trying with a list of known countries' % (
-                    f'Unable to obtain video formats from {geo_bypass_country} API' if geo_bypass_country
-                    else 'No country code was given using --geo-bypass-country'))
-            elif num == num_countries:  # end of list
-                geo_info = self._download_json(
-                    'https://web-api-us.crackle.com/Service.svc/geo/country',
-                    video_id, fatal=False, note='Downloading geo-location information from crackle API',
-                    errnote='Unable to fetch geo-location information from crackle') or {}
-                country = geo_info.get('CountryCode')
-                if country is None:
-                    continue
-                self.to_screen(f'{self.IE_NAME} identified country as {country}')
-                if country in countries:
-                    self.to_screen(f'Downloading from {country} API was already attempted. Skipping...')
-                    continue
-
-            if country is None:
-                continue
-            try:
-                media = self._download_json(
-                    f'https://web-api-us.crackle.com/Service.svc/details/media/{video_id}/{country}?disableProtocols=true',
-                    video_id, note=f'Downloading media JSON from {country} API',
-                    errnote='Unable to download media JSON')
-            except ExtractorError as e:
-                # 401 means geo restriction, trying next country
-                if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 401:
-                    continue
-                raise
-
-            status = media.get('status')
-            if status.get('messageCode') != '0':
-                raise ExtractorError(
-                    '{} said: {} {} - {}'.format(
-                        self.IE_NAME, status.get('messageCodeDescription'), status.get('messageCode'), status.get('message')),
-                    expected=True)
-
-            # Found video formats
-            if isinstance(media.get('MediaURLs'), list):
-                break
-
-        ignore_no_formats = self.get_param('ignore_no_formats_error')
-
-        if not media or (not media.get('MediaURLs') and not ignore_no_formats):
-            raise ExtractorError(
-                'Unable to access the crackle API. Try passing your country code '
-                'to --geo-bypass-country. If it still does not work and the '
-                'video is available in your country')
-        title = media['Title']
-
-        formats, subtitles = [], {}
-        has_drm = False
-        for e in media.get('MediaURLs') or []:
-            if e.get('UseDRM'):
-                has_drm = True
-                format_url = url_or_none(e.get('DRMPath'))
-            else:
-                format_url = url_or_none(e.get('Path'))
-            if not format_url:
-                continue
-            ext = determine_ext(format_url)
-            if ext == 'm3u8':
-                fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
-                    format_url, video_id, 'mp4', entry_protocol='m3u8_native',
-                    m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False)
-                formats.extend(fmts)
-                subtitles = self._merge_subtitles(subtitles, subs)
-            elif ext == 'mpd':
-                fmts, subs = self._extract_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(
-                    format_url, video_id, mpd_id='dash', fatal=False)
-                formats.extend(fmts)
-                subtitles = self._merge_subtitles(subtitles, subs)
-            elif format_url.endswith('.ism/Manifest'):
-                fmts, subs = self._extract_ism_formats_and_subtitles(
-                    format_url, video_id, ism_id='mss', fatal=False)
-                formats.extend(fmts)
-                subtitles = self._merge_subtitles(subtitles, subs)
-            else:
-                mfs_path = e.get('Type')
-                mfs_info = self._MEDIA_FILE_SLOTS.get(mfs_path)
-                if not mfs_info:
-                    continue
-                formats.append({
-                    'url': format_url,
-                    'format_id': 'http-' + mfs_path.split('.')[0],
-                    'width': mfs_info['width'],
-                    'height': mfs_info['height'],
-                })
-        if not formats and has_drm:
-            self.report_drm(video_id)
-
-        description = media.get('Description')
-        duration = int_or_none(media.get(
-            'DurationInSeconds')) or parse_duration(media.get('Duration'))
-        view_count = int_or_none(media.get('CountViews'))
-        average_rating = float_or_none(media.get('UserRating'))
-        age_limit = parse_age_limit(media.get('Rating'))
-        genre = media.get('Genre')
-        release_year = int_or_none(media.get('ReleaseYear'))
-        creator = media.get('Directors')
-        artist = media.get('Cast')
-
-        if media.get('MediaTypeDisplayValue') == 'Full Episode':
-            series = media.get('ShowName')
-            episode = title
-            season_number = int_or_none(media.get('Season'))
-            episode_number = int_or_none(media.get('Episode'))
-        else:
-            series = episode = season_number = episode_number = None
-
-        cc_files = media.get('ClosedCaptionFiles')
-        if isinstance(cc_files, list):
-            for cc_file in cc_files:
-                if not isinstance(cc_file, dict):
-                    continue
-                cc_url = url_or_none(cc_file.get('Path'))
-                if not cc_url:
-                    continue
-                lang = cc_file.get('Locale') or 'en'
-                subtitles.setdefault(lang, []).append({'url': cc_url})
-
-        thumbnails = []
-        images = media.get('Images')
-        if isinstance(images, list):
-            for image_key, image_url in images.items():
-                mobj = re.search(r'Img_(\d+)[xX](\d+)', image_key)
-                if not mobj:
-                    continue
-                thumbnails.append({
-                    'url': image_url,
-                    'width': int(mobj.group(1)),
-                    'height': int(mobj.group(2)),
-                })
-
-        return {
-            'id': video_id,
-            'title': title,
-            'description': description,
-            'duration': duration,
-            'view_count': view_count,
-            'average_rating': average_rating,
-            'age_limit': age_limit,
-            'genre': genre,
-            'creator': creator,
-            'artist': artist,
-            'release_year': release_year,
-            'series': series,
-            'episode': episode,
-            'season_number': season_number,
-            'episode_number': episode_number,
-            'thumbnails': thumbnails,
-            'subtitles': subtitles,
-            'formats': formats,
-        }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/crooksandliars.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/crooksandliars.py
index abd3322a95..29bbc2fe6a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/crooksandliars.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/crooksandliars.py
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ from ..utils import (
 class CrooksAndLiarsIE(InfoExtractor):
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://embed\.crooksandliars\.com/(?:embed|v)/(?P<id>[A-Za-z0-9]+)'
     _EMBED_REGEX = [r'<(?:iframe[^>]+src|param[^>]+value)=(["\'])(?P<url>(?:https?:)?//embed\.crooksandliars\.com/(?:embed|v)/.+?)\1']
-
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://embed.crooksandliars.com/embed/8RUoRhRi',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -16,7 +15,7 @@ class CrooksAndLiarsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Fox & Friends Says Protecting Atheists From Discrimination Is Anti-Christian!',
             'description': 'md5:e1a46ad1650e3a5ec7196d432799127f',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://crooksandliars\.com/files/.+',
             'timestamp': 1428207000,
             'upload_date': '20150405',
             'uploader': 'Heather',
@@ -26,6 +25,20 @@ class CrooksAndLiarsIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'http://embed.crooksandliars.com/v/MTE3MjUtMzQ2MzA',
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://crooksandliars.com/2015/04/fox-friends-says-protecting-atheists',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '8RUoRhRi',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Fox & Friends Says Protecting Atheists From Discrimination Is Anti-Christian!',
+            'description': 'md5:e1a46ad1650e3a5ec7196d432799127f',
+            'duration': 236,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://crooksandliars\.com/files/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1428207000,
+            'upload_date': '20150405',
+            'uploader': 'Heather',
+        },
+    }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/crowdbunker.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/crowdbunker.py
index bf814570fe..ca0323431c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/crowdbunker.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/crowdbunker.py
@@ -5,7 +5,9 @@ from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     try_get,
     unified_strdate,
+    url_or_none,
 )
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 
 
 class CrowdBunkerIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -44,16 +46,15 @@ class CrowdBunkerIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'url': sub_url,
             })
 
-        mpd_url = try_get(video_json, lambda x: x['dashManifest']['url'])
-        if mpd_url:
-            fmts, subs = self._extract_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(mpd_url, video_id)
+        if mpd_url := traverse_obj(video_json, ('dashManifest', 'url', {url_or_none})):
+            fmts, subs = self._extract_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(mpd_url, video_id, mpd_id='dash', fatal=False)
             formats.extend(fmts)
-            subtitles = self._merge_subtitles(subtitles, subs)
-        m3u8_url = try_get(video_json, lambda x: x['hlsManifest']['url'])
-        if m3u8_url:
-            fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(mpd_url, video_id)
+            self._merge_subtitles(subs, target=subtitles)
+
+        if m3u8_url := traverse_obj(video_json, ('hlsManifest', 'url', {url_or_none})):
+            fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(m3u8_url, video_id, m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False)
             formats.extend(fmts)
-            subtitles = self._merge_subtitles(subtitles, subs)
+            self._merge_subtitles(subs, target=subtitles)
 
         thumbnails = [{
             'url': image['url'],
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ctv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ctv.py
deleted file mode 100644
index a41dab11b1..0000000000
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ctv.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-from .common import InfoExtractor
-
-
-class CTVIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?ctv\.ca/(?P<id>(?:show|movie)s/[^/]+/[^/?#&]+)'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://www.ctv.ca/shows/your-morning/wednesday-december-23-2020-s5e88',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '2102249',
-            'ext': 'flv',
-            'title': 'Wednesday, December 23, 2020',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-            'description': 'Your Morning delivers original perspectives and unique insights into the headlines of the day.',
-            'timestamp': 1608732000,
-            'upload_date': '20201223',
-            'series': 'Your Morning',
-            'season': '2020-2021',
-            'season_number': 5,
-            'episode_number': 88,
-            'tags': ['Your Morning'],
-            'categories': ['Talk Show'],
-            'duration': 7467.126,
-        },
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.ctv.ca/movies/adam-sandlers-eight-crazy-nights/adam-sandlers-eight-crazy-nights',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        display_id = self._match_id(url)
-        content = self._download_json(
-            'https://www.ctv.ca/space-graphql/graphql', display_id, query={
-                'query': '''{
-  resolvedPath(path: "/%s") {
-    lastSegment {
-      content {
-        ... on AxisContent {
-          axisId
-          videoPlayerDestCode
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}''' % display_id,  # noqa: UP031
-            })['data']['resolvedPath']['lastSegment']['content']
-        video_id = content['axisId']
-        return self.url_result(
-            '9c9media:{}:{}'.format(content['videoPlayerDestCode'], video_id),
-            'NineCNineMedia', video_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cwtv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cwtv.py
deleted file mode 100644
index cdb29fcee7..0000000000
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cwtv.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,180 +0,0 @@
-import re
-
-from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import (
-    ExtractorError,
-    int_or_none,
-    parse_age_limit,
-    parse_iso8601,
-    parse_qs,
-    smuggle_url,
-    str_or_none,
-    update_url_query,
-)
-from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
-
-
-class CWTVIE(InfoExtractor):
-    IE_NAME = 'cwtv'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?cw(?:tv(?:pr)?|seed)\.com/(?:shows/)?(?:[^/]+/)+[^?]*\?.*\b(?:play|watch|guid)=(?P<id>[a-z0-9]{8}-[a-z0-9]{4}-[a-z0-9]{4}-[a-z0-9]{4}-[a-z0-9]{12})'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://www.cwtv.com/shows/continuum/a-stitch-in-time/?play=9149a1e1-4cb2-46d7-81b2-47d35bbd332b',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '9149a1e1-4cb2-46d7-81b2-47d35bbd332b',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'A Stitch in Time',
-            'description': r're:(?s)City Protective Services officer Kiera Cameron is transported from 2077.+',
-            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpe?g',
-            'duration': 2632,
-            'timestamp': 1736928000,
-            'uploader': 'CWTV',
-            'chapters': 'count:5',
-            'series': 'Continuum',
-            'season_number': 1,
-            'episode_number': 1,
-            'age_limit': 14,
-            'upload_date': '20250115',
-            'season': 'Season 1',
-            'episode': 'Episode 1',
-        },
-        'params': {
-            # m3u8 download
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://cwtv.com/shows/arrow/legends-of-yesterday/?play=6b15e985-9345-4f60-baf8-56e96be57c63',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '6b15e985-9345-4f60-baf8-56e96be57c63',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Legends of Yesterday',
-            'description': r're:(?s)Oliver and Barry Allen take Kendra Saunders and Carter Hall to a remote.+',
-            'duration': 2665,
-            'series': 'Arrow',
-            'season_number': 4,
-            'season': '4',
-            'episode_number': 8,
-            'upload_date': '20151203',
-            'timestamp': 1449122100,
-        },
-        'params': {
-            # m3u8 download
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
-        'skip': 'redirect to http://cwtv.com/shows/arrow/',
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.cwseed.com/shows/whose-line-is-it-anyway/jeff-davis-4/?play=24282b12-ead2-42f2-95ad-26770c2c6088',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '24282b12-ead2-42f2-95ad-26770c2c6088',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Jeff Davis 4',
-            'description': 'Jeff Davis is back to make you laugh.',
-            'duration': 1263,
-            'series': 'Whose Line Is It Anyway?',
-            'season_number': 11,
-            'episode_number': 20,
-            'upload_date': '20151006',
-            'timestamp': 1444107300,
-            'age_limit': 14,
-            'uploader': 'CWTV',
-            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpe?g',
-            'chapters': 'count:4',
-            'episode': 'Episode 20',
-            'season': 'Season 11',
-        },
-        'params': {
-            # m3u8 download
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://cwtv.com/thecw/chroniclesofcisco/?play=8adebe35-f447-465f-ab52-e863506ff6d6',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://cwtvpr.com/the-cw/video?watch=9eee3f60-ef4e-440b-b3b2-49428ac9c54e',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://cwtv.com/shows/arrow/legends-of-yesterday/?watch=6b15e985-9345-4f60-baf8-56e96be57c63',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.cwtv.com/movies/play/?guid=0a8e8b5b-1356-41d5-9a6a-4eda1a6feb6c',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        data = self._download_json(
-            f'https://images.cwtv.com/feed/app-2/video-meta/apiversion_22/device_android/guid_{video_id}', video_id)
-        if traverse_obj(data, 'result') != 'ok':
-            raise ExtractorError(traverse_obj(data, (('error_msg', 'msg'), {str}, any)), expected=True)
-        video_data = data['video']
-        title = video_data['title']
-        mpx_url = update_url_query(
-            video_data.get('mpx_url') or f'https://link.theplatform.com/s/cwtv/media/guid/2703454149/{video_id}',
-            {'formats': 'M3U+none'})
-
-        season = str_or_none(video_data.get('season'))
-        episode = str_or_none(video_data.get('episode'))
-        if episode and season:
-            episode = episode[len(season):]
-
-        return {
-            '_type': 'url_transparent',
-            'id': video_id,
-            'title': title,
-            'url': smuggle_url(mpx_url, {'force_smil_url': True}),
-            'description': video_data.get('description_long'),
-            'duration': int_or_none(video_data.get('duration_secs')),
-            'series': video_data.get('series_name'),
-            'season_number': int_or_none(season),
-            'episode_number': int_or_none(episode),
-            'timestamp': parse_iso8601(video_data.get('start_time')),
-            'age_limit': parse_age_limit(video_data.get('rating')),
-            'ie_key': 'ThePlatform',
-            'thumbnail': video_data.get('large_thumbnail'),
-        }
-
-
-class CWTVMovieIE(InfoExtractor):
-    IE_NAME = 'cwtv:movie'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?cwtv\.com/shows/(?P<id>[\w-]+)/?\?(?:[^#]+&)?viewContext=Movies'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://www.cwtv.com/shows/the-crush/?viewContext=Movies+Swimlane',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '0a8e8b5b-1356-41d5-9a6a-4eda1a6feb6c',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'The Crush',
-            'upload_date': '20241112',
-            'description': 'md5:1549acd90dff4a8273acd7284458363e',
-            'chapters': 'count:9',
-            'timestamp': 1731398400,
-            'age_limit': 16,
-            'duration': 5337,
-            'series': 'The Crush',
-            'season': 'Season 1',
-            'uploader': 'CWTV',
-            'season_number': 1,
-            'episode': 'Episode 1',
-            'episode_number': 1,
-            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpe?g',
-        },
-        'params': {
-            # m3u8 download
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
-    }]
-    _UUID_RE = r'[\da-f]{8}-(?:[\da-f]{4}-){3}[\da-f]{12}'
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        display_id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
-        app_url = (
-            self._html_search_meta('al:ios:url', webpage, default=None)
-            or self._html_search_meta('al:android:url', webpage, default=None))
-        video_id = (
-            traverse_obj(parse_qs(app_url), ('video_id', 0, {lambda x: re.fullmatch(self._UUID_RE, x)}, 0))
-            or self._search_regex([
-                rf'CWTV\.Site\.curPlayingGUID\s*=\s*["\']({self._UUID_RE})',
-                rf'CWTV\.Site\.viewInAppURL\s*=\s*["\']/shows/[\w-]+/watch-in-app/\?play=({self._UUID_RE})',
-            ], webpage, 'video ID'))
-
-        return self.url_result(
-            f'https://www.cwtv.com/shows/{display_id}/{display_id}/?play={video_id}', CWTVIE, video_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dacast.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dacast.py
index 537352e5f7..ffc7ca8246 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dacast.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dacast.py
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     classproperty,
     float_or_none,
+    parse_qs,
     traverse_obj,
     url_or_none,
 )
@@ -91,11 +92,15 @@ class DacastVODIE(DacastBaseIE):
         # Rotates every so often, but hardcode a fallback in case of JS change/breakage before rotation
         return self._search_regex(
             r'\bUSP_SIGNING_SECRET\s*=\s*(["\'])(?P<secret>(?:(?!\1).)+)', player_js,
-            'usp signing secret', group='secret', fatal=False) or 'odnInCGqhvtyRTtIiddxtuRtawYYICZP'
+            'usp signing secret', group='secret', fatal=False) or 'hGDtqMKYVeFdofrAfFmBcrsakaZELajI'
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         user_id, video_id = self._match_valid_url(url).group('user_id', 'id')
-        query = {'contentId': f'{user_id}-vod-{video_id}', 'provider': 'universe'}
+        query = {
+            'contentId': f'{user_id}-vod-{video_id}',
+            'provider': 'universe',
+            **traverse_obj(url, ({parse_qs}, 'uss_token', {'signedKey': -1})),
+        }
         info = self._download_json(self._API_INFO_URL, video_id, query=query, fatal=False)
         access = self._download_json(
             'https://playback.dacast.com/content/access', video_id,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dailymail.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dailymail.py
index 540676ac0f..3058a0f7b5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dailymail.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dailymail.py
@@ -19,11 +19,22 @@ class DailyMailIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'The Mountain appears in sparkling water ad for \'Heavy Bubbles\'',
             'description': 'md5:a93d74b6da172dd5dc4d973e0b766a84',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.dailymail\.co\.uk/.+\.jpg',
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.dailymail.co.uk/embed/video/1295863.html',
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.daily-news.gr/lifestyle/%ce%b7-%cf%84%cf%81%ce%b1%ce%b3%ce%bf%cf%85%ce%b4%ce%af%cf%83%cf%84%cf%81%ce%b9%ce%b1-jessie-j-%ce%bc%ce%bf%ce%b9%cf%81%ce%ac%cf%83%cf%84%ce%b7%ce%ba%ce%b5-%cf%83%cf%85%ce%b3%ce%ba%ce%bb%ce%bf%ce%bd/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '3463585',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Jessie J reveals she has undergone surgery as she shares clips',
+            'description': 'md5:9fa9a25feca5b656b0b4a39c922fad1e',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.dailymail\.co\.uk/.+\.jpg',
+        },
+    }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dailymotion.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dailymotion.py
index a81f0a26dd..017dbd50f9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dailymotion.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dailymotion.py
@@ -119,13 +119,14 @@ class DailymotionIE(DailymotionBaseInfoExtractor):
     _EMBED_REGEX = [rf'(?ix)<(?:(?:embed|iframe)[^>]+?src=|input[^>]+id=[\'"]dmcloudUrlEmissionSelect[\'"][^>]+value=)["\'](?P<url>{_VALID_URL[5:]})']
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x5kesuj_office-christmas-party-review-jason-bateman-olivia-munn-t-j-miller_news',
-        'md5': '074b95bdee76b9e3654137aee9c79dfe',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'x5kesuj',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Office Christmas Party Review –  Jason Bateman, Olivia Munn, T.J. Miller',
             'description': 'Office Christmas Party Review - Jason Bateman, Olivia Munn, T.J. Miller',
             'duration': 187,
+            'tags': 'count:5',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://s[12]\.dmcdn\.net/v/.+',
             'timestamp': 1493651285,
             'upload_date': '20170501',
             'uploader': 'Deadline',
@@ -133,18 +134,17 @@ class DailymotionIE(DailymotionBaseInfoExtractor):
             'age_limit': 0,
             'view_count': int,
             'like_count': int,
-            'tags': ['hollywood', 'celeb', 'celebrity', 'movies', 'red carpet'],
-            'thumbnail': r're:https://(?:s[12]\.)dmcdn\.net/v/K456B1cmt4ZcZ9KiM/x1080',
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://geo.dailymotion.com/player.html?video=x89eyek&mute=true',
-        'md5': 'e2f9717c6604773f963f069ca53a07f8',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'x89eyek',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': "En quête d'esprit du 27/03/2022",
+            'title': 'En quête d\'esprit du 27/03/2022',
             'description': 'md5:66542b9f4df2eb23f314fc097488e553',
             'duration': 2756,
+            'tags': 'count:1',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://s[12]\.dmcdn\.net/v/.+',
             'timestamp': 1648383669,
             'upload_date': '20220327',
             'uploader': 'CNEWS',
@@ -152,8 +152,6 @@ class DailymotionIE(DailymotionBaseInfoExtractor):
             'age_limit': 0,
             'view_count': int,
             'like_count': int,
-            'tags': ['en_quete_d_esprit'],
-            'thumbnail': r're:https://(?:s[12]\.)dmcdn\.net/v/Tncwi1clTH6StrxMP/x1080',
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x2iuewm_steam-machine-models-pricing-listed-on-steam-store-ign-news_videogames',
@@ -163,8 +161,8 @@ class DailymotionIE(DailymotionBaseInfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Steam Machine Models, Pricing Listed on Steam Store - IGN News',
             'description': 'Several come bundled with the Steam Controller.',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?:.*\.(?:jpg|png)$',
             'duration': 74,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://s[12]\.dmcdn\.net/v/.+',
             'timestamp': 1425657362,
             'upload_date': '20150306',
             'uploader': 'IGN',
@@ -173,20 +171,6 @@ class DailymotionIE(DailymotionBaseInfoExtractor):
             'view_count': int,
         },
         'skip': 'video gone',
-    }, {
-        # Vevo video
-        'url': 'http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x149uew_katy-perry-roar-official_musi',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'title': 'Roar (Official)',
-            'id': 'USUV71301934',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'uploader': 'Katy Perry',
-            'upload_date': '20130905',
-        },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
-        'skip': 'VEVO is only available in some countries',
     }, {
         # age-restricted video
         'url': 'http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xyh2zz_leanna-decker-cyber-girl-of-the-year-desires-nude-playboy-plus_redband',
@@ -259,9 +243,9 @@ class DailymotionIE(DailymotionBaseInfoExtractor):
             'uploader_id': 'x2vtgmm',
             'age_limit': 0,
             'tags': [],
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://s[12]\.dmcdn\.net/v/.+',
             'view_count': int,
             'like_count': int,
-            'thumbnail': r're:https://\w+.dmcdn.net/v/WnEY61cmvMxt2Fi6d/x1080',
         },
     }, {
         # https://geo.dailymotion.com/player/xf7zn.html?playlist=x7wdsj
@@ -276,18 +260,18 @@ class DailymotionIE(DailymotionBaseInfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'x8u4owg',
             'ext': 'mp4',
+            'description': 'À bord du « véloto », l’alternative à la voiture pour la campagne',
             'like_count': int,
             'uploader': 'Le Parisien',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://www.leparisien.fr/resizer/ho_GwveeYftNkLwg_cEta--5Bv4=/1200x675/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/leparisien/BFXJNEBN75EUNHGYJLORUC3TX4.jpg',
             'upload_date': '20240309',
             'view_count': int,
+            'tags': 'count:7',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://www\.leparisien\.fr/.+\.jpg',
             'timestamp': 1709997866,
             'age_limit': 0,
             'uploader_id': 'x32f7b',
             'title': 'VIDÉO. Le «\xa0véloto\xa0», la voiture à pédales qui aimerait se faire une place sur les routes',
             'duration': 428.0,
-            'description': 'À bord du « véloto », l’alternative à la voiture pour la campagne',
-            'tags': ['biclou', 'vélo', 'véloto', 'campagne', 'voiture', 'environnement', 'véhicules intermédiaires'],
         },
     }, {
         # https://geo.dailymotion.com/player/xry80.html?video=x8vu47w
@@ -297,9 +281,9 @@ class DailymotionIE(DailymotionBaseInfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'like_count': int,
             'uploader': 'Metatube',
-            'thumbnail': r're:https://\w+.dmcdn.net/v/W1G_S1coGSFTfkTeR/x1080',
             'upload_date': '20240326',
             'view_count': int,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://s[12]\.dmcdn\.net/v/.+',
             'timestamp': 1711496732,
             'age_limit': 0,
             'uploader_id': 'x2xpy74',
@@ -308,6 +292,7 @@ class DailymotionIE(DailymotionBaseInfoExtractor):
             'description': 'Que lindura',
             'tags': [],
         },
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
     }, {
         # //geo.dailymotion.com/player/xysxq.html?video=k2Y4Mjp7krAF9iCuINM
         'url': 'https://lcp.fr/programmes/avant-la-catastrophe-la-naissance-de-la-dictature-nazie-1933-1936-346819',
@@ -322,11 +307,30 @@ class DailymotionIE(DailymotionBaseInfoExtractor):
             'like_count': int,
             'age_limit': 0,
             'duration': 3220,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://s1.dmcdn.net/v/Xvumk1djJBUZfjj2a/x1080',
             'tags': [],
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://s[12]\.dmcdn\.net/v/.+',
             'timestamp': 1739919947,
             'upload_date': '20250218',
         },
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://forum.ionicframework.com/t/ionic-2-jw-player-dailymotion-player/83248',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'xwr14q',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Macklemore & Ryan Lewis - Thrift Shop (feat. Wanz)',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'description': 'md5:47fbe168b5a6ddc4a205e20dd6c841b2',
+            'duration': 234,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'tags': 'count:5',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://s[12]\.dmcdn\.net/v/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1358177670,
+            'upload_date': '20130114',
+            'uploader': 'Macklemore Official',
+            'uploader_id': 'x19qlwr',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
     }]
     _GEO_BYPASS = False
     _COMMON_MEDIA_FIELDS = '''description
@@ -540,7 +544,7 @@ class DailymotionSearchIE(DailymotionPlaylistBaseIE):
             'id': 'king of turtles',
             'title': 'king of turtles',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 90,
+        'playlist_mincount': 0,
     }]
     _SEARCH_QUERY = 'query SEARCH_QUERY( $query: String! $page: Int $limit: Int ) { search { videos( query: $query first: $limit page: $page ) { edges { node { xid } } } } } '
 
@@ -584,7 +588,7 @@ class DailymotionUserIE(DailymotionPlaylistBaseIE):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'nqtv',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 152,
+        'playlist_mincount': 148,
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.dailymotion.com/user/UnderProject',
         'info_dict': {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dangalplay.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dangalplay.py
index f7b243234a..3b0dc1f607 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dangalplay.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dangalplay.py
@@ -11,8 +11,14 @@ from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 
 class DangalPlayBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     _NETRC_MACHINE = 'dangalplay'
+    _REGION = 'IN'
     _OTV_USER_ID = None
-    _LOGIN_HINT = 'Pass credentials as -u "token" -p "USER_ID" where USER_ID is the `otv_user_id` in browser local storage'
+    _LOGIN_HINT = (
+        'Pass credentials as -u "token" -p "USER_ID" '
+        '(where USER_ID is the value of "otv_user_id" in your browser local storage). '
+        'Your login region can be optionally suffixed to the username as @REGION '
+        '(where REGION is the two-letter "region" code found in your browser local storage), '
+        'e.g.: -u "token@IN" -p "USER_ID"')
     _API_BASE = 'https://ottapi.dangalplay.com'
     _AUTH_TOKEN = 'jqeGWxRKK7FK5zEk3xCM'  # from https://www.dangalplay.com/main.48ad19e24eb46acccef3.js
     _SECRET_KEY = 'f53d31a4377e4ef31fa0'  # same as above
@@ -20,8 +26,12 @@ class DangalPlayBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _perform_login(self, username, password):
         if self._OTV_USER_ID:
             return
-        if username != 'token' or not re.fullmatch(r'[\da-f]{32}', password):
+        mobj = re.fullmatch(r'token(?:@(?P<region>[A-Z]{2}))?', username)
+        if not mobj or not re.fullmatch(r'[\da-f]{32}', password):
             raise ExtractorError(self._LOGIN_HINT, expected=True)
+        if region := mobj.group('region'):
+            self._REGION = region
+        self.write_debug(f'Setting login region to "{self._REGION}"')
         self._OTV_USER_ID = password
 
     def _real_initialize(self):
@@ -52,7 +62,7 @@ class DangalPlayBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             f'{self._API_BASE}/{path}', display_id, note, fatal=fatal,
             headers={'Accept': 'application/json'}, query={
                 'auth_token': self._AUTH_TOKEN,
-                'region': 'IN',
+                'region': self._REGION,
                 **query,
             })
 
@@ -106,7 +116,7 @@ class DangalPlayIE(DangalPlayBaseIE):
             'catalog_id': catalog_id,
             'content_id': content_id,
             'category': '',
-            'region': 'IN',
+            'region': self._REGION,
             'auth_token': self._AUTH_TOKEN,
             'id': self._OTV_USER_ID,
             'md5': hashlib.md5(unhashed.encode()).hexdigest(),
@@ -129,11 +139,14 @@ class DangalPlayIE(DangalPlayBaseIE):
         except ExtractorError as e:
             if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 422:
                 error_info = traverse_obj(e.cause.response.read().decode(), ({json.loads}, 'error', {dict})) or {}
-                if error_info.get('code') == '1016':
+                error_code = error_info.get('code')
+                if error_code == '1016':
                     self.raise_login_required(
                         f'Your token has expired or is invalid. {self._LOGIN_HINT}', method=None)
-                elif msg := error_info.get('message'):
-                    raise ExtractorError(msg)
+                elif error_code == '4028':
+                    self.raise_login_required(
+                        f'Your login region is unspecified or incorrect. {self._LOGIN_HINT}', method=None)
+                raise ExtractorError(join_nonempty(error_code, error_info.get('message'), delim=': '))
             raise
 
         m3u8_url = traverse_obj(details, (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dbtv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dbtv.py
index 795fbacc41..ff93c642d2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dbtv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dbtv.py
@@ -12,13 +12,13 @@ class DBTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Skulle teste ut fornøyelsespark, men kollegaen var bare opptatt av bikinikroppen',
             'description': 'md5:49cc8370e7d66e8a2ef15c3b4631fd3f',
-            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.jpg',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
             'upload_date': '20160916',
             'duration': 69,
             'uploader_id': 'UCk5pvsyZJoYJBd7_oFPTlRQ',
             'uploader': 'Dagbladet',
         },
-        'add_ie': ['Youtube'],
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.dagbladet.no/video/embed/xlGmyIeN9Jo/?autoplay=false',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -26,6 +26,20 @@ class DBTVIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'https://www.dagbladet.no/video/truer-iran-bor-passe-dere/PalfB2Cw',
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        # FIXME: Embed detection
+        'url': 'https://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/rekordstort-russisk-angrep/83325693',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '1HW7fYry',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Putin taler - så skjer dette',
+            'description': 'md5:3e8bacee33de861a9663d9a3fcc54e5e',
+            'display_id': 'putin-taler-sa-skjer-dette',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://cdn\.jwplayer\.com/v2/media/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1751043600,
+            'upload_date': '20250627',
+        },
+    }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id, video_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/deezer.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/deezer.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 2ca8be5ca0..0000000000
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/deezer.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,142 +0,0 @@
-import json
-
-from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import (
-    ExtractorError,
-    int_or_none,
-    orderedSet,
-)
-
-
-class DeezerBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
-    def get_data(self, url):
-        if not self.get_param('test'):
-            self.report_warning('For now, this extractor only supports the 30 second previews. Patches welcome!')
-
-        mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
-        data_id = mobj.group('id')
-
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, data_id)
-        geoblocking_msg = self._html_search_regex(
-            r'<p class="soon-txt">(.*?)</p>', webpage, 'geoblocking message',
-            default=None)
-        if geoblocking_msg is not None:
-            raise ExtractorError(
-                f'Deezer said: {geoblocking_msg}', expected=True)
-
-        data_json = self._search_regex(
-            (r'__DZR_APP_STATE__\s*=\s*({.+?})\s*</script>',
-             r'naboo\.display\(\'[^\']+\',\s*(.*?)\);\n'),
-            webpage, 'data JSON')
-        data = json.loads(data_json)
-        return data_id, webpage, data
-
-
-class DeezerPlaylistIE(DeezerBaseInfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?deezer\.com/(../)?playlist/(?P<id>[0-9]+)'
-    _TEST = {
-        'url': 'http://www.deezer.com/playlist/176747451',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '176747451',
-            'title': 'Best!',
-            'uploader': 'anonymous',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://(e-)?cdns-images\.dzcdn\.net/images/cover/.*\.jpg$',
-        },
-        'playlist_count': 29,
-    }
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        playlist_id, webpage, data = self.get_data(url)
-
-        playlist_title = data.get('DATA', {}).get('TITLE')
-        playlist_uploader = data.get('DATA', {}).get('PARENT_USERNAME')
-        playlist_thumbnail = self._search_regex(
-            r'<img id="naboo_playlist_image".*?src="([^"]+)"', webpage,
-            'playlist thumbnail')
-
-        entries = []
-        for s in data.get('SONGS', {}).get('data'):
-            formats = [{
-                'format_id': 'preview',
-                'url': s.get('MEDIA', [{}])[0].get('HREF'),
-                'preference': -100,  # Only the first 30 seconds
-                'ext': 'mp3',
-            }]
-            artists = ', '.join(
-                orderedSet(a.get('ART_NAME') for a in s.get('ARTISTS')))
-            entries.append({
-                'id': s.get('SNG_ID'),
-                'duration': int_or_none(s.get('DURATION')),
-                'title': '{} - {}'.format(artists, s.get('SNG_TITLE')),
-                'uploader': s.get('ART_NAME'),
-                'uploader_id': s.get('ART_ID'),
-                'age_limit': 16 if s.get('EXPLICIT_LYRICS') == '1' else 0,
-                'formats': formats,
-            })
-
-        return {
-            '_type': 'playlist',
-            'id': playlist_id,
-            'title': playlist_title,
-            'uploader': playlist_uploader,
-            'thumbnail': playlist_thumbnail,
-            'entries': entries,
-        }
-
-
-class DeezerAlbumIE(DeezerBaseInfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?deezer\.com/(../)?album/(?P<id>[0-9]+)'
-    _TEST = {
-        'url': 'https://www.deezer.com/fr/album/67505622',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '67505622',
-            'title': 'Last Week',
-            'uploader': 'Home Brew',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://(e-)?cdns-images\.dzcdn\.net/images/cover/.*\.jpg$',
-        },
-        'playlist_count': 7,
-    }
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        album_id, webpage, data = self.get_data(url)
-
-        album_title = data.get('DATA', {}).get('ALB_TITLE')
-        album_uploader = data.get('DATA', {}).get('ART_NAME')
-        album_thumbnail = self._search_regex(
-            r'<img id="naboo_album_image".*?src="([^"]+)"', webpage,
-            'album thumbnail')
-
-        entries = []
-        for s in data.get('SONGS', {}).get('data'):
-            formats = [{
-                'format_id': 'preview',
-                'url': s.get('MEDIA', [{}])[0].get('HREF'),
-                'preference': -100,  # Only the first 30 seconds
-                'ext': 'mp3',
-            }]
-            artists = ', '.join(
-                orderedSet(a.get('ART_NAME') for a in s.get('ARTISTS')))
-            entries.append({
-                'id': s.get('SNG_ID'),
-                'duration': int_or_none(s.get('DURATION')),
-                'title': '{} - {}'.format(artists, s.get('SNG_TITLE')),
-                'uploader': s.get('ART_NAME'),
-                'uploader_id': s.get('ART_ID'),
-                'age_limit': 16 if s.get('EXPLICIT_LYRICS') == '1' else 0,
-                'formats': formats,
-                'track': s.get('SNG_TITLE'),
-                'track_number': int_or_none(s.get('TRACK_NUMBER')),
-                'track_id': s.get('SNG_ID'),
-                'artist': album_uploader,
-                'album': album_title,
-                'album_artist': album_uploader,
-            })
-
-        return {
-            '_type': 'playlist',
-            'id': album_id,
-            'title': album_title,
-            'uploader': album_uploader,
-            'thumbnail': album_thumbnail,
-            'entries': entries,
-        }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/digitalconcerthall.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/digitalconcerthall.py
index 4c4fe470da..be16f5e873 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/digitalconcerthall.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/digitalconcerthall.py
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
+    determine_ext,
     jwt_decode_hs256,
     parse_codecs,
     try_get,
@@ -222,11 +223,18 @@ class DigitalConcertHallIE(InfoExtractor):
                     raise
 
             formats = []
-            for m3u8_url in traverse_obj(stream_info, ('channel', ..., 'stream', ..., 'url', {url_or_none})):
-                formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(m3u8_url, video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False))
-            for fmt in formats:
-                if fmt.get('format_note') and fmt.get('vcodec') == 'none':
-                    fmt.update(parse_codecs(fmt['format_note']))
+            for fmt_url in traverse_obj(stream_info, ('channel', ..., 'stream', ..., 'url', {url_or_none})):
+                ext = determine_ext(fmt_url)
+                if ext == 'm3u8':
+                    fmts = self._extract_m3u8_formats(fmt_url, video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False)
+                    for fmt in fmts:
+                        if fmt.get('format_note') and fmt.get('vcodec') == 'none':
+                            fmt.update(parse_codecs(fmt['format_note']))
+                    formats.extend(fmts)
+                elif ext == 'mpd':
+                    formats.extend(self._extract_mpd_formats(fmt_url, video_id, mpd_id='dash', fatal=False))
+                else:
+                    self.report_warning(f'Skipping unsupported format extension "{ext}"')
 
             yield {
                 'id': video_id,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/douyutv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/douyutv.py
index e36eac9193..68ace240c7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/douyutv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/douyutv.py
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ class DouyuTVIE(DouyuBaseIE):
             'is_live': True,
             **traverse_obj(room, {
                 'display_id': ('url', {str}, {lambda i: i[1:]}),
-                'title': ('room_name', {unescapeHTML}),
+                'title': ('room_name', {str}, {unescapeHTML}),
                 'description': ('show_details', {str}),
                 'uploader': ('nickname', {str}),
                 'thumbnail': ('room_src', {url_or_none}),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dreisat.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dreisat.py
index 376ff672df..fb8a8e87ce 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dreisat.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dreisat.py
@@ -1,9 +1,15 @@
 from .zdf import ZDFBaseIE
+from ..utils import (
+    int_or_none,
+    merge_dicts,
+    parse_iso8601,
+)
+from ..utils.traversal import require, traverse_obj
 
 
 class DreiSatIE(ZDFBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = '3sat'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?3sat\.de/(?:[^/]+/)*(?P<id>[^/?#&]+)\.html'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?3sat\.de/(?:[^/?#]+/)*(?P<id>[^/?#&]+)\.html'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.3sat.de/dokumentation/reise/traumziele-suedostasiens-die-philippinen-und-vietnam-102.html',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -12,40 +18,59 @@ class DreiSatIE(ZDFBaseIE):
             'title': 'Traumziele Südostasiens (1/2): Die Philippinen und Vietnam',
             'description': 'md5:26329ce5197775b596773b939354079d',
             'duration': 2625.0,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://www.3sat.de/assets/traumziele-suedostasiens-die-philippinen-und-vietnam-100~2400x1350?cb=1699870351148',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://www.3sat.de/assets/traumziele-suedostasiens-die-philippinen-und-vietnam-100~original?cb=1699870351148',
             'episode': 'Traumziele Südostasiens (1/2): Die Philippinen und Vietnam',
             'episode_id': 'POS_cc7ff51c-98cf-4d12-b99d-f7a551de1c95',
-            'timestamp': 1738593000,
-            'upload_date': '20250203',
+            'timestamp': 1747920900,
+            'upload_date': '20250522',
         },
     }, {
-        # Same as https://www.zdf.de/dokumentation/ab-18/10-wochen-sommer-102.html
-        'url': 'https://www.3sat.de/film/ab-18/10-wochen-sommer-108.html',
-        'md5': '0aff3e7bc72c8813f5e0fae333316a1d',
+        'url': 'https://www.3sat.de/film/ab-18/ab-18---mein-fremdes-ich-100.html',
+        'md5': 'f92638413a11d759bdae95c9d8ec165c',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '141007_ab18_10wochensommer_film',
+            'id': '221128_mein_fremdes_ich2_ab18',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Ab 18! - 10 Wochen Sommer',
-            'description': 'md5:8253f41dc99ce2c3ff892dac2d65fe26',
-            'duration': 2660,
-            'timestamp': 1608604200,
-            'upload_date': '20201222',
+            'title': 'Ab 18! - Mein fremdes Ich',
+            'description': 'md5:cae0c0b27b7426d62ca0dda181738bf0',
+            'duration': 2625.0,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://www.3sat.de/assets/ab-18---mein-fremdes-ich-106~original?cb=1666081865812',
+            'episode': 'Ab 18! - Mein fremdes Ich',
+            'episode_id': 'POS_6225d1ca-a0d5-45e3-870b-e783ee6c8a3f',
+            'timestamp': 1695081600,
+            'upload_date': '20230919',
         },
-        'skip': '410 Gone',
     }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.3sat.de/gesellschaft/schweizweit/waidmannsheil-100.html',
+        'url': 'https://www.3sat.de/gesellschaft/37-grad-leben/aus-dem-leben-gerissen-102.html',
+        'md5': 'a903eaf8d1fd635bd3317cd2ad87ec84',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '140913_sendung_schweizweit',
+            'id': '250323_0903_sendung_sgl',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Waidmannsheil',
-            'description': 'md5:cce00ca1d70e21425e72c86a98a56817',
-            'timestamp': 1410623100,
-            'upload_date': '20140913',
+            'title': 'Plötzlich ohne dich',
+            'description': 'md5:380cc10659289dd91510ad8fa717c66b',
+            'duration': 1620.0,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://www.3sat.de/assets/37-grad-leben-106~original?cb=1645537156810',
+            'episode': 'Plötzlich ohne dich',
+            'episode_id': 'POS_faa7a93c-c0f2-4d51-823f-ce2ac3ee191b',
+            'timestamp': 1743162540,
+            'upload_date': '20250328',
         },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,
+    }, {
+        # Video with chapters
+        'url': 'https://www.3sat.de/kultur/buchmesse/dein-buch-das-beste-von-der-leipziger-buchmesse-2025-teil-1-100.html',
+        'md5': '6b95790ce52e75f0d050adcdd2711ee6',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '250330_dein_buch1_bum',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'dein buch  - Das Beste von der Leipziger Buchmesse 2025 - Teil 1',
+            'description': 'md5:bae51bfc22f15563ce3acbf97d2e8844',
+            'duration': 5399.0,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://www.3sat.de/assets/buchmesse-kerkeling-100~original?cb=1747256996338',
+            'chapters': 'count:24',
+            'episode': 'dein buch  - Das Beste von der Leipziger Buchmesse 2025 - Teil 1',
+            'episode_id': 'POS_1ef236cc-b390-401e-acd0-4fb4b04315fb',
+            'timestamp': 1743327000,
+            'upload_date': '20250330',
         },
-        'skip': '404 Not Found',
     }, {
         # Same as https://www.zdf.de/filme/filme-sonstige/der-hauptmann-112.html
         'url': 'https://www.3sat.de/film/spielfilm/der-hauptmann-100.html',
@@ -58,11 +83,42 @@ class DreiSatIE(ZDFBaseIE):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
+        player = self._search_json(
+            r'data-zdfplayer-jsb=(["\'])', webpage, 'player JSON', video_id)
+        player_url = player['content']
+        api_token = f'Bearer {player["apiToken"]}'
+
+        content = self._call_api(player_url, video_id, 'video metadata', api_token)
 
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id, fatal=False)
-        if webpage:
-            player = self._extract_player(webpage, url, fatal=False)
-            if player:
-                return self._extract_regular(url, player, video_id)
+        video_target = content['mainVideoContent']['http://zdf.de/rels/target']
+        ptmd_path = traverse_obj(video_target, (
+            (('streams', 'default'), None),
+            ('http://zdf.de/rels/streams/ptmd', 'http://zdf.de/rels/streams/ptmd-template'),
+            {str}, any, {require('ptmd path')}))
+        ptmd_url = self._expand_ptmd_template(player_url, ptmd_path)
+        aspect_ratio = self._parse_aspect_ratio(video_target.get('aspectRatio'))
+        info = self._extract_ptmd(ptmd_url, video_id, api_token, aspect_ratio)
 
-        return self._extract_mobile(video_id)
+        return merge_dicts(info, {
+            **traverse_obj(content, {
+                'title': (('title', 'teaserHeadline'), {str}, any),
+                'episode': (('title', 'teaserHeadline'), {str}, any),
+                'description': (('leadParagraph', 'teasertext'), {str}, any),
+                'timestamp': ('editorialDate', {parse_iso8601}),
+            }),
+            **traverse_obj(video_target, {
+                'duration': ('duration', {int_or_none}),
+                'chapters': ('streamAnchorTag', {self._extract_chapters}),
+            }),
+            'thumbnails': self._extract_thumbnails(traverse_obj(content, ('teaserImageRef', 'layouts', {dict}))),
+            **traverse_obj(content, ('programmeItem', 0, 'http://zdf.de/rels/target', {
+                'series_id': ('http://zdf.de/rels/cmdm/series', 'seriesUuid', {str}),
+                'series': ('http://zdf.de/rels/cmdm/series', 'seriesTitle', {str}),
+                'season': ('http://zdf.de/rels/cmdm/season', 'seasonTitle', {str}),
+                'season_number': ('http://zdf.de/rels/cmdm/season', 'seasonNumber', {int_or_none}),
+                'season_id': ('http://zdf.de/rels/cmdm/season', 'seasonUuid', {str}),
+                'episode_number': ('episodeNumber', {int_or_none}),
+                'episode_id': ('contentId', {str}),
+            })),
+        })
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/eagleplatform.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/eagleplatform.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 685f8c0590..0000000000
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/eagleplatform.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,215 +0,0 @@
-import functools
-import re
-
-from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
-from ..utils import (
-    ExtractorError,
-    int_or_none,
-    smuggle_url,
-    unsmuggle_url,
-    url_or_none,
-)
-
-
-class EaglePlatformIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
-                    (?:
-                        eagleplatform:(?P<custom_host>[^/]+):|
-                        https?://(?P<host>.+?\.media\.eagleplatform\.com)/index/player\?.*\brecord_id=
-                    )
-                    (?P<id>\d+)
-                '''
-    _EMBED_REGEX = [r'<iframe[^>]+src=(["\'])(?P<url>(?:https?:)?//.+?\.media\.eagleplatform\.com/index/player\?.+?)\1']
-    _TESTS = [{
-        # http://lenta.ru/news/2015/03/06/navalny/
-        'url': 'http://lentaru.media.eagleplatform.com/index/player?player=new&record_id=227304&player_template_id=5201',
-        # Not checking MD5 as sometimes the direct HTTP link results in 404 and HLS is used
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '227304',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': '�авальный вышел на �вободу',
-            'description': 'md5:d97861ac9ae77377f3f20eaf9d04b4f5',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-            'duration': 87,
-            'view_count': int,
-            'age_limit': 0,
-        },
-    }, {
-        # http://muz-tv.ru/play/7129/
-        # http://media.clipyou.ru/index/player?record_id=12820&width=730&height=415&autoplay=true
-        'url': 'eagleplatform:media.clipyou.ru:12820',
-        'md5': '358597369cf8ba56675c1df15e7af624',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '12820',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': "'O Sole Mio",
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-            'duration': 216,
-            'view_count': int,
-        },
-        'skip': 'Georestricted',
-    }, {
-        # referrer protected video (https://tvrain.ru/lite/teleshow/kak_vse_nachinalos/namin-418921/)
-        'url': 'eagleplatform:tvrainru.media.eagleplatform.com:582306',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-
-    @classmethod
-    def _extract_embed_urls(cls, url, webpage):
-        add_referer = functools.partial(smuggle_url, data={'referrer': url})
-
-        res = tuple(super()._extract_embed_urls(url, webpage))
-        if res:
-            return map(add_referer, res)
-
-        PLAYER_JS_RE = r'''
-                        <script[^>]+
-                            src=(?P<qjs>["\'])(?:https?:)?//(?P<host>(?:(?!(?P=qjs)).)+\.media\.eagleplatform\.com)/player/player\.js(?P=qjs)
-                        .+?
-                    '''
-        # "Basic usage" embedding (see http://dultonmedia.github.io/eplayer/)
-        mobj = re.search(
-            rf'''(?xs)
-                    {PLAYER_JS_RE}
-                    <div[^>]+
-                        class=(?P<qclass>["\'])eagleplayer(?P=qclass)[^>]+
-                        data-id=["\'](?P<id>\d+)
-            ''', webpage)
-        if mobj is not None:
-            return [add_referer('eagleplatform:{host}:{id}'.format(**mobj.groupdict()))]
-        # Generalization of "Javascript code usage", "Combined usage" and
-        # "Usage without attaching to DOM" embeddings (see
-        # http://dultonmedia.github.io/eplayer/)
-        mobj = re.search(
-            r'''(?xs)
-                    %s
-                    <script>
-                    .+?
-                    new\s+EaglePlayer\(
-                        (?:[^,]+\s*,\s*)?
-                        {
-                            .+?
-                            \bid\s*:\s*["\']?(?P<id>\d+)
-                            .+?
-                        }
-                    \s*\)
-                    .+?
-                    </script>
-            ''' % PLAYER_JS_RE, webpage)  # noqa: UP031
-        if mobj is not None:
-            return [add_referer('eagleplatform:{host}:{id}'.format(**mobj.groupdict()))]
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _handle_error(response):
-        status = int_or_none(response.get('status', 200))
-        if status != 200:
-            raise ExtractorError(' '.join(response['errors']), expected=True)
-
-    def _download_json(self, url_or_request, video_id, *args, **kwargs):
-        try:
-            response = super()._download_json(
-                url_or_request, video_id, *args, **kwargs)
-        except ExtractorError as ee:
-            if isinstance(ee.cause, HTTPError):
-                response = self._parse_json(ee.cause.response.read().decode('utf-8'), video_id)
-                self._handle_error(response)
-            raise
-        return response
-
-    def _get_video_url(self, url_or_request, video_id, note='Downloading JSON metadata'):
-        return self._download_json(url_or_request, video_id, note)['data'][0]
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        url, smuggled_data = unsmuggle_url(url, {})
-
-        mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
-        host, video_id = mobj.group('custom_host') or mobj.group('host'), mobj.group('id')
-
-        headers = {}
-        query = {
-            'id': video_id,
-        }
-
-        referrer = smuggled_data.get('referrer')
-        if referrer:
-            headers['Referer'] = referrer
-            query['referrer'] = referrer
-
-        player_data = self._download_json(
-            f'http://{host}/api/player_data', video_id,
-            headers=headers, query=query)
-
-        media = player_data['data']['playlist']['viewports'][0]['medialist'][0]
-
-        title = media['title']
-        description = media.get('description')
-        thumbnail = self._proto_relative_url(media.get('snapshot'), 'http:')
-        duration = int_or_none(media.get('duration'))
-        view_count = int_or_none(media.get('views'))
-
-        age_restriction = media.get('age_restriction')
-        age_limit = None
-        if age_restriction:
-            age_limit = 0 if age_restriction == 'allow_all' else 18
-
-        secure_m3u8 = self._proto_relative_url(media['sources']['secure_m3u8']['auto'], 'http:')
-
-        formats = []
-
-        m3u8_url = self._get_video_url(secure_m3u8, video_id, 'Downloading m3u8 JSON')
-        m3u8_formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-            m3u8_url, video_id, 'mp4', entry_protocol='m3u8_native',
-            m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False)
-        formats.extend(m3u8_formats)
-
-        m3u8_formats_dict = {}
-        for f in m3u8_formats:
-            if f.get('height') is not None:
-                m3u8_formats_dict[f['height']] = f
-
-        mp4_data = self._download_json(
-            # Secure mp4 URL is constructed according to Player.prototype.mp4 from
-            # http://lentaru.media.eagleplatform.com/player/player.js
-            re.sub(r'm3u8|hlsvod|hls|f4m', 'mp4s', secure_m3u8),
-            video_id, 'Downloading mp4 JSON', fatal=False)
-        if mp4_data:
-            for format_id, format_url in mp4_data.get('data', {}).items():
-                if not url_or_none(format_url):
-                    continue
-                height = int_or_none(format_id)
-                if height is not None and m3u8_formats_dict.get(height):
-                    f = m3u8_formats_dict[height].copy()
-                    f.update({
-                        'format_id': f['format_id'].replace('hls', 'http'),
-                        'protocol': 'http',
-                    })
-                else:
-                    f = {
-                        'format_id': f'http-{format_id}',
-                        'height': int_or_none(format_id),
-                    }
-                f['url'] = format_url
-                formats.append(f)
-
-        return {
-            'id': video_id,
-            'title': title,
-            'description': description,
-            'thumbnail': thumbnail,
-            'duration': duration,
-            'view_count': view_count,
-            'age_limit': age_limit,
-            'formats': formats,
-        }
-
-
-class ClipYouEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = False
-
-    @classmethod
-    def _extract_embed_urls(cls, url, webpage):
-        mobj = re.search(
-            r'<iframe[^>]+src="https?://(?P<host>media\.clipyou\.ru)/index/player\?.*\brecord_id=(?P<id>\d+).*"', webpage)
-        if mobj is not None:
-            yield smuggle_url('eagleplatform:{host}:{id}'.format(**mobj.groupdict()), {'referrer': url})
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ertgr.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ertgr.py
index 6f3f60ff43..ba68d5324d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ertgr.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ertgr.py
@@ -64,14 +64,12 @@ class ERTFlixCodenameIE(ERTFlixBaseIE):
     _VALID_URL = r'ertflix:(?P<id>[\w-]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'ertflix:monogramma-praxitelis-tzanoylinos',
-        'md5': '5b9c2cd171f09126167e4082fc1dd0ef',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'monogramma-praxitelis-tzanoylinos',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'md5:ef0b439902963d56c43ac83c3f41dd0e',
+            'title': 'monogramma-praxitelis-tzanoylinos',
         },
-    },
-    ]
+    }]
 
     def _extract_formats_and_subs(self, video_id):
         media_info = self._call_api(video_id, codename=video_id)
@@ -131,13 +129,14 @@ class ERTFlixIE(ERTFlixBaseIE):
             'duration': 3166,
             'age_limit': 8,
         },
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.ertflix.gr/series/ser.3448-monogramma',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'ser.3448',
             'age_limit': 8,
-            'description': 'Η εκπομπή σα�άντα ετών που σημάδεψε τον πολιτισμό μας.',
-            'title': 'Μονόγ�αμμα',
+            'title': 'Monogramma',
+            'description': 'md5:e30cc640e6463da87f210a8ed10b2439',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 64,
     }, {
@@ -145,28 +144,28 @@ class ERTFlixIE(ERTFlixBaseIE):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'ser.3448',
             'age_limit': 8,
-            'description': 'Η εκπομπή σα�άντα ετών που σημάδεψε τον πολιτισμό μας.',
-            'title': 'Μονόγ�αμμα',
+            'title': 'Monogramma',
+            'description': 'md5:e30cc640e6463da87f210a8ed10b2439',
         },
-        'playlist_count': 22,
+        'playlist_mincount': 66,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.ertflix.gr/series/ser.3448-monogramma?season=1&season=2021%20-%202022',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'ser.3448',
             'age_limit': 8,
-            'description': 'Η εκπομπή σα�άντα ετών που σημάδεψε τον πολιτισμό μας.',
-            'title': 'Μονόγ�αμμα',
+            'title': 'Monogramma',
+            'description': 'md5:e30cc640e6463da87f210a8ed10b2439',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 36,
+        'playlist_mincount': 25,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.ertflix.gr/series/ser.164991-to-diktuo-1?season=1-9',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'ser.164991',
             'age_limit': 8,
-            'description': 'Η π�ώτη ελληνική εκπομπή με θεματολογία αποκλειστικά γ��ω από το ίντε�νετ.',
-            'title': 'Το δίκτυο',
+            'title': 'The Network',
+            'description': 'The first Greek show featuring topics exclusively around the internet.',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 9,
+        'playlist_mincount': 0,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.ertflix.gr/en/vod/vod.127652-ta-kalytera-mas-chronia-ep1-mia-volta-sto-feggari',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -282,6 +281,16 @@ class ERTWebtvEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'thumbnail': 'https://program.ert.gr/photos/2022/1/to_diktio_ep09_i_istoria_tou_diadiktiou_stin_Ellada_1021x576.jpg',
         },
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
+    }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.ertnews.gr/video/manolis-goyalles-o-anthropos-piso-apo-ti-diadiktyaki-vasilopita/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '2022/tv/news-themata-ianouarios/20220114-apotis6-gouales-pita.mp4',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'VOD - 2022/tv/news-themata-ianouarios/20220114-apotis6-gouales-pita.mp4',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://www\.ert\.gr/themata/photos/.+\.jpg',
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/espn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/espn.py
index 552f9af12e..ceba024bc3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/espn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/espn.py
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import urllib.parse
 
 from .adobepass import AdobePassIE
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from .once import OnceIE
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
     dict_get,
@@ -16,7 +15,7 @@ from ..utils import (
 )
 
 
-class ESPNIE(OnceIE):
+class ESPNIE(InfoExtractor):
     _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
                     https?://
                         (?:
@@ -131,9 +130,7 @@ class ESPNIE(OnceIE):
                 return
             format_urls.add(source_url)
             ext = determine_ext(source_url)
-            if OnceIE.suitable(source_url):
-                formats.extend(self._extract_once_formats(source_url))
-            elif ext == 'smil':
+            if ext == 'smil':
                 formats.extend(self._extract_smil_formats(
                     source_url, video_id, fatal=False))
             elif ext == 'f4m':
@@ -332,6 +329,7 @@ class WatchESPNIE(AdobePassIE):
     }]
 
     _API_KEY = 'ZXNwbiZicm93c2VyJjEuMC4w.ptUt7QxsteaRruuPmGZFaJByOoqKvDP2a5YkInHrc7c'
+    _SOFTWARE_STATEMENT = 'eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiJ9.eyJzdWIiOiIyZGJmZWM4My03OWE1LTQyNzEtYTVmZC04NTZjYTMxMjRjNjMiLCJuYmYiOjE1NDAyMTI3NjEsImlzcyI6ImF1dGguYWRvYmUuY29tIiwiaWF0IjoxNTQwMjEyNzYxfQ.yaK3r4AI2uLVvsyN1GLzqzgzRlxMPtasSaiYYBV0wIstqih5tvjTmeoLmi8Xy9Kp_U7Md-bOffwiyK3srHkpUkhhwXLH2x6RPjmS1tPmhaG7-3LBcHTf2ySPvXhVf7cN4ngldawK4tdtLtsw6rF_JoZE2yaC6XbS2F51nXSFEDDnOQWIHEQRG3aYAj-38P2CLGf7g-Yfhbp5cKXeksHHQ90u3eOO4WH0EAjc9oO47h33U8KMEXxJbvjV5J8Va2G2fQSgLDZ013NBI3kQnE313qgqQh2feQILkyCENpB7g-TVBreAjOaH1fU471htSoGGYepcAXv-UDtpgitDiLy7CQ'
 
     def _call_bamgrid_api(self, path, video_id, payload=None, headers={}):
         if 'Authorization' not in headers:
@@ -408,8 +406,8 @@ class WatchESPNIE(AdobePassIE):
 
         # TV Provider required
         else:
-            resource = self._get_mvpd_resource('ESPN', video_data['name'], video_id, None)
-            auth = self._extract_mvpd_auth(url, video_id, 'ESPN', resource).encode()
+            resource = self._get_mvpd_resource('espn1', video_data['name'], video_id, None)
+            auth = self._extract_mvpd_auth(url, video_id, 'ESPN', resource, self._SOFTWARE_STATEMENT).encode()
 
             asset = self._download_json(
                 f'https://watch.auth.api.espn.com/video/auth/media/{video_id}/asset?apikey=uiqlbgzdwuru14v627vdusswb',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/facebook.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/facebook.py
index 24ecb03505..2c35013faa 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/facebook.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/facebook.py
@@ -81,13 +81,14 @@ class FacebookIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:34675bda53336b1d16400265c2bb9b3b',
             'uploader': 'RADIO KICKS FM',
             'upload_date': '20230818',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://scontent\.fitm\d-1\.fna\.fbcdn\.net/.+',
             'timestamp': 1692346159,
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*',
             'uploader_id': '100063551323670',
             'duration': 3133.583,
             'view_count': int,
             'concurrent_view_count': 0,
         },
+        'expected_warnings': ['Cannot parse data'],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.facebook.com/video.php?v=637842556329505&fref=nf',
         'md5': '6a40d33c0eccbb1af76cf0485a052659',
@@ -106,17 +107,18 @@ class FacebookIE(InfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '274175099429670',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Asif',
+            'title': '119 reactions · 1.4K shares | Asif Nawab Butt on Reels',
             'description': '',
             'uploader': 'Asif Nawab Butt',
             'upload_date': '20140506',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://scontent\.fitm\d-1\.fna\.fbcdn\.net/.+',
             'timestamp': 1399398998,
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*',
-            'uploader_id': 'pfbid05AzrFTXgY37tqwaSgbFTTEpCLBjjEJHkigogwGiRPtKEpAsJYJpzE94H1RxYXWEtl',
+            'uploader_id': 'pfbid028xue38TBXRyNbiqBSV2LFs3QK3yopvKjupbqFoL6U9SKbx4p2SMdJjQSBvnjsHGWl',
             'duration': 131.03,
             'concurrent_view_count': int,
             'view_count': int,
         },
+        'expected_warnings': ['Cannot parse data'],
     }, {
         'note': 'Video with DASH manifest',
         'url': 'https://www.facebook.com/video.php?v=957955867617029',
@@ -158,7 +160,7 @@ class FacebookIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': '10153664894881749',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Average time to confirm recent Supreme Court nominees: 67 days Longest it\'s t...',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://scontent\.fitm\d-1\.fna\.fbcdn\.net/.+',
             'timestamp': 1456259628,
             'upload_date': '20160223',
             'uploader': 'Barack Obama',
@@ -168,7 +170,7 @@ class FacebookIE(InfoExtractor):
         # have 1080P, but only up to 720p in swf params
         # data.video.story.attachments[].media
         'url': 'https://www.facebook.com/cnn/videos/10155529876156509/',
-        'md5': '1659aa21fb3dd1585874f668e81a72c8',
+        'md5': '70b82ebf5f0e9b91b2a49d3db3563611',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '10155529876156509',
             'ext': 'mp4',
@@ -177,7 +179,7 @@ class FacebookIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1477818095,
             'upload_date': '20161030',
             'uploader': 'CNN',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://scontent\.fitm\d-1\.fna\.fbcdn\.net/.+',
             'view_count': int,
             'uploader_id': '100059479812265',
             'concurrent_view_count': int,
@@ -198,13 +200,11 @@ class FacebookIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'Yaroslav Korpan',
             'uploader_id': 'pfbid06AScABAWcW91qpiuGrLt99Ef9tvwHoXP6t8KeFYEqkSfreMtfa9nTveh8b2ZEVSWl',
             'concurrent_view_count': int,
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://scontent\.fitm\d-1\.fna\.fbcdn\.net/.+',
             'view_count': int,
             'duration': 11736.446,
         },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
     }, {
         # FIXME: Cannot parse data error
         'url': 'https://www.facebook.com/LaGuiaDelVaron/posts/1072691702860471',
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ class FacebookIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1477305000,
             'upload_date': '20161024',
             'uploader': 'La Guía Del Varón',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://scontent\.fitm\d-1\.fna\.fbcdn\.net/.+',
         },
         'skip': 'Requires logging in',
     }, {
@@ -244,9 +244,10 @@ class FacebookIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20171124',
             'uploader': 'Vickie Gentry',
             'uploader_id': 'pfbid0FkkycT95ySNNyfCw4Cho6u5G7WbbZEcxT496Hq8rtx1K3LcTCATpR3wnyYhmyGC5l',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://scontent\.fitm\d-1\.fna\.fbcdn\.net/.+',
             'duration': 148.224,
         },
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
     }, {
         # data.node.comet_sections.content.story.attachments[].styles.attachment.media
         'url': 'https://www.facebook.com/attn/posts/pfbid0j1Czf2gGDVqeQ8KiMLFm3pWN8GxsQmeRrVhimWDzMuKQoR8r4b1knNsejELmUgyhl',
@@ -260,7 +261,7 @@ class FacebookIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 132.675,
             'uploader_id': '100064451419378',
             'view_count': int,
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://scontent\.fitm\d-1\.fna\.fbcdn\.net/.+',
             'timestamp': 1701975646,
         },
     }, {
@@ -271,9 +272,9 @@ class FacebookIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Lela Evans',
             'description': 'Today Makkovik\'s own Pilot Mandy Smith made her inaugural landing on the airstrip in her hometown. What a proud moment as we all cheered and...',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://scontent\.fitm\d-1\.fna\.fbcdn\.net/.+',
             'uploader': 'Lela Evans',
-            'uploader_id': 'pfbid0swT2y7t6TAsZVBvcyeYPdhTMefGaS26mzUwML3vd1ma6ndGZKxsyS4Ssu3jitZLXl',
+            'uploader_id': 'pfbid02wjMpknobSMnyynK3TNKN4Ww1StcpAKXgowqTyge3bz7LwHZMQ68uiXzzbu7xeryBl',
             'upload_date': '20231228',
             'timestamp': 1703804085,
             'duration': 394.347,
@@ -326,28 +327,27 @@ class FacebookIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_id': '100066514874195',
             'duration': 4524.001,
             'view_count': int,
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://scontent\.fitm\d-1\.fna\.fbcdn\.net/.+',
             'concurrent_view_count': int,
         },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         # data.node.comet_sections.content.story.attachments[].style_type_renderer.attachment.all_subattachments.nodes[].media
         'url': 'https://www.facebook.com/100033620354545/videos/106560053808006/',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '106560053808006',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Josef',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*',
+            'title': 'Josef Novak on Reels',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://scontent\.fitm\d-1\.fna\.fbcdn\.net/.+',
             'concurrent_view_count': int,
-            'uploader_id': 'pfbid02gpfwRM2XvdEJfsERupwQiNmBiDArc38RMRYZnap372q6Vs7MtFTVy72mmFWpJBTKl',
+            'uploader_id': 'pfbid0cjYJYXpePWqhZ9DgpB6gKXrN2q3obwducdKm4wT7K5nkhbfKg5cneocYbsdaji7fl',
             'timestamp': 1549275572,
             'duration': 3.283,
             'uploader': 'Josef Novak',
             'description': '',
             'upload_date': '20190204',
         },
+        'expected_warnings': ['Cannot parse data'],
     }, {
         # data.video.story.attachments[].media
         'url': 'https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=647537299265662',
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ class FacebookIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'ANALISI IN CAMPO OSCURO " Coaguli nel sangue dei vaccinati"',
             'description': 'Other event by Comitato Liberi Pensatori on Tuesday, October 18 2022',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://scontent\.fitm\d-1\.fna\.fbcdn\.net/.+',
             'uploader': 'Comitato Liberi Pensatori',
             'uploader_id': '100065709540881',
         },
@@ -414,6 +414,56 @@ class FacebookIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'https://www.facebook.com/groups/1513990329015294/posts/d41d8cd9/2013209885760000/?app=fbl',
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        # <iframe> embed
+        'url': 'http://www.unique-almeria.com/mini-hollywood.html',
+        'md5': 'cba5d8c5021e9340dcefe925255e2c3e',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '1529066599879',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Facebook video #1529066599879',
+        },
+        'expected_warnings': ['unable to extract uploader'],
+    }, {
+        # FIXME: Embed detection
+        # <iframe> embed, plugin video
+        'url': 'https://www.newsmemory.com/eedition/e-publishing-solutions/2-in-one-app/',
+        'md5': 'ae97d4a44f8cc9a8b1a4c03b9ed793af',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '10155710648695814',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Download the all new and improved Trinidad Express App',
+            'concurrent_view_count': int,
+            'description': 'md5:4806195c99908e4189b45b1c23bd4f89',
+            'duration': 69.408,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://scontent\.fitm\d-1\.fna\.fbcdn\.net/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1533919195,
+            'upload_date': '20180810',
+            'uploader': 'Trinidad Express Newspapers',
+            'uploader_id': '100064446413648',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'expected_warnings': ['Cannot parse data'],
+    }, {
+        # API embed
+        'url': 'https://www.curs.md/ro',
+        'md5': '090bae53b9bff2be993c896edc2ea205',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '334484292523563',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'md5:9abffe1c86cdd967ffa224e1ccc13b90',
+            'concurrent_view_count': int,
+            'description': 'md5:0ba98567a61c640f9fabf1882235b33d',
+            'duration': 8789.891,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://scontent\.fitm\d-1\.fna\.fbcdn\.net/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1700603114,
+            'upload_date': '20231121',
+            'uploader': 'Istoria Moldovei',
+            'uploader_id': '100063529778592',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'params': {'extractor_args': {'generic': {'impersonate': ['chrome']}}},
+    }]
     _SUPPORTED_PAGLETS_REGEX = r'(?:pagelet_group_mall|permalink_video_pagelet|hyperfeed_story_id_[0-9a-f]+)'
     _api_config = {
         'graphURI': '/api/graphql/',
@@ -898,20 +948,24 @@ class FacebookIE(InfoExtractor):
 
 class FacebookPluginsVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:[\w-]+\.)?facebook\.com/plugins/video\.php\?.*?\bhref=(?P<id>https.+)'
-
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.facebook.com/plugins/video.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fgov.sg%2Fvideos%2F10154383743583686%2F&show_text=0&width=560',
-        'md5': '5954e92cdfe51fe5782ae9bda7058a07',
+        'md5': 'af83aeae1d595f377c6e47a450828155',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '10154383743583686',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            # TODO: Fix title, uploader
             'title': 'What to do during the haze?',
-            'uploader': 'Gov.sg',
-            'upload_date': '20160826',
+            'concurrent_view_count': int,
+            'description': 'md5:81839c0979803a014b20798df255ed0b',
+            'duration': 65.087,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://scontent\.fitm\d-1\.fna\.fbcdn\.net/.+',
             'timestamp': 1472184808,
+            'upload_date': '20160826',
+            'uploader': 'gov.sg',
+            'uploader_id': '100064718678925',
+            'view_count': int,
         },
-        'add_ie': [FacebookIE.ie_key()],
+        'expected_warnings': ['Cannot parse data'],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.facebook.com/plugins/video.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fvideo.php%3Fv%3D10204634152394104',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -945,7 +999,7 @@ class FacebookRedirectURLIE(InfoExtractor):
             'tags': 'count:11',
             'duration': 3332,
             'live_status': 'not_live',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://i.ytimg.com/vi/pO8h3EaFRdo/maxresdefault.jpg',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/vi/.+',
             'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCGBpxWJr9FNOcFYA5GkKrMg',
             'availability': 'public',
             'uploader_url': 'http://www.youtube.com/user/brtvofficial',
@@ -954,8 +1008,7 @@ class FacebookRedirectURLIE(InfoExtractor):
             'view_count': int,
             'like_count': int,
         },
-        'add_ie': ['Youtube'],
-        'params': {'skip_download': 'Youtube'},
+        'skip': 'Youtube video is now private',
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -968,22 +1021,20 @@ class FacebookRedirectURLIE(InfoExtractor):
 class FacebookReelIE(InfoExtractor):
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:[\w-]+\.)?facebook\.com/reel/(?P<id>\d+)'
     IE_NAME = 'facebook:reel'
-
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.facebook.com/reel/1195289147628387',
-        'md5': 'a53256d10fc2105441fe0c4212ed8cea',
+        'md5': 'aeb0153ecb2eaacdf2dc2bf88f593fef',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '1195289147628387',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': r're:9\.6K views · 355 reactions .+ Let the “Slapathon� commence!! .+ LL COOL J · Mama Said Knock You Out$',
-            'description': r're:When your trying to help your partner .+ LL COOL J · Mama Said Knock You Out$',
-            'uploader': 'Beast Camp Training',
+            'title': '9.7K views · 352 reactions | When your trying to help your partner out with an arrest and #FAAFO games begin. Let the “Slapathon� commence!! 👊👋 | Beast Camp Training',
+            'description': 'md5:5a767dc7e78718667b150a7facc4a34f',
+            'uploader': '9.7K views &#xb7; 352 reactions | When your trying to help your partner out with an arrest and #FAAFO games begin. Let the &#x201c;Slapathon&#x201d; commence!! &#x1f44a;&#x1f44b; | Beast Camp Training',
             'uploader_id': '100040874179269',
             'duration': 9.579,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://scontent\.fitm\d-1\.fna\.fbcdn\.net/.+',
             'timestamp': 1637502609,
             'upload_date': '20211121',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*',
-            'like_count': int,
             'comment_count': int,
             'repost_count': int,
         },
@@ -998,7 +1049,6 @@ class FacebookReelIE(InfoExtractor):
 class FacebookAdsIE(InfoExtractor):
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:[\w-]+\.)?facebook\.com/ads/library/?\?(?:[^#]+&)?id=(?P<id>\d+)'
     IE_NAME = 'facebook:ads'
-
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.facebook.com/ads/library/?id=899206155126718',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -1008,12 +1058,13 @@ class FacebookAdsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:0822724069e3aca97cbed5dabbab282e',
             'uploader': 'Kandao',
             'uploader_id': '774114102743284',
-            'uploader_url': r're:^https?://.*',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://facebook.com/KandaoVR',
             'timestamp': 1702548330,
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://scontent\.fitm\d-1\.fna\.fbcdn\.net/.+',
             'upload_date': '20231214',
             'like_count': int,
         },
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
     }, {
         # key 'watermarked_video_sd_url' missing
         'url': 'https://www.facebook.com/ads/library/?id=501152689226254',
@@ -1024,9 +1075,9 @@ class FacebookAdsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:02a446ace7ff8c3c37a2892922492490',
             'uploader': 'mat.nawrocki',
             'uploader_id': '148586968341456',
-            'uploader_url': r're:^https?://.*',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.instagram.com/_u/mat.nawrocki',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://scontent\.fitm\d-1\.fna\.fbcdn\.net/.+',
             'timestamp': 1723452305,
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*',
             'upload_date': '20240812',
             'like_count': int,
         },
@@ -1037,12 +1088,13 @@ class FacebookAdsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Jusqu\u2019\u00e0 -25% sur une s\u00e9lection de vins p\u00e9tillants italiens ',
             'uploader': 'Eataly Paris Marais',
             'uploader_id': '2086668958314152',
-            'uploader_url': r're:^https?://.*',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://facebook.com/EatalyParisMarais',
             'timestamp': 1703571529,
             'upload_date': '20231226',
             'like_count': int,
         },
         'playlist_count': 3,
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://es-la.facebook.com/ads/library/?id=901230958115569',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/faulio.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/faulio.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9c6c13e0e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/faulio.py
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+import re
+import urllib.parse
+
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..utils import int_or_none, js_to_json, url_or_none
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
+
+
+class FaulioBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _DOMAINS = (
+        'aloula.sba.sa',
+        'bahry.com',
+        'maraya.sba.net.ae',
+        'sat7plus.org',
+    )
+    _LANGUAGES = ('ar', 'en', 'fa')
+    _BASE_URL_RE = fr'https?://(?:{"|".join(map(re.escape, _DOMAINS))})/(?:(?:{"|".join(_LANGUAGES)})/)?'
+
+    def _get_headers(self, url):
+        parsed_url = urllib.parse.urlparse(url)
+        return {
+            'Referer': url,
+            'Origin': f'{parsed_url.scheme}://{parsed_url.hostname}',
+        }
+
+    def _get_api_base(self, url, video_id):
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
+        config_data = self._search_json(
+            r'window\.__NUXT__\.config=', webpage, 'config', video_id, transform_source=js_to_json)
+        return config_data['public']['TRANSLATIONS_API_URL']
+
+
+class FaulioIE(FaulioBaseIE):
+    _VALID_URL = fr'{FaulioBaseIE._BASE_URL_RE}(?:episode|media)/(?P<id>[a-zA-Z0-9-]+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://aloula.sba.sa/en/episode/29102',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'aloula.faulio.com_29102',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'display_id': 'هذا-مكانك-03-004-v-29102',
+            'title': 'الحلقة 4',
+            'episode': 'الحلقة 4',
+            'description': '',
+            'series': 'هذا مكانك',
+            'season': 'Season 3',
+            'season_number': 3,
+            'episode_number': 4,
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
+            'duration': 4855,
+            'age_limit': 3,
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://bahry.com/en/media/1191',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'bahry.faulio.com_1191',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'display_id': 'Episode-4-1191',
+            'title': 'Episode 4',
+            'episode': 'Episode 4',
+            'description': '',
+            'series': 'Wild Water',
+            'season': 'Season 1',
+            'season_number': 1,
+            'episode_number': 4,
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
+            'duration': 1653,
+            'age_limit': 0,
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://maraya.sba.net.ae/episode/127735',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'maraya.faulio.com_127735',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'display_id': 'عبدالله-الهاجري---عبدالرحمن-المطروشي-127735',
+            'title': 'عبدالله الهاجري - عبدالرحمن المطروشي',
+            'episode': 'عبدالله الهاجري - عبدالرحمن المطروشي',
+            'description': 'md5:53de01face66d3d6303221e5a49388a0',
+            'series': 'أبناؤنا �ي الخارج',
+            'season': 'Season 3',
+            'season_number': 3,
+            'episode_number': 7,
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
+            'duration': 1316,
+            'age_limit': 0,
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://sat7plus.org/episode/18165',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'sat7.faulio.com_18165',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'display_id': 'ep-13-ADHD-18165',
+            'title': 'ADHD and creativity',
+            'episode': 'ADHD and creativity',
+            'description': '',
+            'series': 'ADHD Podcast',
+            'season': 'Season 1',
+            'season_number': 1,
+            'episode_number': 13,
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
+            'duration': 2492,
+            'age_limit': 0,
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://aloula.sba.sa/en/episode/0',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        api_base = self._get_api_base(url, video_id)
+        video_info = self._download_json(f'{api_base}/video/{video_id}', video_id, fatal=False)
+        player_info = self._download_json(f'{api_base}/video/{video_id}/player', video_id)
+
+        headers = self._get_headers(url)
+        formats = []
+        subtitles = {}
+        if hls_url := traverse_obj(player_info, ('settings', 'protocols', 'hls', {url_or_none})):
+            fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
+                hls_url, video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False, headers=headers)
+            formats.extend(fmts)
+            self._merge_subtitles(subs, target=subtitles)
+
+        if mpd_url := traverse_obj(player_info, ('settings', 'protocols', 'dash', {url_or_none})):
+            fmts, subs = self._extract_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(
+                mpd_url, video_id, mpd_id='dash', fatal=False, headers=headers)
+            formats.extend(fmts)
+            self._merge_subtitles(subs, target=subtitles)
+
+        return {
+            'id': f'{urllib.parse.urlparse(api_base).hostname}_{video_id}',
+            **traverse_obj(traverse_obj(video_info, ('blocks', 0)), {
+                'display_id': ('slug', {str}),
+                'title': ('title', {str}),
+                'episode': ('title', {str}),
+                'description': ('description', {str}),
+                'series': ('program_title', {str}),
+                'season_number': ('season_number', {int_or_none}),
+                'episode_number': ('episode', {int_or_none}),
+                'thumbnail': ('image', {url_or_none}),
+                'duration': ('duration', 'total', {int_or_none}),
+                'age_limit': ('age_rating', {int_or_none}),
+            }),
+            'formats': formats,
+            'subtitles': subtitles,
+            'http_headers': headers,
+        }
+
+
+class FaulioLiveIE(FaulioBaseIE):
+    _VALID_URL = fr'{FaulioBaseIE._BASE_URL_RE}live/(?P<id>[a-zA-Z0-9-]+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://aloula.sba.sa/live/saudiatv',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'aloula.faulio.com_saudiatv',
+            'title': str,
+            'description': str,
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'live_status': 'is_live',
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'skip_download': 'Livestream',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://bahry.com/live/1',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'bahry.faulio.com_1',
+            'title': str,
+            'description': str,
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'live_status': 'is_live',
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'skip_download': 'Livestream',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://maraya.sba.net.ae/live/1',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'maraya.faulio.com_1',
+            'title': str,
+            'description': str,
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'live_status': 'is_live',
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'skip_download': 'Livestream',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://sat7plus.org/live/pars',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'sat7.faulio.com_pars',
+            'title': str,
+            'description': str,
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'live_status': 'is_live',
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'skip_download': 'Livestream',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://sat7plus.org/fa/live/arabic',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        api_base = self._get_api_base(url, video_id)
+
+        channel = traverse_obj(
+            self._download_json(f'{api_base}/channels', video_id),
+            (lambda k, v: v['url'] == video_id, any))
+
+        headers = self._get_headers(url)
+        formats = []
+        subtitles = {}
+        if hls_url := traverse_obj(channel, ('streams', 'hls', {url_or_none})):
+            fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
+                hls_url, video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls', live=True, fatal=False, headers=headers)
+            formats.extend(fmts)
+            self._merge_subtitles(subs, target=subtitles)
+
+        if mpd_url := traverse_obj(channel, ('streams', 'mpd', {url_or_none})):
+            fmts, subs = self._extract_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(
+                mpd_url, video_id, mpd_id='dash', fatal=False, headers=headers)
+            formats.extend(fmts)
+            self._merge_subtitles(subs, target=subtitles)
+
+        return {
+            'id': f'{urllib.parse.urlparse(api_base).hostname}_{video_id}',
+            **traverse_obj(channel, {
+                'title': ('title', {str}),
+                'description': ('description', {str}),
+            }),
+            'formats': formats,
+            'subtitles': subtitles,
+            'http_headers': headers,
+            'is_live': True,
+        }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/fc2.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/fc2.py
index f7b883155c..d343069fec 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/fc2.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/fc2.py
@@ -22,8 +22,23 @@ class FC2IE(InfoExtractor):
         'md5': 'a6ebe8ebe0396518689d963774a54eb7',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '20121103kUan1KHs',
-            'ext': 'flv',
             'title': 'Boxing again with Puff',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpe?g',
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'skip_download': 'm3u8',
+        },
+    }, {
+        # Direct video url
+        'url': 'https://video.fc2.com/content/20121209FP73fxDx',
+        'md5': '066bdb9b3a56a97f49cbf0d0b8a75a1f',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '20121209FP73fxDx',
+            'title': 'Farewelling The Wiggles Live in Sydney Dec 8 2012',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpe?g',
+            'description': 'Saying goodbye to the Wiggles at their Celebration Concert in Sydney, and what a concert that was!',
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://video.fc2.com/en/content/20150125cEva0hDn/',
@@ -104,7 +119,7 @@ class FC2IE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': title,
             'url': vid_url,
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'protocol': 'm3u8_native',
+            'protocol': 'm3u8_native' if vidplaylist.get('type') == 2 else 'https',
             'description': description,
             'thumbnail': thumbnail,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/fifa.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/fifa.py
index ae837f6a02..e08b114023 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/fifa.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/fifa.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ from ..utils import (
 
 
 class FifaIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://www\.fifa\.com/fifaplus/(?P<locale>\w{2})/watch/([^#?]+/)?(?P<id>\w+)'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://www\.fifa\.com/fifaplus/\w{2}/watch/([^#?]+/)?(?P<id>\w+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/watch/7on10qPcnyLajDDU3ntg6y',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class FifaIE(InfoExtractor):
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        video_id, locale = self._match_valid_url(url).group('id', 'locale')
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
 
         preconnect_link = self._search_regex(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/firsttv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/firsttv.py
index ac7697bb35..878732c49e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/firsttv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/firsttv.py
@@ -2,11 +2,15 @@ import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
+    determine_ext,
     int_or_none,
-    qualities,
+    join_nonempty,
+    mimetype2ext,
+    parse_qs,
     unified_strdate,
     url_or_none,
 )
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 
 
 class FirstTVIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -15,40 +19,51 @@ class FirstTVIE(InfoExtractor):
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?(?:sport)?1tv\.ru/(?:[^/?#]+/)+(?P<id>[^/?#]+)'
 
     _TESTS = [{
-        # single format
-        'url': 'http://www.1tv.ru/shows/naedine-so-vsemi/vypuski/gost-lyudmila-senchina-naedine-so-vsemi-vypusk-ot-12-02-2015',
-        'md5': 'a1b6b60d530ebcf8daacf4565762bbaf',
+        # single format; has item.id
+        'url': 'https://www.1tv.ru/shows/naedine-so-vsemi/vypuski/gost-lyudmila-senchina-naedine-so-vsemi-vypusk-ot-12-02-2015',
+        'md5': '8011ae8e88ff4150107ab9c5a8f5b659',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '40049',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Го�ть Людмила Сенчина. �аедине �о в�еми. Выпу�к от 12.02.2015',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(?:jpg|JPG)$',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/.+\.jpg',
             'upload_date': '20150212',
             'duration': 2694,
         },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
-        # multiple formats
-        'url': 'http://www.1tv.ru/shows/dobroe-utro/pro-zdorove/vesennyaya-allergiya-dobroe-utro-fragment-vypuska-ot-07042016',
+        # multiple formats; has item.id
+        'url': 'https://www.1tv.ru/shows/dobroe-utro/pro-zdorove/vesennyaya-allergiya-dobroe-utro-fragment-vypuska-ot-07042016',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '364746',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Ве�енн�� аллерги�. Доброе утро. Фрагмент выпу�ка от 07.04.2016',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(?:jpg|JPG)$',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/.+\.jpg',
             'upload_date': '20160407',
             'duration': 179,
             'formats': 'mincount:3',
         },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.1tv.ru/news/issue/2016-12-01/14:00',
+        'url': 'https://www.1tv.ru/news/issue/2016-12-01/14:00',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '14:00',
-            'title': 'Выпу�к ново�тей в 14:00   1 декабр� 2016 года. �ово�ти. Первый канал',
-            'description': 'md5:2e921b948f8c1ff93901da78ebdb1dfd',
+            'title': 'Выпу�к программы «Врем�» в 20:00   1 декабр� 2016 года. �ово�ти. Первый канал',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://static.1tv.ru/uploads/photo/image/8/big/338448_big_8fc7eb236f.jpg',
         },
         'playlist_count': 13,
+    }, {
+        # has timestamp; has item.uid but not item.id
+        'url': 'https://www.1tv.ru/shows/segodnya-vecherom/vypuski/avtory-odnogo-hita-segodnya-vecherom-vypusk-ot-03-05-2025',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '270411',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '�вторы одного хита. Сегодн� вечером. Выпу�к от 03.05.2025',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/.+\.jpg',
+            'timestamp': 1746286020,
+            'upload_date': '20250503',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.1tv.ru/shows/tochvtoch-supersezon/vystupleniya/evgeniy-dyatlov-vladimir-vysockiy-koni-priveredlivye-toch-v-toch-supersezon-fragment-vypuska-ot-06-11-2016',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -57,96 +72,60 @@ class FirstTVIE(InfoExtractor):
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
+    def _entries(self, items):
+        for item in items:
+            video_id = str(item.get('id') or item['uid'])
+
+            formats, subtitles = [], {}
+            for f in traverse_obj(item, ('sources', lambda _, v: url_or_none(v['src']))):
+                src = f['src']
+                ext = mimetype2ext(f.get('type'), default=determine_ext(src))
+                if ext == 'm3u8':
+                    fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
+                        src, video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False)
+                elif ext == 'mpd':
+                    fmts, subs = self._extract_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(
+                        src, video_id, mpd_id='dash', fatal=False)
+                else:
+                    tbr = self._search_regex(fr'_(\d{{3,}})\.{ext}', src, 'tbr', default=None)
+                    formats.append({
+                        'url': src,
+                        'ext': ext,
+                        'format_id': join_nonempty('http', ext, tbr),
+                        'tbr': int_or_none(tbr),
+                        # quality metadata of http formats may be incorrect
+                        'quality': -10,
+                    })
+                    continue
+                formats.extend(fmts)
+                self._merge_subtitles(subs, target=subtitles)
+
+            yield {
+                **traverse_obj(item, {
+                    'title': ('title', {str}),
+                    'thumbnail': ('poster', {url_or_none}),
+                    'timestamp': ('dvr_begin_at', {int_or_none}),
+                    'upload_date': ('date_air', {unified_strdate}),
+                    'duration': ('duration', {int_or_none}),
+                }),
+                'id': video_id,
+                'formats': formats,
+                'subtitles': subtitles,
+            }
+
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
-        playlist_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(url, self._search_regex(
+        playlist_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(url, self._html_search_regex(
             r'data-playlist-url=(["\'])(?P<url>(?:(?!\1).)+)\1',
             webpage, 'playlist url', group='url'))
 
-        parsed_url = urllib.parse.urlparse(playlist_url)
-        qs = urllib.parse.parse_qs(parsed_url.query)
-        item_ids = qs.get('videos_ids[]') or qs.get('news_ids[]')
-
-        items = self._download_json(playlist_url, display_id)
-
-        if item_ids:
-            items = [
-                item for item in items
-                if item.get('uid') and str(item['uid']) in item_ids]
-        else:
-            items = [items[0]]
-
-        entries = []
-        QUALITIES = ('ld', 'sd', 'hd')
-
-        for item in items:
-            title = item['title']
-            quality = qualities(QUALITIES)
-            formats = []
-            path = None
-            for f in item.get('mbr', []):
-                src = url_or_none(f.get('src'))
-                if not src:
-                    continue
-                tbr = int_or_none(self._search_regex(
-                    r'_(\d{3,})\.mp4', src, 'tbr', default=None))
-                if not path:
-                    path = self._search_regex(
-                        r'//[^/]+/(.+?)_\d+\.mp4', src,
-                        'm3u8 path', default=None)
-                formats.append({
-                    'url': src,
-                    'format_id': f.get('name'),
-                    'tbr': tbr,
-                    'source_preference': quality(f.get('name')),
-                    # quality metadata of http formats may be incorrect
-                    'preference': -10,
-                })
-            # m3u8 URL format is reverse engineered from [1] (search for
-            # master.m3u8). dashEdges (that is currently balancer-vod.1tv.ru)
-            # is taken from [2].
-            # 1. http://static.1tv.ru/player/eump1tv-current/eump-1tv.all.min.js?rnd=9097422834:formatted
-            # 2. http://static.1tv.ru/player/eump1tv-config/config-main.js?rnd=9097422834
-            if not path and len(formats) == 1:
-                path = self._search_regex(
-                    r'//[^/]+/(.+?$)', formats[0]['url'],
-                    'm3u8 path', default=None)
-            if path:
-                if len(formats) == 1:
-                    m3u8_path = ','
-                else:
-                    tbrs = [str(t) for t in sorted(f['tbr'] for f in formats)]
-                    m3u8_path = '_,{},{}'.format(','.join(tbrs), '.mp4')
-                formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-                    f'http://balancer-vod.1tv.ru/{path}{m3u8_path}.urlset/master.m3u8',
-                    display_id, 'mp4',
-                    entry_protocol='m3u8_native', m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False))
-
-            thumbnail = item.get('poster') or self._og_search_thumbnail(webpage)
-            duration = int_or_none(item.get('duration') or self._html_search_meta(
-                'video:duration', webpage, 'video duration', fatal=False))
-            upload_date = unified_strdate(self._html_search_meta(
-                'ya:ovs:upload_date', webpage, 'upload date', default=None))
-
-            entries.append({
-                'id': str(item.get('id') or item['uid']),
-                'thumbnail': thumbnail,
-                'title': title,
-                'upload_date': upload_date,
-                'duration': int_or_none(duration),
-                'formats': formats,
-            })
-
-        title = self._html_search_regex(
-            (r'<div class="tv_translation">\s*<h1><a href="[^"]+">([^<]*)</a>',
-             r"'title'\s*:\s*'([^']+)'"),
-            webpage, 'title', default=None) or self._og_search_title(
-            webpage, default=None)
-        description = self._html_search_regex(
-            r'<div class="descr">\s*<div>&nbsp;</div>\s*<p>([^<]*)</p></div>',
-            webpage, 'description', default=None) or self._html_search_meta(
-            'description', webpage, 'description', default=None)
+        item_ids = traverse_obj(parse_qs(playlist_url), 'video_id', 'videos_ids[]', 'news_ids[]')
+        items = traverse_obj(
+            self._download_json(playlist_url, display_id),
+            lambda _, v: v['uid'] and (str(v['uid']) in item_ids if item_ids else True))
 
-        return self.playlist_result(entries, display_id, title, description)
+        return self.playlist_result(
+            self._entries(items), display_id, self._og_search_title(webpage, default=None),
+            thumbnail=self._og_search_thumbnail(webpage, default=None))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/flextv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/flextv.py
index f3d3eff85f..2429b18477 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/flextv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/flextv.py
@@ -3,15 +3,19 @@ from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     UserNotLive,
+    int_or_none,
+    join_nonempty,
     parse_iso8601,
     str_or_none,
-    traverse_obj,
     url_or_none,
 )
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 
 
 class FlexTVIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?flextv\.co\.kr/channels/(?P<id>\d+)/live'
+    IE_NAME = 'ttinglive'
+    IE_DESC = '���브 (formerly FlexTV)'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?(?:ttinglive\.com|flextv\.co\.kr)/channels/(?P<id>\d+)/live'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.flextv.co.kr/channels/231638/live',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -36,21 +40,32 @@ class FlexTVIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         try:
             stream_data = self._download_json(
-                f'https://api.flextv.co.kr/api/channels/{channel_id}/stream',
+                f'https://api.ttinglive.com/api/channels/{channel_id}/stream',
                 channel_id, query={'option': 'all'})
         except ExtractorError as e:
             if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 400:
                 raise UserNotLive(video_id=channel_id)
             raise
 
-        playlist_url = stream_data['sources'][0]['url']
-        formats, subtitles = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
-            playlist_url, channel_id, 'mp4')
+        formats = []
+        for stream in traverse_obj(stream_data, ('sources', ..., {dict})):
+            if stream.get('format') == 'ivs' and url_or_none(stream.get('url')):
+                formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
+                    stream['url'], channel_id, 'mp4', live=True, fatal=False, m3u8_id='ivs'))
+            for format_type in ['hls', 'flv']:
+                for data in traverse_obj(stream, (
+                        'urlDetail', format_type, 'resolution', lambda _, v: url_or_none(v['url']))):
+                    formats.append({
+                        'format_id': join_nonempty(format_type, data.get('suffixName'), delim=''),
+                        'url': data['url'],
+                        'height': int_or_none(data.get('resolution')),
+                        'ext': 'mp4' if format_type == 'hls' else 'flv',
+                        'protocol': 'm3u8_native' if format_type == 'hls' else 'http',
+                    })
 
         return {
             'id': channel_id,
             'formats': formats,
-            'subtitles': subtitles,
             'is_live': True,
             **traverse_obj(stream_data, {
                 'title': ('stream', 'title', {str}),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/floatplane.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/floatplane.py
index b7ee160a44..7dd3b0eb2d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/floatplane.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/floatplane.py
@@ -17,8 +17,140 @@ from ..utils import (
 from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 
 
-class FloatplaneIE(InfoExtractor):
+class FloatplaneBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        post_id = self._match_id(url)
+
+        post_data = self._download_json(
+            f'{self._BASE_URL}/api/v3/content/post', post_id, query={'id': post_id},
+            note='Downloading post data', errnote='Unable to download post data',
+            impersonate=self._IMPERSONATE_TARGET)
+
+        if not any(traverse_obj(post_data, ('metadata', ('hasVideo', 'hasAudio')))):
+            raise ExtractorError('Post does not contain a video or audio track', expected=True)
+
+        uploader_url = format_field(
+            post_data, [('creator', 'urlname')], f'{self._BASE_URL}/channel/%s/home') or None
+
+        common_info = {
+            'uploader_url': uploader_url,
+            'channel_url': urljoin(f'{uploader_url}/', traverse_obj(post_data, ('channel', 'urlname'))),
+            'availability': self._availability(needs_subscription=True),
+            **traverse_obj(post_data, {
+                'uploader': ('creator', 'title', {str}),
+                'uploader_id': ('creator', 'id', {str}),
+                'channel': ('channel', 'title', {str}),
+                'channel_id': ('channel', 'id', {str}),
+                'release_timestamp': ('releaseDate', {parse_iso8601}),
+            }),
+        }
+
+        items = []
+        for media in traverse_obj(post_data, (('videoAttachments', 'audioAttachments'), ...)):
+            media_id = media['id']
+            media_typ = media.get('type') or 'video'
+
+            metadata = self._download_json(
+                f'{self._BASE_URL}/api/v3/content/{media_typ}', media_id, query={'id': media_id},
+                note=f'Downloading {media_typ} metadata', impersonate=self._IMPERSONATE_TARGET)
+
+            stream = self._download_json(
+                f'{self._BASE_URL}/api/v2/cdn/delivery', media_id, query={
+                    'type': 'vod' if media_typ == 'video' else 'aod',
+                    'guid': metadata['guid'],
+                }, note=f'Downloading {media_typ} stream data',
+                impersonate=self._IMPERSONATE_TARGET)
+
+            path_template = traverse_obj(stream, ('resource', 'uri', {str}))
+
+            def format_path(params):
+                path = path_template
+                for i, val in (params or {}).items():
+                    path = path.replace(f'{{qualityLevelParams.{i}}}', val)
+                return path
+
+            formats = []
+            for quality in traverse_obj(stream, ('resource', 'data', 'qualityLevels', ...)):
+                url = urljoin(stream['cdn'], format_path(traverse_obj(
+                    stream, ('resource', 'data', 'qualityLevelParams', quality['name'], {dict}))))
+                format_id = traverse_obj(quality, ('name', {str}))
+                hls_aes = {}
+                m3u8_data = None
+
+                # If we need impersonation for the API, then we need it for HLS keys too: extract in advance
+                if self._IMPERSONATE_TARGET is not None:
+                    m3u8_data = self._download_webpage(
+                        url, media_id, fatal=False, impersonate=self._IMPERSONATE_TARGET, headers=self._HEADERS,
+                        note=join_nonempty('Downloading', format_id, 'm3u8 information', delim=' '),
+                        errnote=join_nonempty('Failed to download', format_id, 'm3u8 information', delim=' '))
+                    if not m3u8_data:
+                        continue
+
+                    key_url = self._search_regex(
+                        r'#EXT-X-KEY:METHOD=AES-128,URI="(https?://[^"]+)"',
+                        m3u8_data, 'HLS AES key URI', default=None)
+                    if key_url:
+                        urlh = self._request_webpage(
+                            key_url, media_id, fatal=False, impersonate=self._IMPERSONATE_TARGET, headers=self._HEADERS,
+                            note=join_nonempty('Downloading', format_id, 'HLS AES key', delim=' '),
+                            errnote=join_nonempty('Failed to download', format_id, 'HLS AES key', delim=' '))
+                        if urlh:
+                            hls_aes['key'] = urlh.read().hex()
+
+                formats.append({
+                    **traverse_obj(quality, {
+                        'format_note': ('label', {str}),
+                        'width': ('width', {int}),
+                        'height': ('height', {int}),
+                    }),
+                    **parse_codecs(quality.get('codecs')),
+                    'url': url,
+                    'ext': determine_ext(url.partition('/chunk.m3u8')[0], 'mp4'),
+                    'format_id': format_id,
+                    'hls_media_playlist_data': m3u8_data,
+                    'hls_aes': hls_aes or None,
+                })
+            items.append({
+                **common_info,
+                'id': media_id,
+                **traverse_obj(metadata, {
+                    'title': ('title', {str}),
+                    'duration': ('duration', {int_or_none}),
+                    'thumbnail': ('thumbnail', 'path', {url_or_none}),
+                }),
+                'formats': formats,
+            })
+
+        post_info = {
+            **common_info,
+            'id': post_id,
+            'display_id': post_id,
+            **traverse_obj(post_data, {
+                'title': ('title', {str}),
+                'description': ('text', {clean_html}),
+                'like_count': ('likes', {int_or_none}),
+                'dislike_count': ('dislikes', {int_or_none}),
+                'comment_count': ('comments', {int_or_none}),
+                'thumbnail': ('thumbnail', 'path', {url_or_none}),
+            }),
+            'http_headers': self._HEADERS,
+        }
+
+        if len(items) > 1:
+            return self.playlist_result(items, **post_info)
+
+        post_info.update(items[0])
+        return post_info
+
+
+class FloatplaneIE(FloatplaneBaseIE):
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:(?:www|beta)\.)?floatplane\.com/post/(?P<id>\w+)'
+    _BASE_URL = 'https://www.floatplane.com'
+    _IMPERSONATE_TARGET = None
+    _HEADERS = {
+        'Origin': _BASE_URL,
+        'Referer': f'{_BASE_URL}/',
+    }
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.floatplane.com/post/2Yf3UedF7C',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -170,105 +302,9 @@ class FloatplaneIE(InfoExtractor):
     }]
 
     def _real_initialize(self):
-        if not self._get_cookies('https://www.floatplane.com').get('sails.sid'):
+        if not self._get_cookies(self._BASE_URL).get('sails.sid'):
             self.raise_login_required()
 
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        post_id = self._match_id(url)
-
-        post_data = self._download_json(
-            'https://www.floatplane.com/api/v3/content/post', post_id, query={'id': post_id},
-            note='Downloading post data', errnote='Unable to download post data')
-
-        if not any(traverse_obj(post_data, ('metadata', ('hasVideo', 'hasAudio')))):
-            raise ExtractorError('Post does not contain a video or audio track', expected=True)
-
-        uploader_url = format_field(
-            post_data, [('creator', 'urlname')], 'https://www.floatplane.com/channel/%s/home') or None
-
-        common_info = {
-            'uploader_url': uploader_url,
-            'channel_url': urljoin(f'{uploader_url}/', traverse_obj(post_data, ('channel', 'urlname'))),
-            'availability': self._availability(needs_subscription=True),
-            **traverse_obj(post_data, {
-                'uploader': ('creator', 'title', {str}),
-                'uploader_id': ('creator', 'id', {str}),
-                'channel': ('channel', 'title', {str}),
-                'channel_id': ('channel', 'id', {str}),
-                'release_timestamp': ('releaseDate', {parse_iso8601}),
-            }),
-        }
-
-        items = []
-        for media in traverse_obj(post_data, (('videoAttachments', 'audioAttachments'), ...)):
-            media_id = media['id']
-            media_typ = media.get('type') or 'video'
-
-            metadata = self._download_json(
-                f'https://www.floatplane.com/api/v3/content/{media_typ}', media_id, query={'id': media_id},
-                note=f'Downloading {media_typ} metadata')
-
-            stream = self._download_json(
-                'https://www.floatplane.com/api/v2/cdn/delivery', media_id, query={
-                    'type': 'vod' if media_typ == 'video' else 'aod',
-                    'guid': metadata['guid'],
-                }, note=f'Downloading {media_typ} stream data')
-
-            path_template = traverse_obj(stream, ('resource', 'uri', {str}))
-
-            def format_path(params):
-                path = path_template
-                for i, val in (params or {}).items():
-                    path = path.replace(f'{{qualityLevelParams.{i}}}', val)
-                return path
-
-            formats = []
-            for quality in traverse_obj(stream, ('resource', 'data', 'qualityLevels', ...)):
-                url = urljoin(stream['cdn'], format_path(traverse_obj(
-                    stream, ('resource', 'data', 'qualityLevelParams', quality['name'], {dict}))))
-                formats.append({
-                    **traverse_obj(quality, {
-                        'format_id': ('name', {str}),
-                        'format_note': ('label', {str}),
-                        'width': ('width', {int}),
-                        'height': ('height', {int}),
-                    }),
-                    **parse_codecs(quality.get('codecs')),
-                    'url': url,
-                    'ext': determine_ext(url.partition('/chunk.m3u8')[0], 'mp4'),
-                })
-
-            items.append({
-                **common_info,
-                'id': media_id,
-                **traverse_obj(metadata, {
-                    'title': ('title', {str}),
-                    'duration': ('duration', {int_or_none}),
-                    'thumbnail': ('thumbnail', 'path', {url_or_none}),
-                }),
-                'formats': formats,
-            })
-
-        post_info = {
-            **common_info,
-            'id': post_id,
-            'display_id': post_id,
-            **traverse_obj(post_data, {
-                'title': ('title', {str}),
-                'description': ('text', {clean_html}),
-                'like_count': ('likes', {int_or_none}),
-                'dislike_count': ('dislikes', {int_or_none}),
-                'comment_count': ('comments', {int_or_none}),
-                'thumbnail': ('thumbnail', 'path', {url_or_none}),
-            }),
-        }
-
-        if len(items) > 1:
-            return self.playlist_result(items, **post_info)
-
-        post_info.update(items[0])
-        return post_info
-
 
 class FloatplaneChannelIE(InfoExtractor):
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:(?:www|beta)\.)?floatplane\.com/channel/(?P<id>[\w-]+)/home(?:/(?P<channel>[\w-]+))?'
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/francaisfacile.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/francaisfacile.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c432cf486c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/francaisfacile.py
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..utils import (
+    float_or_none,
+    url_or_none,
+)
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
+
+
+class FrancaisFacileIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://francaisfacile\.rfi\.fr/[a-z]{2}/(?:actualit%C3%A9|podcasts/[^/#?]+)/(?P<id>[^/#?]+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://francaisfacile.rfi.fr/fr/actualit%C3%A9/20250305-r%C3%A9concilier-les-jeunes-avec-la-lecture-gr%C3%A2ce-aux-r%C3%A9seaux-sociaux',
+        'md5': '4f33674cb205744345cc835991100afa',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'WBMZ58952-FLE-FR-20250305',
+            'display_id': '20250305-réconcilier-les-jeunes-avec-la-lecture-grâce-aux-réseaux-sociaux',
+            'title': 'Réconcilier les jeunes avec la lecture grâce aux réseaux sociaux',
+            'url': 'https://aod-fle.akamaized.net/fle/sounds/fr/2025/03/05/6b6af52a-f9ba-11ef-a1f8-005056a97652.mp3',
+            'ext': 'mp3',
+            'description': 'md5:b903c63d8585bd59e8cc4d5f80c4272d',
+            'duration': 103.15,
+            'timestamp': 1741177984,
+            'upload_date': '20250305',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://francaisfacile.rfi.fr/fr/actualit%C3%A9/20250307-argentine-le-sac-d-un-alpiniste-retrouv%C3%A9-40-ans-apr%C3%A8s-sa-mort',
+        'md5': 'b8c3a63652d4ae8e8092dda5700c1cd9',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'WBMZ59102-FLE-FR-20250307',
+            'display_id': '20250307-argentine-le-sac-d-un-alpiniste-retrouvé-40-ans-après-sa-mort',
+            'title': 'Argentine: le sac d\'un alpiniste retrouvé 40 ans après sa mort',
+            'url': 'https://aod-fle.akamaized.net/fle/sounds/fr/2025/03/07/8edf4082-fb46-11ef-8a37-005056bf762b.mp3',
+            'ext': 'mp3',
+            'description': 'md5:7fd088fbdf4a943bb68cf82462160dca',
+            'duration': 117.74,
+            'timestamp': 1741352789,
+            'upload_date': '20250307',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://francaisfacile.rfi.fr/fr/podcasts/un-mot-une-histoire/20250317-le-mot-de-david-foenkinos-peut-%C3%AAtre',
+        'md5': 'db83c2cc2589b4c24571c6b6cf14f5f1',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'WBMZ59441-FLE-FR-20250317',
+            'display_id': '20250317-le-mot-de-david-foenkinos-peut-être',
+            'title': 'Le mot de David Foenkinos: «peut-être» - Un mot, une histoire',
+            'url': 'https://aod-fle.akamaized.net/fle/sounds/fr/2025/03/17/4ca6cbbe-0315-11f0-a85b-005056a97652.mp3',
+            'ext': 'mp3',
+            'description': 'md5:3fe35fae035803df696bfa7af2496e49',
+            'duration': 198.96,
+            'timestamp': 1742210897,
+            'upload_date': '20250317',
+        },
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        display_id = urllib.parse.unquote(self._match_id(url))
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
+
+        data = self._search_json(
+            r'<script[^>]+\bdata-media-id=[^>]+\btype="application/json"[^>]*>',
+            webpage, 'audio data', display_id)
+
+        return {
+            'id': data['mediaId'],
+            'display_id': display_id,
+            'vcodec': 'none',
+            'title': self._html_extract_title(webpage),
+            **self._search_json_ld(webpage, display_id, fatal=False),
+            **traverse_obj(data, {
+                'title': ('title', {str}),
+                'url': ('sources', ..., 'url', {url_or_none}, any),
+                'duration': ('sources', ..., 'duration', {float_or_none}, any),
+            }),
+        }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/francetv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/francetv.py
index 5c9f8e36dd..873b4eb4d5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/francetv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/francetv.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import json
 import re
 import urllib.parse
 
@@ -19,7 +18,11 @@ from ..utils import (
     unsmuggle_url,
     url_or_none,
 )
-from ..utils.traversal import find_element, traverse_obj
+from ..utils.traversal import (
+    find_element,
+    get_first,
+    traverse_obj,
+)
 
 
 class FranceTVBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
@@ -121,9 +124,10 @@ class FranceTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             elif code := traverse_obj(dinfo, ('code', {int})):
                 if code == 2009:
                     self.raise_geo_restricted(countries=self._GEO_COUNTRIES)
-                elif code in (2015, 2017):
+                elif code in (2015, 2017, 2019):
                     # 2015: L'accès à cette vidéo est impossible. (DRM-only)
                     # 2017: Cette vidéo n'est pas disponible depuis le site web mobile (b/c DRM)
+                    # 2019: L'accès à cette vidéo est incompatible avec votre configuration. (DRM-only)
                     drm_formats = True
                     continue
                 self.report_warning(
@@ -258,7 +262,7 @@ class FranceTVSiteIE(FranceTVBaseInfoExtractor):
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.france.tv/france-2/13h15-le-dimanche/140921-les-mysteres-de-jesus.html',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'ec217ecc-0733-48cf-ac06-af1347b849d1',  # old: c5bda21d-2c6f-4470-8849-3d8327adb2ba'
+            'id': 'b2cf9fd8-e971-4757-8651-848f2772df61',  # old: ec217ecc-0733-48cf-ac06-af1347b849d1
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': '13h15, le dimanche... - Les mystères de Jésus',
             'timestamp': 1502623500,
@@ -269,7 +273,7 @@ class FranceTVSiteIE(FranceTVBaseInfoExtractor):
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
         },
-        'add_ie': [FranceTVIE.ie_key()],
+        'skip': 'Unfortunately, this video is no longer available',
     }, {
         # geo-restricted
         'url': 'https://www.france.tv/enfants/six-huit-ans/foot2rue/saison-1/3066387-duel-au-vieux-port.html',
@@ -287,7 +291,7 @@ class FranceTVSiteIE(FranceTVBaseInfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'duration': 1441,
         },
-        'skip': 'No longer available',
+        'skip': 'Unfortunately, this video is no longer available',
     }, {
         # geo-restricted livestream (workflow == 'token-akamai')
         'url': 'https://www.france.tv/france-4/direct.html',
@@ -308,6 +312,19 @@ class FranceTVSiteIE(FranceTVBaseInfoExtractor):
             'live_status': 'is_live',
         },
         'params': {'skip_download': 'livestream'},
+    }, {
+        # Not geo-restricted
+        'url': 'https://www.france.tv/france-2/la-maison-des-maternelles/5574051-nous-sommes-amis-et-nous-avons-fait-un-enfant-ensemble.html',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'b448bfe4-9fe7-11ee-97d8-2ba3426fa3df',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Nous sommes amis et nous avons fait un enfant ensemble - Émission du jeudi 21 décembre 2023',
+            'duration': 1065,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/.+\.jpg',
+            'timestamp': 1703147921,
+            'upload_date': '20231221',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
         # france3
         'url': 'https://www.france.tv/france-3/des-chiffres-et-des-lettres/139063-emission-du-mardi-9-mai-2017.html',
@@ -342,31 +359,11 @@ class FranceTVSiteIE(FranceTVBaseInfoExtractor):
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
-    # XXX: For parsing next.js v15+ data; see also yt_dlp.extractor.goplay
-    def _find_json(self, s):
-        return self._search_json(
-            r'\w+\s*:\s*', s, 'next js data', None, contains_pattern=r'\[(?s:.+)\]', default=None)
-
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = self._match_id(url)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
-
-        nextjs_data = traverse_obj(
-            re.findall(r'<script[^>]*>\s*self\.__next_f\.push\(\s*(\[.+?\])\s*\);?\s*</script>', webpage),
-            (..., {json.loads}, ..., {self._find_json}, ..., 'children', ..., ..., 'children', ..., ..., 'children'))
-
-        if traverse_obj(nextjs_data, (..., ..., 'children', ..., 'isLive', {bool}, any)):
-            # For livestreams we need the id of the stream instead of the currently airing episode id
-            video_id = traverse_obj(nextjs_data, (
-                ..., ..., 'children', ..., 'children', ..., 'children', ..., 'children', ..., ...,
-                'children', ..., ..., 'children', ..., ..., 'children', (..., (..., ...)),
-                'options', 'id', {str}, any))
-        else:
-            video_id = traverse_obj(nextjs_data, (
-                ..., ..., ..., 'children',
-                lambda _, v: v['video']['url'] == urllib.parse.urlparse(url).path,
-                'video', ('playerReplayId', 'siId'), {str}, any))
-
+        nextjs_data = self._search_nextjs_v13_data(webpage, display_id)
+        video_id = get_first(nextjs_data, ('options', 'id', {str}))
         if not video_id:
             raise ExtractorError('Unable to extract video ID')
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gamespot.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gamespot.py
index cd3f9655d8..2799a27bac 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gamespot.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gamespot.py
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 import urllib.parse
 
-from .once import OnceIE
+from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
-class GameSpotIE(OnceIE):
+class GameSpotIE(InfoExtractor):
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?gamespot\.com/(?:video|article|review)s/(?:[^/]+/\d+-|embed/)(?P<id>\d+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'http://www.gamespot.com/videos/arma-3-community-guide-sitrep-i/2300-6410818/',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/generic.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/generic.py
index 67c224e502..d44e6d3c4b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/generic.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/generic.py
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ from ..utils import (
     unescapeHTML,
     unified_timestamp,
     unsmuggle_url,
+    update_url,
     update_url_query,
     url_or_none,
     urlhandle_detect_ext,
@@ -54,2114 +55,517 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
     _VALID_URL = r'.*'
     IE_NAME = 'generic'
     _NETRC_MACHINE = False  # Suppress username warning
-    _TESTS = [
-        # Direct link to a video
-        {
-            'url': 'http://media.w3.org/2010/05/sintel/trailer.mp4',
-            'md5': '67d406c2bcb6af27fa886f31aa934bbe',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'trailer',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'trailer',
-                'upload_date': '20100513',
-                'direct': True,
-                'timestamp': 1273772943.0,
-            },
-        },
-        # Direct link to media delivered compressed (until Accept-Encoding is *)
-        {
-            'url': 'http://calimero.tk/muzik/FictionJunction-Parallel_Hearts.flac',
-            'md5': '128c42e68b13950268b648275386fc74',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'FictionJunction-Parallel_Hearts',
-                'ext': 'flac',
-                'title': 'FictionJunction-Parallel_Hearts',
-                'upload_date': '20140522',
-            },
-            'expected_warnings': [
-                'URL could be a direct video link, returning it as such.',
-            ],
-            'skip': 'URL invalid',
-        },
-        # Direct download with broken HEAD
-        {
-            'url': 'http://ai-radio.org:8000/radio.opus',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'radio',
-                'ext': 'opus',
-                'title': 'radio',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,  # infinite live stream
-            },
-            'expected_warnings': [
-                r'501.*Not Implemented',
-                r'400.*Bad Request',
-            ],
-        },
-        # Direct link with incorrect MIME type
-        {
-            'url': 'http://ftp.nluug.nl/video/nluug/2014-11-20_nj14/zaal-2/5_Lennart_Poettering_-_Systemd.webm',
-            'md5': '4ccbebe5f36706d85221f204d7eb5913',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'url': 'http://ftp.nluug.nl/video/nluug/2014-11-20_nj14/zaal-2/5_Lennart_Poettering_-_Systemd.webm',
-                'id': '5_Lennart_Poettering_-_Systemd',
-                'ext': 'webm',
-                'title': '5_Lennart_Poettering_-_Systemd',
-                'upload_date': '20141120',
-                'direct': True,
-                'timestamp': 1416498816.0,
-            },
-            'expected_warnings': [
-                'URL could be a direct video link, returning it as such.',
-            ],
-        },
+    _TESTS = [{
+        # Direct link
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/commit/c5fa81fe81ce05cd81c20ff4ea6dac3dccdcbf9d
+        'url': 'https://media.w3.org/2010/05/sintel/trailer.mp4',
+        'md5': '67d406c2bcb6af27fa886f31aa934bbe',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'trailer',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'trailer',
+            'direct': True,
+            'timestamp': 1273772943,
+            'upload_date': '20100513',
+        },
+    }, {
+        # Direct link: No HEAD support
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/4032
+        'url': 'http://ai-radio.org:8000/radio.opus',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'radio',
+            'ext': 'opus',
+            'title': 'radio',
+        },
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
+    }, {
+        # Direct link: Incorrect MIME type
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/commit/c5fa81fe81ce05cd81c20ff4ea6dac3dccdcbf9d
+        'url': 'https://ftp.nluug.nl/video/nluug/2014-11-20_nj14/zaal-2/5_Lennart_Poettering_-_Systemd.webm',
+        'md5': '4ccbebe5f36706d85221f204d7eb5913',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '5_Lennart_Poettering_-_Systemd',
+            'ext': 'webm',
+            'title': '5_Lennart_Poettering_-_Systemd',
+            'direct': True,
+            'timestamp': 1416498816,
+            'upload_date': '20141120',
+        },
+    }, {
+        # Direct link: Live HLS; https://castr.com/hlsplayer/
+        # https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/pull/6775
+        'url': 'https://stream-akamai.castr.com/5b9352dbda7b8c769937e459/live_2361c920455111ea85db6911fe397b9e/index.fmp4.m3u8',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'index.fmp4',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': str,
+            'live_status': 'is_live',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }, {
+        # Compressed when `Accept-Encoding: *`
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/commit/a074e922967fa571d4f1abb1773c711747060f00
+        'url': 'http://calimero.tk/muzik/FictionJunction-Parallel_Hearts.flac',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'FictionJunction-Parallel_Hearts',
+            'ext': 'flac',
+            'title': 'FictionJunction-Parallel_Hearts',
+        },
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
+    }, {
+        # `Content-Encoding: br` when `Accept-Encoding: *`
+        # https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/3e01ce744a981d8f19ae77ec695005e7000f4703
+        'url': 'https://www.extra.cz/cauky-lidi-70-dil-babis-predstavil-pohadky-prymulanek-nebo-andrejovy-nove-saty-ac867',
+        'md5': 'a9a2cad3e54f78e4680c6deef82417e9',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'cauky-lidi-70-dil-babis-predstavil-pohadky-prymulanek-nebo-andrejovy-nove-saty-ac867',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '�auky lidi 70 finall',
+            'description': 'md5:47b2673a5b76780d9d329783e1fbf5aa',
+            'direct': True,
+            'duration': 318.0,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://media\.extra\.cz/static/img/.+\.jpg',
+            'timestamp': 1654513791,
+            'upload_date': '20220606',
+        },
+        'params': {'extractor_args': {'generic': {'impersonate': ['chrome']}}},
+    }, {
+        # HLS: `Content-Type: audio/mpegurl`; https://bitmovin.com/demos/stream-test
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/commit/20938f768b16c945c6041ba3c0a7ae1a4e790881
+        'url': 'https://cdn.bitmovin.com/content/assets/art-of-motion-dash-hls-progressive/m3u8s/f08e80da-bf1d-4e3d-8899-f0f6155f6efa.m3u8',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'f08e80da-bf1d-4e3d-8899-f0f6155f6efa',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'f08e80da-bf1d-4e3d-8899-f0f6155f6efa',
+            'duration': 211,
+            'timestamp': 1737363648,
+            'upload_date': '20250120',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }, {
+        # HLS: `Content-Type: text/plain`; https://github.com/grafov/m3u8
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/commit/edd9b71c2cca7e5a0df8799710d9ad410ec77d29
+        'url': 'https://raw.githubusercontent.com/grafov/m3u8/refs/heads/master/sample-playlists/master.m3u8',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'master',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'master',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }, {
+        # MPEG-DASH; https://bitmovin.com/demos/stream-test
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/commit/9d939cec48f06a401fb79eb078c1fc50b2aefbe1
+        'url': 'https://cdn.bitmovin.com/content/assets/art-of-motion-dash-hls-progressive/mpds/f08e80da-bf1d-4e3d-8899-f0f6155f6efa.mpd',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'f08e80da-bf1d-4e3d-8899-f0f6155f6efa',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'f08e80da-bf1d-4e3d-8899-f0f6155f6efa',
+            'timestamp': 1737363728,
+            'upload_date': '20250120',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
+    }, {
+        # Live MPEG-DASH; https://livesim2.dashif.org/urlgen/create
+        # https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/pull/12256
+        'url': 'https://livesim2.dashif.org/livesim2/ato_10/testpic_2s/Manifest.mpd',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'Manifest',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': str,
+            'live_status': 'is_live',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'livestream'},
+    }, {
+        # SMIL
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/pull/6428
+        'url': 'https://api.new.livestream.com/accounts/21/events/7954027/videos/166558123.secure.smil',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '166558123.secure',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '73fb2379-a624-4b6c-bce4-e46086007f2c',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'smil'},
+    }, {
+        # XSPF playlist; https://shellac-archive.ch/de/index.html
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/commit/1de5cd3ba51ce67d9a1cd3b40157058e78e46692
+        'url': 'https://shellac-archive.ch/repository/xspf/22-AL0019Z.xspf',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '22-AL0019Z',
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 12,
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
+    }, {
         # RSS feed
-        {
-            'url': 'http://phihag.de/2014/youtube-dl/rss2.xml',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'https://phihag.de/2014/youtube-dl/rss2.xml',
-                'title': 'Zero Punctuation',
-                'description': 're:.*groundbreaking video review series.*',
-            },
-            'playlist_mincount': 11,
-        },
-        # RSS feed with enclosure
-        {
-            'url': 'http://podcastfeeds.nbcnews.com/audio/podcast/MSNBC-MADDOW-NETCAST-M4V.xml',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'http://podcastfeeds.nbcnews.com/nbcnews/video/podcast/MSNBC-MADDOW-NETCAST-M4V.xml',
-                'title': 'MSNBC Rachel Maddow (video)',
-                'description': 're:.*her unique approach to storytelling.*',
-            },
-            'playlist': [{
-                'info_dict': {
-                    'ext': 'mov',
-                    'id': 'pdv_maddow_netcast_mov-12-03-2020-223726',
-                    'title': 'MSNBC Rachel Maddow (video) - 12-03-2020-223726',
-                    'description': 're:.*her unique approach to storytelling.*',
-                    'upload_date': '20201204',
-                },
-            }],
-            'skip': 'Dead link',
-        },
-        # RSS feed with item with description and thumbnails
-        {
-            'url': 'https://anchor.fm/s/dd00e14/podcast/rss',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'https://anchor.fm/s/dd00e14/podcast/rss',
-                'title': 're:.*100% Hydrogen.*',
-                'description': 're:.*In this episode.*',
-            },
-            'playlist': [{
-                'info_dict': {
-                    'ext': 'm4a',
-                    'id': '818a5d38-01cd-152f-2231-ee479677fa82',
-                    'title': 're:Hydrogen!',
-                    'description': 're:.*In this episode we are going.*',
-                    'timestamp': 1567977776,
-                    'upload_date': '20190908',
-                    'duration': 423,
-                    'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-                    'episode_number': 1,
-                    'season_number': 1,
-                    'age_limit': 0,
-                    'season': 'Season 1',
-                    'direct': True,
-                    'episode': 'Episode 1',
-                },
-            }],
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        },
-        # RSS feed with enclosures and unsupported link URLs
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.hellointernet.fm/podcast?format=rss',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'http://www.hellointernet.fm/podcast?format=rss',
-                'description': 'CGP Grey and Brady Haran talk about YouTube, life, work, whatever.',
-                'title': 'Hello Internet',
-            },
-            'playlist_mincount': 100,
-        },
-        # RSS feed with guid
-        {
-            'url': 'https://www.omnycontent.com/d/playlist/a7b4f8fe-59d9-4afc-a79a-a90101378abf/bf2c1d80-3656-4449-9d00-a903004e8f84/efbff746-e7c1-463a-9d80-a903004e8f8f/podcast.rss',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'https://www.omnycontent.com/d/playlist/a7b4f8fe-59d9-4afc-a79a-a90101378abf/bf2c1d80-3656-4449-9d00-a903004e8f84/efbff746-e7c1-463a-9d80-a903004e8f8f/podcast.rss',
-                'description': 'md5:be809a44b63b0c56fb485caf68685520',
-                'title': 'The Little Red Podcast',
-            },
-            'playlist_mincount': 76,
-        },
-        # SMIL from http://videolectures.net/promogram_igor_mekjavic_eng
-        {
-            'url': 'http://videolectures.net/promogram_igor_mekjavic_eng/video/1/smil.xml',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'smil',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Automatics, robotics and biocybernetics',
-                'description': 'md5:815fc1deb6b3a2bff99de2d5325be482',
-                'upload_date': '20130627',
-                'formats': 'mincount:16',
-                'subtitles': 'mincount:1',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'force_generic_extractor': True,
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        },
-        # SMIL from http://www1.wdr.de/mediathek/video/livestream/index.html
-        {
-            'url': 'http://metafilegenerator.de/WDR/WDR_FS/hds/hds.smil',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'hds',
-                'ext': 'flv',
-                'title': 'hds',
-                'formats': 'mincount:1',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        },
-        # SMIL from https://www.restudy.dk/video/play/id/1637
-        {
-            'url': 'https://www.restudy.dk/awsmedia/SmilDirectory/video_1637.xml',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'video_1637',
-                'ext': 'flv',
-                'title': 'video_1637',
-                'formats': 'mincount:3',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        },
-        # SMIL from http://adventure.howstuffworks.com/5266-cool-jobs-iditarod-musher-video.htm
-        {
-            'url': 'http://services.media.howstuffworks.com/videos/450221/smil-service.smil',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'smil-service',
-                'ext': 'flv',
-                'title': 'smil-service',
-                'formats': 'mincount:1',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        },
-        # SMIL from http://new.livestream.com/CoheedandCambria/WebsterHall/videos/4719370
-        {
-            'url': 'http://api.new.livestream.com/accounts/1570303/events/1585861/videos/4719370.smil',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '4719370',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': '571de1fd-47bc-48db-abf9-238872a58d1f',
-                'formats': 'mincount:3',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        },
-        # XSPF playlist from http://www.telegraaf.nl/tv/nieuws/binnenland/24353229/__Tikibad_ontruimd_wegens_brand__.html
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.telegraaf.nl/xml/playlist/2015/8/7/mZlp2ctYIUEB.xspf',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'mZlp2ctYIUEB',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Tikibad ontruimd wegens brand',
-                'description': 'md5:05ca046ff47b931f9b04855015e163a4',
-                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-                'duration': 33,
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-            'skip': '404 Not Found',
-        },
-        # MPD from http://dash-mse-test.appspot.com/media.html
-        {
-            'url': 'http://yt-dash-mse-test.commondatastorage.googleapis.com/media/car-20120827-manifest.mpd',
-            'md5': '4b57baab2e30d6eb3a6a09f0ba57ef53',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'car-20120827-manifest',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'car-20120827-manifest',
-                'formats': 'mincount:9',
-                'upload_date': '20130904',
-                'timestamp': 1378272859.0,
-            },
-        },
-        # Live DASH MPD
-        {
-            'url': 'https://livesim2.dashif.org/livesim2/ato_10/testpic_2s/Manifest.mpd',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'Manifest',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': r're:Manifest \d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2} \d{2}:\d{2}$',
-                'live_status': 'is_live',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': 'livestream',
-            },
-        },
-        # m3u8 served with Content-Type: audio/x-mpegURL; charset=utf-8
-        {
-            'url': 'http://once.unicornmedia.com/now/master/playlist/bb0b18ba-64f5-4b1b-a29f-0ac252f06b68/77a785f3-5188-4806-b788-0893a61634ed/93677179-2d99-4ef4-9e17-fe70d49abfbf/content.m3u8',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'content',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'content',
-                'formats': 'mincount:8',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                # m3u8 downloads
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-            'skip': 'video gone',
-        },
-        # m3u8 served with Content-Type: text/plain
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.nacentapps.com/m3u8/index.m3u8',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'index',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'index',
-                'upload_date': '20140720',
-                'formats': 'mincount:11',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                # m3u8 downloads
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-            'skip': 'video gone',
-        },
-        # google redirect
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCUQtwIwAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DcmQHVoWB5FY&ei=F-sNU-LLCaXk4QT52ICQBQ&usg=AFQjCNEw4hL29zgOohLXvpJ-Bdh2bils1Q&bvm=bv.61965928,d.bGE',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'cmQHVoWB5FY',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'upload_date': '20130224',
-                'uploader_id': '@TheVerge',
-                'description': r're:^Chris Ziegler takes a look at the\.*',
-                'uploader': 'The Verge',
-                'title': 'First Firefox OS phones side-by-side',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': False,
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            # redirect in Refresh HTTP header
-            'url': 'https://www.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DpO8h3EaFRdo&h=TAQHsoToz&enc=AZN16h-b6o4Zq9pZkCCdOLNKMN96BbGMNtcFwHSaazus4JHT_MFYkAA-WARTX2kvsCIdlAIyHZjl6d33ILIJU7Jzwk_K3mcenAXoAzBNoZDI_Q7EXGDJnIhrGkLXo_LJ_pAa2Jzbx17UHMd3jAs--6j2zaeto5w9RTn8T_1kKg3fdC5WPX9Dbb18vzH7YFX0eSJmoa6SP114rvlkw6pkS1-T&s=1',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'pO8h3EaFRdo',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Tripeo Boiler Room x Dekmantel Festival DJ Set',
-                'description': 'md5:6294cc1af09c4049e0652b51a2df10d5',
-                'upload_date': '20150917',
-                'uploader_id': 'brtvofficial',
-                'uploader': 'Boiler Room',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': False,
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.hodiho.fr/2013/02/regis-plante-sa-jeep.html',
-            'md5': '85b90ccc9d73b4acd9138d3af4c27f89',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '13601338388002',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'uploader': 'www.hodiho.fr',
-                'title': 'R\u00e9gis plante sa Jeep',
-            },
-        },
-        # bandcamp page with custom domain
-        {
-            'add_ie': ['Bandcamp'],
-            'url': 'http://bronyrock.com/track/the-pony-mash',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '3235767654',
-                'ext': 'mp3',
-                'title': 'The Pony Mash',
-                'uploader': 'M_Pallante',
-            },
-            'skip': 'There is a limit of 200 free downloads / month for the test song',
-        },
-        # embed.ly video
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.tested.com/science/weird/460206-tested-grinding-coffee-2000-frames-second/',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '9ODmcdjQcHQ',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Tested: Grinding Coffee at 2000 Frames Per Second',
-                'upload_date': '20140225',
-                'description': 'md5:06a40fbf30b220468f1e0957c0f558ff',
-                'uploader': 'Tested',
-                'uploader_id': 'testedcom',
-            },
-            # No need to test YoutubeIE here
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        },
-        # funnyordie embed
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/11/obama-zach-galifianakis-between-two-ferns',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '18e820ec3f',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Between Two Ferns with Zach Galifianakis: President Barack Obama',
-                'description': 'Episode 18: President Barack Obama sits down with Zach Galifianakis for his most memorable interview yet.',
-            },
-            # HEAD requests lead to endless 301, while GET is OK
-            'expected_warnings': ['301'],
-        },
-        # RUTV embed
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.rg.ru/2014/03/15/reg-dfo/anklav-anons.html',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '776940',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Охот�кое море �тало целиком ро��ий�ким',
-                'description': 'md5:5ed62483b14663e2a95ebbe115eb8f43',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                # m3u8 download
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        },
-        # TVC embed
-        {
-            'url': 'http://sch1298sz.mskobr.ru/dou_edu/karamel_ki/filial_galleries/video/iframe_src_http_tvc_ru_video_iframe_id_55304_isplay_false_acc_video_id_channel_brand_id_11_show_episodes_episode_id_32307_frameb/',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '55304',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Дошкольное во�питание',
-            },
-        },
-        # SportBox embed
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.vestifinance.ru/articles/25753',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '25753',
-                'title': 'Пр�мые тран�л�ции � Форума-вы�тавки "Го�заказ-2013"',
-            },
-            'playlist': [{
-                'info_dict': {
-                    'id': '370908',
-                    'title': 'Го�заказ. День 3',
-                    'ext': 'mp4',
-                },
-            }, {
-                'info_dict': {
-                    'id': '370905',
-                    'title': 'Го�заказ. День 2',
-                    'ext': 'mp4',
-                },
-            }, {
-                'info_dict': {
-                    'id': '370902',
-                    'title': 'Го�заказ. День 1',
-                    'ext': 'mp4',
-                },
-            }],
-            'params': {
-                # m3u8 download
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        },
-        # Myvi.ru embed
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.kinomyvi.tv/news/detail/Pervij-dublirovannij-trejler--Uzhastikov-_nOw1',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'f4dafcad-ff21-423d-89b5-146cfd89fa1e',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Ужа�тики, ру��кий трейлер (2015)',
-                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-                'duration': 153,
-            },
-            'skip': 'Site dead',
-        },
-        # XHamster embed
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.numisc.com/forum/showthread.php?11696-FM15-which-pumiscer-was-this-%28-vid-%29-%28-alfa-as-fuck-srx-%29&s=711f5db534502e22260dec8c5e2d66d8',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'showthread',
-                'title': '[NSFL] [FM15] which pumiscer was this ( vid ) ( alfa as fuck srx )',
-            },
-            'playlist_mincount': 7,
-            # This forum does not allow <iframe> syntaxes anymore
-            # Now HTML tags are displayed as-is
-            'skip': 'No videos on this page',
-        },
-        # Embedded TED video
-        {
-            'url': 'http://en.support.wordpress.com/videos/ted-talks/',
-            'md5': '65fdff94098e4a607385a60c5177c638',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '1969',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Hidden miracles of the natural world',
-                'uploader': 'Louie Schwartzberg',
-                'description': 'md5:8145d19d320ff3e52f28401f4c4283b9',
-            },
-        },
-        # nowvideo embed hidden behind percent encoding
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.waoanime.tv/the-super-dimension-fortress-macross-episode-1/',
-            'md5': '2baf4ddd70f697d94b1c18cf796d5107',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '06e53103ca9aa',
-                'ext': 'flv',
-                'title': 'Macross Episode 001  Watch Macross Episode 001 onl',
-                'description': 'No description',
-            },
-        },
-        # arte embed
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.tv-replay.fr/redirection/20-03-14/x-enius-arte-10753389.html',
-            'md5': '7653032cbb25bf6c80d80f217055fa43',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '048195-004_PLUS7-F',
-                'ext': 'flv',
-                'title': 'X:enius',
-                'description': 'md5:d5fdf32ef6613cdbfd516ae658abf168',
-                'upload_date': '20140320',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': 'Requires rtmpdump',
-            },
-            'skip': 'video gone',
-        },
-        # francetv embed
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.tsprod.com/replay-du-concert-alcaline-de-calogero',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'EV_30231',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Alcaline, le concert avec Calogero',
-                'description': 'md5:61f08036dcc8f47e9cfc33aed08ffaff',
-                'upload_date': '20150226',
-                'timestamp': 1424989860,
-                'duration': 5400,
-            },
-            'params': {
-                # m3u8 downloads
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-            'expected_warnings': [
-                'Forbidden',
-            ],
-        },
-        # Condé Nast embed
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.wired.com/2014/04/honda-asimo/',
-            'md5': 'ba0dfe966fa007657bd1443ee672db0f',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '53501be369702d3275860000',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Honda’s  New Asimo Robot Is More Human Than Ever',
-            },
-        },
-        # Dailymotion embed
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.spi0n.com/zap-spi0n-com-n216/',
-            'md5': '441aeeb82eb72c422c7f14ec533999cd',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'k2mm4bCdJ6CQ2i7c8o2',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Le Zap de Spi0n n°216 - Zapping du Web',
-                'description': 'md5:faf028e48a461b8b7fad38f1e104b119',
-                'uploader': 'Spi0n',
-                'uploader_id': 'xgditw',
-                'upload_date': '20140425',
-                'timestamp': 1398441542,
-            },
-            'add_ie': ['Dailymotion'],
-        },
-        # DailyMail embed
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.bumm.sk/krimi/2017/07/05/biztonsagi-kamera-buktatta-le-az-agg-ferfit-utlegelo-apolot',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '1495629',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Care worker punches elderly dementia patient in head 11 times',
-                'description': 'md5:3a743dee84e57e48ec68bf67113199a5',
-            },
-            'add_ie': ['DailyMail'],
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        },
-        # YouTube embed
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.badzine.de/ansicht/datum/2014/06/09/so-funktioniert-die-neue-englische-badminton-liga.html',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'FXRb4ykk4S0',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'The NBL Auction 2014',
-                'uploader': 'BADMINTON England',
-                'uploader_id': 'BADMINTONEvents',
-                'upload_date': '20140603',
-                'description': 'md5:9ef128a69f1e262a700ed83edb163a73',
-            },
-            'add_ie': ['Youtube'],
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        },
-        # MTVServices embed
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.vulture.com/2016/06/new-key-peele-sketches-released.html',
-            'md5': 'ca1aef97695ef2c1d6973256a57e5252',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '769f7ec0-0692-4d62-9b45-0d88074bffc1',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Key and Peele|October 10, 2012|2|203|Liam Neesons - Uncensored',
-                'description': 'Two valets share their love for movie star Liam Neesons.',
-                'timestamp': 1349922600,
-                'upload_date': '20121011',
-            },
-        },
-        # YouTube embed via <data-embed-url="">
-        {
-            'url': 'https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.gameloft.android.ANMP.GloftA8HM',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '4vAffPZIT44',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Asphalt 8: Airborne - Update - Welcome to Dubai!',
-                'uploader': 'Gameloft',
-                'uploader_id': 'gameloft',
-                'upload_date': '20140828',
-                'description': 'md5:c80da9ed3d83ae6d1876c834de03e1c4',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        },
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/commit/c5fa81fe81ce05cd81c20ff4ea6dac3dccdcbf9d
+        'url': 'http://phihag.de/2014/youtube-dl/rss2.xml',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'https://phihag.de/2014/youtube-dl/rss2.xml',
+            'title': 'Zero Punctuation',
+            'description': 'md5:512ae5f840e52eb3c0d08d4bed08eb3e',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 11,
+    }, {
+        # RSS feed: Includes enclosure, description, and thumbnails
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/pull/27405
+        'url': 'https://anchor.fm/s/dd00e14/podcast/rss',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'https://anchor.fm/s/dd00e14/podcast/rss',
+            'title': '100% Hydrogen ',
+            'description': 'md5:7ec96327f8b91a2549a2e74f064022a1',
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 1,
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
+    }, {
+        # RSS feed: Includes guid
+        'url': 'https://www.omnycontent.com/d/playlist/a7b4f8fe-59d9-4afc-a79a-a90101378abf/bf2c1d80-3656-4449-9d00-a903004e8f84/efbff746-e7c1-463a-9d80-a903004e8f8f/podcast.rss',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'https://www.omnycontent.com/d/playlist/a7b4f8fe-59d9-4afc-a79a-a90101378abf/bf2c1d80-3656-4449-9d00-a903004e8f84/efbff746-e7c1-463a-9d80-a903004e8f8f/podcast.rss',
+            'title': 'The Little Red Podcast',
+            'description': 'md5:be809a44b63b0c56fb485caf68685520',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 76,
+    }, {
+        # RSS feed: Includes enclosure and unsupported URLs
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/pull/16189
+        'url': 'https://www.interfax.ru/rss.asp',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'https://www.interfax.ru/rss.asp',
+            'title': 'Интерфак�',
+            'description': 'md5:49b6b8905772efba21923942bbc0444c',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 25,
+    }, {
+        # Webpage starts with a duplicate UTF-8 BOM
+        # https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/80e8493ee7c3083f4e215794e4a67ba5265f24f7
+        'url': 'https://www.filmarkivet.se/movies/paris-d-moll/',
+        'md5': 'df02cadc719dcc63d43288366f037754',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'paris-d-moll',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Paris d-moll',
+            'description': 'md5:319e37ea5542293db37e1e13072fe330',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://www\.filmarkivet\.se/wp-content/uploads/.+\.jpg',
+        },
+    }, {
+        # Multiple HTML5 videos
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/pull/14107
+        'url': 'https://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/etter-ett-ars-planlegging-klaffet-endelig-alt---jeg-matte-ta-en-liten-dans/60413035',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '60413035',
+            'title': 'Etter ett års planlegging, klaffet endelig alt: - Jeg måtte ta en liten dans',
+            'description': 'md5:bbb4e12e42e78609a74fd421b93b1239',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://www\.dagbladet\.no/images/.+',
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 2,
+    }, {
+        # Cinerama Player
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/commit/501f13fbf3d1f7225f91e3e0ad008df2cd3219f1
+        'url': 'https://www.abc.net.au/res/libraries/cinerama2/examples/single_clip.htm',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'single_clip',
+            'title': 'Single Clip player examples',
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 3,
+    }, {
+        # FIXME: Improve extraction
         # Flowplayer
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.handjobhub.com/video/busty-blonde-siri-tit-fuck-while-wank-6313.html',
-            'md5': '9d65602bf31c6e20014319c7d07fba27',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '5123ea6d5e5a7',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'age_limit': 18,
-                'uploader': 'www.handjobhub.com',
-                'title': 'Busty Blonde Siri Tit Fuck While Wank at HandjobHub.com',
-            },
-        },
-        # MLB embed
-        {
-            'url': 'http://umpire-empire.com/index.php/topic/58125-laz-decides-no-thats-low/',
-            'md5': '96f09a37e44da40dd083e12d9a683327',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '33322633',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Ump changes call to ball',
-                'description': 'md5:71c11215384298a172a6dcb4c2e20685',
-                'duration': 48,
-                'timestamp': 1401537900,
-                'upload_date': '20140531',
-                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-            },
-        },
-        # Wistia standard embed (async)
-        {
-            'url': 'https://www.getdrip.com/university/brennan-dunn-drip-workshop/',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '807fafadvk',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Drip Brennan Dunn Workshop',
-                'description': 'a JV Webinars video from getdrip-1',
-                'duration': 4986.95,
-                'timestamp': 1463607249,
-                'upload_date': '20160518',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-            'skip': 'webpage 404 not found',
-        },
-        # Soundcloud embed
-        {
-            'url': 'http://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2014/10/29/sscc-171-are-you-sure-that-1234-is-a-bad-password-podcast/',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '174391317',
-                'ext': 'mp3',
-                'description': 'md5:ff867d6b555488ad3c52572bb33d432c',
-                'uploader': 'Sophos Security',
-                'title': 'Chet Chat 171 - Oct 29, 2014',
-                'upload_date': '20141029',
-            },
-        },
-        # Soundcloud multiple embeds
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.guitarplayer.com/lessons/1014/legato-workout-one-hour-to-more-fluid-performance---tab/52809',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '52809',
-                'title': 'Guitar Essentials: Legato Workout—One-Hour to Fluid Performance  | TAB + AUDIO',
-            },
-            'playlist_mincount': 7,
-        },
-        # TuneIn station embed
-        {
-            'url': 'http://radiocnrv.com/promouvoir-radio-cnrv/',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '204146',
-                'ext': 'mp3',
-                'title': 'CNRV',
-                'location': 'Paris, France',
-                'is_live': True,
-            },
-            'params': {
-                # Live stream
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        },
-        # Livestream embed
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Philae_comet_touch-down_webcast',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '67864563',
-                'ext': 'flv',
-                'upload_date': '20141112',
-                'title': 'Rosetta #CometLanding webcast HL 10',
-            },
-        },
-        # Another Livestream embed, without 'new.' in URL
-        {
-            'url': 'https://www.freespeech.org/',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '123537347',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 're:^FSTV [0-9]{4}-[0-9]{2}-[0-9]{2} [0-9]{2}:[0-9]{2}$',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                # Live stream
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        },
-        # LazyYT
-        {
-            'url': 'https://skiplagged.com/',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'skiplagged',
-                'title': 'Skiplagged: The smart way to find cheap flights',
-            },
-            'playlist_mincount': 1,
-            'add_ie': ['Youtube'],
-        },
-        # Libsyn embed
-        {
-            'url': 'http://undergroundwellness.com/podcasts/306-5-steps-to-permanent-gut-healing/',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '3793998',
-                'ext': 'mp3',
-                'upload_date': '20141126',
-                'title': 'Underground Wellness Radio - Jack Tips: 5 Steps to Permanent Gut Healing',
-                'thumbnail': 'https://assets.libsyn.com/secure/item/3793998/?height=90&width=90',
-                'duration': 3989.0,
-            },
-        },
-        # Cinerama player
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2015/s4164797.htm',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '730m_DandD_1901_512k',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'uploader': 'www.abc.net.au',
-                'title': 'Game of Thrones with dice - Dungeons and Dragons fantasy role-playing game gets new life - 19/01/2015',
-            },
-        },
-        # embedded viddler video
-        {
-            'url': 'http://deadspin.com/i-cant-stop-watching-john-wall-chop-the-nuggets-with-th-1681801597',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '4d03aad9',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'uploader': 'deadspin',
-                'title': 'WALL-TO-GORTAT',
-                'timestamp': 1422285291,
-                'upload_date': '20150126',
-            },
-            'add_ie': ['Viddler'],
-        },
-        # Libsyn embed
-        {
-            'url': 'http://thedailyshow.cc.com/podcast/episodetwelve',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '3377616',
-                'ext': 'mp3',
-                'title': "The Daily Show Podcast without Jon Stewart - Episode 12: Bassem Youssef: Egypt's Jon Stewart",
-                'description': 'md5:601cb790edd05908957dae8aaa866465',
-                'upload_date': '20150220',
-            },
-            'skip': 'All The Daily Show URLs now redirect to http://www.cc.com/shows/',
-        },
-        # jwplayer YouTube
-        {
-            'url': 'http://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/webinar-using-discovery-national-archives-online-catalogue/',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'Mrj4DVp2zeA',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'upload_date': '20150212',
-                'uploader': 'The National Archives UK',
-                'description': 'md5:8078af856dca76edc42910b61273dbbf',
-                'uploader_id': 'NationalArchives08',
-                'title': 'Webinar: Using Discovery, The National Archives’ online catalogue',
-            },
-        },
-        # jwplayer rtmp
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.suffolk.edu/sjc/live.php',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'live',
-                'ext': 'flv',
-                'title': 'Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Oral Arguments',
-                'uploader': 'www.suffolk.edu',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-            'skip': 'Only has video a few mornings per month, see http://www.suffolk.edu/sjc/',
-        },
-        # jwplayer with only the json URL
-        {
-            'url': 'https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/dunkirk-team-reveals-what-christopher-nolan-said-oscar-win-meet-your-oscar-winner-1092454',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'TljWkvWH',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'upload_date': '20180306',
-                'title': 'md5:91eb1862f6526415214f62c00b453936',
-                'description': 'md5:73048ae50ae953da10549d1d2fe9b3aa',
-                'timestamp': 1520367225,
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        },
-        # Complex jwplayer
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.indiedb.com/games/king-machine/videos',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'videos',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'king machine trailer 1',
-                'description': 'Browse King Machine videos & audio for sweet media. Your eyes will thank you.',
-                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            # Youtube embed, formerly: Video.js embed, multiple formats
-            'url': 'http://ortcam.com/solidworks-урок-6-на�тройка-чертежа_33f9b7351.html',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'yygqldloqIk',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'SolidWorks. Урок 6 �а�тройка чертежа',
-                'description': 'md5:baf95267792646afdbf030e4d06b2ab3',
-                'upload_date': '20130314',
-                'uploader': 'PRO�тое3D',
-                'uploader_id': 'PROstoe3D',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            # Video.js embed, single format
-            'url': 'https://www.vooplayer.com/v3/watch/watch.php?v=NzgwNTg=',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'watch',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Step 1 -  Good Foundation',
-                'description': 'md5:d1e7ff33a29fc3eb1673d6c270d344f4',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-            'skip': '404 Not Found',
-        },
-        # rtl.nl embed
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.rtlnieuws.nl/nieuws/buitenland/aanslagen-kopenhagen',
-            'playlist_mincount': 5,
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'aanslagen-kopenhagen',
-                'title': 'Aanslagen Kopenhagen',
-            },
-        },
-        # Zapiks embed
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.skipass.com/news/116090-bon-appetit-s5ep3-baqueira-mi-cor.html',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '118046',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'EP3S5 - Bon Appétit - Baqueira Mi Corazon !',
-            },
-        },
-        # Kaltura embed (different embed code)
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.premierchristianradio.com/Shows/Saturday/Unbelievable/Conference-Videos/Os-Guinness-Is-It-Fools-Talk-Unbelievable-Conference-2014',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '1_a52wc67y',
-                'ext': 'flv',
-                'upload_date': '20150127',
-                'uploader_id': 'PremierMedia',
-                'timestamp': int,
-                'title': 'Os Guinness // Is It Fools Talk? // Unbelievable? Conference 2014',
-            },
-        },
-        # Kaltura embed with single quotes
-        {
-            'url': 'http://fod.infobase.com/p_ViewPlaylist.aspx?AssignmentID=NUN8ZY',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '0_izeg5utt',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': '35871',
-                'timestamp': 1355743100,
-                'upload_date': '20121217',
-                'uploader_id': 'cplapp@learn360.com',
-            },
-            'add_ie': ['Kaltura'],
-        },
-        {
-            # Kaltura embedded via quoted entry_id
-            'url': 'https://www.oreilly.com/ideas/my-cloud-makes-pretty-pictures',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '0_utuok90b',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': '06_matthew_brender_raj_dutt',
-                'timestamp': 1466638791,
-                'upload_date': '20160622',
-            },
-            'add_ie': ['Kaltura'],
-            'expected_warnings': [
-                'Could not send HEAD request',
-            ],
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            # Kaltura embedded, some fileExt broken (#11480)
-            'url': 'http://www.cornell.edu/video/nima-arkani-hamed-standard-models-of-particle-physics',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '1_sgtvehim',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Our "Standard Models" of particle physics and cosmology',
-                'description': 'md5:67ea74807b8c4fea92a6f38d6d323861',
-                'timestamp': 1321158993,
-                'upload_date': '20111113',
-                'uploader_id': 'kps1',
-            },
-            'add_ie': ['Kaltura'],
-        },
-        {
-            # Kaltura iframe embed
-            'url': 'http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/event/i-m-pei-a-centennial-celebration/',
-            'md5': 'ae5ace8eb09dc1a35d03b579a9c2cc44',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '0_f2cfbpwy',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'I. M. Pei: A Centennial Celebration',
-                'description': 'md5:1db8f40c69edc46ca180ba30c567f37c',
-                'upload_date': '20170403',
-                'uploader_id': 'batchUser',
-                'timestamp': 1491232186,
-            },
-            'add_ie': ['Kaltura'],
-        },
-        {
-            # Kaltura iframe embed, more sophisticated
-            'url': 'http://www.cns.nyu.edu/~eero/math-tools/Videos/lecture-05sep2017.html',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '1_9gzouybz',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'lecture-05sep2017',
-                'description': 'md5:40f347d91fd4ba047e511c5321064b49',
-                'upload_date': '20170913',
-                'uploader_id': 'eps2',
-                'timestamp': 1505340777,
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-            'add_ie': ['Kaltura'],
-        },
-        {
-            # meta twitter:player
-            'url': 'http://thechive.com/2017/12/08/all-i-want-for-christmas-is-more-twerk/',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '0_01b42zps',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Main Twerk (Video)',
-                'upload_date': '20171208',
-                'uploader_id': 'sebastian.salinas@thechive.com',
-                'timestamp': 1512713057,
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-            'add_ie': ['Kaltura'],
-        },
-        # referrer protected EaglePlatform embed
-        {
-            'url': 'https://tvrain.ru/lite/teleshow/kak_vse_nachinalos/namin-418921/',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '582306',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Ста� �амин: «Мы нарушили дев�твенно�ть Кремл�»',
-                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-                'duration': 3382,
-                'view_count': int,
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        },
-        # ClipYou (EaglePlatform) embed (custom URL)
-        {
-            'url': 'http://muz-tv.ru/play/7129/',
-            # Not checking MD5 as sometimes the direct HTTP link results in 404 and HLS is used
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '12820',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': "'O Sole Mio",
-                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-                'duration': 216,
-                'view_count': int,
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-            'skip': 'This video is unavailable.',
-        },
-        # Pladform embed
-        {
-            'url': 'http://muz-tv.ru/kinozal/view/7400/',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '100183293',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Тайны перевала Д�тлова • 1 �ери� 2 ча�ть',
-                'description': 'Документальный �ериал-ра��ледование одной из �амых жутких тайн ХХ века',
-                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-                'duration': 694,
-                'age_limit': 0,
-            },
-            'skip': 'HTTP Error 404: Not Found',
-        },
-        # Playwire embed
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.cinemablend.com/new/First-Joe-Dirt-2-Trailer-Teaser-Stupid-Greatness-70874.html',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '3519514',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Joe Dirt 2 Beautiful Loser Teaser Trailer',
-                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.png$',
-                'duration': 45.115,
-            },
-        },
-        # Crooks and Liars embed
-        {
-            'url': 'http://crooksandliars.com/2015/04/fox-friends-says-protecting-atheists',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '8RUoRhRi',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Fox & Friends Says Protecting Atheists From Discrimination Is Anti-Christian!',
-                'description': 'md5:e1a46ad1650e3a5ec7196d432799127f',
-                'timestamp': 1428207000,
-                'upload_date': '20150405',
-                'uploader': 'Heather',
-            },
-        },
-        # Crooks and Liars external embed
-        {
-            'url': 'http://theothermccain.com/2010/02/02/video-proves-that-bill-kristol-has-been-watching-glenn-beck/comment-page-1/',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'MTE3MjUtMzQ2MzA',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'md5:5e3662a81a4014d24c250d76d41a08d5',
-                'description': 'md5:9b8e9542d6c3c5de42d6451b7d780cec',
-                'timestamp': 1265032391,
-                'upload_date': '20100201',
-                'uploader': 'Heather',
-            },
-        },
-        # NBC Sports vplayer embed
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.riderfans.com/forum/showthread.php?121827-Freeman&s=e98fa1ea6dc08e886b1678d35212494a',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'ln7x1qSThw4k',
-                'ext': 'flv',
-                'title': "PFT Live: New leader in the 'new-look' defense",
-                'description': 'md5:65a19b4bbfb3b0c0c5768bed1dfad74e',
-                'uploader': 'NBCU-SPORTS',
-                'upload_date': '20140107',
-                'timestamp': 1389118457,
-            },
-            'skip': 'Invalid Page URL',
-        },
-        # NBC News embed
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.vulture.com/2016/06/letterman-couldnt-care-less-about-late-night.html',
-            'md5': '1aa589c675898ae6d37a17913cf68d66',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'x_dtl_oa_LettermanliftPR_160608',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'David Letterman: A Preview',
-                'description': 'A preview of Tom Brokaw\'s interview with David Letterman as part of the On Assignment series powered by Dateline. Airs Sunday June 12 at 7/6c.',
-                'upload_date': '20160609',
-                'timestamp': 1465431544,
-                'uploader': 'NBCU-NEWS',
-            },
-        },
-        # UDN embed
-        {
-            'url': 'https://video.udn.com/news/300346',
-            'md5': 'fd2060e988c326991037b9aff9df21a6',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '300346',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': '中一中男師變性 全校師生力挺',
-                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                # m3u8 download
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-            'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse JSON Expecting value'],
-        },
-        # Kinja embed
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.clickhole.com/video/dont-understand-bitcoin-man-will-mumble-explanatio-2537',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '106351',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Don’t Understand Bitcoin? This Man Will Mumble An Explanation At You',
-                'description': 'Migrated from OnionStudios',
-                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpe?g$',
-                'uploader': 'clickhole',
-                'upload_date': '20150527',
-                'timestamp': 1432744860,
-            },
-        },
-        # SnagFilms embed
-        {
-            'url': 'http://whilewewatch.blogspot.ru/2012/06/whilewewatch-whilewewatch-gripping.html',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '74849a00-85a9-11e1-9660-123139220831',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': '#whilewewatch',
-            },
-        },
-        # AdobeTVVideo embed
-        {
-            'url': 'https://helpx.adobe.com/acrobat/how-to/new-experience-acrobat-dc.html?set=acrobat--get-started--essential-beginners',
-            'md5': '43662b577c018ad707a63766462b1e87',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '2456',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'New experience with Acrobat DC',
-                'description': 'New experience with Acrobat DC',
-                'duration': 248.667,
-            },
-        },
-        # Another form of arte.tv embed
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.tv-replay.fr/redirection/09-04-16/arte-reportage-arte-11508975.html',
-            'md5': '850bfe45417ddf221288c88a0cffe2e2',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '030273-562_PLUS7-F',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'ARTE Reportage - Nulle part, en France',
-                'description': 'md5:e3a0e8868ed7303ed509b9e3af2b870d',
-                'upload_date': '20160409',
-            },
-        },
-        # Duplicated embedded video URLs
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.hudl.com/athlete/2538180/highlights/149298443',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '149298443_480_16c25b74_2',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'vs. Blue Orange Spring Game',
-                'uploader': 'www.hudl.com',
-            },
-        },
-        # twitter:player:stream embed
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.rtl.be/info/video/589263.aspx?CategoryID=288',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'master',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Une nouvelle espèce de dinosaure découverte en Argentine',
-                'uploader': 'www.rtl.be',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                # m3u8 downloads
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        },
-        # twitter:player embed
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.theatlantic.com/video/index/484130/what-do-black-holes-sound-like/',
-            'md5': 'a3e0df96369831de324f0778e126653c',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '4909620399001',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'What Do Black Holes Sound Like?',
-                'description': 'what do black holes sound like',
-                'upload_date': '20160524',
-                'uploader_id': '29913724001',
-                'timestamp': 1464107587,
-                'uploader': 'TheAtlantic',
-            },
-            'skip': 'Private Youtube video',
-        },
-        # Facebook <iframe> embed
-        {
-            'url': 'https://www.hostblogger.de/blog/archives/6181-Auto-jagt-Betonmischer.html',
-            'md5': 'fbcde74f534176ecb015849146dd3aee',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '599637780109885',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Facebook video #599637780109885',
-            },
-        },
-        # Facebook <iframe> embed, plugin video
-        {
-            'url': 'http://5pillarsuk.com/2017/06/07/tariq-ramadan-disagrees-with-pr-exercise-by-imams-refusing-funeral-prayers-for-london-attackers/',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '1754168231264132',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'About the Imams and Religious leaders refusing to perform funeral prayers for...',
-                'uploader': 'Tariq Ramadan (official)',
-                'timestamp': 1496758379,
-                'upload_date': '20170606',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        },
-        # Facebook API embed
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.lothype.com/blue-stars-2016-preview-standstill-full-show/',
-            'md5': 'a47372ee61b39a7b90287094d447d94e',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '10153467542406923',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Facebook video #10153467542406923',
-            },
-        },
-        # Wordpress "YouTube Video Importer" plugin
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.lothype.com/blue-devils-drumline-stanford-lot-2016/',
-            'md5': 'd16797741b560b485194eddda8121b48',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'HNTXWDXV9Is',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Blue Devils Drumline Stanford lot 2016',
-                'upload_date': '20160627',
-                'uploader_id': 'GENOCIDE8GENERAL10',
-                'uploader': 'cylus cyrus',
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            # video stored on custom kaltura server
-            'url': 'http://www.expansion.com/multimedia/videos.html?media=EQcM30NHIPv',
-            'md5': '537617d06e64dfed891fa1593c4b30cc',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '0_1iotm5bh',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Elecciones británicas: 5 lecciones para Rajoy',
-                'description': 'md5:435a89d68b9760b92ce67ed227055f16',
-                'uploader_id': 'videos.expansion@el-mundo.net',
-                'upload_date': '20150429',
-                'timestamp': 1430303472,
-            },
-            'add_ie': ['Kaltura'],
-        },
-        {
-            # multiple kaltura embeds, nsfw
-            'url': 'https://www.quartier-rouge.be/prive/femmes/kamila-avec-video-jaime-sadomie.html',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'kamila-avec-video-jaime-sadomie',
-                'title': "Kamila avec vídeo “J'aime sadomie�",
-            },
-            'playlist_count': 8,
-        },
-        {
-            # Non-standard Vimeo embed
-            'url': 'https://openclassrooms.com/courses/understanding-the-web',
-            'md5': '64d86f1c7d369afd9a78b38cbb88d80a',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '148867247',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Understanding the web - Teaser',
-                'description': 'This is "Understanding the web - Teaser" by openclassrooms on Vimeo, the home for high quality videos and the people who love them.',
-                'upload_date': '20151214',
-                'uploader': 'OpenClassrooms',
-                'uploader_id': 'openclassrooms',
-            },
-            'add_ie': ['Vimeo'],
-        },
-        {
-            # generic vimeo embed that requires original URL passed as Referer
-            'url': 'http://racing4everyone.eu/2016/07/30/formula-1-2016-round12-germany/',
-            'only_matching': True,
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'https://support.arkena.com/display/PLAY/Ways+to+embed+your+video',
-            'md5': 'b96f2f71b359a8ecd05ce4e1daa72365',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'b41dda37-d8e7-4d3f-b1b5-9a9db578bdfe',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Big Buck Bunny',
-                'description': 'Royalty free test video',
-                'timestamp': 1432816365,
-                'upload_date': '20150528',
-                'is_live': False,
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-            'add_ie': ['Arkena'],
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'http://nova.bg/news/view/2016/08/16/156543/%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BC-%D0%BE%D1%82-%D0%B2%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2-%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0-%D1%86%D1%8F%D0%BB-%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8-%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7-%D0%B2-%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2/',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '1c7141f46c',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': '�� КОСЪМ ОТ ВЗРИВ: Изтичане на газ на бензино�танци� в Пловдив',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-            'add_ie': ['Vbox7'],
-        },
-        {
-            # DBTV embeds
-            'url': 'http://www.dagbladet.no/2016/02/23/nyheter/nordlys/ski/troms/ver/43254897/',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '43254897',
-                'title': 'Etter ett års planlegging, klaffet endelig alt: - Jeg måtte ta en liten dans',
-            },
-            'playlist_mincount': 3,
-        },
-        {
-            # Videa embeds
-            'url': 'http://forum.dvdtalk.com/movie-talk/623756-deleted-magic-star-wars-ot-deleted-alt-scenes-docu-style.html',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '623756-deleted-magic-star-wars-ot-deleted-alt-scenes-docu-style',
-                'title': 'Deleted Magic - Star Wars: OT Deleted / Alt. Scenes Docu. Style - DVD Talk Forum',
-            },
-            'playlist_mincount': 2,
-        },
-        {
-            # 20 minuten embed
-            'url': 'http://www.20min.ch/schweiz/news/story/So-kommen-Sie-bei-Eis-und-Schnee-sicher-an-27032552',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '523629',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'So kommen Sie bei Eis und Schnee sicher an',
-                'description': 'md5:117c212f64b25e3d95747e5276863f7d',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-            'add_ie': ['TwentyMinuten'],
-        },
-        {
-            # VideoPress embed
-            'url': 'https://en.support.wordpress.com/videopress/',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'OcobLTqC',
-                'ext': 'm4v',
-                'title': 'IMG_5786',
-                'timestamp': 1435711927,
-                'upload_date': '20150701',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-            'add_ie': ['VideoPress'],
-        },
-        {
-            # Rutube embed
-            'url': 'http://magazzino.friday.ru/videos/vipuski/kazan-2',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '9b3d5bee0a8740bf70dfd29d3ea43541',
-                'ext': 'flv',
-                'title': 'Магаззино: Казань 2',
-                'description': 'md5:99bccdfac2269f0e8fdbc4bbc9db184a',
-                'uploader': 'Магаззино',
-                'upload_date': '20170228',
-                'uploader_id': '996642',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-            'add_ie': ['Rutube'],
-        },
-        {
-            # glomex:embed
-            'url': 'https://www.skai.gr/news/world/iatrikos-syllogos-tourkias-to-turkovac-aplo-dialyma-erntogan-eiste-apateones-kai-pseytes',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'v-ch2nkhcirwc9-sf',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'md5:786e1e24e06c55993cee965ef853a0c1',
-                'description': 'md5:8b517a61d577efe7e36fde72fd535995',
-                'timestamp': 1641885019,
-                'upload_date': '20220111',
-                'duration': 460000,
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i3thumbs.glomex.com/dC1idjJwdndiMjRzeGwvMjAyMi8wMS8xMS8wNy8xMF8zNV82MWRkMmQ2YmU5ZTgyLmpwZw==/profile:player-960x540',
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            # megatvcom:embed
-            'url': 'https://www.in.gr/2021/12/18/greece/apokalypsi-mega-poios-parelave-tin-ereyna-tsiodra-ek-merous-tis-kyvernisis-o-prothypourgos-telika-gnorize/',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'apokalypsi-mega-poios-parelave-tin-ereyna-tsiodra-ek-merous-tis-kyvernisis-o-prothypourgos-telika-gnorize',
-                'title': 'md5:5e569cf996ec111057c2764ec272848f',
-            },
-            'playlist': [{
-                'md5': '1afa26064ff00ccb91617957dbc73dc1',
-                'info_dict': {
-                    'ext': 'mp4',
-                    'id': '564916',
-                    'display_id': 'md5:6cdf22d3a2e7bacb274b7295089a1770',
-                    'title': 'md5:33b9dd39584685b62873043670eb52a6',
-                    'description': 'md5:c1db7310f390518ac36dd69d947ef1a1',
-                    'timestamp': 1639753145,
-                    'upload_date': '20211217',
-                    'thumbnail': 'https://www.megatv.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/prezerakos-1024x597.jpg',
-                },
-            }, {
-                'md5': '4a1c220695f1ef865a8b7966a53e2474',
-                'info_dict': {
-                    'ext': 'mp4',
-                    'id': '564905',
-                    'display_id': 'md5:ead15695e485e649aed2b81ebd699b88',
-                    'title': 'md5:2b71fd54249a3ca34609fe39ae31c47b',
-                    'description': 'md5:c42e12f638d0a97d6de4508e2c4df982',
-                    'timestamp': 1639753047,
-                    'upload_date': '20211217',
-                    'thumbnail': 'https://www.megatv.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/tsiodras-mitsotakis-1024x545.jpg',
-                },
-            }],
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'https://www.ertnews.gr/video/manolis-goyalles-o-anthropos-piso-apo-ti-diadiktyaki-vasilopita/',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '2022/tv/news-themata-ianouarios/20220114-apotis6-gouales-pita.mp4',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'md5:df64f5b61c06d0e9556c0cdd5cf14464',
-                'thumbnail': 'https://www.ert.gr/themata/photos/2021/20220114-apotis6-gouales-pita.jpg',
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            # ThePlatform embedded with whitespaces in URLs
-            'url': 'http://www.golfchannel.com/topics/shows/golftalkcentral.htm',
-            'only_matching': True,
-        },
-        {
-            # Senate ISVP iframe https
-            'url': 'https://www.hsgac.senate.gov/hearings/canadas-fast-track-refugee-plan-unanswered-questions-and-implications-for-us-national-security',
-            'md5': 'fb8c70b0b515e5037981a2492099aab8',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'govtaff020316',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Integrated Senate Video Player',
-            },
-            'add_ie': ['SenateISVP'],
-        },
-        {
-            # Limelight embeds (1 channel embed + 4 media embeds)
-            'url': 'http://www.sedona.com/FacilitatorTraining2017',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'FacilitatorTraining2017',
-                'title': 'Facilitator Training 2017',
-            },
-            'playlist_mincount': 5,
-        },
-        {
-            # Limelight embed (LimelightPlayerUtil.embed)
-            'url': 'https://tv5.ca/videos?v=xuu8qowr291ri',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '95d035dc5c8a401588e9c0e6bd1e9c92',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': '07448641',
-                'timestamp': 1499890639,
-                'upload_date': '20170712',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-            'add_ie': ['LimelightMedia'],
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'http://kron4.com/2017/04/28/standoff-with-walnut-creek-murder-suspect-ends-with-arrest/',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'standoff-with-walnut-creek-murder-suspect-ends-with-arrest',
-                'title': 'Standoff with Walnut Creek murder suspect ends',
-                'description': 'md5:3ccc48a60fc9441eeccfc9c469ebf788',
-            },
-            'playlist_mincount': 4,
-        },
-        {
-            # WashingtonPost embed
-            'url': 'http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2017/04/donald-trump-tv-pitches',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '8caf6e88-d0ec-11e5-90d3-34c2c42653ac',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': "No one has seen the drama series based on Trump's life \u2014 until now",
-                'description': 'Donald Trump wanted a weekly TV drama based on his life. It never aired. But The Washington Post recently obtained a scene from the pilot script — and enlisted actors.',
-                'timestamp': 1455216756,
-                'uploader': 'The Washington Post',
-                'upload_date': '20160211',
-            },
-            'add_ie': ['WashingtonPost'],
-        },
-        {
-            # JOJ.sk embeds
-            'url': 'https://www.noviny.sk/slovensko/238543-slovenskom-sa-prehnala-vlna-silnych-burok',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '238543-slovenskom-sa-prehnala-vlna-silnych-burok',
-                'title': 'Slovenskom sa prehnala vlna silných búrok',
-            },
-            'playlist_mincount': 5,
-            'add_ie': ['Joj'],
-        },
-        {
-            # AMP embed (see https://www.ampproject.org/docs/reference/components/amp-video)
-            'url': 'https://tvrain.ru/amp/418921/',
-            'md5': 'cc00413936695987e8de148b67d14f1d',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '418921',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Ста� �амин: «Мы нарушили дев�твенно�ть Кремл�»',
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            # multiple HTML5 videos on one page
-            'url': 'https://www.paragon-software.com/home/rk-free/keyscenarios.html',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'keyscenarios',
-                'title': 'Rescue Kit 14 Free Edition - Getting started',
-            },
-            'playlist_count': 4,
-        },
-        {
-            # vshare embed
-            'url': 'https://youtube-dl-demo.neocities.org/vshare.html',
-            'md5': '17b39f55b5497ae8b59f5fbce8e35886',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '0f64ce6',
-                'title': 'vl14062007715967',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.heidelberg-laureate-forum.org/blog/video/lecture-friday-september-23-2016-sir-c-antony-r-hoare/',
-            'md5': 'aecd089f55b1cb5a59032cb049d3a356',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '90227f51a80c4d8f86c345a7fa62bd9a1d',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Lecture: Friday, September 23, 2016 - Sir Tony Hoare',
-                'description': 'md5:5a51db84a62def7b7054df2ade403c6c',
-                'timestamp': 1474354800,
-                'upload_date': '20160920',
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.kidzworld.com/article/30935-trolls-the-beat-goes-on-interview-skylar-astin-and-amanda-leighton',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '1731611',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Official Trailer | TROLLS: THE BEAT GOES ON!',
-                'description': 'md5:eb5f23826a027ba95277d105f248b825',
-                'timestamp': 1516100691,
-                'upload_date': '20180116',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-            'add_ie': ['SpringboardPlatform'],
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'https://www.yapfiles.ru/show/1872528/690b05d3054d2dbe1e69523aa21bb3b1.mp4.html',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'vMDE4NzI1Mjgt690b',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Кот�та',
-            },
-            'add_ie': ['YapFiles'],
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            # CloudflareStream embed
-            'url': 'https://www.cloudflare.com/products/cloudflare-stream/',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '31c9291ab41fac05471db4e73aa11717',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': '31c9291ab41fac05471db4e73aa11717',
-            },
-            'add_ie': ['CloudflareStream'],
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            # PeerTube embed
-            'url': 'https://joinpeertube.org/fr/home/',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'home',
-                'title': 'Reprenez le contrôle de vos vidéos ! #JoinPeertube',
-            },
-            'playlist_count': 2,
-        },
-        {
-            # Indavideo embed
-            'url': 'https://streetkitchen.hu/receptek/igy_kell_otthon_hamburgert_sutni/',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '1693903',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': '�gy kell otthon hamburgert sütni',
-                'description': 'md5:f5a730ecf900a5c852e1e00540bbb0f7',
-                'timestamp': 1426330212,
-                'upload_date': '20150314',
-                'uploader': 'StreetKitchen',
-                'uploader_id': '546363',
-            },
-            'add_ie': ['IndavideoEmbed'],
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            # APA embed via JWPlatform embed
-            'url': 'http://www.vol.at/blue-man-group/5593454',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'jjv85FdZ',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': '"Blau ist mysteriös": Die Blue Man Group im Interview',
-                'description': 'md5:d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e',
-                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-                'duration': 254,
-                'timestamp': 1519211149,
-                'upload_date': '20180221',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'http://share-videos.se/auto/video/83645793?uid=13',
-            'md5': 'b68d276de422ab07ee1d49388103f457',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '83645793',
-                'title': 'Lock up and get excited',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-            },
-            'skip': 'TODO: fix nested playlists processing in tests',
-        },
-        {
-            # Viqeo embeds
-            'url': 'https://viqeo.tv/',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'viqeo',
-                'title': 'All-new video platform',
-            },
-            'playlist_count': 6,
-        },
-        # {
-        #     # Zype embed
-        #     'url': 'https://www.cookscountry.com/episode/554-smoky-barbecue-favorites',
-        #     'info_dict': {
-        #         'id': '5b400b834b32992a310622b9',
-        #         'ext': 'mp4',
-        #         'title': 'Smoky Barbecue Favorites',
-        #         'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpe?g',
-        #         'description': 'md5:5ff01e76316bd8d46508af26dc86023b',
-        #         'upload_date': '20170909',
-        #         'timestamp': 1504915200,
-        #     },
-        #     'add_ie': [ZypeIE.ie_key()],
-        #     'params': {
-        #         'skip_download': True,
-        #     },
-        # },
-        {
-            # videojs embed
-            'url': 'https://video.sibnet.ru/shell.php?videoid=3422904',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'shell',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'До�тавщик пиццы �про�ил разрешени� �ыграть на фортепиано',
-                'description': 'md5:89209cdc587dab1e4a090453dbaa2cb1',
-                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-            'expected_warnings': ['Failed to download MPD manifest'],
-        },
-        {
-            # DailyMotion embed with DM.player
-            'url': 'https://www.beinsports.com/us/copa-del-rey/video/the-locker-room-valencia-beat-barca-in-copa/1203804',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'k6aKkGHd9FJs4mtJN39',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'The Locker Room: Valencia Beat Barca In Copa del Rey Final',
-                'description': 'This video is private.',
-                'uploader_id': 'x1jf30l',
-                'uploader': 'beIN SPORTS USA',
-                'upload_date': '20190528',
-                'timestamp': 1559062971,
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            # tvopengr:embed
-            'url': 'https://www.ethnos.gr/World/article/190604/hparosiaxekinoynoisynomiliessthgeneyhmethskiatoypolemoypanoapothnoykrania',
-            'md5': 'eb0c3995d0a6f18f6538c8e057865d7d',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '101119',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'display_id': 'oikarpoitondiapragmateyseonhparosias',
-                'title': 'md5:b979f4d640c568617d6547035528a149',
-                'description': 'md5:e54fc1977c7159b01cc11cd7d9d85550',
-                'timestamp': 1641772800,
-                'upload_date': '20220110',
-                'thumbnail': 'https://opentv-static.siliconweb.com/imgHandler/1920/70bc39fa-895b-4918-a364-c39d2135fc6d.jpg',
-
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            # blogger embed
-            'url': 'https://blog.tomeuvizoso.net/2019/01/a-panfrost-milestone.html',
-            'md5': 'f1bc19b6ea1b0fd1d81e84ca9ec467ac',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'BLOGGER-video-3c740e3a49197e16-796',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Blogger',
-                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*',
-            },
-        },
-        # {
-        #     # TODO: find another test
-        #     # http://schema.org/VideoObject
-        #     'url': 'https://flipagram.com/f/nyvTSJMKId',
-        #     'md5': '888dcf08b7ea671381f00fab74692755',
-        #     'info_dict': {
-        #         'id': 'nyvTSJMKId',
-        #         'ext': 'mp4',
-        #         'title': 'Flipagram by sjuria101 featuring Midnight Memories by One Direction',
-        #         'description': '#love for cats.',
-        #         'timestamp': 1461244995,
-        #         'upload_date': '20160421',
-        #     },
-        #     'params': {
-        #         'force_generic_extractor': True,
-        #     },
-        # },
-        {
-            # VHX Embed
-            'url': 'https://demo.vhx.tv/category-c/videos/file-example-mp4-480-1-5mg-copy',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '858208',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Untitled',
-                'uploader_id': 'user80538407',
-                'uploader': 'OTT Videos',
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            # ArcPublishing PoWa video player
-            'url': 'https://www.adn.com/politics/2020/11/02/video-senate-candidates-campaign-in-anchorage-on-eve-of-election-day/',
-            'md5': 'b03b2fac8680e1e5a7cc81a5c27e71b3',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '8c99cb6e-b29c-4bc9-9173-7bf9979225ab',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Senate candidates wave to voters on Anchorage streets',
-                'description': 'md5:91f51a6511f090617353dc720318b20e',
-                'timestamp': 1604378735,
-                'upload_date': '20201103',
-                'duration': 1581,
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            # MyChannels SDK embed
-            # https://www.24kitchen.nl/populair/deskundige-dit-waarom-sommigen-gevoelig-zijn-voor-voedselallergieen
-            'url': 'https://www.demorgen.be/nieuws/burgemeester-rotterdam-richt-zich-in-videoboodschap-tot-relschoppers-voelt-het-goed~b0bcfd741/',
-            'md5': '90c0699c37006ef18e198c032d81739c',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '194165',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Burgemeester Aboutaleb spreekt relschoppers toe',
-                'timestamp': 1611740340,
-                'upload_date': '20210127',
-                'duration': 159,
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            # Simplecast player embed
-            'url': 'https://www.bio.org/podcast',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'podcast',
-                'title': 'I AM BIO Podcast | BIO',
-            },
-            'playlist_mincount': 52,
-        }, {
-            # WimTv embed player
-            'url': 'http://www.msmotor.tv/wearefmi-pt-2-2021/',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'wearefmi-pt-2-2021',
-                'title': '#WEAREFMI – PT.2 – 2021 – MsMotorTV',
-            },
-            'playlist_count': 1,
-        }, {
-            # KVS Player
-            'url': 'https://www.kvs-demo.com/videos/105/kelis-4th-of-july/',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '105',
-                'display_id': 'kelis-4th-of-july',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Kelis - 4th Of July',
-                'description': 'Kelis - 4th Of July',
-                'thumbnail': r're:https://(?:www\.)?kvs-demo.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/105/preview.jpg',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-            'expected_warnings': ['Untested major version'],
-        }, {
-            # KVS Player
-            'url': 'https://www.kvs-demo.com/embed/105/',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '105',
-                'display_id': 'kelis-4th-of-july',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Kelis - 4th Of July / Embed Player',
-                'thumbnail': r're:https://(?:www\.)?kvs-demo.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/105/preview.jpg',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        }, {
-            'url': 'https://youix.com/video/leningrad-zoj/',
-            'md5': '94f96ba95706dc3880812b27b7d8a2b8',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '18485',
-                'display_id': 'leningrad-zoj',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Клип: Ленинград - ЗОЖ �качать, �мотреть онлайн | Youix.com',
-                'thumbnail': r're:https://youix.com/contents/videos_screenshots/18000/18485/preview(?:_480x320_youix_com.mp4)?\.jpg',
-            },
-        }, {
-            # KVS Player
-            'url': 'https://youix.com/embed/18485',
-            'md5': '94f96ba95706dc3880812b27b7d8a2b8',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '18485',
-                'display_id': 'leningrad-zoj',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Ленинград - ЗОЖ',
-                'thumbnail': r're:https://youix.com/contents/videos_screenshots/18000/18485/preview(?:_480x320_youix_com.mp4)?\.jpg',
-            },
-        }, {
-            # KVS Player
-            'url': 'https://bogmedia.org/videos/21217/40-nochey-40-nights-2016/',
-            'md5': '94166bdb26b4cb1fb9214319a629fc51',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '21217',
-                'display_id': '40-nochey-2016',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': '40 ночей (2016) - BogMedia.org',
-                'description': 'md5:4e6d7d622636eb7948275432eb256dc3',
-                'thumbnail': 'https://bogmedia.org/contents/videos_screenshots/21000/21217/preview_480p.mp4.jpg',
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            # KVS Player (for sites that serve kt_player.js via non-https urls)
-            'url': 'http://www.camhub.world/embed/389508',
-            'md5': 'fbe89af4cfb59c8fd9f34a202bb03e32',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '389508',
-                'display_id': 'syren-de-mer-onlyfans-05-07-2020have-a-happy-safe-holiday5f014e68a220979bdb8cd-source',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Syren De Mer onlyfans_05-07-2020Have_a_happy_safe_holiday5f014e68a220979bdb8cd_source / Embed плеер',
-                'thumbnail': r're:https?://www\.camhub\.world/contents/videos_screenshots/389000/389508/preview\.mp4\.jpg',
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            # Reddit-hosted video that will redirect and be processed by RedditIE
-            # Redirects to https://www.reddit.com/r/videos/comments/6rrwyj/that_small_heart_attack/
-            'url': 'https://v.redd.it/zv89llsvexdz',
-            'md5': '87f5f02f6c1582654146f830f21f8662',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'zv89llsvexdz',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'timestamp': 1501941939.0,
-                'title': 'That small heart attack.',
-                'upload_date': '20170805',
-                'uploader': 'Antw87',
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            # 1080p Reddit-hosted video that will redirect and be processed by RedditIE
-            'url': 'https://v.redd.it/33hgok7dfbz71/',
-            'md5': '7a1d587940242c9bb3bd6eb320b39258',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '33hgok7dfbz71',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': "The game Didn't want me to Knife that Guy I guess",
-                'uploader': 'paraf1ve',
-                'timestamp': 1636788683.0,
-                'upload_date': '20211113',
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            # MainStreaming player
-            'url': 'https://www.lactv.it/2021/10/03/lac-news24-la-settimana-03-10-2021/',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'EUlZfGWkGpOd',
-                'title': 'La Settimana ',
-                'description': '03 Ottobre ore 02:00',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'live_status': 'not_live',
-                'thumbnail': r're:https?://[A-Za-z0-9-]*\.msvdn.net/image/\w+/poster',
-                'duration': 1512,
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            # Multiple gfycat iframe embeds
-            'url': 'https://www.gezip.net/bbs/board.php?bo_table=entertaine&wr_id=613422',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'title': '재�, 윤, 세� 황금 드레스를 입고 빛난다',
-                'id': 'board',
-            },
-            'playlist_count': 8,
-        },
-        {
-            # Multiple gfycat gifs (direct links)
-            'url': 'https://www.gezip.net/bbs/board.php?bo_table=entertaine&wr_id=612199',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'title': '옳게 � �롭 니트 스테�씨 아�사',
-                'id': 'board',
-            },
-            'playlist_count': 6,
-        },
-        {
-            # Multiple gfycat embeds, with uppercase "IFR" in urls
-            'url': 'https://kkzz.kr/?vid=2295',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'title': '지방시 앰버서� �스파 카리나 움짤',
-                'id': '?vid=2295',
-            },
-            'playlist_count': 9,
-        },
-        {
-            # Panopto embeds
-            'url': 'https://www.monash.edu/learning-teaching/teachhq/learning-technologies/panopto/how-to/insert-a-quiz-into-a-panopto-video',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'id': '0bd3f16c-824a-436a-8486-ac5900693aef',
-                'title': 'Quizzes in Panopto',
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            # Ruutu embed
-            'url': 'https://www.nelonen.fi/ohjelmat/madventures-suomi/2160731-riku-ja-tunna-lahtevat-peurajahtiin-tv-sta-tutun-biologin-kanssa---metsastysreissu-huipentuu-kasvissyojan-painajaiseen',
-            'md5': 'a2513a98d3496099e6eced40f7e6a14b',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '4044426',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Riku ja Tunna lähtevät peurajahtiin tv:stä tutun biologin kanssa – metsästysreissu huipentuu kasvissyöjän painajaiseen!',
-                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.+\.jpg$',
-                'duration': 108,
-                'series': 'Madventures Suomi',
-                'description': 'md5:aa55b44bd06a1e337a6f1d0b46507381',
-                'categories': ['Matkailu', 'Elämäntyyli'],
-                'age_limit': 0,
-                'upload_date': '20220308',
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            # Multiple Ruutu embeds
-            'url': 'https://www.hs.fi/kotimaa/art-2000008762560.html',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'title': 'Koronavirus | Epidemiahuippu voi olla Suomessa ohi, mutta koronaviruksen poistamista yleisvaarallisten tautien joukosta harkitaan vasta syksyllä',
-                'id': 'art-2000008762560',
-            },
-            'playlist_count': 3,
-        },
-        {
-            # Ruutu embed in hs.fi with a single video
-            'url': 'https://www.hs.fi/kotimaa/art-2000008793421.html',
-            'md5': 'f8964e65d8fada6e8a562389bf366bb4',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '4081841',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Puolustusvoimat siirsi panssariajoneuvoja harjoituksiin Niinisaloon 2.5.2022',
-                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.+\.jpg$',
-                'duration': 138,
-                'age_limit': 0,
-                'upload_date': '20220504',
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            # Webpage contains double BOM
-            'url': 'https://www.filmarkivet.se/movies/paris-d-moll/',
-            'md5': 'df02cadc719dcc63d43288366f037754',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'paris-d-moll',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'upload_date': '20220518',
-                'title': 'Paris d-moll',
-                'description': 'md5:319e37ea5542293db37e1e13072fe330',
-                'thumbnail': 'https://www.filmarkivet.se/wp-content/uploads/parisdmoll2.jpg',
-                'timestamp': 1652833414,
-                'age_limit': 0,
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'https://www.mollymovieclub.com/p/interstellar?s=r#details',
-            'md5': '198bde8bed23d0b23c70725c83c9b6d9',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '53602801',
-                'ext': 'mpga',
-                'title': 'Interstellar',
-                'description': 'Listen now | Episode One',
-                'thumbnail': 'md5:c30d9c83f738e16d8551d7219d321538',
-                'uploader': 'Molly Movie Club',
-                'uploader_id': '839621',
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'https://www.blockedandreported.org/p/episode-117-lets-talk-about-depp?s=r',
-            'md5': 'c0cc44ee7415daeed13c26e5b56d6aa0',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '57962052',
-                'ext': 'mpga',
-                'title': 'md5:855b2756f0ee10f6723fa00b16266f8d',
-                'description': 'md5:fe512a5e94136ad260c80bde00ea4eef',
-                'thumbnail': 'md5:2218f27dfe517bb5ac16c47d0aebac59',
-                'uploader': 'Blocked and Reported',
-                'uploader_id': '500230',
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'https://www.skimag.com/video/ski-people-1980/',
-            'md5': '022a7e31c70620ebec18deeab376ee03',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'YTmgRiNU',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': '1980 Ski People',
-                'timestamp': 1610407738,
-                'description': 'md5:cf9c3d101452c91e141f292b19fe4843',
-                'thumbnail': 'https://cdn.jwplayer.com/v2/media/YTmgRiNU/poster.jpg?width=720',
-                'duration': 5688.0,
-                'upload_date': '20210111',
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            'note': 'JSON LD with multiple @type',
-            'url': 'https://www.nu.nl/280161/video/hoe-een-bladvlo-dit-verwoestende-japanse-onkruid-moet-vernietigen.html',
-            'md5': 'c7949f34f57273013fb7ccb1156393db',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'ipy2AcGL',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'description': 'md5:6a9d644bab0dc2dc06849c2505d8383d',
-                'thumbnail': r're:https://media\.nu\.nl/m/.+\.jpg',
-                'title': 'Hoe een bladvlo dit verwoestende Japanse onkruid moet vernietigen',
-                'timestamp': 1586577474,
-                'upload_date': '20200411',
-                'age_limit': 0,
-                'duration': 111.0,
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            'note': 'JSON LD with unexpected data type',
-            'url': 'https://www.autoweek.nl/autotests/artikel/porsche-911-gt3-rs-rij-impressie-2/',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'porsche-911-gt3-rs-rij-impressie-2',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Test: Porsche 911 GT3 RS',
-                'description': 'Je ziet het niet, maar het is er wel. Downforce, hebben we het dan over. En in de nieuwe Porsche 911 GT3 RS is er zelfs heel veel downforce.',
-                'timestamp': 1664920902,
-                'upload_date': '20221004',
-                'thumbnail': r're:^https://media.autoweek.nl/m/.+\.jpg$',
-                'age_limit': 0,
-                'direct': True,
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            'note': 'server returns data in brotli compression by default if `accept-encoding: *` is specified.',
-            'url': 'https://www.extra.cz/cauky-lidi-70-dil-babis-predstavil-pohadky-prymulanek-nebo-andrejovy-nove-saty-ac867',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'cauky-lidi-70-dil-babis-predstavil-pohadky-prymulanek-nebo-andrejovy-nove-saty-ac867',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': '�auky lidi 70 finall',
-                'description': '�auky lidi 70 finall',
-                'thumbnail': 'h',
-                'upload_date': '20220606',
-                'timestamp': 1654513791,
-                'duration': 318.0,
-                'direct': True,
-                'age_limit': 0,
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'https://shooshtime.com/videos/284002/just-out-of-the-shower-joi/',
-            'md5': 'e2f0a4c329f7986280b7328e24036d60',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '284002',
-                'display_id': 'just-out-of-the-shower-joi',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Just Out Of The Shower JOI - Shooshtime',
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i.shoosh.co/contents/videos_screenshots/284000/284002/preview.mp4.jpg',
-                'height': 720,
-                'age_limit': 18,
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            'note': 'Live HLS direct link',
-            'url': 'https://d18j67ugtrocuq.cloudfront.net/out/v1/2767aec339144787926bd0322f72c6e9/index.m3u8',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'index',
-                'title': r're:index',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'live_status': 'is_live',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': 'm3u8',
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            'note': 'Video.js VOD HLS',
-            'url': 'https://gist.githubusercontent.com/bashonly/2aae0862c50f4a4b84f220c315767208/raw/e3380d413749dabbe804c9c2d8fd9a45142475c7/videojs_hls_test.html',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'videojs_hls_test',
-                'title': 'video',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'age_limit': 0,
-                'duration': 1800,
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': 'm3u8',
-            },
-        },
-    ]
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/commit/4d805e063c6c4ffd557d7c7cb905a3ed9c926b08
+        'url': 'https://flowplayer.com/resources/demos/standard-setup',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'playlist',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'playlist',
+            'duration': 13,
+            'timestamp': 1539082175,
+            'upload_date': '20181009',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }, {
+        # JW Player: YouTube
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/commit/a0f719854463c6f4226e4042dfa80c1b17154e1d
+        'url': 'https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/webinar-using-discovery-national-archives-online-catalogue/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'Mrj4DVp2zeA',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Using Discovery, The National Archives’ online catalogue',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'availability': 'unlisted',
+            'categories': ['Education'],
+            'channel': 'The National Archives UK',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UCUuzebc1yADDJEnOLA5P9xw',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUuzebc1yADDJEnOLA5P9xw',
+            'chapters': 'count:13',
+            'description': 'md5:a236581cd2449dd2df4f93412f3f01c6',
+            'duration': 3066,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'media_type': 'video',
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'tags': 'count:5',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/vi/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1423757117,
+            'upload_date': '20150212',
+            'uploader': 'The National Archives UK',
+            'uploader_id': '@TheNationalArchivesUK',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@TheNationalArchivesUK',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'add_ie': ['Youtube'],
+    }, {
+        # JW Player: Complex
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/commit/a4a554a79354981fcab55de8eaab7b95a40bbb48
+        'url': 'https://www.indiedb.com/games/king-machine/videos',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'videos-1',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Videos & Audio - King Machine (1)',
+            'description': 'Browse King Machine videos & audio for sweet media. Your eyes will thank you.',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://media\.indiedb\.com/cache/images/.+\.jpg',
+            '_old_archive_ids': ['generic videos'],
+        },
+    }, {
+        # JW Player: JSON Feed URL
+        # https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/1476
+        'url': 'https://foodschmooze.org/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'z00Frhnw',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Grilling Beef Tenderloin',
+            'description': '',
+            'duration': 392.0,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://cdn\.jwplayer\.com/v2/media/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1465313685,
+            'upload_date': '20160607',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }, {
+        # JW Player: RTMP
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/11993
+        'url': 'http://www.suffolk.edu/sjc/live.php',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'live',
+            'ext': 'flv',
+            'title': 'Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Oral Arguments',
+        },
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
+    }, {
+        # KVS Player v7.3.3
+        # kt_player.js?v=5.1.1
+        'url': 'https://bogmedia.org/videos/21217/40-nochey-2016/',
+        'md5': '94166bdb26b4cb1fb9214319a629fc51',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '21217',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '40 ночей (2016) - BogMedia.org',
+            'description': 'md5:4e6d7d622636eb7948275432eb256dc3',
+            'display_id': '40-nochey-2016',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://bogmedia\.org/contents/videos_screenshots/.+\.jpg',
+        },
+    }, {
+        # KVS Player v7.7.11
+        # kt_player.js?v=5.5.1
+        # https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/a318f59d14792d25b2206c3f50181e03e8716db7
+        'url': 'https://youix.com/video/leningrad-zoj/',
+        'md5': '94f96ba95706dc3880812b27b7d8a2b8',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '18485',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Клип: Ленинград - ЗОЖ �качать, �мотреть онлайн | Youix.com',
+            'display_id': 'leningrad-zoj',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://youix\.com/contents/videos_screenshots/.+\.jpg',
+        },
+    }, {
+        # KVS Player v7.10.3
+        # kt_player.js?v=12
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/commit/fc2beab0e701c497a003f11fef5c0df54fba1da3
+        'url': 'https://shooshtime.com/videos/346037/fresh-out-of-the-shower/',
+        'md5': 'c9a97ad528607a4516d4df83a3aeb12c',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '346037',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Fresh out of the shower - Shooshtime',
+            'age_limit': 18,
+            'description': 'md5:efd70fd3973f8750d285c743b910580a',
+            'display_id': 'fresh-out-of-the-shower',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.shoosh\.co/contents/videos_screenshots/.+\.jpg',
+        },
+        'expected_warnings': ['Untested major version'],
+    }, {
+        # FIXME: Unable to extract flashvars
+        # KVS Player v7.11.4
+        # kt_player.js?v=2.11.5.1
+        # https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/a318f59d14792d25b2206c3f50181e03e8716db7
+        'url': 'https://www.kvs-demo.com/video/105/kelis-4th-of-july/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '105',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Kelis - 4th Of July',
+        },
+    }, {
+        # KVS Player v7.11.4
+        # kt_player.js?v=6.3.2
+        # https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/a318f59d14792d25b2206c3f50181e03e8716db7
+        'url': 'https://www.kvs-demo.com/embed/105/',
+        'md5': '1ff84c70acaddbb03288c6cc5ee1879f',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '105',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Kelis - 4th Of July / Embed Player',
+            'display_id': 'kelis-4th-of-july',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://www\.kvs-demo\.com/contents/videos_screenshots/.+\.jpg',
+        },
+    }, {
+        # twitter:player:stream
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/commit/371ddb14fe651d4a1e5a8310d6d7c0e395cd92b0
+        'url': 'https://beltzlaw.com/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'beltzlaw-1',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': str,
+            'description': str,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://beltzlaw\.com/wp-content/uploads/.+\.jpg',
+            'timestamp': int,  # varies
+            'upload_date': str,
+            '_old_archive_ids': ['generic beltzlaw'],
+        },
+    }, {
+        # twitter:player
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/commit/329179073b93e37ab76e759d1fe96d8f984367f3
+        'url': 'https://cine.ar/',
+        'md5': 'd3e33335e339f04008690118698dfd08',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'cine-1',
+            'ext': 'webm',
+            'title': 'CINE.AR (1)',
+            'description': 'md5:a4e58f9e2291c940e485f34251898c4a',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://cine\.ar/img/.+\.png',
+            '_old_archive_ids': ['generic cine'],
+        },
+        'params': {'format': 'webm'},
+    }, {
+        # JSON-LD: multiple @type
+        # https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/f3c0c77304bc0e5614a65c45629de22f067685ac
+        'url': 'https://www.nu.nl/280161/video/hoe-een-bladvlo-dit-verwoestende-japanse-onkruid-moet-vernietigen.html',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'ipy2AcGL',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Hoe een bladvlo dit verwoestende Japanse onkruid moet vernietigen',
+            'description': 'md5:6a9d644bab0dc2dc06849c2505d8383d',
+            'duration': 111.0,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://images\.nu\.nl/.+\.jpg',
+            'timestamp': 1586584674,
+            'upload_date': '20200411',
+        },
+        'params': {'extractor_args': {'generic': {'impersonate': ['chrome']}}},
+    }, {
+        # JSON-LD: unexpected @type
+        # https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/pull/5145
+        'url': 'https://www.autoweek.nl/autotests/artikel/porsche-911-gt3-rs-rij-impressie-2/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'porsche-911-gt3-rs-rij-impressie-2',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Test: Porsche 911 GT3 RS - AutoWeek',
+            'description': 'md5:a17b5bd84288448d8f11b838505718fc',
+            'direct': True,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://images\.autoweek\.nl/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1664920902,
+            'upload_date': '20221004',
+        },
+        'params': {'extractor_args': {'generic': {'impersonate': ['chrome']}}},
+    }, {
+        # JSON-LD: VideoObject
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/commit/6e6b70d65f0681317c425bfe1e157f3474afbbe8
+        'url': 'https://breezy.hr/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'k6gl2kt2eq',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Breezy HR\'s ATS helps you find & hire employees sooner',
+            'average_rating': 4.5,
+            'description': 'md5:eee75fdd3044c538003f3be327ba01e1',
+            'duration': 60.1,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://cdn\.prod\.website-files\.com/.+\.webp',
+            'timestamp': 1485734400,
+            'upload_date': '20170130',
+        },
+    }, {
+        # Video.js: VOD HLS
+        # https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/pull/6775
+        'url': 'https://gist.githubusercontent.com/bashonly/2aae0862c50f4a4b84f220c315767208/raw/e3380d413749dabbe804c9c2d8fd9a45142475c7/videojs_hls_test.html',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'videojs_hls_test',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'video',
+            'duration': 1800,
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }, {
+        # Video.js: YouTube
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/commit/63d990d2859d0e981da2e416097655798334431b
+        'url': 'https://ortcam.com/solidworks-%d1%83%d1%80%d0%be%d0%ba-6-%d0%bd%d0%b0%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d0%be%d0%b9%d0%ba%d0%b0-%d1%87%d0%b5%d1%80%d1%82%d0%b5%d0%b6%d0%b0_33f9b7351.html?vid=33f9b7351',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'yygqldloqIk',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'SolidWorks. Урок 6 �а�тройка чертежа',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'categories': ['Education'],
+            'channel': 'PRO�тое3D',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UCy91Bug3dERhbwGh2m2Ijng',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCy91Bug3dERhbwGh2m2Ijng',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'description': 'md5:baf95267792646afdbf030e4d06b2ab3',
+            'duration': 1160,
+            'heatmap': 'count:100',
+            'like_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'media_type': 'video',
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'tags': 'count:17',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/vi/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1363263144,
+            'upload_date': '20130314',
+            'uploader': 'PRO�тое3D',
+            'uploader_id': '@PROstoe3D',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@PROstoe3D',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'add_ie': ['Youtube'],
+    }, {
+        # Redirect
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/413
+        'url': 'https://www.google.com/url?rct=j&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DcmQHVoWB5FY',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'cmQHVoWB5FY',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'First Firefox OS phones side-by-side',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'categories': ['Entertainment'],
+            'channel': 'The Verge',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UCddiUEpeqJcYeBxX1IVBKvQ',
+            'channel_is_verified': True,
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCddiUEpeqJcYeBxX1IVBKvQ',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'description': 'md5:7a676046ad24d9ea55cdde4a6657c5b3',
+            'duration': 207,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'media_type': 'video',
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'tags': 'count:15',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/vi/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1361738430,
+            'upload_date': '20130224',
+            'uploader': 'The Verge',
+            'uploader_id': '@TheVerge',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@TheVerge',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'add_ie': ['Youtube'],
+    }]
 
     def report_following_redirect(self, new_url):
         """Report information extraction."""
@@ -2213,10 +617,21 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
             if is_live is not None:
                 info['live_status'] = 'not_live' if is_live == 'false' else 'is_live'
                 return
-            headers = m3u8_format.get('http_headers') or info.get('http_headers')
-            duration = self._extract_m3u8_vod_duration(
-                m3u8_format['url'], info.get('id'), note='Checking m3u8 live status',
-                errnote='Failed to download m3u8 media playlist', headers=headers)
+            headers = m3u8_format.get('http_headers') or info.get('http_headers') or {}
+            display_id = info.get('id')
+            urlh = self._request_webpage(
+                m3u8_format['url'], display_id, 'Checking m3u8 live status', errnote=False,
+                headers={**headers, 'Accept-Encoding': 'identity'}, fatal=False)
+            if urlh is False:
+                return
+            first_bytes = urlh.read(512)
+            if not first_bytes.startswith(b'#EXTM3U'):
+                return
+            m3u8_doc = self._webpage_read_content(
+                urlh, urlh.url, display_id, prefix=first_bytes, fatal=False, errnote=False)
+            if not m3u8_doc:
+                return
+            duration = self._parse_m3u8_vod_duration(m3u8_doc, display_id)
             if not duration:
                 info['live_status'] = 'is_live'
             info['duration'] = info.get('duration') or duration
@@ -2357,8 +772,8 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
 
             if default_search in ('auto', 'auto_warning', 'fixup_error'):
                 if re.match(r'[^\s/]+\.[^\s/]+/', url):
-                    self.report_warning('The url doesn\'t specify the protocol, trying with http')
-                    return self.url_result('http://' + url)
+                    self.report_warning('The url doesn\'t specify the protocol, trying with https')
+                    return self.url_result('https://' + url)
                 elif default_search != 'fixup_error':
                     if default_search == 'auto_warning':
                         if re.match(r'^(?:url|URL)$', url):
@@ -2371,9 +786,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                     return self.url_result('ytsearch:' + url)
 
             if default_search in ('error', 'fixup_error'):
-                raise ExtractorError(
-                    f'{url!r} is not a valid URL. '
-                    f'Set --default-search "ytsearch" (or run  yt-dlp "ytsearch:{url}" ) to search YouTube', expected=True)
+                raise ExtractorError(f'{url!r} is not a valid URL', expected=True)
             else:
                 if ':' not in default_search:
                     default_search += ':'
@@ -2526,12 +939,13 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 return self.playlist_result(
                     self._parse_xspf(
                         doc, video_id, xspf_url=url,
-                        xspf_base_url=full_response.url),
+                        xspf_base_url=new_url),
                     video_id)
             elif re.match(r'(?i)^(?:{[^}]+})?MPD$', doc.tag):
                 info_dict['formats'], info_dict['subtitles'] = self._parse_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(
                     doc,
-                    mpd_base_url=full_response.url.rpartition('/')[0],
+                    # Do not use yt_dlp.utils.base_url here since it will raise on file:// URLs
+                    mpd_base_url=update_url(new_url, query=None, fragment=None).rpartition('/')[0],
                     mpd_url=url)
                 info_dict['live_status'] = 'is_live' if doc.get('type') == 'dynamic' else None
                 self._extra_manifest_info(info_dict, url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/getcourseru.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/getcourseru.py
index b7581d77e2..2d923cf540 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/getcourseru.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/getcourseru.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 
 
 class GetCourseRuPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://player02\.getcourse\.ru/sign-player/?\?(?:[^#]+&)?json=[^#&]+'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:player02\.getcourse\.ru|cf-api-2\.vhcdn\.com)/sign-player/?\?(?:[^#]+&)?json=[^#&]+'
     _EMBED_REGEX = [rf'<iframe[^>]+\bsrc=[\'"](?P<url>{_VALID_URL}[^\'"]*)']
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'http://player02.getcourse.ru/sign-player/?json=eyJ2aWRlb19oYXNoIjoiMTkwYmRmOTNmMWIyOTczNTMwOTg1M2E3YTE5ZTI0YjMiLCJ1c2VyX2lkIjozNTk1MjUxODMsInN1Yl9sb2dpbl91c2VyX2lkIjpudWxsLCJsZXNzb25faWQiOm51bGwsImlwIjoiNDYuMTQyLjE4Mi4yNDciLCJnY19ob3N0IjoiYWNhZGVteW1lbC5vbmxpbmUiLCJ0aW1lIjoxNzA1NDQ5NjQyLCJwYXlsb2FkIjoidV8zNTk1MjUxODMiLCJ1aV9sYW5ndWFnZSI6InJ1IiwiaXNfaGF2ZV9jdXN0b21fc3R5bGUiOnRydWV9&s=354ad2c993d95d5ac629e3133d6cefea&vh-static-feature=zigzag',
@@ -20,6 +20,16 @@ class GetCourseRuPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 1693,
         },
         'skip': 'JWT expired',
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://cf-api-2.vhcdn.com/sign-player/?json=example',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '435735291',
+            'title': '8afd7c489952108e00f019590f3711f3',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://preview-htz.vhcdn.com/preview/8afd7c489952108e00f019590f3711f3/preview.jpg?version=1682170973&host=vh-72',
+            'duration': 777,
+        },
+        'skip': 'JWT expired',
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -168,7 +178,7 @@ class GetCourseRuIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         playlist_id = self._search_regex(
             r'window\.(?:lessonId|gcsObjectId)\s*=\s*(\d+)', webpage, 'playlist id', default=display_id)
-        title = self._og_search_title(webpage) or self._html_extract_title(webpage)
+        title = self._og_search_title(webpage, default=None) or self._html_extract_title(webpage)
 
         return self.playlist_from_matches(
             re.findall(GetCourseRuPlayerIE._EMBED_REGEX[0], webpage),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gigya.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gigya.py
deleted file mode 100644
index cc18ee67c2..0000000000
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gigya.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import (
-    ExtractorError,
-    urlencode_postdata,
-)
-
-
-class GigyaBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
-    def _gigya_login(self, auth_data):
-        auth_info = self._download_json(
-            'https://accounts.eu1.gigya.com/accounts.login', None,
-            note='Logging in', errnote='Unable to log in',
-            data=urlencode_postdata(auth_data))
-
-        error_message = auth_info.get('errorDetails') or auth_info.get('errorMessage')
-        if error_message:
-            raise ExtractorError(
-                f'Unable to login: {error_message}', expected=True)
-        return auth_info
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/glomex.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/glomex.py
index 35ffad56c2..69f11eb15d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/glomex.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/glomex.py
@@ -112,16 +112,17 @@ class GlomexIE(GlomexBaseIE):
 
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://video.glomex.com/sport/v-cb24uwg77hgh-nach-2-0-sieg-guardiola-mit-mancity-vor-naechstem-titel',
-        'md5': 'cec33a943c4240c9cb33abea8c26242e',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'v-cb24uwg77hgh',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'md5:38a90cedcfadd72982c81acf13556e0c',
+            'title': 'Nach 2:0-Sieg: Guardiola mit ManCity vor nächstem Titel',
             'description': 'md5:1ea6b6caff1443fcbbba159e432eedb8',
             'duration': 29600,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i[a-z0-9]thumbs\.glomex\.com/.+',
             'timestamp': 1619895017,
             'upload_date': '20210501',
         },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -140,16 +141,17 @@ class GlomexEmbedIE(GlomexBaseIE):
 
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://player.glomex.com/integration/1/iframe-player.html?integrationId=4059a013k56vb2yd&playlistId=v-cfa6lye0dkdd-sf',
-        'md5': '68f259b98cc01918ac34180142fce287',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'v-cfa6lye0dkdd-sf',
             'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Φώφη Γεννηματά: Ο επικήδειος λόγος του 17χ�ονου γιου της, Γιώ�γου',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i[a-z0-9]thumbs\.glomex\.com/.+',
             'timestamp': 1635337199,
             'duration': 133080,
             'upload_date': '20211027',
             'description': 'md5:e741185fc309310ff5d0c789b437be66',
-            'title': 'md5:35647293513a6c92363817a0fb0a7961',
         },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://player.glomex.com/integration/1/iframe-player.html?origin=fullpage&integrationId=19syy24xjn1oqlpc&playlistId=rl-vcb49w1fb592p&playlistIndex=0',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -157,12 +159,27 @@ class GlomexEmbedIE(GlomexBaseIE):
         },
         'playlist_count': 100,
     }, {
+        # Geo-restricted
         'url': 'https://player.glomex.com/integration/1/iframe-player.html?playlistId=cl-bgqaata6aw8x&integrationId=19syy24xjn1oqlpc',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'cl-bgqaata6aw8x',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 2,
     }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.skai.gr/news/world/iatrikos-syllogos-tourkias-to-turkovac-aplo-dialyma-erntogan-eiste-apateones-kai-pseytes',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'v-ch2nkhcirwc9-sf',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Ιατ�ικός Σ�λλογος Του�κίας: Το Turkovac είναι ένα απλό διάλυμα –Ε�ντογάν: Είστε απατεώνες και ψε�τες',
+            'description': 'md5:8b517a61d577efe7e36fde72fd535995',
+            'duration': 460000,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i[a-z0-9]thumbs\.glomex\.com/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1641885019,
+            'upload_date': '20220111',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }]
 
     @classmethod
     def build_player_url(cls, video_id, integration, origin_url=None):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/go.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/go.py
index 83c1979db8..4e138a828f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/go.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/go.py
@@ -7,161 +7,157 @@ from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     join_nonempty,
     parse_age_limit,
-    remove_end,
-    remove_start,
-    traverse_obj,
-    try_get,
     unified_timestamp,
     urlencode_postdata,
 )
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 
 
 class GoIE(AdobePassIE):
     _SITE_INFO = {
         'abc': {
             'brand': '001',
-            'requestor_id': 'ABC',
+            'requestor_id': 'dtci',
+            'provider_id': 'ABC',
+            'software_statement': 'eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiJ9.eyJzdWIiOiI4OTcwMjlkYS0yYjM1LTQyOWUtYWQ0NS02ZjZiZjVkZTdhOTUiLCJuYmYiOjE2MjAxNzM5NjksImlzcyI6ImF1dGguYWRvYmUuY29tIiwiaWF0IjoxNjIwMTczOTY5fQ.SC69DVJWSL8sIe-vVUrP6xS_kzHKqwz9PdKYexs_y-f7Vin6mM-7S-W1TE_-K55O0pyf-TL4xYgvm6LIye8CckG-nZfVwNPV4huduov0jmIcxCQFeUwkHULG2IaA44wfBVUBdaHgkhPweZ2amjycO_IXtez-gBXOLbE3B7Gx9j_5ISCFtyVUblThKfoGyQv6KT6t8Vpmc4ZSKCCQp74KWFFypydb9ucego1taW_nQD06Cdf4yByLd6NaTBceMcIKbug9b9gxFm3XBgJ5q3z7KGo1Kr6XalAV5j4m-fQ91wczlTilX8FM4AljMupyRM9mA_aEADILQ4hS79q4SM0w6w',
         },
         'freeform': {
             'brand': '002',
             'requestor_id': 'ABCFamily',
-        },
-        'watchdisneychannel': {
-            'brand': '004',
-            'resource_id': 'Disney',
-        },
-        'watchdisneyjunior': {
-            'brand': '008',
-            'resource_id': 'DisneyJunior',
-        },
-        'watchdisneyxd': {
-            'brand': '009',
-            'resource_id': 'DisneyXD',
+            'provider_id': 'ABCFamily',
+            'software_statement': 'eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiJ9.eyJzdWIiOiJhZWM2MGYyNC0xYzRjLTQ1NzQtYjc0Zi03ZmM4N2E5YWMzMzgiLCJuYmYiOjE1ODc2NjU5MjMsImlzcyI6ImF1dGguYWRvYmUuY29tIiwiaWF0IjoxNTg3NjY1OTIzfQ.flCn3dhvmvPnWmV0JV8Fm0YFyj07yPez9-n1GFEwVIm_S2wQVWbWyJhqsAyLZVFrhOMZYTqmPS3OHxGwTwXkEYn6PD7o_vIVG3oqi-Xn1m5jRt_Gazw5qEtpat6VE7bvKGSD3ZhcidOrsCk8NcYyq75u61NHDvSl81pcedJjVRVUpsqrEwmo0aVbA0C8PX3ri0mEbGvkMKvHn8E60xp-PSE-VK8SDT0plwPu_TwUszkZ6-_I8_2xcv_WBqcXFkAVg7Q-iNJXgQvmNsrpcrYuLvi6hEH4ZLtoDcXU6MhwTQAJTiHSo8x9aHX1_qFP09CzlNOFQbC2ZEJdP9SvA53SLQ',
         },
         'disneynow': {
-            'brand': '011',
+            'brand': '011',  # also: '004', '008', '009'
+            'requestor_id': 'DisneyChannels',
+            'provider_id': 'DisneyChannels',
+            'software_statement': 'eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiJ9.eyJzdWIiOiI1MzAzNTRiOS04NDNiLTRkNjAtYTQ3ZS0yNzk1MzlkOTIyNTciLCJuYmYiOjE1NTg5ODc0NDksImlzcyI6ImF1dGguYWRvYmUuY29tIiwiaWF0IjoxNTU4OTg3NDQ5fQ.Jud6YS6-J2h0h6po0oMheDym0qRTJQGj4kzacrz4DFuEwhcBkkykW6pF5pKuAUJy9HCZ40oDAHe2KcTlDJjCZF5tDaUEfdihakZ9cC_rG7MU-QoRne8qaB_dPDKwGuk-ZyWD8eV3zwTJmbGo8hDxYTEU81YNCxwhyc_BPDr5TYiubbmpP3_pTnXmSpuL58isJ2peSKWlX9BacuXtBY25c_QnPFKk-_EETm7IHkTpDazde1QfHWGu4s4yJpKGk8RVVujVG6h6ELlL-ZeYLilBm7iS7h1TYG1u7fJhyZRL7isaom6NvAzsvN3ngss1fLwt8decP8wzdFHrbYTdTjW8qw',
             'resource_id': 'Disney',
         },
-        'fxnow.fxnetworks': {
-            'brand': '025',
+        'fxnetworks': {
+            'brand': '025',  # also: '020'
+            'requestor_id': 'dtci',
+            'provider_id': 'fx',  # also 'fxx', 'fxm'
+            'software_statement': 'eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiJ9.eyJzdWIiOiIzYWRhYWZiNC02OTAxLTRlYzktOTdmNy1lYWZkZTJkODJkN2EiLCJuYmYiOjE1NjIwMjQwNzYsImlzcyI6ImF1dGguYWRvYmUuY29tIiwiaWF0IjoxNTYyMDI0MDc2fQ.dhKMpZK50AObbZYrMiYPSfWtzXHUaeMP3jrIY4Cgfvh0GaEgk0Mns_zp78jypFeZgRtPVleQMQDNq2YEloRLcAGqP1aa6WVDglnK77ZWUm4IKai14Rwf3A6YBhSRoO2_lMmUGkuTf6gZY-kMIPqBYKqzTQiQl4HbniPFodIzFRiuI9QJVrkoyTGrJL4oqiX08PoFI3Z-TOti1Heu3EbFC-GveQHhlinYrzU7rbiAqLEz7FImtfBDsnXX1Y3uJDLYM3Bq4Oh0nrzTv1Fd62wNsCNErHHIbELidh1zZF0ujvt7ReuZUwAitm0UhEJ7OxNOUbEQWtae6pVNscvdvTFMpg',
+        },
+        'nationalgeographic': {
+            'brand': '026',  # also '023'
             'requestor_id': 'dtci',
+            'provider_id': 'ngc',  # also 'ngw'
+            'software_statement': 'eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiJ9.eyJzdWIiOiIxMzE4YTM1Ni05Mjc4LTQ4NjEtYTFmNi1jMTIzMzg1ZWMzYzMiLCJuYmYiOjE1NjIwMjM4MjgsImlzcyI6ImF1dGguYWRvYmUuY29tIiwiaWF0IjoxNTYyMDIzODI4fQ.Le-2OzF9-jrhJ7ZfWtLWk5iSHGVZoxeU1w0_fO--Heli0OwRZsRq2slSmx-oZTzxuWmAgDEiBkWSDcDK6sM25DrCLsdsJa3MBuZ-slBRtH8aq3HpNoqqLkU-vg6gRUEKMtwBUtwCu_9aKUCayYtndWv4b1DjVQeSrteOW5NNudWVYleAe0kxeNJQHo5If9SCzDudKVJktFUjhNks4QPOC_uONPkRRlL9D0fNvtOY-LRFckfcHhf5z9l1iZjeukV0YhdKnuw1wyiaWrQXBUDiBfbkCRd2DM-KnelqPxfiXCaTjGKDURRBO3pz33ebge3IFXSiU5vl4qHQ8xvunzGpFw',
         },
     }
-    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
-                    https?://
-                        (?P<sub_domain>
-                            (?:{}\.)?go|fxnow\.fxnetworks|
-                            (?:www\.)?(?:abc|freeform|disneynow)
-                        )\.com/
-                        (?:
-                            (?:[^/]+/)*(?P<id>[Vv][Dd][Kk][Aa]\w+)|
-                            (?:[^/]+/)*(?P<display_id>[^/?\#]+)
-                        )
-                    '''.format(r'\.|'.join(list(_SITE_INFO.keys())))
+    _URL_PATH_RE = r'(?:video|episode|movies-and-specials)/(?P<id>[\da-f]{8}-(?:[\da-f]{4}-){3}[\da-f]{12})'
+    _VALID_URL = [
+        fr'https?://(?:www\.)?(?P<site>abc)\.com/{_URL_PATH_RE}',
+        fr'https?://(?:www\.)?(?P<site>freeform)\.com/{_URL_PATH_RE}',
+        fr'https?://(?:www\.)?(?P<site>disneynow)\.com/{_URL_PATH_RE}',
+        fr'https?://fxnow\.(?P<site>fxnetworks)\.com/{_URL_PATH_RE}',
+        fr'https?://(?:www\.)?(?P<site>nationalgeographic)\.com/tv/{_URL_PATH_RE}',
+    ]
     _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'http://abc.go.com/shows/designated-survivor/video/most-recent/VDKA3807643',
+        'url': 'https://abc.com/episode/4192c0e6-26e5-47a8-817b-ce8272b9e440/playlist/PL551127435',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'VDKA3807643',
+            'id': 'VDKA10805898',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'The Traitor in the White House',
-            'description': 'md5:05b009d2d145a1e85d25111bd37222e8',
-        },
-        'params': {
-            # m3u8 download
-            'skip_download': True,
+            'title': 'Switch the Flip',
+            'description': 'To help get Brian’s life in order, Stewie and Brian swap bodies using a machine that Stewie invents.',
+            'age_limit': 14,
+            'duration': 1297,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/.+\.jpg',
+            'series': 'Family Guy',
+            'season': 'Season 16',
+            'season_number': 16,
+            'episode': 'Episode 17',
+            'episode_number': 17,
+            'timestamp': 1746082800.0,
+            'upload_date': '20250501',
         },
-        'skip': 'This content is no longer available.',
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+        'skip': 'This video requires AdobePass MSO credentials',
     }, {
-        'url': 'https://disneynow.com/shows/big-hero-6-the-series',
+        'url': 'https://disneynow.com/episode/21029660-ba06-4406-adb0-a9a78f6e265e/playlist/PL553044961',
         'info_dict': {
-            'title': 'Doraemon',
-            'id': 'SH55574025',
+            'id': 'VDKA39546942',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Zero Friends Again',
+            'description': 'Relationships fray under the pressures of a difficult journey.',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'duration': 1721,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/.+\.jpg',
+            'series': 'Star Wars: Skeleton Crew',
+            'season': 'Season 1',
+            'season_number': 1,
+            'episode': 'Episode 6',
+            'episode_number': 6,
+            'timestamp': 1746946800.0,
+            'upload_date': '20250511',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 51,
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+        'skip': 'This video requires AdobePass MSO credentials',
     }, {
-        'url': 'http://freeform.go.com/shows/shadowhunters/episodes/season-2/1-this-guilty-blood',
+        'url': 'https://fxnow.fxnetworks.com/episode/09f4fa6f-c293-469e-aebe-32c9ca5842a7/playlist/PL554408064',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'VDKA3609139',
-            'title': 'This Guilty Blood',
-            'description': 'md5:f18e79ad1c613798d95fdabfe96cd292',
-            'age_limit': 14,
+            'id': 'VDKA38112033',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'The Return of Jerry',
+            'description': 'The vampires’ long-lost fifth roommate returns. Written by Paul Simms; directed by Kyle Newacheck.',
+            'age_limit': 17,
+            'duration': 1493,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/.+\.jpg',
+            'series': 'What We Do in the Shadows',
+            'season': 'Season 6',
+            'season_number': 6,
             'episode': 'Episode 1',
-            'upload_date': '20170102',
-            'season': 'Season 2',
-            'thumbnail': 'http://cdn1.edgedatg.com/aws/v2/abcf/Shadowhunters/video/201/ae5f75608d86bf88aa4f9f4aa76ab1b7/579x325-Q100_ae5f75608d86bf88aa4f9f4aa76ab1b7.jpg',
-            'duration': 2544,
-            'season_number': 2,
-            'series': 'Shadowhunters',
             'episode_number': 1,
-            'timestamp': 1483387200,
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-        },
-        'params': {
-            'geo_bypass_ip_block': '3.244.239.0/24',
-            # m3u8 download
-            'skip_download': True,
+            'timestamp': 1729573200.0,
+            'upload_date': '20241022',
         },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+        'skip': 'This video requires AdobePass MSO credentials',
     }, {
-        'url': 'https://abc.com/shows/the-rookie/episode-guide/season-04/12-the-knock',
+        'url': 'https://www.freeform.com/episode/bda0eaf7-761a-4838-aa44-96f794000844/playlist/PL553044961',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'VDKA26050359',
-            'title': 'The Knock',
-            'description': 'md5:0c2947e3ada4c31f28296db7db14aa64',
-            'age_limit': 14,
+            'id': 'VDKA39007340',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'thumbnail': 'http://cdn1.edgedatg.com/aws/v2/abc/TheRookie/video/412/daf830d06e83b11eaf5c0a299d993ae3/1556x876-Q75_daf830d06e83b11eaf5c0a299d993ae3.jpg',
-            'episode': 'Episode 12',
-            'season_number': 4,
-            'season': 'Season 4',
-            'timestamp': 1642975200,
-            'episode_number': 12,
-            'upload_date': '20220123',
-            'series': 'The Rookie',
-            'duration': 2572,
-        },
-        'params': {
-            'geo_bypass_ip_block': '3.244.239.0/24',
-            # m3u8 download
-            'skip_download': True,
+            'title': 'Angel\'s Landing',
+            'description': 'md5:91bf084e785c968fab16734df7313446',
+            'age_limit': 14,
+            'duration': 2523,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/.+\.jpg',
+            'series': 'How I Escaped My Cult',
+            'season': 'Season 1',
+            'season_number': 1,
+            'episode': 'Episode 2',
+            'episode_number': 2,
+            'timestamp': 1740038400.0,
+            'upload_date': '20250220',
         },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
-        'url': 'https://fxnow.fxnetworks.com/shows/better-things/video/vdka12782841',
+        'url': 'https://www.nationalgeographic.com/tv/episode/ca694661-1186-41ae-8089-82f64d69b16d/playlist/PL554408064',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'VDKA12782841',
-            'title': 'First Look: Better Things - Season 2',
-            'description': 'md5:fa73584a95761c605d9d54904e35b407',
+            'id': 'VDKA39492078',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'age_limit': 14,
-            'upload_date': '20170825',
-            'duration': 161,
-            'series': 'Better Things',
-            'thumbnail': 'http://cdn1.edgedatg.com/aws/v2/fx/BetterThings/video/12782841/b6b05e58264121cc2c98811318e6d507/1556x876-Q75_b6b05e58264121cc2c98811318e6d507.jpg',
-            'timestamp': 1503661074,
-        },
-        'params': {
-            'geo_bypass_ip_block': '3.244.239.0/24',
-            # m3u8 download
-            'skip_download': True,
+            'title': 'Heart of the Emperors',
+            'description': 'md5:4fc50a2878f030bb3a7eac9124dca677',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'duration': 2775,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/.+\.jpg',
+            'series': 'Secrets of the Penguins',
+            'season': 'Season 1',
+            'season_number': 1,
+            'episode': 'Episode 1',
+            'episode_number': 1,
+            'timestamp': 1745204400.0,
+            'upload_date': '20250421',
         },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
-        'url': 'http://abc.go.com/shows/the-catch/episode-guide/season-01/10-the-wedding',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://abc.go.com/shows/world-news-tonight/episode-guide/2017-02/17-021717-intense-stand-off-between-man-with-rifle-and-police-in-oakland',
+        'url': 'https://www.freeform.com/movies-and-specials/c38281fc-9f8f-47c7-8220-22394f9df2e1',
         'only_matching': True,
     }, {
-        # brand 004
-        'url': 'http://disneynow.go.com/shows/big-hero-6-the-series/season-01/episode-10-mr-sparkles-loses-his-sparkle/vdka4637915',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        # brand 008
-        'url': 'http://disneynow.go.com/shows/minnies-bow-toons/video/happy-campers/vdka4872013',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://disneynow.com/shows/minnies-bow-toons/video/happy-campers/vdka4872013',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.freeform.com/shows/cruel-summer/episode-guide/season-01/01-happy-birthday-jeanette-turner',
+        'url': 'https://abc.com/video/219a454a-172c-41bf-878a-d169e6bc0bdc/playlist/PL5523098420',
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
@@ -171,58 +167,29 @@ class GoIE(AdobePassIE):
             f'http://api.contents.watchabc.go.com/vp2/ws/contents/3000/videos/{brand}/001/-1/{show_id}/-1/{video_id}/-1/-1.json',
             display_id)['video']
 
+    def _extract_global_var(self, name, webpage, video_id):
+        return self._search_json(
+            fr'window\[["\']{re.escape(name)}["\']\]\s*=',
+            webpage, f'{name.strip("_")} JSON', video_id)
+
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
-        sub_domain = remove_start(remove_end(mobj.group('sub_domain') or '', '.go'), 'www.')
-        video_id, display_id = mobj.group('id', 'display_id')
-        site_info = self._SITE_INFO.get(sub_domain, {})
-        brand = site_info.get('brand')
-        if not video_id or not site_info:
-            webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id or video_id)
-            data = self._parse_json(
-                self._search_regex(
-                    r'["\']__abc_com__["\']\s*\]\s*=\s*({.+?})\s*;', webpage,
-                    'data', default='{}'),
-                display_id or video_id, fatal=False)
-            # https://abc.com/shows/modern-family/episode-guide/season-01/101-pilot
-            layout = try_get(data, lambda x: x['page']['content']['video']['layout'], dict)
-            video_id = None
-            if layout:
-                video_id = try_get(
-                    layout,
-                    (lambda x: x['videoid'], lambda x: x['video']['id']),
-                    str)
-            if not video_id:
-                video_id = self._search_regex(
-                    (
-                        # There may be inner quotes, e.g. data-video-id="'VDKA3609139'"
-                        # from http://freeform.go.com/shows/shadowhunters/episodes/season-2/1-this-guilty-blood
-                        r'data-video-id=["\']*(VDKA\w+)',
-                        # page.analytics.videoIdCode
-                        r'\bvideoIdCode["\']\s*:\s*["\']((?:vdka|VDKA)\w+)',
-                        # https://abc.com/shows/the-rookie/episode-guide/season-02/03-the-bet
-                        r'\b(?:video)?id["\']\s*:\s*["\'](VDKA\w+)',
-                    ), webpage, 'video id', default=video_id)
-            if not site_info:
-                brand = self._search_regex(
-                    (r'data-brand=\s*["\']\s*(\d+)',
-                     r'data-page-brand=\s*["\']\s*(\d+)'), webpage, 'brand',
-                    default='004')
-                site_info = next(
-                    si for _, si in self._SITE_INFO.items()
-                    if si.get('brand') == brand)
-            if not video_id:
-                # show extraction works for Disney, DisneyJunior and DisneyXD
-                # ABC and Freeform has different layout
-                show_id = self._search_regex(r'data-show-id=["\']*(SH\d+)', webpage, 'show id')
-                videos = self._extract_videos(brand, show_id=show_id)
-                show_title = self._search_regex(r'data-show-title="([^"]+)"', webpage, 'show title', fatal=False)
-                entries = []
-                for video in videos:
-                    entries.append(self.url_result(
-                        video['url'], 'Go', video.get('id'), video.get('title')))
-                entries.reverse()
-                return self.playlist_result(entries, show_id, show_title)
+        site, display_id = self._match_valid_url(url).group('site', 'id')
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
+        config = self._extract_global_var('__CONFIG__', webpage, display_id)
+        data = self._extract_global_var(config['globalVar'], webpage, display_id)
+        video_id = traverse_obj(data, (
+            'page', 'content', 'video', 'layout', (('video', 'id'), 'videoid'), {str}, any))
+        if not video_id:
+            video_id = self._search_regex([
+                # data-track-video_id="VDKA39492078"
+                # data-track-video_id_code="vdka39492078"
+                # data-video-id="'VDKA3609139'"
+                r'data-(?:track-)?video[_-]id(?:_code)?=["\']*((?:vdka|VDKA)\d+)',
+                # page.analytics.videoIdCode
+                r'\bvideoIdCode["\']\s*:\s*["\']((?:vdka|VDKA)\d+)'], webpage, 'video ID')
+
+        site_info = self._SITE_INFO[site]
+        brand = site_info['brand']
         video_data = self._extract_videos(brand, video_id)[0]
         video_id = video_data['id']
         title = video_data['title']
@@ -238,26 +205,31 @@ class GoIE(AdobePassIE):
             if ext == 'm3u8':
                 video_type = video_data.get('type')
                 data = {
-                    'video_id': video_data['id'],
+                    'video_id': video_id,
                     'video_type': video_type,
                     'brand': brand,
                     'device': '001',
+                    'app_name': 'webplayer-abc',
                 }
                 if video_data.get('accesslevel') == '1':
-                    requestor_id = site_info.get('requestor_id', 'DisneyChannels')
+                    provider_id = site_info['provider_id']
+                    software_statement = traverse_obj(data, ('app', 'config', (
+                        ('features', 'auth', 'softwareStatement'),
+                        ('tvAuth', 'SOFTWARE_STATEMENTS', 'PRODUCTION'),
+                    ), {str}, any)) or site_info['software_statement']
                     resource = site_info.get('resource_id') or self._get_mvpd_resource(
-                        requestor_id, title, video_id, None)
+                        provider_id, title, video_id, None)
                     auth = self._extract_mvpd_auth(
-                        url, video_id, requestor_id, resource)
+                        url, video_id, site_info['requestor_id'], resource, software_statement)
                     data.update({
                         'token': auth,
                         'token_type': 'ap',
-                        'adobe_requestor_id': requestor_id,
+                        'adobe_requestor_id': provider_id,
                     })
                 else:
                     self._initialize_geo_bypass({'countries': ['US']})
                 entitlement = self._download_json(
-                    'https://api.entitlement.watchabc.go.com/vp2/ws-secure/entitlement/2020/authorize.json',
+                    'https://prod.gatekeeper.us-abc.symphony.edgedatg.go.com/vp2/ws-secure/entitlement/2020/playmanifest_secure.json',
                     video_id, data=urlencode_postdata(data))
                 errors = entitlement.get('errors', {}).get('errors', [])
                 if errors:
@@ -267,7 +239,7 @@ class GoIE(AdobePassIE):
                                 error['message'], countries=['US'])
                     error_message = ', '.join([error['message'] for error in errors])
                     raise ExtractorError(f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {error_message}', expected=True)
-                asset_url += '?' + entitlement['uplynkData']['sessionKey']
+                asset_url += '?' + entitlement['entitlement']['uplynkData']['sessionKey']
                 fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
                     asset_url, video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id=format_id or 'hls', fatal=False)
                 formats.extend(fmts)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/googledrive.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/googledrive.py
index dfba2d3ba1..0c84f0b241 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/googledrive.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/googledrive.py
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ from ..utils import (
     get_element_html_by_id,
     int_or_none,
     lowercase_escape,
+    parse_qs,
     try_get,
     update_url_query,
 )
@@ -111,14 +112,18 @@ class GoogleDriveIE(InfoExtractor):
                     self._caption_formats_ext.append(f.attrib['fmt_code'])
 
     def _get_captions_by_type(self, video_id, subtitles_id, caption_type,
-                              origin_lang_code=None):
+                              origin_lang_code=None, origin_lang_name=None):
         if not subtitles_id or not caption_type:
             return
         captions = {}
         for caption_entry in self._captions_xml.findall(
                 self._CAPTIONS_ENTRY_TAG[caption_type]):
             caption_lang_code = caption_entry.attrib.get('lang_code')
-            if not caption_lang_code:
+            caption_name = caption_entry.attrib.get('name') or origin_lang_name
+            if not caption_lang_code or not caption_name:
+                self.report_warning(f'Missing necessary caption metadata. '
+                                    f'Need lang_code and name attributes. '
+                                    f'Found: {caption_entry.attrib}')
                 continue
             caption_format_data = []
             for caption_format in self._caption_formats_ext:
@@ -129,7 +134,7 @@ class GoogleDriveIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'lang': (caption_lang_code if origin_lang_code is None
                              else origin_lang_code),
                     'type': 'track',
-                    'name': '',
+                    'name': caption_name,
                     'kind': '',
                 }
                 if origin_lang_code is not None:
@@ -155,14 +160,15 @@ class GoogleDriveIE(InfoExtractor):
         self._download_subtitles_xml(video_id, subtitles_id, hl)
         if not self._captions_xml:
             return
-        track = self._captions_xml.find('track')
+        track = next((t for t in self._captions_xml.findall('track') if t.attrib.get('cantran') == 'true'), None)
         if track is None:
             return
         origin_lang_code = track.attrib.get('lang_code')
-        if not origin_lang_code:
+        origin_lang_name = track.attrib.get('name')
+        if not origin_lang_code or not origin_lang_name:
             return
         return self._get_captions_by_type(
-            video_id, subtitles_id, 'automatic_captions', origin_lang_code)
+            video_id, subtitles_id, 'automatic_captions', origin_lang_code, origin_lang_name)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -268,10 +274,8 @@ class GoogleDriveIE(InfoExtractor):
         subtitles_id = None
         ttsurl = get_value('ttsurl')
         if ttsurl:
-            # the video Id for subtitles will be the last value in the ttsurl
-            # query string
-            subtitles_id = ttsurl.encode().decode(
-                'unicode_escape').split('=')[-1]
+            # the subtitles ID is the vid param of the ttsurl query
+            subtitles_id = parse_qs(ttsurl).get('vid', [None])[-1]
 
         self.cookiejar.clear(domain='.google.com', path='/', name='NID')
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/goplay.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/goplay.py
index c654c757c6..2e959cead2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/goplay.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/goplay.py
@@ -5,16 +5,11 @@ import hashlib
 import hmac
 import json
 import os
-import re
 import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import (
-    ExtractorError,
-    int_or_none,
-    remove_end,
-    traverse_obj,
-)
+from ..utils import ExtractorError, int_or_none
+from ..utils.traversal import get_first, traverse_obj
 
 
 class GoPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -27,10 +22,10 @@ class GoPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '2baa4560-87a0-421b-bffc-359914e3c387',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'S22 - Aflevering 1',
+            'title': 'De Slimste Mens ter Wereld - S22 - Aflevering 1',
             'description': r're:In aflevering 1 nemen Daan Alferink, Tess Elst en Xander De Rycke .{66}',
             'series': 'De Slimste Mens ter Wereld',
-            'episode': 'Episode 1',
+            'episode': 'Wordt aangekondigd',
             'season_number': 22,
             'episode_number': 1,
             'season': 'Season 22',
@@ -52,7 +47,7 @@ class GoPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'ecb79672-92b9-4cd9-a0d7-e2f0250681ee',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'S11 - Aflevering 1',
+            'title': 'De Mol - S11 - Aflevering 1',
             'description': r're:Tien kandidaten beginnen aan hun verovering van Amerika en ontmoeten .{102}',
             'episode': 'Episode 1',
             'series': 'De Mol',
@@ -75,21 +70,13 @@ class GoPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
         if not self._id_token:
             raise self.raise_login_required(method='password')
 
-    # XXX: For parsing next.js v15+ data; see also yt_dlp.extractor.francetv
-    def _find_json(self, s):
-        return self._search_json(
-            r'\w+\s*:\s*', s, 'next js data', None, contains_pattern=r'\[(?s:.+)\]', default=None)
-
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = self._match_id(url)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
 
-        nextjs_data = traverse_obj(
-            re.findall(r'<script[^>]*>\s*self\.__next_f\.push\(\s*(\[.+?\])\s*\);?\s*</script>', webpage),
-            (..., {json.loads}, ..., {self._find_json}, ...))
-        meta = traverse_obj(nextjs_data, (
-            ..., ..., 'children', ..., ..., 'children',
-            lambda _, v: v['video']['path'] == urllib.parse.urlparse(url).path, 'video', any))
+        nextjs_data = self._search_nextjs_v13_data(webpage, display_id)
+        meta = get_first(nextjs_data, (
+            lambda k, v: k in ('video', 'meta') and v['path'] == urllib.parse.urlparse(url).path))
 
         video_id = meta['uuid']
         info_dict = traverse_obj(meta, {
@@ -98,19 +85,18 @@ class GoPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
         })
 
         if traverse_obj(meta, ('program', 'subtype')) != 'movie':
-            for season_data in traverse_obj(nextjs_data, (..., 'children', ..., 'playlists', ...)):
-                episode_data = traverse_obj(
-                    season_data, ('videos', lambda _, v: v['videoId'] == video_id, any))
+            for season_data in traverse_obj(nextjs_data, (..., 'playlists', ..., {dict})):
+                episode_data = traverse_obj(season_data, ('videos', lambda _, v: v['videoId'] == video_id, any))
                 if not episode_data:
                     continue
 
-                episode_title = traverse_obj(
-                    episode_data, 'contextualTitle', 'episodeTitle', expected_type=str)
+                season_number = traverse_obj(season_data, ('season', {int_or_none}))
                 info_dict.update({
-                    'title': episode_title or info_dict.get('title'),
-                    'series': remove_end(info_dict.get('title'), f' - {episode_title}'),
-                    'season_number': traverse_obj(season_data, ('season', {int_or_none})),
+                    'episode': traverse_obj(episode_data, ('episodeTitle', {str})),
                     'episode_number': traverse_obj(episode_data, ('episodeNumber', {int_or_none})),
+                    'season_number': season_number,
+                    'series': self._search_regex(
+                        fr'^(.+)? - S{season_number} - ', info_dict.get('title'), 'series', default=None),
                 })
                 break
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hotstar.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hotstar.py
index e97740c90b..2ae527a59e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hotstar.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hotstar.py
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import functools
 import hashlib
 import hmac
 import json
@@ -9,77 +10,126 @@ from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
+    OnDemandPagedList,
     determine_ext,
+    filter_dict,
     int_or_none,
     join_nonempty,
+    jwt_decode_hs256,
+    parse_iso8601,
     str_or_none,
-    traverse_obj,
     url_or_none,
 )
+from ..utils.traversal import require, traverse_obj
 
 
 class HotStarBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _TOKEN_NAME = 'userUP'
     _BASE_URL = 'https://www.hotstar.com'
     _API_URL = 'https://api.hotstar.com'
+    _API_URL_V2 = 'https://apix.hotstar.com/v2'
     _AKAMAI_ENCRYPTION_KEY = b'\x05\xfc\x1a\x01\xca\xc9\x4b\xc4\x12\xfc\x53\x12\x07\x75\xf9\xee'
 
+    _FREE_HEADERS = {
+        'user-agent': 'Hotstar;in.startv.hotstar/25.06.30.0.11580 (Android/12)',
+        'x-hs-client': 'platform:android;app_id:in.startv.hotstar;app_version:25.06.30.0;os:Android;os_version:12;schema_version:0.0.1523',
+        'x-hs-platform': 'android',
+    }
+    _SUB_HEADERS = {
+        'user-agent': 'Disney+;in.startv.hotstar.dplus.tv/23.08.14.4.2915 (Android/13)',
+        'x-hs-client': 'platform:androidtv;app_id:in.startv.hotstar.dplus.tv;app_version:23.08.14.4;os:Android;os_version:13;schema_version:0.0.970',
+        'x-hs-platform': 'androidtv',
+    }
+
+    def _has_active_subscription(self, cookies, server_time):
+        server_time = int_or_none(server_time) or int(time.time())
+        expiry = traverse_obj(cookies, (
+            self._TOKEN_NAME, 'value', {jwt_decode_hs256}, 'sub', {json.loads},
+            'subscriptions', 'in', ..., 'expiry', {parse_iso8601}, all, {max})) or 0
+        return expiry > server_time
+
     def _call_api_v1(self, path, *args, **kwargs):
         return self._download_json(
             f'{self._API_URL}/o/v1/{path}', *args, **kwargs,
             headers={'x-country-code': 'IN', 'x-platform-code': 'PCTV'})
 
-    def _call_api_impl(self, path, video_id, query, st=None, cookies=None):
+    def _call_api_impl(self, path, video_id, query, cookies=None, st=None):
         st = int_or_none(st) or int(time.time())
         exp = st + 6000
         auth = f'st={st}~exp={exp}~acl=/*'
         auth += '~hmac=' + hmac.new(self._AKAMAI_ENCRYPTION_KEY, auth.encode(), hashlib.sha256).hexdigest()
-
-        if cookies and cookies.get('userUP'):
-            token = cookies.get('userUP').value
-        else:
-            token = self._download_json(
-                f'{self._API_URL}/um/v3/users',
-                video_id, note='Downloading token',
-                data=json.dumps({'device_ids': [{'id': str(uuid.uuid4()), 'type': 'device_id'}]}).encode(),
-                headers={
-                    'hotstarauth': auth,
-                    'x-hs-platform': 'PCTV',  # or 'web'
-                    'Content-Type': 'application/json',
-                })['user_identity']
-
         response = self._download_json(
-            f'{self._API_URL}/{path}', video_id, query=query,
-            headers={
+            f'{self._API_URL_V2}/{path}', video_id, query=query,
+            headers=filter_dict({
+                **(self._SUB_HEADERS if self._has_active_subscription(cookies, st) else self._FREE_HEADERS),
                 'hotstarauth': auth,
-                'x-hs-appversion': '6.72.2',
-                'x-hs-platform': 'web',
-                'x-hs-usertoken': token,
-            })
-
-        if response['message'] != "Playback URL's fetched successfully":
-            raise ExtractorError(
-                response['message'], expected=True)
-        return response['data']
-
-    def _call_api_v2(self, path, video_id, st=None, cookies=None):
-        return self._call_api_impl(
-            f'{path}/content/{video_id}', video_id, st=st, cookies=cookies, query={
-                'desired-config': 'audio_channel:stereo|container:fmp4|dynamic_range:hdr|encryption:plain|ladder:tv|package:dash|resolution:fhd|subs-tag:HotstarVIP|video_codec:h265',
-                'device-id': cookies.get('device_id').value if cookies.get('device_id') else str(uuid.uuid4()),
-                'os-name': 'Windows',
-                'os-version': '10',
-            })
-
-    def _playlist_entries(self, path, item_id, root=None, **kwargs):
-        results = self._call_api_v1(path, item_id, **kwargs)['body']['results']
-        for video in traverse_obj(results, (('assets', None), 'items', ...)):
-            if video.get('contentId'):
-                yield self.url_result(
-                    HotStarIE._video_url(video['contentId'], root=root), HotStarIE, video['contentId'])
+                'x-hs-usertoken': traverse_obj(cookies, (self._TOKEN_NAME, 'value')),
+                'x-hs-device-id': traverse_obj(cookies, ('deviceId', 'value')) or str(uuid.uuid4()),
+                'content-type': 'application/json',
+            }))
+
+        if not traverse_obj(response, ('success', {dict})):
+            raise ExtractorError('API call was unsuccessful')
+        return response['success']
+
+    def _call_api_v2(self, path, video_id, content_type, cookies=None, st=None):
+        return self._call_api_impl(f'{path}', video_id, query={
+            'content_id': video_id,
+            'filters': f'content_type={content_type}',
+            'client_capabilities': json.dumps({
+                'package': ['dash', 'hls'],
+                'container': ['fmp4', 'fmp4br', 'ts'],
+                'ads': ['non_ssai', 'ssai'],
+                'audio_channel': ['stereo', 'dolby51', 'atmos'],
+                'encryption': ['plain', 'widevine'],  # wv only so we can raise appropriate error
+                'video_codec': ['h264', 'h265'],
+                'video_codec_non_secure': ['h264', 'h265', 'vp9'],
+                'ladder': ['phone', 'tv', 'full'],
+                'resolution': ['hd', '4k'],
+                'true_resolution': ['hd', '4k'],
+                'dynamic_range': ['sdr', 'hdr'],
+            }, separators=(',', ':')),
+            'drm_parameters': json.dumps({
+                'widevine_security_level': ['SW_SECURE_DECODE', 'SW_SECURE_CRYPTO'],
+                'hdcp_version': ['HDCP_V2_2', 'HDCP_V2_1', 'HDCP_V2', 'HDCP_V1'],
+            }, separators=(',', ':')),
+        }, cookies=cookies, st=st)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _parse_metadata_v1(video_data):
+        return traverse_obj(video_data, {
+            'id': ('contentId', {str}),
+            'title': ('title', {str}),
+            'description': ('description', {str}),
+            'duration': ('duration', {int_or_none}),
+            'timestamp': (('broadcastDate', 'startDate'), {int_or_none}, any),
+            'release_year': ('year', {int_or_none}),
+            'channel': ('channelName', {str}),
+            'channel_id': ('channelId', {int}, {str_or_none}),
+            'series': ('showName', {str}),
+            'season': ('seasonName', {str}),
+            'season_number': ('seasonNo', {int_or_none}),
+            'season_id': ('seasonId', {int}, {str_or_none}),
+            'episode': ('title', {str}),
+            'episode_number': ('episodeNo', {int_or_none}),
+        })
+
+    def _fetch_page(self, path, item_id, name, query, root, page):
+        results = self._call_api_v1(
+            path, item_id, note=f'Downloading {name} page {page + 1} JSON', query={
+                **query,
+                'tao': page * self._PAGE_SIZE,
+                'tas': self._PAGE_SIZE,
+            })['body']['results']
+
+        for video in traverse_obj(results, (('assets', None), 'items', lambda _, v: v['contentId'])):
+            yield self.url_result(
+                HotStarIE._video_url(video['contentId'], root=root), HotStarIE, **self._parse_metadata_v1(video))
 
 
 class HotStarIE(HotStarBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'hotstar'
+    IE_DESC = 'JioHotstar'
     _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
         https?://(?:www\.)?hotstar\.com(?:/in)?/(?!in/)
         (?:
@@ -114,15 +164,16 @@ class HotStarIE(HotStarBaseIE):
             'upload_date': '20190501',
             'duration': 1219,
             'channel': 'StarPlus',
-            'channel_id': '3',
+            'channel_id': '821',
             'series': 'Ek Bhram - Sarvagun Sampanna',
             'season': 'Chapter 1',
             'season_number': 1,
-            'season_id': '6771',
+            'season_id': '1260004607',
             'episode': 'Janhvi Targets Suman',
             'episode_number': 8,
         },
-    }, {
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }, {  # Metadata call gets HTTP Error 504 with tas=10000
         'url': 'https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/anupama/1260022017/anupama-anuj-share-a-moment/1000282843',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '1000282843',
@@ -134,14 +185,14 @@ class HotStarIE(HotStarBaseIE):
             'channel': 'StarPlus',
             'series': 'Anupama',
             'season_number': 1,
-            'season_id': '7399',
+            'season_id': '1260022018',
             'upload_date': '20230307',
             'episode': 'Anupama, Anuj Share a Moment',
             'episode_number': 853,
-            'duration': 1272,
-            'channel_id': '3',
+            'duration': 1266,
+            'channel_id': '821',
         },
-        'skip': 'HTTP Error 504: Gateway Time-out',  # XXX: Investigate 504 errors on some episodes
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/kana-kaanum-kaalangal/1260097087/back-to-school/1260097320',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -154,14 +205,15 @@ class HotStarIE(HotStarBaseIE):
             'channel': 'Hotstar Specials',
             'series': 'Kana Kaanum Kaalangal',
             'season_number': 1,
-            'season_id': '9441',
+            'season_id': '1260097089',
             'upload_date': '20220421',
             'episode': 'Back To School',
             'episode_number': 1,
             'duration': 1810,
-            'channel_id': '54',
+            'channel_id': '1260003991',
         },
-    }, {
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }, {  # Metadata call gets HTTP Error 504 with tas=10000
         'url': 'https://www.hotstar.com/in/clips/e3-sairat-kahani-pyaar-ki/1000262286',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '1000262286',
@@ -173,6 +225,7 @@ class HotStarIE(HotStarBaseIE):
             'timestamp': 1622943900,
             'duration': 5395,
         },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.hotstar.com/in/movies/premam/1000091195',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -180,12 +233,13 @@ class HotStarIE(HotStarBaseIE):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Premam',
             'release_year': 2015,
-            'description': 'md5:d833c654e4187b5e34757eafb5b72d7f',
+            'description': 'md5:096cd8aaae8dab56524823dc19dfa9f7',
             'timestamp': 1462149000,
             'upload_date': '20160502',
             'episode': 'Premam',
             'duration': 8994,
         },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.hotstar.com/movies/radha-gopalam/1000057157',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -208,6 +262,13 @@ class HotStarIE(HotStarBaseIE):
         None: 'content',
     }
 
+    _CONTENT_TYPE = {
+        'movie': 'MOVIE',
+        'episode': 'EPISODE',
+        'match': 'SPORT',
+        'content': 'CLIPS',
+    }
+
     _IGNORE_MAP = {
         'res': 'resolution',
         'vcodec': 'video_codec',
@@ -229,38 +290,50 @@ class HotStarIE(HotStarBaseIE):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id, video_type = self._match_valid_url(url).group('id', 'type')
-        video_type = self._TYPE.get(video_type, video_type)
+        video_type = self._TYPE[video_type]
         cookies = self._get_cookies(url)  # Cookies before any request
+        if not cookies or not cookies.get(self._TOKEN_NAME):
+            self.raise_login_required()
 
         video_data = traverse_obj(
-            self._call_api_v1(
-                f'{video_type}/detail', video_id, fatal=False, query={'tas': 10000, 'contentId': video_id}),
-            ('body', 'results', 'item', {dict})) or {}
-        if not self.get_param('allow_unplayable_formats') and video_data.get('drmProtected'):
-            self.report_drm(video_id)
+            self._call_api_v1(f'{video_type}/detail', video_id, fatal=False, query={
+                'tas': 5,  # See https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/7946
+                'contentId': video_id,
+            }), ('body', 'results', 'item', {dict})) or {}
 
-        # See https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/396
-        st = self._download_webpage_handle(f'{self._BASE_URL}/in', video_id)[1].headers.get('x-origin-date')
+        if video_data.get('drmProtected'):
+            self.report_drm(video_id)
 
         geo_restricted = False
-        formats, subs = [], {}
+        formats, subs, has_drm = [], {}, False
         headers = {'Referer': f'{self._BASE_URL}/in'}
+        content_type = traverse_obj(video_data, ('contentType', {str})) or self._CONTENT_TYPE[video_type]
 
-        # change to v2 in the future
-        playback_sets = self._call_api_v2('play/v1/playback', video_id, st=st, cookies=cookies)['playBackSets']
-        for playback_set in playback_sets:
-            if not isinstance(playback_set, dict):
-                continue
-            tags = str_or_none(playback_set.get('tagsCombination')) or ''
+        # See https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/396
+        st = self._request_webpage(
+            f'{self._BASE_URL}/in', video_id, 'Fetching server time').get_header('x-origin-date')
+        watch = self._call_api_v2('pages/watch', video_id, content_type, cookies, st)
+        player_config = traverse_obj(watch, (
+            'page', 'spaces', 'player', 'widget_wrappers', lambda _, v: v['template'] == 'PlayerWidget',
+            'widget', 'data', 'player_config', {dict}, any, {require('player config')}))
+
+        for playback_set in traverse_obj(player_config, (
+            ('media_asset', 'media_asset_v2'),
+            ('primary', 'fallback'),
+            all, lambda _, v: url_or_none(v['content_url']),
+        )):
+            tags = str_or_none(playback_set.get('playback_tags')) or ''
             if any(f'{prefix}:{ignore}' in tags
                    for key, prefix in self._IGNORE_MAP.items()
                    for ignore in self._configuration_arg(key)):
                 continue
 
-            format_url = url_or_none(playback_set.get('playbackUrl'))
-            if not format_url:
+            tag_dict = dict((*t.split(':', 1), None)[:2] for t in tags.split(';'))
+            if tag_dict.get('encryption') not in ('plain', None):
+                has_drm = True
                 continue
-            format_url = re.sub(r'(?<=//staragvod)(\d)', r'web\1', format_url)
+
+            format_url = re.sub(r'(?<=//staragvod)(\d)', r'web\1', playback_set['content_url'])
             ext = determine_ext(format_url)
 
             current_formats, current_subs = [], {}
@@ -280,14 +353,12 @@ class HotStarIE(HotStarBaseIE):
                         'height': int_or_none(playback_set.get('height')),
                     }]
             except ExtractorError as e:
-                if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 403:
+                if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status in (403, 474):
                     geo_restricted = True
+                else:
+                    self.write_debug(e)
                 continue
 
-            tag_dict = dict((*t.split(':', 1), None)[:2] for t in tags.split(';'))
-            if tag_dict.get('encryption') not in ('plain', None):
-                for f in current_formats:
-                    f['has_drm'] = True
             for f in current_formats:
                 for k, v in self._TAG_FIELDS.items():
                     if not f.get(k):
@@ -299,6 +370,11 @@ class HotStarIE(HotStarBaseIE):
                         'stereo': 2,
                         'dolby51': 6,
                     }.get(tag_dict.get('audio_channel'))
+                    if (
+                        'Audio_Description' in f['format_id']
+                        or 'Audio Description' in (f.get('format_note') or '')
+                    ):
+                        f['source_preference'] = -99 + (f.get('source_preference') or -1)
                 f['format_note'] = join_nonempty(
                     tag_dict.get('ladder'),
                     tag_dict.get('audio_channel') if f.get('acodec') != 'none' else None,
@@ -308,29 +384,22 @@ class HotStarIE(HotStarBaseIE):
             formats.extend(current_formats)
             subs = self._merge_subtitles(subs, current_subs)
 
-        if not formats and geo_restricted:
-            self.raise_geo_restricted(countries=['IN'], metadata_available=True)
+        if not formats:
+            if geo_restricted:
+                self.raise_geo_restricted(countries=['IN'], metadata_available=True)
+            elif has_drm:
+                self.report_drm(video_id)
+            elif not self._has_active_subscription(cookies, st):
+                self.raise_no_formats('Your account does not have access to this content', expected=True)
         self._remove_duplicate_formats(formats)
         for f in formats:
             f.setdefault('http_headers', {}).update(headers)
 
         return {
+            **self._parse_metadata_v1(video_data),
             'id': video_id,
-            'title': video_data.get('title'),
-            'description': video_data.get('description'),
-            'duration': int_or_none(video_data.get('duration')),
-            'timestamp': int_or_none(traverse_obj(video_data, 'broadcastDate', 'startDate')),
-            'release_year': int_or_none(video_data.get('year')),
             'formats': formats,
             'subtitles': subs,
-            'channel': video_data.get('channelName'),
-            'channel_id': str_or_none(video_data.get('channelId')),
-            'series': video_data.get('showName'),
-            'season': video_data.get('seasonName'),
-            'season_number': int_or_none(video_data.get('seasonNo')),
-            'season_id': str_or_none(video_data.get('seasonId')),
-            'episode': video_data.get('title'),
-            'episode_number': int_or_none(video_data.get('episodeNo')),
         }
 
 
@@ -371,64 +440,6 @@ class HotStarPrefixIE(InfoExtractor):
         return self.url_result(HotStarIE._video_url(video_id, video_type), HotStarIE, video_id)
 
 
-class HotStarPlaylistIE(HotStarBaseIE):
-    IE_NAME = 'hotstar:playlist'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?hotstar\.com(?:/in)?/(?:tv|shows)(?:/[^/]+){2}/list/[^/]+/t-(?P<id>\w+)'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://www.hotstar.com/tv/savdhaan-india/s-26/list/popular-clips/t-3_2_26',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '3_2_26',
-        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 20,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.hotstar.com/shows/savdhaan-india/s-26/list/popular-clips/t-3_2_26',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.hotstar.com/tv/savdhaan-india/s-26/list/extras/t-2480',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/karthika-deepam/15457/list/popular-clips/t-3_2_1272',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id_ = self._match_id(url)
-        return self.playlist_result(
-            self._playlist_entries('tray/find', id_, query={'tas': 10000, 'uqId': id_}), id_)
-
-
-class HotStarSeasonIE(HotStarBaseIE):
-    IE_NAME = 'hotstar:season'
-    _VALID_URL = r'(?P<url>https?://(?:www\.)?hotstar\.com(?:/in)?/(?:tv|shows)/[^/]+/\w+)/seasons/[^/]+/ss-(?P<id>\w+)'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://www.hotstar.com/tv/radhakrishn/1260000646/seasons/season-2/ss-8028',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '8028',
-        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 35,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/ishqbaaz/9567/seasons/season-2/ss-4357',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '4357',
-        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 30,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/bigg-boss/14714/seasons/season-4/ss-8208/',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '8208',
-        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 19,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/bigg-boss/14714/seasons/season-4/ss-8208/',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        url, season_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
-        return self.playlist_result(self._playlist_entries(
-            'season/asset', season_id, url, query={'tao': 0, 'tas': 0, 'size': 10000, 'id': season_id}), season_id)
-
-
 class HotStarSeriesIE(HotStarBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'hotstar:series'
     _VALID_URL = r'(?P<url>https?://(?:www\.)?hotstar\.com(?:/in)?/(?:tv|shows)/[^/]+/(?P<id>\d+))/?(?:[#?]|$)'
@@ -443,25 +454,29 @@ class HotStarSeriesIE(HotStarBaseIE):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '1260050431',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 43,
+        'playlist_mincount': 42,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/mahabharat/435/',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '435',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 267,
-    }, {
+    }, {  # HTTP Error 504 with tas=10000 (possibly because total size is over 1000 items?)
         'url': 'https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/anupama/1260022017/',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '1260022017',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 940,
+        'playlist_mincount': 1601,
     }]
+    _PAGE_SIZE = 100
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        url, series_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
-        id_ = self._call_api_v1(
+        url, series_id = self._match_valid_url(url).group('url', 'id')
+        eid = self._call_api_v1(
             'show/detail', series_id, query={'contentId': series_id})['body']['results']['item']['id']
 
-        return self.playlist_result(self._playlist_entries(
-            'tray/g/1/items', series_id, url, query={'tao': 0, 'tas': 10000, 'etid': 0, 'eid': id_}), series_id)
+        entries = OnDemandPagedList(functools.partial(
+            self._fetch_page, 'tray/g/1/items', series_id,
+            'series', {'etid': 0, 'eid': eid}, url), self._PAGE_SIZE)
+
+        return self.playlist_result(entries, series_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hse.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hse.py
index d9004293ff..c3c7bb32e2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hse.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hse.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ from ..utils import (
 )
 
 
-class HSEShowBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
+class HSEShowBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     _GEO_COUNTRIES = ['DE']
 
     def _extract_redux_data(self, url, video_id):
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class HSEShowBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
         return formats, subtitles
 
 
-class HSEShowIE(HSEShowBaseInfoExtractor):
+class HSEShowIE(HSEShowBaseIE):
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?hse\.de/dpl/c/tv-shows/(?P<id>[0-9]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.hse.de/dpl/c/tv-shows/505350',
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ class HSEShowIE(HSEShowBaseInfoExtractor):
         }
 
 
-class HSEProductIE(HSEShowBaseInfoExtractor):
+class HSEProductIE(HSEShowBaseIE):
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?hse\.de/dpl/p/product/(?P<id>[0-9]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.hse.de/dpl/p/product/408630',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/huya.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/huya.py
index f79e032e4a..65099b0628 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/huya.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/huya.py
@@ -7,12 +7,13 @@ import urllib.parse
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
+    clean_html,
     int_or_none,
     parse_duration,
     str_or_none,
     try_get,
     unescapeHTML,
-    unified_strdate,
+    update_url,
     update_url_query,
     url_or_none,
 )
@@ -22,8 +23,8 @@ from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 class HuyaLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.|m\.)?huya\.com/(?!(?:video/play/))(?P<id>[^/#?&]+)(?:\D|$)'
     IE_NAME = 'huya:live'
-    IE_DESC = 'huya.com'
-    TESTS = [{
+    IE_DESC = '虎牙直播'
+    _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.huya.com/572329',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '572329',
@@ -149,63 +150,94 @@ class HuyaVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': '1002412640',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': '8月3日',
-            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.jpg',
-            'duration': 14,
+            'categories': ['主机游�'],
+            'duration': 14.0,
             'uploader': '虎牙-ATS欧�车队�木',
             'uploader_id': '1564376151',
             'upload_date': '20240803',
             'view_count': int,
             'comment_count': int,
             'like_count': int,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
+            'timestamp': 1722675433,
         },
-    },
-        {
+    }, {
         'url': 'https://www.huya.com/video/play/556054543.html',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '556054543',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': '我�挑事 也�怕事',
-            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.jpg',
-            'duration': 1864,
+            'categories': ['英雄�盟'],
+            'description': 'md5:58184869687d18ce62dc7b4b2ad21201',
+            'duration': 1864.0,
             'uploader': '�尔',
             'uploader_id': '367138632',
             'upload_date': '20210811',
             'view_count': int,
             'comment_count': int,
             'like_count': int,
+            'tags': 'count:4',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
+            'timestamp': 1628675950,
+        },
+    }, {
+        # Only m3u8 available
+        'url': 'https://www.huya.com/video/play/1063345618.html',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '1063345618',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '峡谷第一中�黑�上钻石顶级教学对抗elo',
+            'categories': ['英雄�盟'],
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'duration': 21603.0,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
+            'timestamp': 1749668803,
+            'upload_date': '20250611',
+            'uploader': '北枫CC',
+            'uploader_id': '2183525275',
+            'view_count': int,
         },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url: str):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        video_data = self._download_json(
-            'https://liveapi.huya.com/moment/getMomentContent', video_id,
-            query={'videoId': video_id})['data']['moment']['videoInfo']
+        moment = self._download_json(
+            'https://liveapi.huya.com/moment/getMomentContent',
+            video_id, query={'videoId': video_id})['data']['moment']
 
         formats = []
-        for definition in traverse_obj(video_data, ('definitions', lambda _, v: url_or_none(v['url']))):
-            formats.append({
-                'url': definition['url'],
-                **traverse_obj(definition, {
+        for definition in traverse_obj(moment, (
+            'videoInfo', 'definitions', lambda _, v: url_or_none(v['m3u8']),
+        )):
+            fmts = self._extract_m3u8_formats(definition['m3u8'], video_id, 'mp4', fatal=False)
+            for fmt in fmts:
+                fmt.update(**traverse_obj(definition, {
+                    'filesize': ('size', {int_or_none}),
                     'format_id': ('defName', {str}),
-                    'width': ('width', {int_or_none}),
                     'height': ('height', {int_or_none}),
-                    'filesize': ('size', {int_or_none}),
-                }),
-            })
+                    'quality': ('definition', {int_or_none}),
+                    'width': ('width', {int_or_none}),
+                }))
+            formats.extend(fmts)
 
         return {
             'id': video_id,
             'formats': formats,
-            **traverse_obj(video_data, {
+            **traverse_obj(moment, {
+                'comment_count': ('commentCount', {int_or_none}),
+                'description': ('content', {clean_html}, filter),
+                'like_count': ('favorCount', {int_or_none}),
+                'timestamp': ('cTime', {int_or_none}),
+            }),
+            **traverse_obj(moment, ('videoInfo', {
                 'title': ('videoTitle', {str}),
-                'thumbnail': ('videoCover', {url_or_none}),
+                'categories': ('category', {str}, filter, all, filter),
                 'duration': ('videoDuration', {parse_duration}),
+                'tags': ('tags', ..., {str}, filter, all, filter),
+                'thumbnail': (('videoBigCover', 'videoCover'), {url_or_none}, {update_url(query=None)}, any),
                 'uploader': ('nickName', {str}),
                 'uploader_id': ('uid', {str_or_none}),
-                'upload_date': ('videoUploadTime', {unified_strdate}),
                 'view_count': ('videoPlayNum', {int_or_none}),
-                'comment_count': ('videoCommentNum', {int_or_none}),
-                'like_count': ('favorCount', {int_or_none}),
-            }),
+            })),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hypergryph.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hypergryph.py
index 1fb2e9a982..f405d14b54 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hypergryph.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hypergryph.py
@@ -1,32 +1,66 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import js_to_json, traverse_obj
+from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
+    clean_html,
+    url_or_none,
+)
+from ..utils.traversal import subs_list_to_dict, traverse_obj
 
 
 class MonsterSirenHypergryphMusicIE(InfoExtractor):
+    IE_NAME = 'monstersiren'
+    IE_DESC = '塞壬唱片'
+    _API_BASE = 'https://monster-siren.hypergryph.com/api'
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://monster-siren\.hypergryph\.com/music/(?P<id>\d+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://monster-siren.hypergryph.com/music/514562',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '514562',
             'ext': 'wav',
-            'artists': ['塞壬唱片-MSR'],
-            'album': 'Flame Shadow',
             'title': 'Flame Shadow',
+            'album': 'Flame Shadow',
+            'artists': ['塞壬唱片-MSR'],
+            'description': 'md5:19e2acfcd1b65b41b29e8079ab948053',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://web\.hycdn\.cn/siren/pic/.+\.jpg',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://monster-siren.hypergryph.com/music/514518',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '514518',
+            'ext': 'wav',
+            'title': 'Heavenly Me (Instrumental)',
+            'album': 'Heavenly Me',
+            'artists': ['塞壬唱片-MSR', 'AIYUE blessed : ��'],
+            'description': 'md5:ce790b41c932d1ad72eb791d1d8ae598',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://web\.hycdn\.cn/siren/pic/.+\.jpg',
         },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         audio_id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, audio_id)
-        json_data = self._search_json(
-            r'window\.g_initialProps\s*=', webpage, 'data', audio_id, transform_source=js_to_json)
+        song = self._download_json(f'{self._API_BASE}/song/{audio_id}', audio_id)
+        if traverse_obj(song, 'code') != 0:
+            msg = traverse_obj(song, ('msg', {str}, filter))
+            raise ExtractorError(
+                msg or 'API returned an error response', expected=bool(msg))
+
+        album = None
+        if album_id := traverse_obj(song, ('data', 'albumCid', {str})):
+            album = self._download_json(
+                f'{self._API_BASE}/album/{album_id}/detail', album_id, fatal=False)
 
         return {
             'id': audio_id,
-            'title': traverse_obj(json_data, ('player', 'songDetail', 'name')),
-            'url': traverse_obj(json_data, ('player', 'songDetail', 'sourceUrl')),
-            'ext': 'wav',
             'vcodec': 'none',
-            'artists': traverse_obj(json_data, ('player', 'songDetail', 'artists', ...)),
-            'album': traverse_obj(json_data, ('musicPlay', 'albumDetail', 'name')),
+            **traverse_obj(song, ('data', {
+                'title': ('name', {str}),
+                'artists': ('artists', ..., {str}),
+                'subtitles': ({'url': 'lyricUrl'}, all, {subs_list_to_dict(lang='en')}),
+                'url': ('sourceUrl', {url_or_none}),
+            })),
+            **traverse_obj(album, ('data', {
+                'album': ('name', {str}),
+                'description': ('intro', {clean_html}),
+                'thumbnail': ('coverUrl', {url_or_none}),
+            })),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ichinanalive.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ichinanalive.py
index a37cfe77bd..475d33593d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ichinanalive.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ichinanalive.py
@@ -1,5 +1,13 @@
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import ExtractorError, str_or_none, traverse_obj, unified_strdate
+from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
+    int_or_none,
+    str_or_none,
+    traverse_obj,
+    unified_strdate,
+    url_or_none,
+)
 
 
 class IchinanaLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -157,3 +165,51 @@ class IchinanaLiveClipIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': view_data.get('caption'),
             'upload_date': unified_strdate(str_or_none(view_data.get('createdAt'))),
         }
+
+
+class IchinanaLiveVODIE(InfoExtractor):
+    IE_NAME = '17live:vod'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?17\.live/ja/vod/[^/?#]+/(?P<id>[^/?#]+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://17.live/ja/vod/27323042/2cf84520-e65e-4b22-891e-1d3a00b0f068',
+        'md5': '3299b930d7457b069639486998a89580',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '2cf84520-e65e-4b22-891e-1d3a00b0f068',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'md5:b5f8cbf497d54cc6a60eb3b480182f01',
+            'uploader': 'md5:29fb12122ab94b5a8495586e7c3085a5',
+            'uploader_id': '27323042',
+            'channel': '🌟オールナイトニッ�ン アーカイブ🌟',
+            'channel_id': '2b4f85f1-d61e-429d-a901-68d32bdd8645',
+            'like_count': int,
+            'view_count': int,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/.+\.(?:jpe?g|png)',
+            'duration': 549,
+            'description': 'md5:116f326579700f00eaaf5581aae1192e',
+            'timestamp': 1741058645,
+            'upload_date': '20250304',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://17.live/ja/vod/27323042/0de11bac-9bea-40b8-9eab-0239a7d88079',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        json_data = self._download_json(f'https://wap-api.17app.co/api/v1/vods/{video_id}', video_id)
+
+        return traverse_obj(json_data, {
+            'id': ('vodID', {str}),
+            'title': ('title', {str}),
+            'formats': ('vodURL', {lambda x: self._extract_m3u8_formats(x, video_id)}),
+            'uploader': ('userInfo', 'displayName', {str}),
+            'uploader_id': ('userInfo', 'roomID', {int}, {str_or_none}),
+            'channel': ('userInfo', 'name', {str}),
+            'channel_id': ('userInfo', 'userID', {str}),
+            'like_count': ('likeCount', {int_or_none}),
+            'view_count': ('viewCount', {int_or_none}),
+            'thumbnail': ('imageURL', {url_or_none}),
+            'duration': ('duration', {int_or_none}),
+            'description': ('description', {str}),
+            'timestamp': ('createdAt', {int_or_none}),
+        })
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/indavideo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/indavideo.py
index 85e388e0d2..2da1d796e3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/indavideo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/indavideo.py
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ from ..utils import (
 class IndavideoEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:(?:embed\.)?indavideo\.hu/player/video/|assets\.indavideo\.hu/swf/player\.swf\?.*\b(?:v(?:ID|id))=)(?P<id>[\da-f]+)'
     # Some example URLs covered by generic extractor:
-    #   https://indavideo.hu/video/Vicces_cica_1
     #   https://index.indavideo.hu/video/Hod_Nemetorszagban
     #   https://auto.indavideo.hu/video/Sajat_utanfutoban_a_kis_tacsko
     #   https://film.indavideo.hu/video/f_farkaslesen
@@ -25,14 +24,14 @@ class IndavideoEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Cicatánc',
             'description': '',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'uploader': 'cukiajanlo',
             'uploader_id': '83729',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://pics\.indavideo\.hu/videos/.+\.jpg',
             'timestamp': 1439193826,
             'upload_date': '20150810',
             'duration': 72,
             'age_limit': 0,
-            'tags': ['tánc', 'cica', 'cuki', 'cukiajanlo', 'newsroom'],
+            'tags': 'count:5',
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://embed.indavideo.hu/player/video/1bdc3c6d80?autostart=1&hide=1',
@@ -45,14 +44,30 @@ class IndavideoEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Vicces cica',
             'description': 'Játszik a tablettel. :D',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://pics\.indavideo\.hu/videos/.+\.jpg',
             'uploader': 'Jet_Pack',
             'uploader_id': '491217',
             'timestamp': 1390821212,
             'upload_date': '20140127',
             'duration': 7,
             'age_limit': 0,
-            'tags': ['cica', 'Jet_Pack'],
+            'tags': 'count:2',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://palyazat.indavideo.hu/video/RUSH_1',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '3808180',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'RUSH',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'description': '',
+            'duration': 650,
+            'tags': 'count:2',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://pics\.indavideo\.hu/videos/.+\.jpg',
+            'timestamp': 1729136266,
+            'upload_date': '20241017',
+            'uploader': '7summerfilms',
+            'uploader_id': '1628496',
         },
     }]
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/iprima.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/iprima.py
index 9b91a454b1..bf2344f720 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/iprima.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/iprima.py
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import json
 import re
 import time
 
@@ -6,9 +7,7 @@ from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     determine_ext,
     js_to_json,
-    parse_qs,
     traverse_obj,
-    urlencode_postdata,
 )
 
 
@@ -16,7 +15,6 @@ class IPrimaIE(InfoExtractor):
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?!cnn)(?:[^/]+)\.iprima\.cz/(?:[^/]+/)*(?P<id>[^/?#&]+)'
     _GEO_BYPASS = False
     _NETRC_MACHINE = 'iprima'
-    _AUTH_ROOT = 'https://auth.iprima.cz'
     access_token = None
 
     _TESTS = [{
@@ -86,48 +84,18 @@ class IPrimaIE(InfoExtractor):
         if self.access_token:
             return
 
-        login_page = self._download_webpage(
-            f'{self._AUTH_ROOT}/oauth2/login', None, note='Downloading login page',
-            errnote='Downloading login page failed')
-
-        login_form = self._hidden_inputs(login_page)
-
-        login_form.update({
-            '_email': username,
-            '_password': password})
-
-        profile_select_html, login_handle = self._download_webpage_handle(
-            f'{self._AUTH_ROOT}/oauth2/login', None, data=urlencode_postdata(login_form),
-            note='Logging in')
-
-        # a profile may need to be selected first, even when there is only a single one
-        if '/profile-select' in login_handle.url:
-            profile_id = self._search_regex(
-                r'data-identifier\s*=\s*["\']?(\w+)', profile_select_html, 'profile id')
-
-            login_handle = self._request_webpage(
-                f'{self._AUTH_ROOT}/user/profile-select-perform/{profile_id}', None,
-                query={'continueUrl': '/user/login?redirect_uri=/user/'}, note='Selecting profile')
-
-        code = traverse_obj(login_handle.url, ({parse_qs}, 'code', 0))
-        if not code:
-            raise ExtractorError('Login failed', expected=True)
-
-        token_request_data = {
-            'scope': 'openid+email+profile+phone+address+offline_access',
-            'client_id': 'prima_sso',
-            'grant_type': 'authorization_code',
-            'code': code,
-            'redirect_uri': f'{self._AUTH_ROOT}/sso/auth-check'}
-
         token_data = self._download_json(
-            f'{self._AUTH_ROOT}/oauth2/token', None,
-            note='Downloading token', errnote='Downloading token failed',
-            data=urlencode_postdata(token_request_data))
-
-        self.access_token = token_data.get('access_token')
-        if self.access_token is None:
-            raise ExtractorError('Getting token failed', expected=True)
+            'https://ucet.iprima.cz/api/session/create', None,
+            note='Logging in', errnote='Failed to log in',
+            data=json.dumps({
+                'email': username,
+                'password': password,
+                'deviceName': 'Windows Chrome',
+            }).encode(), headers={'content-type': 'application/json'})
+
+        self.access_token = token_data['accessToken']['value']
+        if not self.access_token:
+            raise ExtractorError('Failed to fetch access token')
 
     def _real_initialize(self):
         if not self.access_token:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/itv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/itv.py
index 89e6f189cb..1f4020847c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/itv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/itv.py
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ from ..utils import (
     url_or_none,
     urljoin,
 )
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 
 
 class ITVIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -223,6 +224,7 @@ class ITVBTCCIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'playlist_count': 12,
     }, {
+        # news page, can have absent `data` field
         'url': 'https://www.itv.com/news/2021-10-27/i-have-to-protect-the-country-says-rishi-sunak-as-uk-faces-interest-rate-hike',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'i-have-to-protect-the-country-says-rishi-sunak-as-uk-faces-interest-rate-hike',
@@ -243,7 +245,7 @@ class ITVBTCCIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         entries = []
         for video in json_map:
-            if not any(video['data'].get(attr) == 'Brightcove' for attr in ('name', 'type')):
+            if not any(traverse_obj(video, ('data', attr)) == 'Brightcove' for attr in ('name', 'type')):
                 continue
             video_id = video['data']['id']
             account_id = video['data']['accountId']
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ivoox.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ivoox.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..36e02493a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ivoox.py
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..utils import int_or_none, parse_iso8601, url_or_none, urljoin
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
+
+
+class IvooxIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _VALID_URL = (
+        r'https?://(?:www\.)?ivoox\.com/(?:\w{2}/)?[^/?#]+_rf_(?P<id>[0-9]+)_1\.html',
+        r'https?://go\.ivoox\.com/rf/(?P<id>[0-9]+)',
+    )
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.ivoox.com/dex-08x30-rostros-del-mal-los-asesinos-en-audios-mp3_rf_143594959_1.html',
+        'md5': '993f712de5b7d552459fc66aa3726885',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '143594959',
+            'ext': 'mp3',
+            'timestamp': 1742731200,
+            'channel': 'DIAS EXTRAÑOS con Santiago Camacho',
+            'title': 'DEx 08x30 Rostros del mal: Los asesinos en serie que aterrorizaron España',
+            'description': 'md5:eae8b4b9740d0216d3871390b056bb08',
+            'uploader': 'Santiago Camacho',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://static-1.ivoox.com/audios/c/d/5/2/cd52f46783fe735000c33a803dce2554_XXL.jpg',
+            'upload_date': '20250323',
+            'episode': 'DEx 08x30 Rostros del mal: Los asesinos en serie que aterrorizaron España',
+            'duration': 11837,
+            'tags': ['españa', 'asesinos en serie', 'arropiero', 'historia criminal', 'mataviejas'],
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://go.ivoox.com/rf/143594959',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.ivoox.com/en/campodelgas-28-03-2025-audios-mp3_rf_144036942_1.html',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        media_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, media_id, fatal=False)
+
+        data = self._search_nuxt_data(
+            webpage, media_id, fatal=False, traverse=('data', 0, 'data', 'audio'))
+
+        direct_download = self._download_json(
+            f'https://vcore-web.ivoox.com/v1/public/audios/{media_id}/download-url', media_id, fatal=False,
+            note='Fetching direct download link', headers={'Referer': url})
+
+        download_paths = {
+            *traverse_obj(direct_download, ('data', 'downloadUrl', {str}, filter, all)),
+            *traverse_obj(data, (('downloadUrl', 'mediaUrl'), {str}, filter)),
+        }
+
+        formats = []
+        for path in download_paths:
+            formats.append({
+                'url': urljoin('https://ivoox.com', path),
+                'http_headers': {'Referer': url},
+            })
+
+        return {
+            'id': media_id,
+            'formats': formats,
+            'uploader': self._html_search_regex(r'data-prm-author="([^"]+)"', webpage, 'author', default=None),
+            'timestamp': parse_iso8601(
+                self._html_search_regex(r'data-prm-pubdate="([^"]+)"', webpage, 'timestamp', default=None)),
+            'channel': self._html_search_regex(r'data-prm-podname="([^"]+)"', webpage, 'channel', default=None),
+            'title': self._html_search_regex(r'data-prm-title="([^"]+)"', webpage, 'title', default=None),
+            'thumbnail': self._og_search_thumbnail(webpage, default=None),
+            'description': self._og_search_description(webpage, default=None),
+            **self._search_json_ld(webpage, media_id, default={}),
+            **traverse_obj(data, {
+                'title': ('title', {str}),
+                'description': ('description', {str}),
+                'thumbnail': ('image', {url_or_none}),
+                'timestamp': ('uploadDate', {parse_iso8601(delimiter=' ')}),
+                'duration': ('duration', {int_or_none}),
+                'tags': ('tags', ..., 'name', {str}),
+            }),
+        }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/jamendo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/jamendo.py
index 16540c4147..bac0e869ce 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/jamendo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/jamendo.py
@@ -2,10 +2,12 @@ import hashlib
 import random
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..networking import HEADRequest
 from ..utils import (
     clean_html,
     int_or_none,
     try_get,
+    urlhandle_detect_ext,
 )
 
 
@@ -27,7 +29,7 @@ class JamendoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'flac',
             # 'title': 'Maya Filipi� - Stories from Emona I',
             'title': 'Stories from Emona I',
-            'artist': 'Maya Filipi�',
+            'artists': ['Maya Filipi�'],
             'album': 'Between two worlds',
             'track': 'Stories from Emona I',
             'duration': 210,
@@ -93,9 +95,15 @@ class JamendoIE(InfoExtractor):
                 if not cover_url or cover_url in urls:
                     continue
                 urls.append(cover_url)
+                urlh = self._request_webpage(
+                    HEADRequest(cover_url), track_id, 'Checking thumbnail extension',
+                    errnote=False, fatal=False)
+                if not urlh:
+                    continue
                 size = int_or_none(cover_id.lstrip('size'))
                 thumbnails.append({
                     'id': cover_id,
+                    'ext': urlhandle_detect_ext(urlh, default='jpg'),
                     'url': cover_url,
                     'width': size,
                     'height': size,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/jiocinema.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/jiocinema.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 94c85064ef..0000000000
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/jiocinema.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,408 +0,0 @@
-import base64
-import itertools
-import json
-import random
-import re
-import string
-import time
-
-from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import (
-    ExtractorError,
-    float_or_none,
-    int_or_none,
-    jwt_decode_hs256,
-    parse_age_limit,
-    try_call,
-    url_or_none,
-)
-from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
-
-
-class JioCinemaBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _NETRC_MACHINE = 'jiocinema'
-    _GEO_BYPASS = False
-    _ACCESS_TOKEN = None
-    _REFRESH_TOKEN = None
-    _GUEST_TOKEN = None
-    _USER_ID = None
-    _DEVICE_ID = None
-    _API_HEADERS = {'Origin': 'https://www.jiocinema.com', 'Referer': 'https://www.jiocinema.com/'}
-    _APP_NAME = {'appName': 'RJIL_JioCinema'}
-    _APP_VERSION = {'appVersion': '5.0.0'}
-    _API_SIGNATURES = 'o668nxgzwff'
-    _METADATA_API_BASE = 'https://content-jiovoot.voot.com/psapi'
-    _ACCESS_HINT = 'the `accessToken` from your browser local storage'
-    _LOGIN_HINT = (
-        'Log in with "-u phone -p <PHONE_NUMBER>" to authenticate with OTP, '
-        f'or use "-u token -p <ACCESS_TOKEN>" to log in with {_ACCESS_HINT}. '
-        'If you have previously logged in with yt-dlp and your session '
-        'has been cached, you can use "-u device -p <DEVICE_ID>"')
-
-    def _cache_token(self, token_type):
-        assert token_type in ('access', 'refresh', 'all')
-        if token_type in ('access', 'all'):
-            self.cache.store(
-                JioCinemaBaseIE._NETRC_MACHINE, f'{JioCinemaBaseIE._DEVICE_ID}-access', JioCinemaBaseIE._ACCESS_TOKEN)
-        if token_type in ('refresh', 'all'):
-            self.cache.store(
-                JioCinemaBaseIE._NETRC_MACHINE, f'{JioCinemaBaseIE._DEVICE_ID}-refresh', JioCinemaBaseIE._REFRESH_TOKEN)
-
-    def _call_api(self, url, video_id, note='Downloading API JSON', headers={}, data={}):
-        return self._download_json(
-            url, video_id, note, data=json.dumps(data, separators=(',', ':')).encode(), headers={
-                'Content-Type': 'application/json',
-                'Accept': 'application/json',
-                **self._API_HEADERS,
-                **headers,
-            }, expected_status=(400, 403, 474))
-
-    def _call_auth_api(self, service, endpoint, note, headers={}, data={}):
-        return self._call_api(
-            f'https://auth-jiocinema.voot.com/{service}service/apis/v4/{endpoint}',
-            None, note=note, headers=headers, data=data)
-
-    def _refresh_token(self):
-        if not JioCinemaBaseIE._REFRESH_TOKEN or not JioCinemaBaseIE._DEVICE_ID:
-            raise ExtractorError('User token has expired', expected=True)
-        response = self._call_auth_api(
-            'token', 'refreshtoken', 'Refreshing token',
-            headers={'accesstoken': self._ACCESS_TOKEN}, data={
-                **self._APP_NAME,
-                'deviceId': self._DEVICE_ID,
-                'refreshToken': self._REFRESH_TOKEN,
-                **self._APP_VERSION,
-            })
-        refresh_token = response.get('refreshTokenId')
-        if refresh_token and refresh_token != JioCinemaBaseIE._REFRESH_TOKEN:
-            JioCinemaBaseIE._REFRESH_TOKEN = refresh_token
-            self._cache_token('refresh')
-        JioCinemaBaseIE._ACCESS_TOKEN = response['authToken']
-        self._cache_token('access')
-
-    def _fetch_guest_token(self):
-        JioCinemaBaseIE._DEVICE_ID = ''.join(random.choices(string.digits, k=10))
-        guest_token = self._call_auth_api(
-            'token', 'guest', 'Downloading guest token', data={
-                **self._APP_NAME,
-                'deviceType': 'phone',
-                'os': 'ios',
-                'deviceId': self._DEVICE_ID,
-                'freshLaunch': False,
-                'adId': self._DEVICE_ID,
-                **self._APP_VERSION,
-            })
-        self._GUEST_TOKEN = guest_token['authToken']
-        self._USER_ID = guest_token['userId']
-
-    def _call_login_api(self, endpoint, guest_token, data, note):
-        return self._call_auth_api(
-            'user', f'loginotp/{endpoint}', note, headers={
-                **self.geo_verification_headers(),
-                'accesstoken': self._GUEST_TOKEN,
-                **self._APP_NAME,
-                **traverse_obj(guest_token, 'data', {
-                    'deviceType': ('deviceType', {str}),
-                    'os': ('os', {str}),
-                })}, data=data)
-
-    def _is_token_expired(self, token):
-        return (try_call(lambda: jwt_decode_hs256(token)['exp']) or 0) <= int(time.time() - 180)
-
-    def _perform_login(self, username, password):
-        if self._ACCESS_TOKEN and not self._is_token_expired(self._ACCESS_TOKEN):
-            return
-
-        UUID_RE = r'[\da-f]{8}-(?:[\da-f]{4}-){3}[\da-f]{12}'
-
-        if username.lower() == 'token':
-            if try_call(lambda: jwt_decode_hs256(password)):
-                JioCinemaBaseIE._ACCESS_TOKEN = password
-                refresh_hint = 'the `refreshToken` UUID from your browser local storage'
-                refresh_token = self._configuration_arg('refresh_token', [''], ie_key=JioCinemaIE)[0]
-                if not refresh_token:
-                    self.to_screen(
-                        'To extend the life of your login session, in addition to your access token, '
-                        'you can pass --extractor-args "jiocinema:refresh_token=REFRESH_TOKEN" '
-                        f'where REFRESH_TOKEN is {refresh_hint}')
-                elif re.fullmatch(UUID_RE, refresh_token):
-                    JioCinemaBaseIE._REFRESH_TOKEN = refresh_token
-                else:
-                    self.report_warning(f'Invalid refresh_token value. Use {refresh_hint}')
-            else:
-                raise ExtractorError(
-                    f'The password given could not be decoded as a token; use {self._ACCESS_HINT}', expected=True)
-
-        elif username.lower() == 'device' and re.fullmatch(rf'(?:{UUID_RE}|\d+)', password):
-            JioCinemaBaseIE._REFRESH_TOKEN = self.cache.load(JioCinemaBaseIE._NETRC_MACHINE, f'{password}-refresh')
-            JioCinemaBaseIE._ACCESS_TOKEN = self.cache.load(JioCinemaBaseIE._NETRC_MACHINE, f'{password}-access')
-            if not JioCinemaBaseIE._REFRESH_TOKEN or not JioCinemaBaseIE._ACCESS_TOKEN:
-                raise ExtractorError(f'Failed to load cached tokens for device ID "{password}"', expected=True)
-
-        elif username.lower() == 'phone' and re.fullmatch(r'\+?\d+', password):
-            self._fetch_guest_token()
-            guest_token = jwt_decode_hs256(self._GUEST_TOKEN)
-            initial_data = {
-                'number': base64.b64encode(password.encode()).decode(),
-                **self._APP_VERSION,
-            }
-            response = self._call_login_api('send', guest_token, initial_data, 'Requesting OTP')
-            if not traverse_obj(response, ('OTPInfo', {dict})):
-                raise ExtractorError('There was a problem with the phone number login attempt')
-
-            is_iphone = guest_token.get('os') == 'ios'
-            response = self._call_login_api('verify', guest_token, {
-                'deviceInfo': {
-                    'consumptionDeviceName': 'iPhone' if is_iphone else 'Android',
-                    'info': {
-                        'platform': {'name': 'iPhone OS' if is_iphone else 'Android'},
-                        'androidId': self._DEVICE_ID,
-                        'type': 'iOS' if is_iphone else 'Android',
-                    },
-                },
-                **initial_data,
-                'otp': self._get_tfa_info('the one-time password sent to your phone'),
-            }, 'Submitting OTP')
-            if traverse_obj(response, 'code') == 1043:
-                raise ExtractorError('Wrong OTP', expected=True)
-            JioCinemaBaseIE._REFRESH_TOKEN = response['refreshToken']
-            JioCinemaBaseIE._ACCESS_TOKEN = response['authToken']
-
-        else:
-            raise ExtractorError(self._LOGIN_HINT, expected=True)
-
-        user_token = jwt_decode_hs256(JioCinemaBaseIE._ACCESS_TOKEN)['data']
-        JioCinemaBaseIE._USER_ID = user_token['userId']
-        JioCinemaBaseIE._DEVICE_ID = user_token['deviceId']
-        if JioCinemaBaseIE._REFRESH_TOKEN and username != 'device':
-            self._cache_token('all')
-            if self.get_param('cachedir') is not False:
-                self.to_screen(
-                    f'NOTE: For subsequent logins you can use "-u device -p {JioCinemaBaseIE._DEVICE_ID}"')
-        elif not JioCinemaBaseIE._REFRESH_TOKEN:
-            JioCinemaBaseIE._REFRESH_TOKEN = self.cache.load(
-                JioCinemaBaseIE._NETRC_MACHINE, f'{JioCinemaBaseIE._DEVICE_ID}-refresh')
-            if JioCinemaBaseIE._REFRESH_TOKEN:
-                self._cache_token('access')
-        self.to_screen(f'Logging in as device ID "{JioCinemaBaseIE._DEVICE_ID}"')
-        if self._is_token_expired(JioCinemaBaseIE._ACCESS_TOKEN):
-            self._refresh_token()
-
-
-class JioCinemaIE(JioCinemaBaseIE):
-    IE_NAME = 'jiocinema'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?jiocinema\.com/?(?:movies?/[^/?#]+/|tv-shows/(?:[^/?#]+/){3})(?P<id>\d{3,})'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://www.jiocinema.com/tv-shows/agnisakshi-ek-samjhauta/1/pradeep-to-stop-the-wedding/3759931',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '3759931',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Pradeep to stop the wedding?',
-            'description': 'md5:75f72d1d1a66976633345a3de6d672b1',
-            'episode': 'Pradeep to stop the wedding?',
-            'episode_number': 89,
-            'season': 'Agnisakshi…Ek Samjhauta-S1',
-            'season_number': 1,
-            'series': 'Agnisakshi Ek Samjhauta',
-            'duration': 1238.0,
-            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
-            'age_limit': 13,
-            'season_id': '3698031',
-            'upload_date': '20230606',
-            'timestamp': 1686009600,
-            'release_date': '20230607',
-            'genres': ['Drama'],
-        },
-        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/bhediya/3754021/watch',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '3754021',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Bhediya',
-            'description': 'md5:a6bf2900371ac2fc3f1447401a9f7bb0',
-            'episode': 'Bhediya',
-            'duration': 8500.0,
-            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
-            'age_limit': 13,
-            'upload_date': '20230525',
-            'timestamp': 1685026200,
-            'release_date': '20230524',
-            'genres': ['Comedy'],
-        },
-        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
-    }]
-
-    def _extract_formats_and_subtitles(self, playback, video_id):
-        m3u8_url = traverse_obj(playback, (
-            'data', 'playbackUrls', lambda _, v: v['streamtype'] == 'hls', 'url', {url_or_none}, any))
-        if not m3u8_url:  # DRM-only content only serves dash urls
-            self.report_drm(video_id)
-        formats, subtitles = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(m3u8_url, video_id, m3u8_id='hls')
-        self._remove_duplicate_formats(formats)
-
-        return {
-            # '/_definst_/smil:vod/' m3u8 manifests claim to have 720p+ formats but max out at 480p
-            'formats': traverse_obj(formats, (
-                lambda _, v: '/_definst_/smil:vod/' not in v['url'] or v['height'] <= 480)),
-            'subtitles': subtitles,
-        }
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        if not self._ACCESS_TOKEN and self._is_token_expired(self._GUEST_TOKEN):
-            self._fetch_guest_token()
-        elif self._ACCESS_TOKEN and self._is_token_expired(self._ACCESS_TOKEN):
-            self._refresh_token()
-
-        playback = self._call_api(
-            f'https://apis-jiovoot.voot.com/playbackjv/v3/{video_id}', video_id,
-            'Downloading playback JSON', headers={
-                **self.geo_verification_headers(),
-                'accesstoken': self._ACCESS_TOKEN or self._GUEST_TOKEN,
-                **self._APP_NAME,
-                'deviceid': self._DEVICE_ID,
-                'uniqueid': self._USER_ID,
-                'x-apisignatures': self._API_SIGNATURES,
-                'x-platform': 'androidweb',
-                'x-platform-token': 'web',
-            }, data={
-                '4k': False,
-                'ageGroup': '18+',
-                'appVersion': '3.4.0',
-                'bitrateProfile': 'xhdpi',
-                'capability': {
-                    'drmCapability': {
-                        'aesSupport': 'yes',
-                        'fairPlayDrmSupport': 'none',
-                        'playreadyDrmSupport': 'none',
-                        'widevineDRMSupport': 'none',
-                    },
-                    'frameRateCapability': [{
-                        'frameRateSupport': '30fps',
-                        'videoQuality': '1440p',
-                    }],
-                },
-                'continueWatchingRequired': False,
-                'dolby': False,
-                'downloadRequest': False,
-                'hevc': False,
-                'kidsSafe': False,
-                'manufacturer': 'Windows',
-                'model': 'Windows',
-                'multiAudioRequired': True,
-                'osVersion': '10',
-                'parentalPinValid': True,
-                'x-apisignatures': self._API_SIGNATURES,
-            })
-
-        status_code = traverse_obj(playback, ('code', {int}))
-        if status_code == 474:
-            self.raise_geo_restricted(countries=['IN'])
-        elif status_code == 1008:
-            error_msg = 'This content is only available for premium users'
-            if self._ACCESS_TOKEN:
-                raise ExtractorError(error_msg, expected=True)
-            self.raise_login_required(f'{error_msg}. {self._LOGIN_HINT}', method=None)
-        elif status_code == 400:
-            raise ExtractorError('The requested content is not available', expected=True)
-        elif status_code is not None and status_code != 200:
-            raise ExtractorError(
-                f'JioCinema says: {traverse_obj(playback, ("message", {str})) or status_code}')
-
-        metadata = self._download_json(
-            f'{self._METADATA_API_BASE}/voot/v1/voot-web/content/query/asset-details',
-            video_id, fatal=False, query={
-                'ids': f'include:{video_id}',
-                'responseType': 'common',
-                'devicePlatformType': 'desktop',
-            })
-
-        return {
-            'id': video_id,
-            'http_headers': self._API_HEADERS,
-            **self._extract_formats_and_subtitles(playback, video_id),
-            **traverse_obj(playback, ('data', {
-                # fallback metadata
-                'title': ('name', {str}),
-                'description': ('fullSynopsis', {str}),
-                'series': ('show', 'name', {str}, filter),
-                'season': ('tournamentName', {str}, {lambda x: x if x != 'Season 0' else None}),
-                'season_number': ('episode', 'season', {int_or_none}, filter),
-                'episode': ('fullTitle', {str}),
-                'episode_number': ('episode', 'episodeNo', {int_or_none}, filter),
-                'age_limit': ('ageNemonic', {parse_age_limit}),
-                'duration': ('totalDuration', {float_or_none}),
-                'thumbnail': ('images', {url_or_none}),
-            })),
-            **traverse_obj(metadata, ('result', 0, {
-                'title': ('fullTitle', {str}),
-                'description': ('fullSynopsis', {str}),
-                'series': ('showName', {str}, filter),
-                'season': ('seasonName', {str}, filter),
-                'season_number': ('season', {int_or_none}),
-                'season_id': ('seasonId', {str}, filter),
-                'episode': ('fullTitle', {str}),
-                'episode_number': ('episode', {int_or_none}),
-                'timestamp': ('uploadTime', {int_or_none}),
-                'release_date': ('telecastDate', {str}),
-                'age_limit': ('ageNemonic', {parse_age_limit}),
-                'duration': ('duration', {float_or_none}),
-                'genres': ('genres', ..., {str}),
-                'thumbnail': ('seo', 'ogImage', {url_or_none}),
-            })),
-        }
-
-
-class JioCinemaSeriesIE(JioCinemaBaseIE):
-    IE_NAME = 'jiocinema:series'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?jiocinema\.com/tv-shows/(?P<slug>[\w-]+)/(?P<id>\d{3,})'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://www.jiocinema.com/tv-shows/naagin/3499917',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '3499917',
-            'title': 'naagin',
-        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 120,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.jiocinema.com/tv-shows/mtv-splitsvilla-x5/3499820',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '3499820',
-            'title': 'mtv-splitsvilla-x5',
-        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 310,
-    }]
-
-    def _entries(self, series_id):
-        seasons = traverse_obj(self._download_json(
-            f'{self._METADATA_API_BASE}/voot/v1/voot-web/view/show/{series_id}', series_id,
-            'Downloading series metadata JSON', query={'responseType': 'common'}), (
-            'trays', lambda _, v: v['trayId'] == 'season-by-show-multifilter',
-            'trayTabs', lambda _, v: v['id']))
-
-        for season_num, season in enumerate(seasons, start=1):
-            season_id = season['id']
-            label = season.get('label') or season_num
-            for page_num in itertools.count(1):
-                episodes = traverse_obj(self._download_json(
-                    f'{self._METADATA_API_BASE}/voot/v1/voot-web/content/generic/series-wise-episode',
-                    season_id, f'Downloading season {label} page {page_num} JSON', query={
-                        'sort': 'episode:asc',
-                        'id': season_id,
-                        'responseType': 'common',
-                        'page': page_num,
-                    }), ('result', lambda _, v: v['id'] and url_or_none(v['slug'])))
-                if not episodes:
-                    break
-                for episode in episodes:
-                    yield self.url_result(
-                        episode['slug'], JioCinemaIE, **traverse_obj(episode, {
-                            'video_id': 'id',
-                            'video_title': ('fullTitle', {str}),
-                            'season_number': ('season', {int_or_none}),
-                            'episode_number': ('episode', {int_or_none}),
-                        }))
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        slug, series_id = self._match_valid_url(url).group('slug', 'id')
-        return self.playlist_result(self._entries(series_id), series_id, slug)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/jiosaavn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/jiosaavn.py
index 030fe686bd..3760e9abea 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/jiosaavn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/jiosaavn.py
@@ -1,23 +1,33 @@
 import functools
+import itertools
 import math
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     InAdvancePagedList,
+    ISO639Utils,
+    OnDemandPagedList,
     clean_html,
     int_or_none,
+    js_to_json,
     make_archive_id,
+    orderedSet,
     smuggle_url,
+    unified_strdate,
+    unified_timestamp,
     unsmuggle_url,
     url_basename,
     url_or_none,
     urlencode_postdata,
+    urljoin,
+    variadic,
 )
 from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 
 
 class JioSaavnBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _URL_BASE_RE = r'https?://(?:www\.)?(?:jio)?saavn\.com'
     _API_URL = 'https://www.jiosaavn.com/api.php'
     _VALID_BITRATES = {'16', '32', '64', '128', '320'}
 
@@ -30,16 +40,20 @@ class JioSaavnBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                 f'Valid bitrates are: {", ".join(sorted(self._VALID_BITRATES, key=int))}')
         return requested_bitrates
 
-    def _extract_formats(self, song_data):
+    def _extract_formats(self, item_data):
+        # Show/episode JSON data has a slightly different structure than song JSON data
+        if media_url := traverse_obj(item_data, ('more_info', 'encrypted_media_url', {str})):
+            item_data.setdefault('encrypted_media_url', media_url)
+
         for bitrate in self.requested_bitrates:
             media_data = self._download_json(
-                self._API_URL, song_data['id'],
+                self._API_URL, item_data['id'],
                 f'Downloading format info for {bitrate}',
                 fatal=False, data=urlencode_postdata({
                     '__call': 'song.generateAuthToken',
                     '_format': 'json',
                     'bitrate': bitrate,
-                    'url': song_data['encrypted_media_url'],
+                    'url': item_data['encrypted_media_url'],
                 }))
             if not traverse_obj(media_data, ('auth_url', {url_or_none})):
                 self.report_warning(f'Unable to extract format info for {bitrate}')
@@ -53,24 +67,6 @@ class JioSaavnBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'vcodec': 'none',
             }
 
-    def _extract_song(self, song_data, url=None):
-        info = traverse_obj(song_data, {
-            'id': ('id', {str}),
-            'title': ('song', {clean_html}),
-            'album': ('album', {clean_html}),
-            'thumbnail': ('image', {url_or_none}, {lambda x: re.sub(r'-\d+x\d+\.', '-500x500.', x)}),
-            'duration': ('duration', {int_or_none}),
-            'view_count': ('play_count', {int_or_none}),
-            'release_year': ('year', {int_or_none}),
-            'artists': ('primary_artists', {lambda x: x.split(', ') if x else None}),
-            'webpage_url': ('perma_url', {url_or_none}),
-        })
-        if webpage_url := info.get('webpage_url') or url:
-            info['display_id'] = url_basename(webpage_url)
-            info['_old_archive_ids'] = [make_archive_id(JioSaavnSongIE, info['display_id'])]
-
-        return info
-
     def _call_api(self, type_, token, note='API', params={}):
         return self._download_json(
             self._API_URL, token, f'Downloading {note} JSON', f'Unable to download {note} JSON',
@@ -84,19 +80,89 @@ class JioSaavnBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                 **params,
             })
 
-    def _yield_songs(self, playlist_data):
-        for song_data in traverse_obj(playlist_data, ('songs', lambda _, v: v['id'] and v['perma_url'])):
-            song_info = self._extract_song(song_data)
-            url = smuggle_url(song_info['webpage_url'], {
-                'id': song_data['id'],
-                'encrypted_media_url': song_data['encrypted_media_url'],
-            })
-            yield self.url_result(url, JioSaavnSongIE, url_transparent=True, **song_info)
+    @staticmethod
+    def _extract_song(song_data, url=None):
+        info = traverse_obj(song_data, {
+            'id': ('id', {str}),
+            'title': (('song', 'title'), {clean_html}, any),
+            'album': ((None, 'more_info'), 'album', {clean_html}, any),
+            'duration': ((None, 'more_info'), 'duration', {int_or_none}, any),
+            'channel': ((None, 'more_info'), 'label', {str}, any),
+            'channel_id': ((None, 'more_info'), 'label_id', {str}, any),
+            'channel_url': ((None, 'more_info'), 'label_url', {urljoin('https://www.jiosaavn.com/')}, any),
+            'release_date': ((None, 'more_info'), 'release_date', {unified_strdate}, any),
+            'release_year': ('year', {int_or_none}),
+            'thumbnail': ('image', {url_or_none}, {lambda x: re.sub(r'-\d+x\d+\.', '-500x500.', x)}),
+            'view_count': ('play_count', {int_or_none}),
+            'language': ('language', {lambda x: ISO639Utils.short2long(x.casefold()) or 'und'}),
+            'webpage_url': ('perma_url', {url_or_none}),
+            'artists': ('more_info', 'artistMap', 'primary_artists', ..., 'name', {str}, filter, all),
+        })
+        if webpage_url := info.get('webpage_url') or url:
+            info['display_id'] = url_basename(webpage_url)
+            info['_old_archive_ids'] = [make_archive_id(JioSaavnSongIE, info['display_id'])]
+
+        if primary_artists := traverse_obj(song_data, ('primary_artists', {lambda x: x.split(', ') if x else None})):
+            info['artists'].extend(primary_artists)
+        if featured_artists := traverse_obj(song_data, ('featured_artists', {str}, filter)):
+            info['artists'].extend(featured_artists.split(', '))
+        info['artists'] = orderedSet(info['artists']) or None
+
+        return info
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _extract_episode(episode_data, url=None):
+        info = JioSaavnBaseIE._extract_song(episode_data, url)
+        info.pop('_old_archive_ids', None)
+        info.update(traverse_obj(episode_data, {
+            'description': ('more_info', 'description', {str}),
+            'timestamp': ('more_info', 'release_time', {unified_timestamp}),
+            'series': ('more_info', 'show_title', {str}),
+            'series_id': ('more_info', 'show_id', {str}),
+            'season': ('more_info', 'season_title', {str}),
+            'season_number': ('more_info', 'season_no', {int_or_none}),
+            'season_id': ('more_info', 'season_id', {str}),
+            'episode_number': ('more_info', 'episode_number', {int_or_none}),
+            'cast': ('starring', {lambda x: x.split(', ') if x else None}),
+        }))
+        return info
+
+    def _extract_jiosaavn_result(self, url, endpoint, response_key, parse_func):
+        url, smuggled_data = unsmuggle_url(url)
+        data = traverse_obj(smuggled_data, ({
+            'id': ('id', {str}),
+            'encrypted_media_url': ('encrypted_media_url', {str}),
+        }))
+
+        if 'id' in data and 'encrypted_media_url' in data:
+            result = {'id': data['id']}
+        else:
+            # only extract metadata if this is not a url_transparent result
+            data = self._call_api(endpoint, self._match_id(url))[response_key][0]
+            result = parse_func(data, url)
+
+        result['formats'] = list(self._extract_formats(data))
+        return result
+
+    def _yield_items(self, playlist_data, keys=None, parse_func=None):
+        """Subclasses using this method must set _ENTRY_IE"""
+        if parse_func is None:
+            parse_func = self._extract_song
+
+        for item_data in traverse_obj(playlist_data, (
+            *variadic(keys, (str, bytes, dict, set)), lambda _, v: v['id'] and v['perma_url'],
+        )):
+            info = parse_func(item_data)
+            url = smuggle_url(info['webpage_url'], traverse_obj(item_data, {
+                'id': ('id', {str}),
+                'encrypted_media_url': ((None, 'more_info'), 'encrypted_media_url', {str}, any),
+            }))
+            yield self.url_result(url, self._ENTRY_IE, url_transparent=True, **info)
 
 
 class JioSaavnSongIE(JioSaavnBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'jiosaavn:song'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?(?:jiosaavn\.com/song/[^/?#]+/|saavn\.com/s/song/(?:[^/?#]+/){3})(?P<id>[^/?#]+)'
+    _VALID_URL = JioSaavnBaseIE._URL_BASE_RE + r'(?:/song/[^/?#]+/|/s/song/(?:[^/?#]+/){3})(?P<id>[^/?#]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/leja-re/OQsEfQFVUXk',
         'md5': '3b84396d15ed9e083c3106f1fa589c04',
@@ -106,12 +172,38 @@ class JioSaavnSongIE(JioSaavnBaseIE):
             'ext': 'm4a',
             'title': 'Leja Re',
             'album': 'Leja Re',
-            'thumbnail': r're:https?://c.saavncdn.com/258/Leja-Re-Hindi-2018-20181124024539-500x500.jpg',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/.+\.jpg',
             'duration': 205,
             'view_count': int,
             'release_year': 2018,
             'artists': ['Sandesh Shandilya', 'Dhvani Bhanushali', 'Tanishk Bagchi'],
             '_old_archive_ids': ['jiosaavnsong OQsEfQFVUXk'],
+            'channel': 'T-Series',
+            'language': 'hin',
+            'channel_id': '34297',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.jiosaavn.com/label/t-series-albums/6DLuXO3VoTo_',
+            'release_date': '20181124',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/chuttamalle/P1FfWjZkQ0Q',
+        'md5': '96296c58d6ce488a417ef0728fd2d680',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'O94kBTtw',
+            'display_id': 'P1FfWjZkQ0Q',
+            'ext': 'm4a',
+            'title': 'Chuttamalle',
+            'album': 'Devara Part 1 - Telugu',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/.+\.jpg',
+            'duration': 222,
+            'view_count': int,
+            'release_year': 2024,
+            'artists': 'count:3',
+            '_old_archive_ids': ['jiosaavnsong P1FfWjZkQ0Q'],
+            'channel': 'T-Series',
+            'language': 'tel',
+            'channel_id': '34297',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.jiosaavn.com/label/t-series-albums/6DLuXO3VoTo_',
+            'release_date': '20240926',
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/Saathiya/O-Humdum-Suniyo-Re/KAMiazoCblU',
@@ -119,26 +211,51 @@ class JioSaavnSongIE(JioSaavnBaseIE):
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        url, smuggled_data = unsmuggle_url(url)
-        song_data = traverse_obj(smuggled_data, ({
-            'id': ('id', {str}),
-            'encrypted_media_url': ('encrypted_media_url', {str}),
-        }))
+        return self._extract_jiosaavn_result(url, 'song', 'songs', self._extract_song)
 
-        if 'id' in song_data and 'encrypted_media_url' in song_data:
-            result = {'id': song_data['id']}
-        else:
-            # only extract metadata if this is not a url_transparent result
-            song_data = self._call_api('song', self._match_id(url))['songs'][0]
-            result = self._extract_song(song_data, url)
 
-        result['formats'] = list(self._extract_formats(song_data))
-        return result
+class JioSaavnShowIE(JioSaavnBaseIE):
+    IE_NAME = 'jiosaavn:show'
+    _VALID_URL = JioSaavnBaseIE._URL_BASE_RE + r'/shows/[^/?#]+/(?P<id>[^/?#]{11,})/?(?:$|[?#])'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.jiosaavn.com/shows/non-food-ways-to-boost-your-energy/XFMcKICOCgc_',
+        'md5': '0733cd254cfe74ef88bea1eaedcf1f4f',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'qqzh3RKZ',
+            'display_id': 'XFMcKICOCgc_',
+            'ext': 'mp3',
+            'title': 'Non-Food Ways To Boost Your Energy',
+            'description': 'md5:26e7129644b5c6aada32b8851c3997c8',
+            'episode': 'Episode 1',
+            'timestamp': 1640563200,
+            'series': 'Holistic Lifestyle With Neha Ranglani',
+            'series_id': '52397',
+            'season': 'Holistic Lifestyle With Neha Ranglani',
+            'season_number': 1,
+            'season_id': '61273',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/.+\.jpg',
+            'duration': 311,
+            'view_count': int,
+            'release_year': 2021,
+            'language': 'eng',
+            'channel': 'Saavn OG',
+            'channel_id': '1953876',
+            'episode_number': 1,
+            'upload_date': '20211227',
+            'release_date': '20211227',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.jiosaavn.com/shows/himesh-reshammiya/Kr8fmfSN4vo_',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        return self._extract_jiosaavn_result(url, 'episode', 'episodes', self._extract_episode)
 
 
 class JioSaavnAlbumIE(JioSaavnBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'jiosaavn:album'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?(?:jio)?saavn\.com/album/[^/?#]+/(?P<id>[^/?#]+)'
+    _VALID_URL = JioSaavnBaseIE._URL_BASE_RE + r'/album/[^/?#]+/(?P<id>[^/?#]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/96/buIOjYZDrNA_',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -147,18 +264,19 @@ class JioSaavnAlbumIE(JioSaavnBaseIE):
         },
         'playlist_count': 10,
     }]
+    _ENTRY_IE = JioSaavnSongIE
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = self._match_id(url)
         album_data = self._call_api('album', display_id)
 
         return self.playlist_result(
-            self._yield_songs(album_data), display_id, traverse_obj(album_data, ('title', {str})))
+            self._yield_items(album_data, 'songs'), display_id, traverse_obj(album_data, ('title', {str})))
 
 
 class JioSaavnPlaylistIE(JioSaavnBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'jiosaavn:playlist'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?(?:jio)?saavn\.com/(?:s/playlist/(?:[^/?#]+/){2}|featured/[^/?#]+/)(?P<id>[^/?#]+)'
+    _VALID_URL = JioSaavnBaseIE._URL_BASE_RE + r'/(?:s/playlist/(?:[^/?#]+/){2}|featured/[^/?#]+/)(?P<id>[^/?#]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.jiosaavn.com/s/playlist/2279fbe391defa793ad7076929a2f5c9/mood-english/LlJ8ZWT1ibN5084vKHRj2Q__',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -172,15 +290,16 @@ class JioSaavnPlaylistIE(JioSaavnBaseIE):
             'id': 'DVR,pFUOwyXqIp77B1JF,A__',
             'title': 'Mood Hindi',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 801,
+        'playlist_mincount': 750,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.jiosaavn.com/featured/taaza-tunes/Me5RridRfDk_',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'Me5RridRfDk_',
             'title': 'Taaza Tunes',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 301,
+        'playlist_mincount': 50,
     }]
+    _ENTRY_IE = JioSaavnSongIE
     _PAGE_SIZE = 50
 
     def _fetch_page(self, token, page):
@@ -189,7 +308,7 @@ class JioSaavnPlaylistIE(JioSaavnBaseIE):
 
     def _entries(self, token, first_page_data, page):
         page_data = first_page_data if not page else self._fetch_page(token, page + 1)
-        yield from self._yield_songs(page_data)
+        yield from self._yield_items(page_data, 'songs')
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -199,3 +318,95 @@ class JioSaavnPlaylistIE(JioSaavnBaseIE):
         return self.playlist_result(InAdvancePagedList(
             functools.partial(self._entries, display_id, playlist_data),
             total_pages, self._PAGE_SIZE), display_id, traverse_obj(playlist_data, ('listname', {str})))
+
+
+class JioSaavnShowPlaylistIE(JioSaavnBaseIE):
+    IE_NAME = 'jiosaavn:show:playlist'
+    _VALID_URL = JioSaavnBaseIE._URL_BASE_RE + r'/shows/(?P<show>[^#/?]+)/(?P<season>\d+)/[^/?#]+'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.jiosaavn.com/shows/talking-music/1/PjReFP-Sguk_',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'talking-music-1',
+            'title': 'Talking Music',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 11,
+    }]
+    _ENTRY_IE = JioSaavnShowIE
+    _PAGE_SIZE = 10
+
+    def _fetch_page(self, show_id, season_id, page):
+        return self._call_api('show', show_id, f'show page {page}', {
+            'p': page,
+            '__call': 'show.getAllEpisodes',
+            'show_id': show_id,
+            'season_number': season_id,
+            'api_version': '4',
+            'sort_order': 'desc',
+        })
+
+    def _entries(self, show_id, season_id, page):
+        page_data = self._fetch_page(show_id, season_id, page + 1)
+        yield from self._yield_items(page_data, keys=None, parse_func=self._extract_episode)
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        show_slug, season_id = self._match_valid_url(url).group('show', 'season')
+        playlist_id = f'{show_slug}-{season_id}'
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, playlist_id)
+
+        show_info = self._search_json(
+            r'window\.__INITIAL_DATA__\s*=', webpage, 'initial data',
+            playlist_id, transform_source=js_to_json)['showView']
+        show_id = show_info['current_id']
+
+        entries = OnDemandPagedList(functools.partial(self._entries, show_id, season_id), self._PAGE_SIZE)
+        return self.playlist_result(
+            entries, playlist_id, traverse_obj(show_info, ('show', 'title', 'text', {str})))
+
+
+class JioSaavnArtistIE(JioSaavnBaseIE):
+    IE_NAME = 'jiosaavn:artist'
+    _VALID_URL = JioSaavnBaseIE._URL_BASE_RE + r'/artist/[^/?#]+/(?P<id>[^/?#]+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.jiosaavn.com/artist/krsna-songs/rYLBEve2z3U_',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'rYLBEve2z3U_',
+            'title': 'KR$NA',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 38,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.jiosaavn.com/artist/sanam-puri-songs/SkNEv3qRhDE_',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'SkNEv3qRhDE_',
+            'title': 'Sanam Puri',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 51,
+    }]
+    _ENTRY_IE = JioSaavnSongIE
+    _PAGE_SIZE = 50
+
+    def _fetch_page(self, artist_id, page):
+        return self._call_api('artist', artist_id, f'artist page {page + 1}', {
+            'p': page,
+            'n_song': self._PAGE_SIZE,
+            'n_album': self._PAGE_SIZE,
+            'sub_type': '',
+            'includeMetaTags': '',
+            'api_version': '4',
+            'category': 'alphabetical',
+            'sort_order': 'asc',
+        })
+
+    def _entries(self, artist_id, first_page):
+        for page in itertools.count():
+            playlist_data = first_page if not page else self._fetch_page(artist_id, page)
+            if not traverse_obj(playlist_data, ('topSongs', ..., {dict})):
+                break
+            yield from self._yield_items(playlist_data, 'topSongs')
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        artist_id = self._match_id(url)
+        first_page = self._fetch_page(artist_id, 0)
+
+        return self.playlist_result(
+            self._entries(artist_id, first_page), artist_id,
+            traverse_obj(first_page, ('name', {str})))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/joj.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/joj.py
index 0c8e999cdf..d236689734 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/joj.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/joj.py
@@ -22,18 +22,17 @@ class JojIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': 'a388ec4c-6019-4a4a-9312-b1bee194e932',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'NOVÉ B�VANIE',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*?$',
             'duration': 3118,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://img\.joj\.sk/.+',
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://media.joj.sk/embed/CSM0Na0l0p1',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'CSM0Na0l0p1',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'height': 576,
             'title': 'Extrémne rodiny 2 - POKRAČOVANIE (2012/04/09 21:30:00)',
             'duration': 3937,
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*?$',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://img\.joj\.sk/.+',
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://media.joj.sk/embed/9i1cxv',
@@ -45,6 +44,15 @@ class JojIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'joj:9i1cxv',
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        # FIXME: Embed detection
+        'url': 'https://www.noviny.sk/slovensko/238543-slovenskom-sa-prehnala-vlna-silnych-burok',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '238543-slovenskom-sa-prehnala-vlna-silnych-burok',
+            'title': 'Slovenskom sa prehnala vlna silných búrok',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 5,
+    }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/joqrag.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/joqrag.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 7a91d4a235..0000000000
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/joqrag.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,112 +0,0 @@
-import datetime as dt
-import urllib.parse
-
-from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import (
-    clean_html,
-    datetime_from_str,
-    unified_timestamp,
-    urljoin,
-)
-
-
-class JoqrAgIE(InfoExtractor):
-    IE_DESC = '超!A&G+ 文化放� (f.k.a. AGQR) Nippon Cultural Broadcasting, Inc. (JOQR)'
-    _VALID_URL = [r'https?://www\.uniqueradio\.jp/agplayer5/(?:player|inc-player-hls)\.php',
-                  r'https?://(?:www\.)?joqr\.co\.jp/ag/',
-                  r'https?://(?:www\.)?joqr\.co\.jp/qr/ag(?:daily|regular)program/?(?:$|[#?])']
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://www.uniqueradio.jp/agplayer5/player.php',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'live',
-            'title': str,
-            'channel': '超!A&G+',
-            'description': str,
-            'live_status': 'is_live',
-            'release_timestamp': int,
-        },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,
-            'ignore_no_formats_error': True,
-        },
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.uniqueradio.jp/agplayer5/inc-player-hls.php',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.joqr.co.jp/ag/article/103760/',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.joqr.co.jp/qr/agdailyprogram/',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.joqr.co.jp/qr/agregularprogram/',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-
-    def _extract_metadata(self, variable, html):
-        return clean_html(urllib.parse.unquote_plus(self._search_regex(
-            rf'var\s+{variable}\s*=\s*(["\'])(?P<value>(?:(?!\1).)+)\1',
-            html, 'metadata', group='value', default=''))) or None
-
-    def _extract_start_timestamp(self, video_id, is_live):
-        def extract_start_time_from(date_str):
-            dt_ = datetime_from_str(date_str) + dt.timedelta(hours=9)
-            date = dt_.strftime('%Y%m%d')
-            start_time = self._search_regex(
-                r'<h3[^>]+\bclass="dailyProgram-itemHeaderTime"[^>]*>[\s\d:]+–\s*(\d{1,2}:\d{1,2})',
-                self._download_webpage(
-                    f'https://www.joqr.co.jp/qr/agdailyprogram/?date={date}', video_id,
-                    note=f'Downloading program list of {date}', fatal=False,
-                    errnote=f'Failed to download program list of {date}') or '',
-                'start time', default=None)
-            if start_time:
-                return unified_timestamp(f'{dt_.strftime("%Y/%m/%d")} {start_time} +09:00')
-            return None
-
-        start_timestamp = extract_start_time_from('today')
-        if not start_timestamp:
-            return None
-
-        if not is_live or start_timestamp < datetime_from_str('now').timestamp():
-            return start_timestamp
-        else:
-            return extract_start_time_from('yesterday')
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        video_id = 'live'
-
-        metadata = self._download_webpage(
-            'https://www.uniqueradio.jp/aandg', video_id,
-            note='Downloading metadata', errnote='Failed to download metadata')
-        title = self._extract_metadata('Program_name', metadata)
-
-        if not title or title == '放�休止':
-            formats = []
-            live_status = 'is_upcoming'
-            release_timestamp = self._extract_start_timestamp(video_id, False)
-            msg = 'This stream is not currently live'
-            if release_timestamp:
-                msg += (' and will start at '
-                        + dt.datetime.fromtimestamp(release_timestamp).strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'))
-            self.raise_no_formats(msg, expected=True)
-        else:
-            m3u8_path = self._search_regex(
-                r'<source\s[^>]*\bsrc="([^"]+)"',
-                self._download_webpage(
-                    'https://www.uniqueradio.jp/agplayer5/inc-player-hls.php', video_id,
-                    note='Downloading player data', errnote='Failed to download player data'),
-                'm3u8 url')
-            formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-                urljoin('https://www.uniqueradio.jp/', m3u8_path), video_id)
-            live_status = 'is_live'
-            release_timestamp = self._extract_start_timestamp(video_id, True)
-
-        return {
-            'id': video_id,
-            'title': title,
-            'channel': '超!A&G+',
-            'description': self._extract_metadata('Program_text', metadata),
-            'formats': formats,
-            'live_status': live_status,
-            'release_timestamp': release_timestamp,
-        }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/jwplatform.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/jwplatform.py
index 7d5a931b5f..71391cafa2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/jwplatform.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/jwplatform.py
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ class JWPlatformIE(InfoExtractor):
     _VALID_URL = r'(?:https?://(?:content\.jwplatform|cdn\.jwplayer)\.com/(?:(?:feed|player|thumb|preview|manifest)s|jw6|v2/media)/|jwplatform:)(?P<id>[a-zA-Z0-9]{8})'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'http://content.jwplatform.com/players/nPripu9l-ALJ3XQCI.js',
-        'md5': '3aa16e4f6860e6e78b7df5829519aed3',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'nPripu9l',
             'ext': 'mp4',
@@ -17,13 +16,12 @@ class JWPlatformIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20081127',
             'timestamp': 1227796140,
             'duration': 32.0,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://cdn.jwplayer.com/v2/media/nPripu9l/poster.jpg?width=720',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://cdn\.jwplayer\.com/v2/media/.+',
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://cdn.jwplayer.com/players/nPripu9l-ALJ3XQCI.js',
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
-
     _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
         # JWPlatform iframe
         'url': 'https://www.covermagazine.co.uk/feature/2465255/business-protection-involved',
@@ -33,10 +31,11 @@ class JWPlatformIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20160719',
             'timestamp': 1468923808,
             'title': '2016_05_18 Cover L&G Business Protection V1 FINAL.mp4',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://cdn.jwplayer.com/v2/media/AG26UQXM/poster.jpg?width=720',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://cdn\.jwplayer\.com/v2/media/.+',
             'description': '',
             'duration': 294.0,
         },
+        'skip': 'Site no longer embeds JWPlatform',
     }, {
         # Player url not surrounded by quotes
         'url': 'https://www.deutsche-kinemathek.de/en/online/streaming/school-trip',
@@ -45,12 +44,12 @@ class JWPlatformIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Klassenfahrt',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'upload_date': '20230109',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://cdn.jwplayer.com/v2/media/jUxh5uin/poster.jpg?width=720',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://cdn\.jwplayer\.com/v2/media/.+',
             'timestamp': 1673270298,
             'description': '',
             'duration': 5193.0,
         },
-        'params': {'allowed_extractors': ['generic', 'jwplatform']},
+        'skip': 'Site no longer embeds JWPlatform',
     }, {
         # iframe src attribute includes backslash before URL string
         'url': 'https://www.elespectador.com/colombia/video-asi-se-evito-la-fuga-de-john-poulos-presunto-feminicida-de-valentina-trespalacios-explicacion',
@@ -59,11 +58,24 @@ class JWPlatformIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Así se evitó la fuga de John Poulos, presunto feminicida de Valentina Trespalacios',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'upload_date': '20230127',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://cdn.jwplayer.com/v2/media/QD3gsexj/poster.jpg?width=720',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://cdn\.jwplayer\.com/v2/media/.+',
             'timestamp': 1674862986,
             'description': 'md5:128fd74591c4e1fc2da598c5cb6f5ce4',
             'duration': 263.0,
         },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.skimag.com/video/ski-people-1980',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'YTmgRiNU',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Ski People (1980)',
+            'channel': 'snow',
+            'description': 'md5:cf9c3d101452c91e141f292b19fe4843',
+            'duration': 5688.0,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://cdn\.jwplayer\.com/v2/media/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1610407738,
+            'upload_date': '20210111',
+        },
     }]
 
     @classmethod
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/kaltura.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/kaltura.py
index 6d51e32f6d..dc11cbf6be 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/kaltura.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/kaltura.py
@@ -41,149 +41,188 @@ class KalturaIE(InfoExtractor):
         2: 'ttml',
         3: 'vtt',
     }
-    _TESTS = [
-        {
-            'url': 'kaltura:269692:1_1jc2y3e4',
-            'md5': '3adcbdb3dcc02d647539e53f284ba171',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '1_1jc2y3e4',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Straight from the Heart',
-                'upload_date': '20131219',
-                'uploader_id': 'mlundberg@wolfgangsvault.com',
-                'description': 'The Allman Brothers Band, 12/16/1981',
-                'thumbnail': 're:^https?://.*/thumbnail/.*',
-                'timestamp': int,
-            },
-            'skip': 'The access to this service is forbidden since the specified partner is blocked',
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.kaltura.com/index.php/kwidget/cache_st/1300318621/wid/_269692/uiconf_id/3873291/entry_id/1_1jc2y3e4',
-            'only_matching': True,
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'kaltura:269692:1_1jc2y3e4',
+        'md5': '3adcbdb3dcc02d647539e53f284ba171',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '1_1jc2y3e4',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Straight from the Heart',
+            'upload_date': '20131219',
+            'uploader_id': 'mlundberg@wolfgangsvault.com',
+            'description': 'The Allman Brothers Band, 12/16/1981',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/thumbnail/.+',
+            'timestamp': int,
         },
-        {
-            'url': 'https://cdnapisec.kaltura.com/index.php/kwidget/wid/_557781/uiconf_id/22845202/entry_id/1_plr1syf3',
-            'only_matching': True,
+        'skip': 'The access to this service is forbidden since the specified partner is blocked',
+    }, {
+        'url': 'http://www.kaltura.com/index.php/kwidget/cache_st/1300318621/wid/_269692/uiconf_id/3873291/entry_id/1_1jc2y3e4',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://cdnapisec.kaltura.com/index.php/kwidget/wid/_557781/uiconf_id/22845202/entry_id/1_plr1syf3',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://cdnapisec.kaltura.com/html5/html5lib/v2.30.2/mwEmbedFrame.php/p/1337/uiconf_id/20540612/entry_id/1_sf5ovm7u?wid=_243342',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # video with subtitles
+        'url': 'kaltura:111032:1_cw786r8q',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # video with ttml subtitles (no fileExt)
+        'url': 'kaltura:1926081:0_l5ye1133',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '0_l5ye1133',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'What Can You Do With Python?',
+            'upload_date': '20160221',
+            'uploader_id': 'stork',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/thumbnail/.+',
+            'timestamp': int,
+            'subtitles': {
+                'en': [{
+                    'ext': 'ttml',
+                }],
+            },
         },
-        {
-            'url': 'https://cdnapisec.kaltura.com/html5/html5lib/v2.30.2/mwEmbedFrame.php/p/1337/uiconf_id/20540612/entry_id/1_sf5ovm7u?wid=_243342',
-            'only_matching': True,
+        'skip': 'Gone. Maybe https://www.safaribooksonline.com/library/tutorials/introduction-to-python-anon/3469/',
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.kaltura.com/index.php/extwidget/preview/partner_id/1770401/uiconf_id/37307382/entry_id/0_58u8kme7/embed/iframe?&flashvars[streamerType]=auto',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.kaltura.com:443/index.php/extwidget/preview/partner_id/1770401/uiconf_id/37307382/entry_id/0_58u8kme7/embed/iframe?&flashvars[streamerType]=auto',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # unavailable source format
+        'url': 'kaltura:513551:1_66x4rg7o',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # html5lib URL using kwidget player
+        'url': 'https://cdnapisec.kaltura.com/html5/html5lib/v2.46/mwEmbedFrame.php/p/691292/uiconf_id/20499062/entry_id/0_c076mna6?wid=_691292&iframeembed=true&playerId=kaltura_player_1420508608&entry_id=0_c076mna6&flashvars%5BakamaiHD.loadingPolicy%5D=preInitialize&flashvars%5BakamaiHD.asyncInit%5D=true&flashvars%5BstreamerType%5D=hdnetwork',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '0_c076mna6',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'md5:4883e7acbcbf42583a2dddc97dee4855',
+            'duration': 3608,
+            'uploader_id': 'commons@swinburne.edu.au',
+            'timestamp': 1408086874,
+            'view_count': int,
+            'upload_date': '20140815',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://cfvod\.kaltura\.com/.+',
         },
-        {
-            # video with subtitles
-            'url': 'kaltura:111032:1_cw786r8q',
-            'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # html5lib playlist URL using kwidget player
+        'url': 'https://cdnapisec.kaltura.com/html5/html5lib/v2.89/mwEmbedFrame.php/p/2019031/uiconf_id/40436601?wid=1_4j3m32cv&iframeembed=true&playerId=kaltura_player_&flashvars[playlistAPI.kpl0Id]=1_jovey5nu&flashvars[ks]=&&flashvars[imageDefaultDuration]=30&flashvars[localizationCode]=en&flashvars[leadWithHTML5]=true&flashvars[forceMobileHTML5]=true&flashvars[nextPrevBtn.plugin]=true&flashvars[hotspots.plugin]=true&flashvars[sideBarContainer.plugin]=true&flashvars[sideBarContainer.position]=left&flashvars[sideBarContainer.clickToClose]=true&flashvars[chapters.plugin]=true&flashvars[chapters.layout]=vertical&flashvars[chapters.thumbnailRotator]=false&flashvars[streamSelector.plugin]=true&flashvars[EmbedPlayer.SpinnerTarget]=videoHolder&flashvars[dualScreen.plugin]=true&flashvars[playlistAPI.playlistUrl]=https://canvasgatechtest.kaf.kaltura.com/playlist/details/{playlistAPI.kpl0Id}/categoryid/126428551',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '1_jovey5nu',
+            'title': '00-00 Introduction',
         },
-        {
-            # video with ttml subtitles (no fileExt)
-            'url': 'kaltura:1926081:0_l5ye1133',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '0_l5ye1133',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'What Can You Do With Python?',
-                'upload_date': '20160221',
-                'uploader_id': 'stork',
-                'thumbnail': 're:^https?://.*/thumbnail/.*',
-                'timestamp': int,
-                'subtitles': {
-                    'en': [{
-                        'ext': 'ttml',
-                    }],
+        'playlist': [
+            {
+                'info_dict': {
+                    'id': '1_b1y5hlvx',
+                    'ext': 'mp4',
+                    'title': 'CS7646_00-00 Introductio_Introduction',
+                    'duration': 91,
+                    'thumbnail': r're:https?://cfvod\.kaltura\.com/.+',
+                    'view_count': int,
+                    'timestamp': 1533154447,
+                    'upload_date': '20180801',
+                    'uploader_id': 'djoyner3',
+                },
+            }, {
+                'info_dict': {
+                    'id': '1_jfb7mdpn',
+                    'ext': 'mp4',
+                    'title': 'CS7646_00-00 Introductio_Three parts to the course',
+                    'duration': 63,
+                    'thumbnail': r're:https?://cfvod\.kaltura\.com/.+',
+                    'view_count': int,
+                    'timestamp': 1533154489,
+                    'upload_date': '20180801',
+                    'uploader_id': 'djoyner3',
+                },
+            }, {
+                'info_dict': {
+                    'id': '1_8xflxdp7',
+                    'ext': 'mp4',
+                    'title': 'CS7646_00-00 Introductio_Textbooks',
+                    'duration': 37,
+                    'thumbnail': r're:https?://cfvod\.kaltura\.com/.+',
+                    'view_count': int,
+                    'timestamp': 1533154512,
+                    'upload_date': '20180801',
+                    'uploader_id': 'djoyner3',
+                },
+            }, {
+                'info_dict': {
+                    'id': '1_3hqew8kn',
+                    'ext': 'mp4',
+                    'title': 'CS7646_00-00 Introductio_Prerequisites',
+                    'duration': 49,
+                    'thumbnail': r're:https?://cfvod\.kaltura\.com/.+',
+                    'view_count': int,
+                    'timestamp': 1533154536,
+                    'upload_date': '20180801',
+                    'uploader_id': 'djoyner3',
                 },
             },
-            'skip': 'Gone. Maybe https://www.safaribooksonline.com/library/tutorials/introduction-to-python-anon/3469/',
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'https://www.kaltura.com/index.php/extwidget/preview/partner_id/1770401/uiconf_id/37307382/entry_id/0_58u8kme7/embed/iframe?&flashvars[streamerType]=auto',
-            'only_matching': True,
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'https://www.kaltura.com:443/index.php/extwidget/preview/partner_id/1770401/uiconf_id/37307382/entry_id/0_58u8kme7/embed/iframe?&flashvars[streamerType]=auto',
-            'only_matching': True,
+        ],
+    }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.cornell.edu/VIDEO/nima-arkani-hamed-standard-models-of-particle-physics',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '1_sgtvehim',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Our "Standard Models" of particle physics and cosmology',
+            'duration': 5420,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://cdnsecakmi\.kaltura\.com/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1321158993,
+            'upload_date': '20111113',
+            'uploader_id': 'kps1',
+            'view_count': int,
         },
-        {
-            # unavailable source format
-            'url': 'kaltura:513551:1_66x4rg7o',
-            'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.oreilly.com/ideas/my-cloud-makes-pretty-pictures',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '0_utuok90b',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '06_matthew_brender_raj_dutt',
+            'duration': 331,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://cfvod\.kaltura\.com/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1466638791,
+            'upload_date': '20160622',
+            'uploader_id': '',
+            'view_count': int,
         },
-        {
-            # html5lib URL using kwidget player
-            'url': 'https://cdnapisec.kaltura.com/html5/html5lib/v2.46/mwEmbedFrame.php/p/691292/uiconf_id/20499062/entry_id/0_c076mna6?wid=_691292&iframeembed=true&playerId=kaltura_player_1420508608&entry_id=0_c076mna6&flashvars%5BakamaiHD.loadingPolicy%5D=preInitialize&flashvars%5BakamaiHD.asyncInit%5D=true&flashvars%5BstreamerType%5D=hdnetwork',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '0_c076mna6',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'md5:4883e7acbcbf42583a2dddc97dee4855',
-                'duration': 3608,
-                'uploader_id': 'commons@swinburne.edu.au',
-                'timestamp': 1408086874,
-                'view_count': int,
-                'upload_date': '20140815',
-                'thumbnail': 'http://cfvod.kaltura.com/p/691292/sp/69129200/thumbnail/entry_id/0_c076mna6/version/100022',
-            },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://fod.infobase.com/p_ViewPlaylist.aspx?AssignmentID=NUN8ZY',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '0_izeg5utt',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '35871',
+            'duration': 3403,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://cfvod\.kaltura\.com/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1355743100,
+            'upload_date': '20121217',
+            'uploader_id': 'cplapp@learn360.com',
+            'view_count': int,
         },
-        {
-            # html5lib playlist URL using kwidget player
-            'url': 'https://cdnapisec.kaltura.com/html5/html5lib/v2.89/mwEmbedFrame.php/p/2019031/uiconf_id/40436601?wid=1_4j3m32cv&iframeembed=true&playerId=kaltura_player_&flashvars[playlistAPI.kpl0Id]=1_jovey5nu&flashvars[ks]=&&flashvars[imageDefaultDuration]=30&flashvars[localizationCode]=en&flashvars[leadWithHTML5]=true&flashvars[forceMobileHTML5]=true&flashvars[nextPrevBtn.plugin]=true&flashvars[hotspots.plugin]=true&flashvars[sideBarContainer.plugin]=true&flashvars[sideBarContainer.position]=left&flashvars[sideBarContainer.clickToClose]=true&flashvars[chapters.plugin]=true&flashvars[chapters.layout]=vertical&flashvars[chapters.thumbnailRotator]=false&flashvars[streamSelector.plugin]=true&flashvars[EmbedPlayer.SpinnerTarget]=videoHolder&flashvars[dualScreen.plugin]=true&flashvars[playlistAPI.playlistUrl]=https://canvasgatechtest.kaf.kaltura.com/playlist/details/{playlistAPI.kpl0Id}/categoryid/126428551',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '1_jovey5nu',
-                'title': '00-00 Introduction',
-            },
-            'playlist': [
-                {
-                    'info_dict': {
-                        'id': '1_b1y5hlvx',
-                        'ext': 'mp4',
-                        'title': 'CS7646_00-00 Introductio_Introduction',
-                        'duration': 91,
-                        'thumbnail': 'http://cfvod.kaltura.com/p/2019031/sp/201903100/thumbnail/entry_id/1_b1y5hlvx/version/100001',
-                        'view_count': int,
-                        'timestamp': 1533154447,
-                        'upload_date': '20180801',
-                        'uploader_id': 'djoyner3',
-                    },
-                }, {
-                    'info_dict': {
-                        'id': '1_jfb7mdpn',
-                        'ext': 'mp4',
-                        'title': 'CS7646_00-00 Introductio_Three parts to the course',
-                        'duration': 63,
-                        'thumbnail': 'http://cfvod.kaltura.com/p/2019031/sp/201903100/thumbnail/entry_id/1_jfb7mdpn/version/100001',
-                        'view_count': int,
-                        'timestamp': 1533154489,
-                        'upload_date': '20180801',
-                        'uploader_id': 'djoyner3',
-                    },
-                }, {
-                    'info_dict': {
-                        'id': '1_8xflxdp7',
-                        'ext': 'mp4',
-                        'title': 'CS7646_00-00 Introductio_Textbooks',
-                        'duration': 37,
-                        'thumbnail': 'http://cfvod.kaltura.com/p/2019031/sp/201903100/thumbnail/entry_id/1_8xflxdp7/version/100001',
-                        'view_count': int,
-                        'timestamp': 1533154512,
-                        'upload_date': '20180801',
-                        'uploader_id': 'djoyner3',
-                    },
-                }, {
-                    'info_dict': {
-                        'id': '1_3hqew8kn',
-                        'ext': 'mp4',
-                        'title': 'CS7646_00-00 Introductio_Prerequisites',
-                        'duration': 49,
-                        'thumbnail': 'http://cfvod.kaltura.com/p/2019031/sp/201903100/thumbnail/entry_id/1_3hqew8kn/version/100001',
-                        'view_count': int,
-                        'timestamp': 1533154536,
-                        'upload_date': '20180801',
-                        'uploader_id': 'djoyner3',
-                    },
-                },
-            ],
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.cns.nyu.edu/~eero/math-tools17/Videos/lecture-05sep2017.html',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '1_9gzouybz',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'lecture-05sep2017',
+            'duration': 7219,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://cfvod\.kaltura\.com/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1505340777,
+            'upload_date': '20170913',
+            'uploader_id': 'eps2',
+            'view_count': int,
         },
-    ]
+    }]
 
     @classmethod
     def _extract_embed_urls(cls, url, webpage):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/kick.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/kick.py
index 1f001d421a..06bd8bf591 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/kick.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/kick.py
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
+import functools
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..networking import HEADRequest
 from ..utils import (
     UserNotLive,
     determine_ext,
     float_or_none,
     int_or_none,
-    merge_dicts,
     parse_iso8601,
     str_or_none,
     traverse_obj,
@@ -16,21 +16,17 @@ from ..utils import (
 
 
 class KickBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
-    def _real_initialize(self):
-        self._request_webpage(
-            HEADRequest('https://kick.com/'), None, 'Setting up session', fatal=False, impersonate=True)
-        xsrf_token = self._get_cookies('https://kick.com/').get('XSRF-TOKEN')
-        if not xsrf_token:
-            self.write_debug('kick.com did not set XSRF-TOKEN cookie')
-        KickBaseIE._API_HEADERS = {
-            'Authorization': f'Bearer {xsrf_token.value}',
-            'X-XSRF-TOKEN': xsrf_token.value,
-        } if xsrf_token else {}
+    @functools.cached_property
+    def _api_headers(self):
+        token = traverse_obj(
+            self._get_cookies('https://kick.com/'),
+            ('session_token', 'value', {urllib.parse.unquote}))
+        return {'Authorization': f'Bearer {token}'} if token else {}
 
     def _call_api(self, path, display_id, note='Downloading API JSON', headers={}, **kwargs):
         return self._download_json(
             f'https://kick.com/api/{path}', display_id, note=note,
-            headers=merge_dicts(headers, self._API_HEADERS), impersonate=True, **kwargs)
+            headers={**self._api_headers, **headers}, impersonate=True, **kwargs)
 
 
 class KickIE(KickBaseIE):
@@ -99,26 +95,47 @@ class KickVODIE(KickBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'kick:vod'
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?kick\.com/[\w-]+/videos/(?P<id>[\da-f]{8}-(?:[\da-f]{4}-){3}[\da-f]{12})'
     _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://kick.com/xqc/videos/8dd97a8d-e17f-48fb-8bc3-565f88dbc9ea',
-        'md5': '3870f94153e40e7121a6e46c068b70cb',
+        # Regular VOD
+        'url': 'https://kick.com/xqc/videos/5c697a87-afce-4256-b01f-3c8fe71ef5cb',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '8dd97a8d-e17f-48fb-8bc3-565f88dbc9ea',
+            'id': '5c697a87-afce-4256-b01f-3c8fe71ef5cb',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': '18+ #ad 🛑LIVE🛑CLICK🛑DRAMA🛑NEWS🛑STUFF🛑REACT🛑GET IN HHERE🛑BOP BOP🛑WEEEE WOOOO🛑',
+            'title': '�LIVE�CLICK�HERE�DRAMA�ALL DAY�NEWS�VIDEOS�CLIPS�GAMES�STUFF�WOW�IM HERE�LETS GO�COOL�VERY NICE�',
             'description': 'THE BEST AT ABSOLUTELY EVERYTHING. THE JUICER. LEADER OF THE JUICERS.',
-            'channel': 'xqc',
-            'channel_id': '668',
             'uploader': 'xQc',
             'uploader_id': '676',
-            'upload_date': '20240909',
-            'timestamp': 1725919141,
-            'duration': 10155.0,
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg',
+            'channel': 'xqc',
+            'channel_id': '668',
             'view_count': int,
-            'categories': ['Just Chatting'],
-            'age_limit': 0,
+            'age_limit': 18,
+            'duration': 22278.0,
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg',
+            'categories': ['Deadlock'],
+            'timestamp': 1756082443,
+            'upload_date': '20250825',
         },
         'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }, {
+        # VOD of ongoing livestream (at the time of writing the test, ID rotates every two days)
+        'url': 'https://kick.com/a-log-burner/videos/5230df84-ea38-46e1-be4f-f5949ae55641',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '5230df84-ea38-46e1-be4f-f5949ae55641',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': r're:😴 Cozy Fireplace ASMR 🔥 | Relax, Focus, Sleep 💤',
+            'description': 'md5:080bc713eac0321a7b376a1b53816d1b',
+            'uploader': 'A_Log_Burner',
+            'uploader_id': '65114691',
+            'channel': 'a-log-burner',
+            'channel_id': '63967687',
+            'view_count': int,
+            'age_limit': 18,
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg',
+            'categories': ['Other, Watch Party'],
+            'timestamp': int,
+            'upload_date': str,
+            'live_status': 'is_live',
+        },
+        'skip': 'live',
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -141,6 +158,7 @@ class KickVODIE(KickBaseIE):
                 'categories': ('livestream', 'categories', ..., 'name', {str}),
                 'view_count': ('views', {int_or_none}),
                 'age_limit': ('livestream', 'is_mature', {bool}, {lambda x: 18 if x else 0}),
+                'is_live': ('livestream', 'is_live', {bool}),
             }),
         }
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/kika.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/kika.py
index 69f4a3ce03..e277564524 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/kika.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/kika.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import itertools
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
@@ -124,3 +126,43 @@ class KikaIE(InfoExtractor):
                         'vbr': ('bitrateVideo', {int_or_none}, {lambda x: None if x == -1 else x}),
                     }),
                 }
+
+
+class KikaPlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?kika\.de/[\w-]+/(?P<id>[a-z-]+\d+)'
+
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.kika.de/logo/logo-die-welt-und-ich-562',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'logo-die-welt-und-ich-562',
+            'title': 'logo!',
+            'description': 'md5:7b9d7f65561b82fa512f2cfb553c397d',
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 100,
+    }]
+
+    def _entries(self, playlist_url, playlist_id):
+        for page in itertools.count(1):
+            data = self._download_json(playlist_url, playlist_id, note=f'Downloading page {page}')
+            for item in traverse_obj(data, ('content', lambda _, v: url_or_none(v['api']['url']))):
+                yield self.url_result(
+                    item['api']['url'], ie=KikaIE,
+                    **traverse_obj(item, {
+                        'id': ('id', {str}),
+                        'title': ('title', {str}),
+                        'duration': ('duration', {int_or_none}),
+                        'timestamp': ('date', {parse_iso8601}),
+                    }))
+
+            playlist_url = traverse_obj(data, ('links', 'next', {url_or_none}))
+            if not playlist_url:
+                break
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
+        brand_data = self._download_json(
+            f'https://www.kika.de/_next-api/proxy/v1/brands/{playlist_id}', playlist_id)
+
+        return self.playlist_result(
+            self._entries(brand_data['videoSubchannel']['videosPageUrl'], playlist_id),
+            playlist_id, title=brand_data.get('title'), description=brand_data.get('description'))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/kinja.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/kinja.py
index 99c8a12247..67c089104c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/kinja.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/kinja.py
@@ -89,6 +89,15 @@ class KinjaEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'https://kinja.com/ajax/inset/iframe?id=youtube-video-00QyL0AgPAE',
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'http://www.clickhole.com/video/dont-understand-bitcoin-man-will-mumble-explanatio-2537',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '106351',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Don’t Understand Bitcoin? This Man Will Mumble An Explanation At You',
+        },
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
+    }]
     _JWPLATFORM_PROVIDER = ('cdn.jwplayer.com/v2/media/', 'JWPlatform')
     _PROVIDER_MAP = {
         'fb': ('facebook.com/video.php?v=', 'Facebook'),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/lcp.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/lcp.py
index 69148be222..9ebd55dbee 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/lcp.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/lcp.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-from .arkena import ArkenaIE
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
-class LcpPlayIE(ArkenaIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
+class LcpPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _WORKING = False
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://play\.lcp\.fr/embed/(?P<id>[^/]+)/(?P<account_id>[^/]+)/[^/]+/[^/]+'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'http://play.lcp.fr/embed/327336/131064/darkmatter/0',
@@ -21,24 +21,9 @@ class LcpPlayIE(ArkenaIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
 
 
 class LcpIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _WORKING = False
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?lcp\.fr/(?:[^/]+/)*(?P<id>[^/]+)'
-
     _TESTS = [{
-        # arkena embed
-        'url': 'http://www.lcp.fr/la-politique-en-video/schwartzenberg-prg-preconise-francois-hollande-de-participer-une-primaire',
-        'md5': 'b8bd9298542929c06c1c15788b1f277a',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'd56d03e9',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Schwartzenberg (PRG) préconise à François Hollande de participer à une primaire à gauche',
-            'description': 'md5:96ad55009548da9dea19f4120c6c16a8',
-            'timestamp': 1456488895,
-            'upload_date': '20160226',
-        },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
-    }, {
         # dailymotion live stream
         'url': 'http://www.lcp.fr/le-direct',
         'info_dict': {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/libsyn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/libsyn.py
index 4ca521a106..8772fb7632 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/libsyn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/libsyn.py
@@ -18,12 +18,10 @@ class LibsynIE(InfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '6385796',
             'ext': 'mp3',
-            'title': 'Champion Minded - Developing a Growth Mindset',
-            # description fetched using another request:
-            # http://html5-player.libsyn.com/embed/getitemdetails?item_id=6385796
-            # 'description': 'In this episode, Allistair talks about the importance of developing a growth mindset, not only in sports, but in life too.',
+            'title': 'The Allistair McCaw Podcast - Developing a Growth Mindset',
+            'duration': 834.0,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://assets\.libsyn\.com/.+',
             'upload_date': '20180320',
-            'thumbnail': 're:^https?://.*',
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://html5-player.libsyn.com/embed/episode/id/3727166/height/75/width/200/theme/standard/direction/no/autoplay/no/autonext/no/thumbnail/no/preload/no/no_addthis/no/',
@@ -32,8 +30,32 @@ class LibsynIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': '3727166',
             'ext': 'mp3',
             'title': 'Clients From Hell Podcast - How a Sex Toy Company Kickstarted my Freelance Career',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://assets\.libsyn\.com/.+',
             'upload_date': '20150818',
-            'thumbnail': 're:^https?://.*',
+        },
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
+    }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://html5-player.libsyn.com/',
+        'md5': '50cff329596b8f674d4449ed077ef2f9',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '2378831',
+            'ext': 'mp3',
+            'title': 'md5:54108b15f98e1b4056612c10b50106b2',
+            'duration': 3561.0,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://assets\.libsyn\.com/.+',
+            'upload_date': '20130630',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://undergroundwellness.com/podcasts/306-5-steps-to-permanent-gut-healing/',
+        'md5': '23576952577f9604520a730d90371761',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '3793998',
+            'ext': 'mp3',
+            'title': 'Underground Wellness Radio - Jack Tips: 5 Steps to Permanent Gut Healing',
+            'duration': 3989.0,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://assets\.libsyn\.com/.+',
+            'upload_date': '20141126',
         },
     }]
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/limelight.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/limelight.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 763a01448c..0000000000
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/limelight.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,358 +0,0 @@
-import re
-
-from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
-from ..utils import (
-    ExtractorError,
-    determine_ext,
-    float_or_none,
-    int_or_none,
-    smuggle_url,
-    try_get,
-    unsmuggle_url,
-)
-
-
-class LimelightBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _PLAYLIST_SERVICE_URL = 'http://production-ps.lvp.llnw.net/r/PlaylistService/%s/%s/%s'
-
-    @classmethod
-    def _extract_embed_urls(cls, url, webpage):
-        lm = {
-            'Media': 'media',
-            'Channel': 'channel',
-            'ChannelList': 'channel_list',
-        }
-
-        def smuggle(url):
-            return smuggle_url(url, {'source_url': url})
-
-        entries = []
-        for kind, video_id in re.findall(
-                r'LimelightPlayer\.doLoad(Media|Channel|ChannelList)\(["\'](?P<id>[a-z0-9]{32})',
-                webpage):
-            entries.append(cls.url_result(
-                smuggle(f'limelight:{lm[kind]}:{video_id}'),
-                f'Limelight{kind}', video_id))
-        for mobj in re.finditer(
-                # As per [1] class attribute should be exactly equal to
-                # LimelightEmbeddedPlayerFlash but numerous examples seen
-                # that don't exactly match it (e.g. [2]).
-                # 1. http://support.3playmedia.com/hc/en-us/articles/227732408-Limelight-Embedding-the-Captions-Plugin-with-the-Limelight-Player-on-Your-Webpage
-                # 2. http://www.sedona.com/FacilitatorTraining2017
-                r'''(?sx)
-                    <object[^>]+class=(["\'])(?:(?!\1).)*\bLimelightEmbeddedPlayerFlash\b(?:(?!\1).)*\1[^>]*>.*?
-                        <param[^>]+
-                            name=(["\'])flashVars\2[^>]+
-                            value=(["\'])(?:(?!\3).)*(?P<kind>media|channel(?:List)?)Id=(?P<id>[a-z0-9]{32})
-                ''', webpage):
-            kind, video_id = mobj.group('kind'), mobj.group('id')
-            entries.append(cls.url_result(
-                smuggle(f'limelight:{kind}:{video_id}'),
-                f'Limelight{kind.capitalize()}', video_id))
-        # http://support.3playmedia.com/hc/en-us/articles/115009517327-Limelight-Embedding-the-Audio-Description-Plugin-with-the-Limelight-Player-on-Your-Web-Page)
-        for video_id in re.findall(
-                r'(?s)LimelightPlayerUtil\.embed\s*\(\s*{.*?\bmediaId["\']\s*:\s*["\'](?P<id>[a-z0-9]{32})',
-                webpage):
-            entries.append(cls.url_result(
-                smuggle(f'limelight:media:{video_id}'),
-                LimelightMediaIE.ie_key(), video_id))
-        return entries
-
-    def _call_playlist_service(self, item_id, method, fatal=True, referer=None):
-        headers = {}
-        if referer:
-            headers['Referer'] = referer
-        try:
-            return self._download_json(
-                self._PLAYLIST_SERVICE_URL % (self._PLAYLIST_SERVICE_PATH, item_id, method),
-                item_id, f'Downloading PlaylistService {method} JSON',
-                fatal=fatal, headers=headers)
-        except ExtractorError as e:
-            if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 403:
-                error = self._parse_json(e.cause.response.read().decode(), item_id)['detail']['contentAccessPermission']
-                if error == 'CountryDisabled':
-                    self.raise_geo_restricted()
-                raise ExtractorError(error, expected=True)
-            raise
-
-    def _extract(self, item_id, pc_method, mobile_method, referer=None):
-        pc = self._call_playlist_service(item_id, pc_method, referer=referer)
-        mobile = self._call_playlist_service(
-            item_id, mobile_method, fatal=False, referer=referer)
-        return pc, mobile
-
-    def _extract_info(self, pc, mobile, i, referer):
-        get_item = lambda x, y: try_get(x, lambda x: x[y][i], dict) or {}
-        pc_item = get_item(pc, 'playlistItems')
-        mobile_item = get_item(mobile, 'mediaList')
-        video_id = pc_item.get('mediaId') or mobile_item['mediaId']
-        title = pc_item.get('title') or mobile_item['title']
-
-        formats = []
-        urls = []
-        for stream in pc_item.get('streams', []):
-            stream_url = stream.get('url')
-            if not stream_url or stream_url in urls:
-                continue
-            if not self.get_param('allow_unplayable_formats') and stream.get('drmProtected'):
-                continue
-            urls.append(stream_url)
-            ext = determine_ext(stream_url)
-            if ext == 'f4m':
-                formats.extend(self._extract_f4m_formats(
-                    stream_url, video_id, f4m_id='hds', fatal=False))
-            else:
-                fmt = {
-                    'url': stream_url,
-                    'abr': float_or_none(stream.get('audioBitRate')),
-                    'fps': float_or_none(stream.get('videoFrameRate')),
-                    'ext': ext,
-                }
-                width = int_or_none(stream.get('videoWidthInPixels'))
-                height = int_or_none(stream.get('videoHeightInPixels'))
-                vbr = float_or_none(stream.get('videoBitRate'))
-                if width or height or vbr:
-                    fmt.update({
-                        'width': width,
-                        'height': height,
-                        'vbr': vbr,
-                    })
-                else:
-                    fmt['vcodec'] = 'none'
-                rtmp = re.search(r'^(?P<url>rtmpe?://(?P<host>[^/]+)/(?P<app>.+))/(?P<playpath>mp[34]:.+)$', stream_url)
-                if rtmp:
-                    format_id = 'rtmp'
-                    if stream.get('videoBitRate'):
-                        format_id += '-%d' % int_or_none(stream['videoBitRate'])
-                    http_format_id = format_id.replace('rtmp', 'http')
-
-                    CDN_HOSTS = (
-                        ('delvenetworks.com', 'cpl.delvenetworks.com'),
-                        ('video.llnw.net', 's2.content.video.llnw.net'),
-                    )
-                    for cdn_host, http_host in CDN_HOSTS:
-                        if cdn_host not in rtmp.group('host').lower():
-                            continue
-                        http_url = 'http://{}/{}'.format(http_host, rtmp.group('playpath')[4:])
-                        urls.append(http_url)
-                        if self._is_valid_url(http_url, video_id, http_format_id):
-                            http_fmt = fmt.copy()
-                            http_fmt.update({
-                                'url': http_url,
-                                'format_id': http_format_id,
-                            })
-                            formats.append(http_fmt)
-                            break
-
-                    fmt.update({
-                        'url': rtmp.group('url'),
-                        'play_path': rtmp.group('playpath'),
-                        'app': rtmp.group('app'),
-                        'ext': 'flv',
-                        'format_id': format_id,
-                    })
-                formats.append(fmt)
-
-        for mobile_url in mobile_item.get('mobileUrls', []):
-            media_url = mobile_url.get('mobileUrl')
-            format_id = mobile_url.get('targetMediaPlatform')
-            if not media_url or media_url in urls:
-                continue
-            if (format_id in ('Widevine', 'SmoothStreaming')
-                    and not self.get_param('allow_unplayable_formats', False)):
-                continue
-            urls.append(media_url)
-            ext = determine_ext(media_url)
-            if ext == 'm3u8':
-                formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-                    media_url, video_id, 'mp4', 'm3u8_native',
-                    m3u8_id=format_id, fatal=False))
-            elif ext == 'f4m':
-                formats.extend(self._extract_f4m_formats(
-                    stream_url, video_id, f4m_id=format_id, fatal=False))
-            else:
-                formats.append({
-                    'url': media_url,
-                    'format_id': format_id,
-                    'quality': -10,
-                    'ext': ext,
-                })
-
-        subtitles = {}
-        for flag in mobile_item.get('flags'):
-            if flag == 'ClosedCaptions':
-                closed_captions = self._call_playlist_service(
-                    video_id, 'getClosedCaptionsDetailsByMediaId',
-                    False, referer) or []
-                for cc in closed_captions:
-                    cc_url = cc.get('webvttFileUrl')
-                    if not cc_url:
-                        continue
-                    lang = cc.get('languageCode') or self._search_regex(r'/([a-z]{2})\.vtt', cc_url, 'lang', default='en')
-                    subtitles.setdefault(lang, []).append({
-                        'url': cc_url,
-                    })
-                break
-
-        get_meta = lambda x: pc_item.get(x) or mobile_item.get(x)
-
-        return {
-            'id': video_id,
-            'title': title,
-            'description': get_meta('description'),
-            'formats': formats,
-            'duration': float_or_none(get_meta('durationInMilliseconds'), 1000),
-            'thumbnail': get_meta('previewImageUrl') or get_meta('thumbnailImageUrl'),
-            'subtitles': subtitles,
-        }
-
-
-class LimelightMediaIE(LimelightBaseIE):
-    IE_NAME = 'limelight'
-    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
-                        (?:
-                            limelight:media:|
-                            https?://
-                                (?:
-                                    link\.videoplatform\.limelight\.com/media/|
-                                    assets\.delvenetworks\.com/player/loader\.swf
-                                )
-                                \?.*?\bmediaId=
-                        )
-                        (?P<id>[a-z0-9]{32})
-                    '''
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'http://link.videoplatform.limelight.com/media/?mediaId=3ffd040b522b4485b6d84effc750cd86',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '3ffd040b522b4485b6d84effc750cd86',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'HaP and the HB Prince Trailer',
-            'description': 'md5:8005b944181778e313d95c1237ddb640',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpeg$',
-            'duration': 144.23,
-        },
-        'params': {
-            # m3u8 download
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
-    }, {
-        # video with subtitles
-        'url': 'limelight:media:a3e00274d4564ec4a9b29b9466432335',
-        'md5': '2fa3bad9ac321e23860ca23bc2c69e3d',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'a3e00274d4564ec4a9b29b9466432335',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': '3Play Media Overview Video',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpeg$',
-            'duration': 78.101,
-            # TODO: extract all languages that were accessible via API
-            # 'subtitles': 'mincount:9',
-            'subtitles': 'mincount:1',
-        },
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://assets.delvenetworks.com/player/loader.swf?mediaId=8018a574f08d416e95ceaccae4ba0452',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-    _PLAYLIST_SERVICE_PATH = 'media'
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        url, smuggled_data = unsmuggle_url(url, {})
-        video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        source_url = smuggled_data.get('source_url')
-        self._initialize_geo_bypass({
-            'countries': smuggled_data.get('geo_countries'),
-        })
-
-        pc, mobile = self._extract(
-            video_id, 'getPlaylistByMediaId',
-            'getMobilePlaylistByMediaId', source_url)
-
-        return self._extract_info(pc, mobile, 0, source_url)
-
-
-class LimelightChannelIE(LimelightBaseIE):
-    IE_NAME = 'limelight:channel'
-    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
-                        (?:
-                            limelight:channel:|
-                            https?://
-                                (?:
-                                    link\.videoplatform\.limelight\.com/media/|
-                                    assets\.delvenetworks\.com/player/loader\.swf
-                                )
-                                \?.*?\bchannelId=
-                        )
-                        (?P<id>[a-z0-9]{32})
-                    '''
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'http://link.videoplatform.limelight.com/media/?channelId=ab6a524c379342f9b23642917020c082',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'ab6a524c379342f9b23642917020c082',
-            'title': 'Javascript Sample Code',
-            'description': 'Javascript Sample Code - http://www.delvenetworks.com/sample-code/playerCode-demo.html',
-        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 3,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://assets.delvenetworks.com/player/loader.swf?channelId=ab6a524c379342f9b23642917020c082',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-    _PLAYLIST_SERVICE_PATH = 'channel'
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        url, smuggled_data = unsmuggle_url(url, {})
-        channel_id = self._match_id(url)
-        source_url = smuggled_data.get('source_url')
-
-        pc, mobile = self._extract(
-            channel_id, 'getPlaylistByChannelId',
-            'getMobilePlaylistWithNItemsByChannelId?begin=0&count=-1',
-            source_url)
-
-        entries = [
-            self._extract_info(pc, mobile, i, source_url)
-            for i in range(len(pc['playlistItems']))]
-
-        return self.playlist_result(
-            entries, channel_id, pc.get('title'), mobile.get('description'))
-
-
-class LimelightChannelListIE(LimelightBaseIE):
-    IE_NAME = 'limelight:channel_list'
-    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
-                        (?:
-                            limelight:channel_list:|
-                            https?://
-                                (?:
-                                    link\.videoplatform\.limelight\.com/media/|
-                                    assets\.delvenetworks\.com/player/loader\.swf
-                                )
-                                \?.*?\bchannelListId=
-                        )
-                        (?P<id>[a-z0-9]{32})
-                    '''
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'http://link.videoplatform.limelight.com/media/?channelListId=301b117890c4465c8179ede21fd92e2b',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '301b117890c4465c8179ede21fd92e2b',
-            'title': 'Website - Hero Player',
-        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 2,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://assets.delvenetworks.com/player/loader.swf?channelListId=301b117890c4465c8179ede21fd92e2b',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-    _PLAYLIST_SERVICE_PATH = 'channel_list'
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        channel_list_id = self._match_id(url)
-
-        channel_list = self._call_playlist_service(
-            channel_list_id, 'getMobileChannelListById')
-
-        entries = [
-            self.url_result('limelight:channel:{}'.format(channel['id']), 'LimelightChannel')
-            for channel in channel_list['channelList']]
-
-        return self.playlist_result(
-            entries, channel_list_id, channel_list['title'])
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/linkedin.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/linkedin.py
index c8c8ae52ad..2974f4026f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/linkedin.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/linkedin.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import itertools
+import json
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
@@ -9,12 +10,12 @@ from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     mimetype2ext,
     srt_subtitles_timecode,
-    traverse_obj,
     try_get,
     url_or_none,
     urlencode_postdata,
     urljoin,
 )
+from ..utils.traversal import find_elements, require, traverse_obj
 
 
 class LinkedInBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -82,7 +83,10 @@ class LinkedInLearningBaseIE(LinkedInBaseIE):
 
 
 class LinkedInIE(LinkedInBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?linkedin\.com/posts/[^/?#]+-(?P<id>\d+)-\w{4}/?(?:[?#]|$)'
+    _VALID_URL = [
+        r'https?://(?:www\.)?linkedin\.com/posts/[^/?#]+-(?P<id>\d+)-\w{4}/?(?:[?#]|$)',
+        r'https?://(?:www\.)?linkedin\.com/feed/update/urn:li:activity:(?P<id>\d+)',
+    ]
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.linkedin.com/posts/mishalkhawaja_sendinblueviews-toronto-digitalmarketing-ugcPost-6850898786781339649-mM20',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -106,6 +110,9 @@ class LinkedInIE(LinkedInBaseIE):
             'like_count': int,
             'subtitles': 'mincount:1',
         },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.linkedin.com/feed/update/urn:li:activity:7016901149999955968/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop',
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -271,3 +278,110 @@ class LinkedInLearningCourseIE(LinkedInLearningBaseIE):
             entries, course_slug,
             course_data.get('title'),
             course_data.get('description'))
+
+
+class LinkedInEventsIE(LinkedInBaseIE):
+    IE_NAME = 'linkedin:events'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?linkedin\.com/events/(?P<id>[\w-]+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.linkedin.com/events/7084656651378536448/comments/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '7084656651378536448',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '#37 Aprende a hacer una entrevista en inglés para tu próximo trabajo remoto',
+            'description': '¡Agarra para anotar que se viene tremendo evento!',
+            'duration': 1765,
+            'timestamp': 1689113772,
+            'upload_date': '20230711',
+            'release_timestamp': 1689174012,
+            'release_date': '20230712',
+            'live_status': 'was_live',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.linkedin.com/events/27-02energyfreedombyenergyclub7295762520814874625/comments/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '27-02energyfreedombyenergyclub7295762520814874625',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '27.02 Energy Freedom by Energy Club',
+            'description': 'md5:1292e6f31df998914c293787a02c3b91',
+            'duration': 6420,
+            'timestamp': 1739445333,
+            'upload_date': '20250213',
+            'release_timestamp': 1740657620,
+            'release_date': '20250227',
+            'live_status': 'was_live',
+        },
+    }]
+
+    def _real_initialize(self):
+        if not self._get_cookies('https://www.linkedin.com/').get('li_at'):
+            self.raise_login_required()
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        event_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, event_id)
+
+        base_data = traverse_obj(webpage, (
+            {find_elements(tag='code', attr='style', value='display: none')}, ..., {json.loads}, 'included', ...))
+        meta_data = traverse_obj(base_data, (
+            lambda _, v: v['$type'] == 'com.linkedin.voyager.dash.events.ProfessionalEvent', any)) or {}
+
+        live_status = {
+            'PAST': 'was_live',
+            'ONGOING': 'is_live',
+            'FUTURE': 'is_upcoming',
+        }.get(meta_data.get('lifecycleState'))
+
+        if live_status == 'is_upcoming':
+            player_data = {}
+            if event_time := traverse_obj(meta_data, ('displayEventTime', {str})):
+                message = f'This live event is scheduled for {event_time}'
+            else:
+                message = 'This live event has not yet started'
+            self.raise_no_formats(message, expected=True, video_id=event_id)
+        else:
+            # TODO: Add support for audio-only live events
+            player_data = traverse_obj(base_data, (
+                lambda _, v: v['$type'] == 'com.linkedin.videocontent.VideoPlayMetadata',
+                any, {require('video player data')}))
+
+        formats, subtitles = [], {}
+        for prog_fmts in traverse_obj(player_data, ('progressiveStreams', ..., {dict})):
+            for fmt_url in traverse_obj(prog_fmts, ('streamingLocations', ..., 'url', {url_or_none})):
+                formats.append({
+                    'url': fmt_url,
+                    **traverse_obj(prog_fmts, {
+                        'width': ('width', {int_or_none}),
+                        'height': ('height', {int_or_none}),
+                        'tbr': ('bitRate', {int_or_none(scale=1000)}),
+                        'filesize': ('size', {int_or_none}),
+                        'ext': ('mediaType', {mimetype2ext}),
+                    }),
+                })
+
+        for m3u8_url in traverse_obj(player_data, (
+            'adaptiveStreams', lambda _, v: v['protocol'] == 'HLS', 'masterPlaylists', ..., 'url', {url_or_none},
+        )):
+            fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
+                m3u8_url, event_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False)
+            formats.extend(fmts)
+            self._merge_subtitles(subs, target=subtitles)
+
+        return {
+            'id': event_id,
+            'formats': formats,
+            'subtitles': subtitles,
+            'live_status': live_status,
+            **traverse_obj(meta_data, {
+                'title': ('name', {str}),
+                'description': ('description', 'text', {str}),
+                'timestamp': ('createdAt', {int_or_none(scale=1000)}),
+                # timeRange.start is available when the stream is_upcoming
+                'release_timestamp': ('timeRange', 'start', {int_or_none(scale=1000)}),
+            }),
+            **traverse_obj(player_data, {
+                'duration': ('duration', {int_or_none(scale=1000)}),
+                # liveStreamCreatedAt is only available when the stream is_live or was_live
+                'release_timestamp': ('liveStreamCreatedAt', {int_or_none(scale=1000)}),
+            }),
+        }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/livejournal.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/livejournal.py
index c61f9bec7a..ee2dfca0d0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/livejournal.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/livejournal.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ from ..utils import int_or_none
 
 
 class LiveJournalIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _WORKING = False
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:[^.]+\.)?livejournal\.com/video/album/\d+.+?\bid=(?P<id>\d+)'
     _TEST = {
         'url': 'https://andrei-bt.livejournal.com/video/album/407/?mode=view&id=51272',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/loco.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/loco.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c3d4434d90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/loco.py
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+import json
+import random
+import time
+
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..utils import int_or_none, jwt_decode_hs256, try_call, url_or_none
+from ..utils.traversal import require, traverse_obj
+
+
+class LocoIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?loco\.com/(?P<type>streamers|stream)/(?P<id>[^/?#]+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://loco.com/streamers/teuzinfps',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'teuzinfps',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': r're:MS BOLADAO, RESENHA & GAMEPLAY ALTO NIVEL',
+            'description': 'bom e novo',
+            'uploader_id': 'RLUVE3S9JU',
+            'channel': 'teuzinfps',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'view_count': int,
+            'concurrent_view_count': int,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://static.ivory.getloconow.com/default_thumb/743701a9-98ca-41ae-9a8b-70bd5da070ad.jpg',
+            'tags': ['MMORPG', 'Gameplay'],
+            'series': 'Tibia',
+            'timestamp': int,
+            'modified_timestamp': int,
+            'live_status': 'is_live',
+            'upload_date': str,
+            'modified_date': str,
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'skip_download': 'Livestream',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://loco.com/stream/c64916eb-10fb-46a9-9a19-8c4b7ed064e7',
+        'md5': '8b9bda03eba4d066928ae8d71f19befb',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'c64916eb-10fb-46a9-9a19-8c4b7ed064e7',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'PAULINHO LOKO NA LOCO!',
+            'description': 'live on na loco',
+            'uploader_id': '2MDO7Z1DPM',
+            'channel': 'paulinholokobr',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'view_count': int,
+            'concurrent_view_count': int,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'duration': 14491,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://static.ivory.getloconow.com/default_thumb/59b5970b-23c1-4518-9e96-17ce341299fe.jpg',
+            'tags': ['Gameplay'],
+            'series': 'GTA 5',
+            'timestamp': 1740612872,
+            'modified_timestamp': 1750948439,
+            'upload_date': '20250226',
+            'modified_date': '20250626',
+        },
+    }, {
+        # Requires video authorization
+        'url': 'https://loco.com/stream/ac854641-ae0f-497c-a8ea-4195f6d8cc53',
+        'md5': '0513edf85c1e65c9521f555f665387d5',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'ac854641-ae0f-497c-a8ea-4195f6d8cc53',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'DUAS CONTAS DESAFIANTE, RUSH TOP 1 NO BRASIL!',
+            'description': 'md5:aa77818edd6fe00dd4b6be75cba5f826',
+            'uploader_id': '7Y9JNAZC3Q',
+            'channel': 'ayellol',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'view_count': int,
+            'concurrent_view_count': int,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'duration': 1229,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://static.ivory.getloconow.com/default_thumb/f5aa678b-6d04-45d9-a89a-859af0a8028f.jpg',
+            'tags': ['Gameplay', 'Carry'],
+            'series': 'League of Legends',
+            'timestamp': 1741182253,
+            'upload_date': '20250305',
+            'modified_timestamp': 1741182419,
+            'modified_date': '20250305',
+        },
+    }]
+
+    # From _app.js
+    _CLIENT_ID = 'TlwKp1zmF6eKFpcisn3FyR18WkhcPkZtzwPVEEC3'
+    _CLIENT_SECRET = 'Kp7tYlUN7LXvtcSpwYvIitgYcLparbtsQSe5AdyyCdiEJBP53Vt9J8eB4AsLdChIpcO2BM19RA3HsGtqDJFjWmwoonvMSG3ZQmnS8x1YIM8yl82xMXZGbE3NKiqmgBVU'
+
+    def _is_jwt_expired(self, token):
+        return jwt_decode_hs256(token)['exp'] - time.time() < 300
+
+    def _get_access_token(self, video_id):
+        access_token = try_call(lambda: self._get_cookies('https://loco.com')['access_token'].value)
+        if access_token and not self._is_jwt_expired(access_token):
+            return access_token
+        access_token = traverse_obj(self._download_json(
+            'https://api.getloconow.com/v3/user/device_profile/', video_id,
+            'Downloading access token', fatal=False, data=json.dumps({
+                'platform': 7,
+                'client_id': self._CLIENT_ID,
+                'client_secret': self._CLIENT_SECRET,
+                'model': 'Mozilla',
+                'os_name': 'Win32',
+                'os_ver': '5.0 (Windows)',
+                'app_ver': '5.0 (Windows)',
+            }).encode(), headers={
+                'Content-Type': 'application/json;charset=utf-8',
+                'DEVICE-ID': ''.join(random.choices('0123456789abcdef', k=32)) + 'live',
+                'X-APP-LANG': 'en',
+                'X-APP-LOCALE': 'en-US',
+                'X-CLIENT-ID': self._CLIENT_ID,
+                'X-CLIENT-SECRET': self._CLIENT_SECRET,
+                'X-PLATFORM': '7',
+            }), 'access_token')
+        if access_token and not self._is_jwt_expired(access_token):
+            self._set_cookie('.loco.com', 'access_token', access_token)
+            return access_token
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        video_type, video_id = self._match_valid_url(url).group('type', 'id')
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
+        stream = traverse_obj(self._search_nextjs_v13_data(webpage, video_id), (
+            ..., (None, 'ssrData'), ('liveStreamData', 'stream', 'liveStream'), {dict}, any, {require('stream info')}))
+
+        if access_token := self._get_access_token(video_id):
+            self._request_webpage(
+                'https://drm.loco.com/v1/streams/playback/', video_id,
+                'Downloading video authorization', fatal=False, headers={
+                    'authorization': access_token,
+                }, query={
+                    'stream_uid': stream['uid'],
+                })
+
+        return {
+            'formats': self._extract_m3u8_formats(stream['conf']['hls'], video_id),
+            'id': video_id,
+            'is_live': video_type == 'streamers',
+            **traverse_obj(stream, {
+                'title': ('title', {str}),
+                'series': ('game_name', {str}),
+                'uploader_id': ('user_uid', {str}),
+                'channel': ('alias', {str}),
+                'description': ('description', {str}),
+                'concurrent_view_count': ('viewersCurrent', {int_or_none}),
+                'view_count': ('total_views', {int_or_none}),
+                'thumbnail': ('thumbnail_url_small', {url_or_none}),
+                'like_count': ('likes', {int_or_none}),
+                'tags': ('tags', ..., {str}),
+                'timestamp': ('started_at', {int_or_none(scale=1000)}),
+                'modified_timestamp': ('updated_at', {int_or_none(scale=1000)}),
+                'comment_count': ('comments_count', {int_or_none}),
+                'channel_follower_count': ('followers_count', {int_or_none}),
+                'duration': ('duration', {int_or_none}),
+            }),
+        }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/lrt.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/lrt.py
index 1a0b6da230..e05600f8ba 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/lrt.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/lrt.py
@@ -1,20 +1,14 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     clean_html,
-    merge_dicts,
-    traverse_obj,
+    unified_timestamp,
     url_or_none,
+    urljoin,
 )
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 
 
-class LRTBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
-    def _extract_js_var(self, webpage, var_name, default=None):
-        return self._search_regex(
-            fr'{var_name}\s*=\s*(["\'])((?:(?!\1).)+)\1',
-            webpage, var_name.replace('_', ' '), default, group=2)
-
-
-class LRTStreamIE(LRTBaseIE):
+class LRTStreamIE(InfoExtractor):
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?lrt\.lt/mediateka/tiesiogiai/(?P<id>[\w-]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.lrt.lt/mediateka/tiesiogiai/lrt-opus',
@@ -29,80 +23,145 @@ class LRTStreamIE(LRTBaseIE):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
-        streams_data = self._download_json(self._extract_js_var(webpage, 'tokenURL'), video_id)
+
+        # TODO: Use _search_nextjs_v13_data once fixed
+        get_stream_url = self._search_regex(
+            r'\\"get_streams_url\\":\\"([^"]+)\\"', webpage, 'stream URL')
+        streams_data = self._download_json(get_stream_url, video_id)
 
         formats, subtitles = [], {}
         for stream_url in traverse_obj(streams_data, (
-                'response', 'data', lambda k, _: k.startswith('content')), expected_type=url_or_none):
-            fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(stream_url, video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls', live=True)
+                'response', 'data', lambda k, _: k.startswith('content'), {url_or_none})):
+            fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
+                stream_url, video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls', live=True)
             formats.extend(fmts)
             subtitles = self._merge_subtitles(subtitles, subs)
 
-        stream_title = self._extract_js_var(webpage, 'video_title', 'LRT')
         return {
             'id': video_id,
             'formats': formats,
             'subtitles': subtitles,
             'is_live': True,
-            'title': f'{self._og_search_title(webpage)} - {stream_title}',
+            'title': self._og_search_title(webpage),
         }
 
 
-class LRTVODIE(LRTBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?lrt\.lt(?P<path>/mediateka/irasas/(?P<id>[0-9]+))'
+class LRTVODIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _VALID_URL = [
+        r'https?://(?:(?:www|archyvai)\.)?lrt\.lt/mediateka/irasas/(?P<id>[0-9]+)',
+        r'https?://(?:(?:www|archyvai)\.)?lrt\.lt/mediateka/video/[^?#]+\?(?:[^#]*&)?episode=(?P<id>[0-9]+)',
+    ]
     _TESTS = [{
         # m3u8 download
         'url': 'https://www.lrt.lt/mediateka/irasas/2000127261/greita-ir-gardu-sicilijos-ikvepta-klasikiniu-makaronu-su-baklazanais-vakariene',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '2000127261',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Greita ir gardu: Sicilijos įkvėpta klasikinių makaronų su baklažanais vakarienė',
+            'title': 'Nustebinkite sve�ius klasikiniu makaronų su baklažanais receptu',
             'description': 'md5:ad7d985f51b0dc1489ba2d76d7ed47fa',
-            'duration': 3035,
-            'timestamp': 1604079000,
+            'timestamp': 1604086200,
             'upload_date': '20201030',
             'tags': ['LRT TELEVIZIJA', 'Beatos virtuvė', 'Beata Nicholson', 'Makaronai', 'Baklažanai', 'Vakarienė', 'Receptas'],
             'thumbnail': 'https://www.lrt.lt/img/2020/10/30/764041-126478-1287x836.jpg',
+            'channel': 'Beatos virtuvÄ—',
         },
     }, {
-        # direct mp3 download
-        'url': 'http://www.lrt.lt/mediateka/irasas/1013074524/',
-        'md5': '389da8ca3cad0f51d12bed0c844f6a0a',
+        # audio download
+        'url': 'https://www.lrt.lt/mediateka/irasas/1013074524/kita-tema',
+        'md5': 'fc982f10274929c66fdff65f75615cb0',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '1013074524',
-            'ext': 'mp3',
-            'title': 'Kita tema 2016-09-05 15:05',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Kita tema',
             'description': 'md5:1b295a8fc7219ed0d543fc228c931fb5',
-            'duration': 3008,
-            'view_count': int,
-            'like_count': int,
+            'channel': 'Kita tema',
+            'timestamp': 1473087900,
+            'upload_date': '20160905',
         },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.lrt.lt/mediateka/video/auksinis-protas-vasara?episode=2000420320&season=%2Fmediateka%2Fvideo%2Fauksinis-protas-vasara%2F2025',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '2000420320',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Kuris senovės romėnų poetas aprašė Narcizo mitą?',
+            'description': 'Intelektinė viktorina. Ved. Arūnas Valinskas ir Andrius Tapinas.',
+            'channel': 'Auksinis protas. Vasara',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://www.lrt.lt/img/2025/06/09/2094343-987905-1287x836.jpg',
+            'tags': ['LRT TELEVIZIJA', 'Auksinis protas'],
+            'timestamp': 1749851040,
+            'upload_date': '20250613',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://archyvai.lrt.lt/mediateka/video/ziniu-riteriai-ir-damos?episode=49685&season=%2Fmediateka%2Fvideo%2Fziniu-riteriai-ir-damos%2F2013',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://archyvai.lrt.lt/mediateka/irasas/2000077058/panorama-1989-baltijos-kelias',
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        path, video_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
 
-        media_url = self._extract_js_var(webpage, 'main_url', path)
-        media = self._download_json(self._extract_js_var(
-            webpage, 'media_info_url',
-            'https://www.lrt.lt/servisai/stream_url/vod/media_info/'),
-            video_id, query={'url': media_url})
+        # TODO: Use _search_nextjs_v13_data once fixed
+        canonical_url = (
+            self._search_regex(r'\\"(?:article|data)\\":{[^}]*\\"url\\":\\"(/[^"]+)\\"', webpage, 'content URL', fatal=False)
+            or self._search_regex(r'<link\s+rel="canonical"\s*href="(/[^"]+)"', webpage, 'canonical URL'))
+
+        media = self._download_json(
+            'https://www.lrt.lt/servisai/stream_url/vod/media_info/',
+            video_id, query={'url': canonical_url})
         jw_data = self._parse_jwplayer_data(
             media['playlist_item'], video_id, base_url=url)
 
-        json_ld_data = self._search_json_ld(webpage, video_id)
+        return {
+            **jw_data,
+            **traverse_obj(media, {
+                'id': ('id', {str}),
+                'title': ('title', {str}),
+                'description': ('content', {clean_html}),
+                'timestamp': ('date', {lambda x: x.replace('.', '/')}, {unified_timestamp}),
+                'tags': ('tags', ..., 'name', {str}),
+            }),
+        }
+
 
-        tags = []
-        for tag in (media.get('tags') or []):
-            tag_name = tag.get('name')
-            if not tag_name:
-                continue
-            tags.append(tag_name)
+class LRTRadioIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?lrt\.lt/radioteka/irasas/(?P<id>\d+)/(?P<path>[^?#/]+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        # m3u8 download
+        'url': 'https://www.lrt.lt/radioteka/irasas/2000359728/nemarios-eiles-apie-pragarus-ir-skaistyklas-su-aiste-kiltinaviciute',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '2000359728',
+            'ext': 'm4a',
+            'title': 'Nemarios eilės: apie pragarus ir skaistyklas su Aiste Kiltinavi�iūte',
+            'description': 'md5:5eee9a0e86a55bf547bd67596204625d',
+            'timestamp': 1726143120,
+            'upload_date': '20240912',
+            'tags': 'count:5',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/.+\.jpe?g',
+            'categories': ['Daiktiniai įrodymai'],
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.lrt.lt/radioteka/irasas/2000304654/vakaras-su-knyga-svetlana-aleksijevic-cernobylio-malda-v-dalis?season=%2Fmediateka%2Faudio%2Fvakaras-su-knyga%2F2023',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]
 
-        clean_info = {
-            'description': clean_html(media.get('content')),
-            'tags': tags,
-        }
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        video_id, path = self._match_valid_url(url).group('id', 'path')
+        media = self._download_json(
+            'https://www.lrt.lt/rest-api/media', video_id,
+            query={'url': f'/mediateka/irasas/{video_id}/{path}'})
 
-        return merge_dicts(clean_info, jw_data, json_ld_data)
+        return {
+            'id': video_id,
+            'formats': self._extract_m3u8_formats(media['playlist_item']['file'], video_id),
+            **traverse_obj(media, {
+                'title': ('title', {str}),
+                'tags': ('tags', ..., 'name', {str}),
+                'categories': ('playlist_item', 'category', {str}, filter, all, filter),
+                'description': ('content', {clean_html}, {str}),
+                'timestamp': ('date', {lambda x: x.replace('.', '/')}, {unified_timestamp}),
+                'thumbnail': ('playlist_item', 'image', {urljoin('https://www.lrt.lt')}),
+            }),
+        }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/lsm.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/lsm.py
index 56c06d7458..93ea2e35da 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/lsm.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/lsm.py
@@ -167,11 +167,11 @@ class LSMLTVEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 1442,
             'upload_date': '20231121',
             'title': 'D23-6000-105_cetstud',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://store.cloudycdn.services/tmsp00060/assets/media/660858/placeholder1700589200.jpg',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://store.bstrm.net/tmsp00060/assets/media/660858/placeholder1700589200.jpg',
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://ltv.lsm.lv/embed?enablesdkjs=1&c=eyJpdiI6IncwVzZmUFk2MU12enVWK1I3SUcwQ1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoid3FhV29vamc3T2sxL1RaRmJ5Rm1GTXozU0o2dVczdUtLK0cwZEZJMDQ2a3ZIRG5DK2pneGlnbktBQy9uazVleHN6VXhxdWIweWNvcHRDSnlISlNYOHlVZ1lpcTUrcWZSTUZPQW14TVdkMW9aOUtRWVNDcFF4eWpHNGcrT0VZbUNFQStKQk91cGpndW9FVjJIa0lpbkh3PT0iLCJtYWMiOiIyZGI1NDJlMWRlM2QyMGNhOGEwYTM2MmNlN2JlOGRhY2QyYjdkMmEzN2RlOTEzYTVkNzI1ODlhZDlhZjU4MjQ2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0=',
-        'md5': 'a1711e190fe680fdb68fd8413b378e87',
+        'md5': 'f236cef2fd5953612754e4e66be51e7a',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'wUnFArIPDSY',
             'ext': 'mp4',
@@ -198,6 +198,8 @@ class LSMLTVEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@LTV16plus',
             'like_count': int,
             'description': 'md5:7ff0c42ba971e3c13e4b8a2ff03b70b5',
+            'media_type': 'livestream',
+            'timestamp': 1652550741,
         },
     }]
 
@@ -208,7 +210,7 @@ class LSMLTVEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             r'window\.ltvEmbedPayload\s*=', webpage, 'embed json', video_id)
         embed_type = traverse_obj(data, ('source', 'name', {str}))
 
-        if embed_type == 'telia':
+        if embed_type in ('backscreen', 'telia'):  # 'telia' only for backwards compat
             ie_key = 'CloudyCDN'
             embed_url = traverse_obj(data, ('source', 'embed_url', {url_or_none}))
         elif embed_type == 'youtube':
@@ -226,9 +228,9 @@ class LSMLTVEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
 
 
 class LSMReplayIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://replay\.lsm\.lv/[^/?#]+/(?:ieraksts|statja)/[^/?#]+/(?P<id>\d+)'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://replay\.lsm\.lv/[^/?#]+/(?:skaties/|klausies/)?(?:ieraksts|statja)/[^/?#]+/(?P<id>\d+)'
     _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://replay.lsm.lv/lv/ieraksts/ltv/311130/4-studija-zolitudes-tragedija-un-incupes-stacija',
+        'url': 'https://replay.lsm.lv/lv/skaties/ieraksts/ltv/311130/4-studija-zolitudes-tragedija-un-incupes-stacija',
         'md5': '64f72a360ca530d5ed89c77646c9eee5',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '46k_d23-6000-105',
@@ -241,20 +243,23 @@ class LSMReplayIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'https://ltv.lsm.lv/storage/media/8/7/large/5/1f9604e1.jpg',
         },
     }, {
-        'url': 'https://replay.lsm.lv/lv/ieraksts/lr/183522/138-nepilniga-kompensejamo-zalu-sistema-pat-menesiem-dzena-pacientus-pa-aptiekam',
-        'md5': '719b33875cd1429846eeeaeec6df2830',
+        'url': 'https://replay.lsm.lv/lv/klausies/ieraksts/lr/183522/138-nepilniga-kompensejamo-zalu-sistema-pat-menesiem-dzena-pacientus-pa-aptiekam',
+        'md5': '84feb80fd7e6ec07744726a9f01cda4d',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'a342781',
-            'ext': 'mp3',
+            'id': '183522',
+            'ext': 'm4a',
             'duration': 1823,
             'title': '#138 Nepilnīg� kompensējamo z�ļu sistēma pat mēnešiem dzen� pacientus pa aptiek�m',
             'thumbnail': 'https://pic.latvijasradio.lv/public/assets/media/9/d/large_fd4675ac.jpg',
             'upload_date': '20231102',
-            'timestamp': 1698921060,
+            'timestamp': 1698913860,
             'description': 'md5:7bac3b2dd41e44325032943251c357b1',
         },
     }, {
-        'url': 'https://replay.lsm.lv/ru/statja/ltv/311130/4-studija-zolitudes-tragedija-un-incupes-stacija',
+        'url': 'https://replay.lsm.lv/ru/skaties/statja/ltv/355067/v-kengaragse-nacalas-ukladka-relsov',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://replay.lsm.lv/lv/ieraksts/ltv/311130/4-studija-zolitudes-tragedija-un-incupes-stacija',
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
@@ -267,12 +272,24 @@ class LSMReplayIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         data = self._search_nuxt_data(
             self._fix_nuxt_data(webpage), video_id, context_name='__REPLAY__')
+        playback_type = data['playback']['type']
+
+        if playback_type == 'playable_audio_lr':
+            playback_data = {
+                'formats': self._extract_m3u8_formats(data['playback']['service']['hls_url'], video_id),
+            }
+        elif playback_type == 'embed':
+            playback_data = {
+                '_type': 'url_transparent',
+                'url': data['playback']['service']['url'],
+            }
+        else:
+            raise ExtractorError(f'Unsupported playback type "{playback_type}"')
 
         return {
-            '_type': 'url_transparent',
             'id': video_id,
+            **playback_data,
             **traverse_obj(data, {
-                'url': ('playback', 'service', 'url', {url_or_none}),
                 'title': ('mediaItem', 'title'),
                 'description': ('mediaItem', ('lead', 'body')),
                 'duration': ('mediaItem', 'duration', {int_or_none}),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mainstreaming.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mainstreaming.py
index fb9350584a..6d249888ad 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mainstreaming.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mainstreaming.py
@@ -16,91 +16,103 @@ class MainStreamingIE(InfoExtractor):
     _EMBED_REGEX = [rf'<iframe[^>]+?src=["\']?(?P<url>{_VALID_URL})["\']?']
     IE_DESC = 'MainStreaming Player'
 
-    _TESTS = [
-        {
-            # Live stream offline, has alternative content id
-            'url': 'https://webtools-e18da6642b684f8aa9ae449862783a56.msvdn.net/embed/53EN6GxbWaJC',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '53EN6GxbWaJC',
-                'title': 'Diretta homepage 2021-12-31 12:00',
-                'description': '',
-                'live_status': 'was_live',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'thumbnail': r're:https?://[A-Za-z0-9-]*\.msvdn.net/image/\w+/poster',
-            },
-            'expected_warnings': [
-                'Ignoring alternative content ID: WDAF1KOWUpH3',
-                'MainStreaming said: Live event is OFFLINE',
-            ],
-            'skip': 'live stream offline',
-        }, {
-            # playlist
-            'url': 'https://webtools-e18da6642b684f8aa9ae449862783a56.msvdn.net/embed/WDAF1KOWUpH3',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'WDAF1KOWUpH3',
-                'title': 'Playlist homepage',
-            },
-            'playlist_mincount': 2,
-        }, {
-            # livestream
-            'url': 'https://webtools-859c1818ed614cc5b0047439470927b0.msvdn.net/embed/tDoFkZD3T1Lw',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'tDoFkZD3T1Lw',
-                'title': r're:Class CNBC Live \d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2} \d{2}:\d{2}$',
-                'live_status': 'is_live',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'thumbnail': r're:https?://[A-Za-z0-9-]*\.msvdn.net/image/\w+/poster',
-            },
-            'skip': 'live stream',
-        }, {
-            'url': 'https://webtools-f5842579ff984c1c98d63b8d789673eb.msvdn.net/embed/EUlZfGWkGpOd?autoPlay=false',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'EUlZfGWkGpOd',
-                'title': 'La Settimana ',
-                'description': '03 Ottobre ore 02:00',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'live_status': 'not_live',
-                'thumbnail': r're:https?://[A-Za-z0-9-]*\.msvdn.net/image/\w+/poster',
-                'duration': 1512,
-            },
-        }, {
-            # video without webtools- prefix
-            'url': 'https://f5842579ff984c1c98d63b8d789673eb.msvdn.net/embed/MfuWmzL2lGkA?autoplay=false&T=1635860445',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'MfuWmzL2lGkA',
-                'title': 'TG Mattina',
-                'description': '06 Ottobre ore 08:00',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'live_status': 'not_live',
-                'thumbnail': r're:https?://[A-Za-z0-9-]*\.msvdn.net/image/\w+/poster',
-                'duration': 789.04,
-            },
-        }, {
-            # always-on livestream with DVR
-            'url': 'https://webtools-f5842579ff984c1c98d63b8d789673eb.msvdn.net/embed/HVvPMzy',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'HVvPMzy',
-                'title': r're:^Diretta LaC News24 \d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2} \d{2}:\d{2}$',
-                'description': 'canale all news',
-                'live_status': 'is_live',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'thumbnail': r're:https?://[A-Za-z0-9-]*\.msvdn.net/image/\w+/poster',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        }, {
-            # no host
-            'url': 'https://webtools.msvdn.net/embed/MfuWmzL2lGkA',
-            'only_matching': True,
-        }, {
-            'url': 'https://859c1818ed614cc5b0047439470927b0.msvdn.net/amp_embed/tDoFkZD3T1Lw',
-            'only_matching': True,
-        }, {
-            'url': 'https://859c1818ed614cc5b0047439470927b0.msvdn.net/content/tDoFkZD3T1Lw#',
-            'only_matching': True,
+    _TESTS = [{
+        # Live stream offline, has alternative content id
+        'url': 'https://webtools-e18da6642b684f8aa9ae449862783a56.msvdn.net/embed/53EN6GxbWaJC',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '53EN6GxbWaJC',
+            'title': 'Diretta homepage 2021-12-31 12:00',
+            'description': '',
+            'live_status': 'was_live',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://[\w-]+\.msvdn\.net/image/\w+/poster',
         },
-    ]
+        'expected_warnings': [
+            'Ignoring alternative content ID: WDAF1KOWUpH3',
+            'MainStreaming said: Live event is OFFLINE',
+        ],
+        'skip': 'live stream offline',
+    }, {
+        # playlist
+        'url': 'https://webtools-e18da6642b684f8aa9ae449862783a56.msvdn.net/embed/WDAF1KOWUpH3',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'WDAF1KOWUpH3',
+            'title': 'Playlist homepage',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 2,
+    }, {
+        # livestream
+        'url': 'https://webtools-859c1818ed614cc5b0047439470927b0.msvdn.net/embed/tDoFkZD3T1Lw',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'tDoFkZD3T1Lw',
+            'title': str,
+            'live_status': 'is_live',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://[\w-]+\.msvdn\.net/image/\w+/poster',
+        },
+        'skip': 'live stream',
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://webtools-f5842579ff984c1c98d63b8d789673eb.msvdn.net/embed/EUlZfGWkGpOd?autoPlay=false',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'EUlZfGWkGpOd',
+            'title': 'La Settimana ',
+            'description': '03 Ottobre ore 02:00',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://[\w-]+\.msvdn\.net/image/\w+/poster',
+            'duration': 1512,
+        },
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
+    }, {
+        # video without webtools- prefix
+        'url': 'https://f5842579ff984c1c98d63b8d789673eb.msvdn.net/embed/MfuWmzL2lGkA?autoplay=false&T=1635860445',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'MfuWmzL2lGkA',
+            'title': 'TG Mattina',
+            'description': '06 Ottobre ore 08:00',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://[\w-]+\.msvdn\.net/image/\w+/poster',
+            'duration': 789.04,
+        },
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
+    }, {
+        # always-on livestream with DVR
+        'url': 'https://webtools-f5842579ff984c1c98d63b8d789673eb.msvdn.net/embed/HVvPMzy',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'HVvPMzy',
+            'title': str,
+            'description': 'canale all news',
+            'live_status': 'is_live',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://[\w-]+\.msvdn\.net/image/\w+/poster',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }, {
+        # no host
+        'url': 'https://webtools.msvdn.net/embed/MfuWmzL2lGkA',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://859c1818ed614cc5b0047439470927b0.msvdn.net/amp_embed/tDoFkZD3T1Lw',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://859c1818ed614cc5b0047439470927b0.msvdn.net/content/tDoFkZD3T1Lw#',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        # FIXME: Embed detection
+        'url': 'https://www.lacplay.it/video/in-evidenza_728/lac-storie-p-250-i-santi-pietro-e-paolo_77297/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'u7kiX5DUaHYr',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'I Santi Pietro e Paolo',
+            'description': 'md5:ff6be24916ba6b9ae990bf5f3df4911e',
+            'duration': 1700.0,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+',
+            'tags': '06/07/2025',
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+        },
+    }]
 
     def _playlist_entries(self, host, playlist_content):
         for entry in playlist_content:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/manyvids.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/manyvids.py
index 8caa8f87fe..1356169bfd 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/manyvids.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/manyvids.py
@@ -1,31 +1,38 @@
-import re
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
+    clean_html,
     determine_ext,
-    extract_attributes,
     int_or_none,
-    str_to_int,
+    join_nonempty,
+    parse_count,
+    parse_duration,
+    parse_iso8601,
     url_or_none,
-    urlencode_postdata,
 )
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 
 
 class ManyVidsIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _WORKING = False
     _VALID_URL = r'(?i)https?://(?:www\.)?manyvids\.com/video/(?P<id>\d+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         # preview video
-        'url': 'https://www.manyvids.com/Video/133957/everthing-about-me/',
-        'md5': '03f11bb21c52dd12a05be21a5c7dcc97',
+        'url': 'https://www.manyvids.com/Video/530341/mv-tips-tricks',
+        'md5': '738dc723f7735ee9602f7ea352a6d058',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '133957',
+            'id': '530341-preview',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'everthing about me (Preview)',
-            'uploader': 'ellyxxix',
+            'title': 'MV Tips & Tricks (Preview)',
+            'description': r're:I will take you on a tour around .{1313}$',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://cdn5\.manyvids\.com/php_uploads/video_images/DestinyDiaz/.+\.jpg',
+            'uploader': 'DestinyDiaz',
             'view_count': int,
             'like_count': int,
+            'release_timestamp': 1508419904,
+            'tags': ['AdultSchool', 'BBW', 'SFW', 'TeacherFetish'],
+            'release_date': '20171019',
+            'duration': 3167.0,
         },
+        'expected_warnings': ['Only extracting preview'],
     }, {
         # full video
         'url': 'https://www.manyvids.com/Video/935718/MY-FACE-REVEAL/',
@@ -34,129 +41,68 @@ class ManyVidsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': '935718',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'MY FACE REVEAL',
-            'description': 'md5:ec5901d41808b3746fed90face161612',
+            'description': r're:Today is the day!! I am finally taking off my mask .{445}$',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://ods\.manyvids\.com/1001061960/3aa5397f2a723ec4597e344df66ab845/screenshots/.+\.jpg',
             'uploader': 'Sarah Calanthe',
             'view_count': int,
             'like_count': int,
+            'release_date': '20181110',
+            'tags': ['EyeContact', 'Interviews', 'MaskFetish', 'MouthFetish', 'Redhead'],
+            'release_timestamp': 1541851200,
+            'duration': 224.0,
         },
     }]
+    _API_BASE = 'https://www.manyvids.com/bff/store/video'
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
-
-        real_url = f'https://www.manyvids.com/video/{video_id}/gtm.js'
-        try:
-            webpage = self._download_webpage(real_url, video_id)
-        except Exception:
-            # probably useless fallback
-            webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
-
-        info = self._search_regex(
-            r'''(<div\b[^>]*\bid\s*=\s*(['"])pageMetaDetails\2[^>]*>)''',
-            webpage, 'meta details', default='')
-        info = extract_attributes(info)
-
-        player = self._search_regex(
-            r'''(<div\b[^>]*\bid\s*=\s*(['"])rmpPlayerStream\2[^>]*>)''',
-            webpage, 'player details', default='')
-        player = extract_attributes(player)
-
-        video_urls_and_ids = (
-            (info.get('data-meta-video'), 'video'),
-            (player.get('data-video-transcoded'), 'transcoded'),
-            (player.get('data-video-filepath'), 'filepath'),
-            (self._og_search_video_url(webpage, secure=False, default=None), 'og_video'),
-        )
-
-        def txt_or_none(s, default=None):
-            return (s.strip() or default) if isinstance(s, str) else default
-
-        uploader = txt_or_none(info.get('data-meta-author'))
-
-        def mung_title(s):
-            if uploader:
-                s = re.sub(rf'^\s*{re.escape(uploader)}\s+[|-]', '', s)
-            return txt_or_none(s)
-
-        title = (
-            mung_title(info.get('data-meta-title'))
-            or self._html_search_regex(
-                (r'<span[^>]+class=["\']item-title[^>]+>([^<]+)',
-                 r'<h2[^>]+class=["\']h2 m-0["\'][^>]*>([^<]+)'),
-                webpage, 'title', default=None)
-            or self._html_search_meta(
-                'twitter:title', webpage, 'title', fatal=True))
-
-        title = re.sub(r'\s*[|-]\s+ManyVids\s*$', '', title) or title
-
-        if any(p in webpage for p in ('preview_videos', '_preview.mp4')):
-            title += ' (Preview)'
-
-        mv_token = self._search_regex(
-            r'data-mvtoken=(["\'])(?P<value>(?:(?!\1).)+)\1', webpage,
-            'mv token', default=None, group='value')
-
-        if mv_token:
-            # Sets some cookies
-            self._download_webpage(
-                'https://www.manyvids.com/includes/ajax_repository/you_had_me_at_hello.php',
-                video_id, note='Setting format cookies', fatal=False,
-                data=urlencode_postdata({
-                    'mvtoken': mv_token,
-                    'vid': video_id,
-                }), headers={
-                    'Referer': url,
-                    'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',
-                })
-
-        formats = []
-        for v_url, fmt in video_urls_and_ids:
-            v_url = url_or_none(v_url)
-            if not v_url:
+        video_data = self._download_json(f'{self._API_BASE}/{video_id}/private', video_id)['data']
+        formats, preview_only = [], True
+
+        for format_id, path in [
+            ('preview', ['teaser', 'filepath']),
+            ('transcoded', ['transcodedFilepath']),
+            ('filepath', ['filepath']),
+        ]:
+            format_url = traverse_obj(video_data, (*path, {url_or_none}))
+            if not format_url:
                 continue
-            if determine_ext(v_url) == 'm3u8':
-                formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-                    v_url, video_id, 'mp4', entry_protocol='m3u8_native',
-                    m3u8_id='hls'))
+            if determine_ext(format_url) == 'm3u8':
+                formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(format_url, video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id=format_id))
             else:
                 formats.append({
-                    'url': v_url,
-                    'format_id': fmt,
+                    'url': format_url,
+                    'format_id': format_id,
+                    'preference': -10 if format_id == 'preview' else None,
+                    'quality': 10 if format_id == 'filepath' else None,
+                    'height': int_or_none(
+                        self._search_regex(r'_(\d{2,3}[02468])_', format_url, 'height', default=None)),
                 })
+            if format_id != 'preview':
+                preview_only = False
 
-        self._remove_duplicate_formats(formats)
-
-        for f in formats:
-            if f.get('height') is None:
-                f['height'] = int_or_none(
-                    self._search_regex(r'_(\d{2,3}[02468])_', f['url'], 'video height', default=None))
-            if '/preview/' in f['url']:
-                f['format_id'] = '_'.join(filter(None, (f.get('format_id'), 'preview')))
-                f['preference'] = -10
-            if 'transcoded' in f['format_id']:
-                f['preference'] = f.get('preference', -1) - 1
-
-        def get_likes():
-            likes = self._search_regex(
-                rf'''(<a\b[^>]*\bdata-id\s*=\s*(['"]){video_id}\2[^>]*>)''',
-                webpage, 'likes', default='')
-            likes = extract_attributes(likes)
-            return int_or_none(likes.get('data-likes'))
+        metadata = traverse_obj(
+            self._download_json(f'{self._API_BASE}/{video_id}', video_id, fatal=False), 'data')
+        title = traverse_obj(metadata, ('title', {clean_html}))
 
-        def get_views():
-            return str_to_int(self._html_search_regex(
-                r'''(?s)<span\b[^>]*\bclass\s*=["']views-wrapper\b[^>]+>.+?<span\b[^>]+>\s*(\d[\d,.]*)\s*</span>''',
-                webpage, 'view count', default=None))
+        if preview_only:
+            title = join_nonempty(title, '(Preview)', delim=' ')
+            video_id += '-preview'
+            self.report_warning(
+                f'Only extracting preview. Video may be paid or subscription only. {self._login_hint()}')
 
         return {
             'id': video_id,
             'title': title,
             'formats': formats,
-            'description': txt_or_none(info.get('data-meta-description')),
-            'uploader': txt_or_none(info.get('data-meta-author')),
-            'thumbnail': (
-                url_or_none(info.get('data-meta-image'))
-                or url_or_none(player.get('data-video-screenshot'))),
-            'view_count': get_views(),
-            'like_count': get_likes(),
+            **traverse_obj(metadata, {
+                'description': ('description', {clean_html}),
+                'uploader': ('model', 'displayName', {clean_html}),
+                'thumbnail': (('screenshot', 'thumbnail'), {url_or_none}, any),
+                'view_count': ('views', {parse_count}),
+                'like_count': ('likes', {parse_count}),
+                'release_timestamp': ('launchDate', {parse_iso8601}),
+                'duration': ('videoDuration', {parse_duration}),
+                'tags': ('tagList', ..., 'label', {str}, filter, all, filter),
+            }),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mave.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mave.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..86d8d8b7c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mave.py
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+import re
+
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..utils import (
+    clean_html,
+    int_or_none,
+    parse_iso8601,
+    urljoin,
+)
+from ..utils.traversal import require, traverse_obj
+
+
+class MaveIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?P<channel>[\w-]+)\.mave\.digital/(?P<id>ep-\d+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://ochenlichnoe.mave.digital/ep-25',
+        'md5': 'aa3e513ef588b4366df1520657cbc10c',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '4035f587-914b-44b6-aa5a-d76685ad9bc2',
+            'ext': 'mp3',
+            'display_id': 'ochenlichnoe-ep-25',
+            'title': 'Между мной и миром: п�ихологи� �амооценки',
+            'description': 'md5:4b7463baaccb6982f326bce5c700382a',
+            'uploader': 'Самар�кий универ�итет',
+            'channel': 'Очень личное',
+            'channel_id': 'ochenlichnoe',
+            'channel_url': 'https://ochenlichnoe.mave.digital/',
+            'view_count': int,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'dislike_count': int,
+            'duration': 3744,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://.+/storage/podcasts/.+\.jpg',
+            'series': 'Очень личное',
+            'series_id': '2e0c3749-6df2-4946-82f4-50691419c065',
+            'season': 'Season 3',
+            'season_number': 3,
+            'episode': 'Episode 3',
+            'episode_number': 3,
+            'timestamp': 1747817300,
+            'upload_date': '20250521',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://budem.mave.digital/ep-12',
+        'md5': 'e1ce2780fcdb6f17821aa3ca3e8c919f',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '41898bb5-ff57-4797-9236-37a8e537aa21',
+            'ext': 'mp3',
+            'display_id': 'budem-ep-12',
+            'title': 'Екатерина Михайлова: "Горе от ума" не про женщин напи�ана',
+            'description': 'md5:fa3bdd59ee829dfaf16e3efcb13f1d19',
+            'uploader': 'Полина Цветкова+Евгени� �копова',
+            'channel': 'В�е там будем',
+            'channel_id': 'budem',
+            'channel_url': 'https://budem.mave.digital/',
+            'view_count': int,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'dislike_count': int,
+            'age_limit': 18,
+            'duration': 3664,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://.+/storage/podcasts/.+\.jpg',
+            'series': 'В�е там будем',
+            'series_id': 'fe9347bf-c009-4ebd-87e8-b06f2f324746',
+            'season': 'Season 2',
+            'season_number': 2,
+            'episode': 'Episode 5',
+            'episode_number': 5,
+            'timestamp': 1735538400,
+            'upload_date': '20241230',
+        },
+    }]
+    _API_BASE_URL = 'https://api.mave.digital/'
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        channel_id, slug = self._match_valid_url(url).group('channel', 'id')
+        display_id = f'{channel_id}-{slug}'
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
+        data = traverse_obj(
+            self._search_nuxt_json(webpage, display_id),
+            ('data', lambda _, v: v['activeEpisodeData'], any, {require('podcast data')}))
+
+        return {
+            'display_id': display_id,
+            'channel_id': channel_id,
+            'channel_url': f'https://{channel_id}.mave.digital/',
+            'vcodec': 'none',
+            'thumbnail': re.sub(r'_\d+(?=\.(?:jpg|png))', '', self._og_search_thumbnail(webpage, default='')) or None,
+            **traverse_obj(data, ('activeEpisodeData', {
+                'url': ('audio', {urljoin(self._API_BASE_URL)}),
+                'id': ('id', {str}),
+                'title': ('title', {str}),
+                'description': ('description', {clean_html}),
+                'duration': ('duration', {int_or_none}),
+                'season_number': ('season', {int_or_none}),
+                'episode_number': ('number', {int_or_none}),
+                'view_count': ('listenings', {int_or_none}),
+                'like_count': ('reactions', lambda _, v: v['type'] == 'like', 'count', {int_or_none}, any),
+                'dislike_count': ('reactions', lambda _, v: v['type'] == 'dislike', 'count', {int_or_none}, any),
+                'age_limit': ('is_explicit', {bool}, {lambda x: 18 if x else None}),
+                'timestamp': ('publish_date', {parse_iso8601}),
+            })),
+            **traverse_obj(data, ('podcast', 'podcast', {
+                'series_id': ('id', {str}),
+                'series': ('title', {str}),
+                'channel': ('title', {str}),
+                'uploader': ('author', {str}),
+            })),
+        }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/medaltv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/medaltv.py
index d64dbfe638..94c51ed0e7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/medaltv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/medaltv.py
@@ -102,11 +102,10 @@ class MedalTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             item_id = item_id or '%dp' % height
             if item_id not in item_url:
                 return
-            width = int(round(aspect_ratio * height))
             container.append({
                 'url': item_url,
                 id_key: item_id,
-                'width': width,
+                'width': round(aspect_ratio * height),
                 'height': height,
             })
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaklikk.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaklikk.py
index 197e91d1d9..9a503fa98a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaklikk.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaklikk.py
@@ -11,121 +11,65 @@ from ..utils import (
 
 class MediaKlikkIE(InfoExtractor):
     _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)https?://(?:www\.)?
-                        (?:mediaklikk|m4sport|hirado|petofilive)\.hu/.*?(?:videok?|cikk)/
+                        (?:mediaklikk|m4sport|hirado)\.hu/.*?(?:videok?|cikk)/
                         (?:(?P<year>[0-9]{4})/(?P<month>[0-9]{1,2})/(?P<day>[0-9]{1,2})/)?
                         (?P<id>[^/#?_]+)'''
 
     _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://mediaklikk.hu/filmajanlo/cikk/az-ajto/',
+        # mediaklikk
+        'url': 'https://mediaklikk.hu/ajanlo/video/2025/08/04/heviz-dzsungel-a-viz-alatt-ajanlo-08-10/',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '668177',
-            'title': 'Az ajtó',
-            'display_id': 'az-ajto',
+            'id': '8573769',
+            'title': 'Hévíz - dzsungel a víz alatt – Ajánló (08.10.)',
+            'display_id': 'heviz-dzsungel-a-viz-alatt-ajanlo-08-10',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://cdn.cms.mtv.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2016/01/vlcsnap-2023-07-31-14h18m52s111.jpg',
+            'upload_date': '20250804',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://cdn.cms.mtv.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2025/08/vlcsnap-2025-08-04-13h48m24s336.jpg',
         },
     }, {
-        # (old) mediaklikk. date in html.
-        'url': 'https://mediaklikk.hu/video/hazajaro-delnyugat-bacska-a-duna-menten-palankatol-doroszloig/',
+        # mediaklikk - date in html
+        'url': 'https://mediaklikk.hu/video/hazajaro-bilo-hegyseg-verocei-barangolas-a-drava-menten/',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '4754129',
-            'title': 'Hazajáró, DÉLNYUGAT-B�CSKA – A Duna mentén Palánkától Doroszlóig',
+            'id': '8482167',
+            'title': 'Hazajáró, Bilo-hegység - Verőcei barangolás a Dráva mentén',
+            'display_id': 'hazajaro-bilo-hegyseg-verocei-barangolas-a-drava-menten',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'upload_date': '20210901',
-            'thumbnail': 'http://mediaklikk.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2014/02/hazajarouj_JO.jpg',
+            'upload_date': '20250703',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://cdn.cms.mtv.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2025/07/2024-000307-M0010-01_3700_cover_01.jpg',
         },
-        'skip': 'Webpage redirects to 404 page',
-    }, {
-        # mediaklikk. date in html.
-        'url': 'https://mediaklikk.hu/video/hazajaro-fabova-hegyseg-kishont-koronaja/',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '6696133',
-            'title': 'Hazajáró, Fabova-hegység - Kishont koronája',
-            'display_id': 'hazajaro-fabova-hegyseg-kishont-koronaja',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'upload_date': '20230903',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://mediaklikk.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2014/02/hazajarouj_JO.jpg',
-        },
-        'skip': 'Webpage redirects to 404 page',
-    }, {
-        # (old) m4sport
-        'url': 'https://m4sport.hu/video/2021/08/30/gyemant-liga-parizs/',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '4754999',
-            'title': 'Gyémánt Liga, Párizs',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'upload_date': '20210830',
-            'thumbnail': 'http://m4sport.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/08/vlcsnap-2021-08-30-18h21m20s10-1024x576.jpg',
-        },
-        'skip': 'Webpage redirects to 404 page',
     }, {
         # m4sport
-        'url': 'https://m4sport.hu/sportkozvetitesek/video/2023/09/08/atletika-gyemant-liga-brusszel/',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '6711136',
-            'title': 'Atlétika – Gyémánt Liga, Brüsszel',
-            'display_id': 'atletika-gyemant-liga-brusszel',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'upload_date': '20230908',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://m4sport.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2023/09/vlcsnap-2023-09-08-22h43m18s691.jpg',
-        },
-        'skip': 'Webpage redirects to 404 page',
-    }, {
-        # m4sport with *video/ url and no date
-        'url': 'https://m4sport.hu/bl-video/real-madrid-chelsea-1-1/',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '4492099',
-            'title': 'Real Madrid - Chelsea 1-1',
-            'display_id': 'real-madrid-chelsea-1-1',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://m4sport.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/04/Sequence-01.Still001-1024x576.png',
-        },
-        'skip': 'Webpage redirects to 404 page',
-    }, {
-        # (old) hirado
-        'url': 'https://hirado.hu/videok/felteteleket-szabott-a-fovaros/',
+        'url': 'https://m4sport.hu/video/2025/08/07/holnap-kezdodik-a-12-vilagjatekok/',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '4760120',
-            'title': 'Feltételeket szabott a főváros',
+            'id': '8581887',
+            'title': 'Holnap kezdődik a 12. Világjátékok',
+            'display_id': 'holnap-kezdodik-a-12-vilagjatekok',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'thumbnail': 'http://hirado.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/09/vlcsnap-2021-09-01-20h20m37s165.jpg',
+            'upload_date': '20250807',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://cdn.cms.mtv.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2025/08/vlcsnap-2025-08-06-20h30m48s817.jpg',
         },
-        'skip': 'Webpage redirects to video list page',
     }, {
         # hirado
-        'url': 'https://hirado.hu/belfold/video/2023/09/11/marad-az-eves-elszamolas-a-napelemekre-beruhazo-csaladoknal',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '6716068',
-            'title': 'Marad az éves elszámolás a napelemekre beruházó családoknál',
-            'display_id': 'marad-az-eves-elszamolas-a-napelemekre-beruhazo-csaladoknal',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'upload_date': '20230911',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://hirado.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2023/09/vlcsnap-2023-09-11-09h16m09s882.jpg',
-        },
-        'skip': 'Webpage redirects to video list page',
-    }, {
-        # (old) petofilive
-        'url': 'https://petofilive.hu/video/2021/06/07/tha-shudras-az-akusztikban/',
+        'url': 'https://hirado.hu/video/2025/08/09/idojaras-jelentes-2025-augusztus-9-2230',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '4571948',
-            'title': 'Tha Shudras az Akusztikban',
+            'id': '8592033',
+            'title': 'Időjárás-jelentés, 2025. augusztus 9. 22:30',
+            'display_id': 'idojaras-jelentes-2025-augusztus-9-2230',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'upload_date': '20210607',
-            'thumbnail': 'http://petofilive.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/06/vlcsnap-2021-06-07-22h14m23s915-1024x576.jpg',
+            'upload_date': '20250809',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://cdn.cms.mtv.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2025/08/Idojaras-jelentes-35-1.jpg',
         },
-        'skip': 'Webpage redirects to empty page',
     }, {
-        # petofilive
-        'url': 'https://petofilive.hu/video/2023/09/09/futball-fesztival-a-margitszigeten/',
+        # hirado - subcategory
+        'url': 'https://hirado.hu/belfold/video/2025/08/09/nyitott-porta-napok-2025/',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '6713233',
-            'title': 'Futball Fesztivál a Margitszigeten',
-            'display_id': 'futball-fesztival-a-margitszigeten',
+            'id': '8590581',
+            'title': 'Nyitott Porta Napok 2025',
+            'display_id': 'nyitott-porta-napok-2025',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'upload_date': '20230909',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://petofilive.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2023/09/Clipboard11-2.jpg',
+            'upload_date': '20250809',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://cdn.cms.mtv.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2025/08/vlcsnap-2025-08-09-10h35m01s887.jpg',
         },
-        'skip': 'Webpage redirects to video list page',
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -133,9 +77,8 @@ class MediaKlikkIE(InfoExtractor):
         display_id = mobj.group('id')
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
 
-        player_data_str = self._html_search_regex(
-            r'mtva_player_manager\.player\(document.getElementById\(.*\),\s?(\{.*\}).*\);', webpage, 'player data')
-        player_data = self._parse_json(player_data_str, display_id, urllib.parse.unquote)
+        player_data = self._search_json(
+            r'loadPlayer\((?:\s*["\'][^"\']+["\']\s*,)?', webpage, 'player data', mobj)
         video_id = str(player_data['contentId'])
         title = player_data.get('title') or self._og_search_title(webpage, fatal=False) or \
             self._html_search_regex(r'<h\d+\b[^>]+\bclass="article_title">([^<]+)<', webpage, 'title')
@@ -146,7 +89,7 @@ class MediaKlikkIE(InfoExtractor):
             upload_date = unified_strdate(self._html_search_regex(
                 r'<p+\b[^>]+\bclass="article_date">([^<]+)<', webpage, 'upload date', default=None))
 
-        player_data['video'] = player_data.pop('token')
+        player_data['video'] = urllib.parse.unquote(player_data.pop('token'))
         player_page = self._download_webpage(
             'https://player.mediaklikk.hu/playernew/player.php', video_id,
             query=player_data, headers={'Referer': url})
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/medialaan.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/medialaan.py
index bce20dcfd7..5aa5d4dfb0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/medialaan.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/medialaan.py
@@ -1,15 +1,73 @@
-import re
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
+    clean_html,
+    determine_ext,
     extract_attributes,
     int_or_none,
-    mimetype2ext,
-    parse_iso8601,
+    parse_resolution,
+    str_or_none,
+    url_or_none,
 )
+from ..utils.traversal import find_elements, traverse_obj
+
+
+class MedialaanBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
+    def _extract_from_mychannels_api(self, mychannels_id):
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(
+            f'https://mychannels.video/embed/{mychannels_id}', mychannels_id)
+        brand_config = self._search_json(
+            r'window\.mychannels\.brand_config\s*=', webpage, 'brand config', mychannels_id)
+        response = self._download_json(
+            f'https://api.mychannels.world/v1/embed/video/{mychannels_id}',
+            mychannels_id, headers={'X-Mychannels-Brand': brand_config['brand']})
 
+        formats = []
+        for stream in traverse_obj(response, (
+            'streams', lambda _, v: url_or_none(v['url']),
+        )):
+            source_url = stream['url']
+            ext = determine_ext(source_url)
+            if ext == 'm3u8':
+                formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
+                    source_url, mychannels_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False))
+            else:
+                format_id = traverse_obj(stream, ('quality', {str}))
+                formats.append({
+                    'ext': ext,
+                    'format_id': format_id,
+                    'url': source_url,
+                    **parse_resolution(format_id),
+                })
 
-class MedialaanIE(InfoExtractor):
+        return {
+            'id': mychannels_id,
+            'formats': formats,
+            **traverse_obj(response, {
+                'title': ('title', {clean_html}),
+                'description': ('description', {clean_html}, filter),
+                'duration': ('durationMs', {int_or_none(scale=1000)}, {lambda x: x if x >= 0 else None}),
+                'genres': ('genre', 'title', {str}, filter, all, filter),
+                'is_live': ('live', {bool}),
+                'release_timestamp': ('publicationTimestampMs', {int_or_none(scale=1000)}),
+                'tags': ('tags', ..., 'title', {str}, filter, all, filter),
+                'thumbnail': ('image', 'baseUrl', {url_or_none}),
+            }),
+            **traverse_obj(response, ('channel', {
+                'channel': ('title', {clean_html}),
+                'channel_id': ('id', {str_or_none}),
+            })),
+            **traverse_obj(response, ('organisation', {
+                'uploader': ('title', {clean_html}),
+                'uploader_id': ('id', {str_or_none}),
+            })),
+            **traverse_obj(response, ('show', {
+                'series': ('title', {clean_html}),
+                'series_id': ('id', {str_or_none}),
+            })),
+        }
+
+
+class MedialaanIE(MedialaanBaseIE):
     _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
                     https?://
                         (?:
@@ -32,7 +90,7 @@ class MedialaanIE(InfoExtractor):
                                     tubantia|
                                     volkskrant
                                 )\.nl
-                            )/video/(?:[^/]+/)*[^/?&#]+~p
+                            )/videos?/(?:[^/?#]+/)*[^/?&#]+(?:-|~p)
                         )
                         (?P<id>\d+)
                     '''
@@ -42,18 +100,83 @@ class MedialaanIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': '193993',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'De terugkeer van Ally de Aap en wie vertrekt er nog bij NAC?',
-            'timestamp': 1611663540,
-            'upload_date': '20210126',
+            'description': 'In een nieuwe Gegenpressing video bespreken Yadran Blanco en Dennis Kas het nieuws omrent NAC.',
             'duration': 238,
-        },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,
+            'channel': 'BN DeStem',
+            'channel_id': '418',
+            'genres': ['Sports'],
+            'release_date': '20210126',
+            'release_timestamp': 1611663540,
+            'series': 'Korte Reportage',
+            'series_id': '972',
+            'tags': 'count:2',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://images\.mychannels\.video/imgix/.+\.(?:jpe?g|png)',
+            'uploader': 'BN De Stem',
+            'uploader_id': '26',
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.gelderlander.nl/video/kanalen/degelderlander~c320/series/snel-nieuws~s984/noodbevel-in-doetinchem-politie-stuurt-mensen-centrum-uit~p194093',
-        'only_matching': True,
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '194093',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Noodbevel in Doetinchem: politie stuurt mensen centrum uit',
+            'description': 'md5:77e85b2cb26cfff9dc1fe2b1db524001',
+            'duration': 44,
+            'channel': 'De Gelderlander',
+            'channel_id': '320',
+            'genres': ['News'],
+            'release_date': '20210126',
+            'release_timestamp': 1611690600,
+            'series': 'Snel Nieuws',
+            'series_id': '984',
+            'tags': 'count:1',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://images\.mychannels\.video/imgix/.+\.(?:jpe?g|png)',
+            'uploader': 'De Gelderlander',
+            'uploader_id': '25',
+        },
     }, {
-        'url': 'https://embed.mychannels.video/sdk/production/193993?options=TFTFF_default',
+        'url': 'https://www.7sur7.be/videos/production/lla-tendance-tiktok-qui-enflamme-lespagne-707650',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '707650',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'La tendance TikTok qui enflamme l’Espagne',
+            'description': 'md5:c7ec4cb733190f227fc8935899f533b5',
+            'duration': 70,
+            'channel': 'Lifestyle',
+            'channel_id': '770',
+            'genres': ['Beauty & Lifestyle'],
+            'release_date': '20240906',
+            'release_timestamp': 1725617330,
+            'series': 'Lifestyle',
+            'series_id': '1848',
+            'tags': 'count:1',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://images\.mychannels\.video/imgix/.+\.(?:jpe?g|png)',
+            'uploader': '7sur7',
+            'uploader_id': '67',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://mychannels.video/embed/313117',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '313117',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': str,
+            'description': 'md5:255e2e52f6fe8a57103d06def438f016',
+            'channel': 'AD',
+            'channel_id': '238',
+            'genres': ['News'],
+            'live_status': 'is_live',
+            'release_date': '20241225',
+            'release_timestamp': 1735169425,
+            'series': 'Nieuws Update',
+            'series_id': '3337',
+            'tags': 'count:1',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://images\.mychannels\.video/imgix/.+\.(?:jpe?g|png)',
+            'uploader': 'AD',
+            'uploader_id': '1',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'Livestream'},
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://embed.mychannels.video/sdk/production/193993',
         'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://embed.mychannels.video/script/production/193993',
@@ -61,51 +184,41 @@ class MedialaanIE(InfoExtractor):
     }, {
         'url': 'https://embed.mychannels.video/production/193993',
         'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://mychannels.video/embed/193993',
-        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://embed.mychannels.video/embed/193993',
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.demorgen.be/snelnieuws/tom-waes-promoot-alcoholtesten-op-werchter-ik-ben-de-laatste-persoon-die-met-de-vinger-moet-wijzen~b7457c0d/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '1576607',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Tom Waes blaastest',
+            'channel': 'De Morgen',
+            'channel_id': '352',
+            'description': 'Tom Waes werkt mee aan een alcoholcampagne op Werchter',
+            'duration': 62,
+            'genres': ['News'],
+            'release_date': '20250705',
+            'release_timestamp': 1751730795,
+            'series': 'Nieuwsvideo\'s',
+            'series_id': '1683',
+            'tags': 'count:1',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://video-images\.persgroep\.be/aws_generated.+\.jpg',
+            'uploader': 'De Morgen',
+            'uploader_id': '17',
+        },
+        'params': {'extractor_args': {'generic': {'impersonate': ['chrome']}}},
+    }]
 
     @classmethod
     def _extract_embed_urls(cls, url, webpage):
-        entries = []
-        for element in re.findall(r'(<div[^>]+data-mychannels-type="video"[^>]*>)', webpage):
-            mychannels_id = extract_attributes(element).get('data-mychannels-id')
-            if mychannels_id:
-                entries.append('https://mychannels.video/embed/' + mychannels_id)
-        return entries
+        yield from traverse_obj(webpage, (
+            {find_elements(tag='div', attr='data-mychannels-type', value='video', html=True)},
+            ..., {extract_attributes}, 'data-mychannels-id', {str}, filter,
+            {lambda x: f'https://mychannels.video/embed/{x}'}))
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        production_id = self._match_id(url)
-        production = self._download_json(
-            'https://embed.mychannels.video/sdk/production/' + production_id,
-            production_id, query={'options': 'UUUU_default'})['productions'][0]
-        title = production['title']
+        mychannels_id = self._match_id(url)
 
-        formats = []
-        for source in (production.get('sources') or []):
-            src = source.get('src')
-            if not src:
-                continue
-            ext = mimetype2ext(source.get('type'))
-            if ext == 'm3u8':
-                formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-                    src, production_id, 'mp4', 'm3u8_native',
-                    m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False))
-            else:
-                formats.append({
-                    'ext': ext,
-                    'url': src,
-                })
-
-        return {
-            'id': production_id,
-            'title': title,
-            'formats': formats,
-            'thumbnail': production.get('posterUrl'),
-            'timestamp': parse_iso8601(production.get('publicationDate'), ' '),
-            'duration': int_or_none(production.get('duration')) or None,
-        }
+        return self._extract_from_mychannels_api(mychannels_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/megatvcom.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/megatvcom.py
index 93c7e7dc08..826a9a3b1f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/megatvcom.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/megatvcom.py
@@ -31,10 +31,9 @@ class MegaTVComIE(MegaTVComBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'megatvcom'
     IE_DESC = 'megatv.com videos'
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?megatv\.com/(?:\d{4}/\d{2}/\d{2}|[^/]+/(?P<id>\d+))/(?P<slug>[^/]+)'
-
     _TESTS = [{
+        # FIXME: Unable to extract article id
         'url': 'https://www.megatv.com/2021/10/23/egkainia-gia-ti-nea-skini-omega-tou-dimotikou-theatrou-peiraia/',
-        'md5': '6546a1a37fff0dd51c9dce5f490b7d7d',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '520979',
             'ext': 'mp4',
@@ -43,20 +42,19 @@ class MegaTVComIE(MegaTVComBaseIE):
             'timestamp': 1634975747,
             'upload_date': '20211023',
             'display_id': 'egkainia-gia-ti-nea-skini-omega-tou-dimotikou-theatrou-peiraia',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://www.megatv.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/ΠΕΙΡΑΙΑΣ-1024x450.jpg',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://www\.megatv\.com/wp-content/uploads/.+\.jpg',
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.megatv.com/tvshows/527800/epeisodio-65-12/',
-        'md5': 'cba2085d45c1abeb8e7e9b7e1d6c0072',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '527800',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'md5:fc322cb51f682eecfe2f54cd5ab3a157',
+            'title': 'Η Γη της Ελιάς: Επεισόδιο 65 - A\' ΚΥΚΛΟΣ ',
             'description': 'md5:b2b7ed3690a78f2a0156eb790fdc00df',
             'timestamp': 1636048859,
             'upload_date': '20211104',
             'display_id': 'epeisodio-65-12',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://www.megatv.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/16-1-1.jpg',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://www\.megatv\.com/wp-content/uploads/.+\.jpg',
         },
     }]
 
@@ -104,8 +102,8 @@ class MegaTVComEmbedIE(MegaTVComBaseIE):
     IE_DESC = 'megatv.com embedded videos'
     _VALID_URL = r'(?:https?:)?//(?:www\.)?megatv\.com/embed/?\?p=(?P<id>\d+)'
     _EMBED_REGEX = [rf'''<iframe[^>]+?src=(?P<_q1>["'])(?P<url>{_VALID_URL})(?P=_q1)''']
-
     _TESTS = [{
+        # FIXME: Unable to extract article id
         'url': 'https://www.megatv.com/embed/?p=2020520979',
         'md5': '6546a1a37fff0dd51c9dce5f490b7d7d',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -119,6 +117,7 @@ class MegaTVComEmbedIE(MegaTVComBaseIE):
             'thumbnail': 'https://www.megatv.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/ΠΕΙΡΑΙΑΣ-1024x450.jpg',
         },
     }, {
+        # FIXME: Unable to extract article id
         'url': 'https://www.megatv.com/embed/?p=2020534081',
         'md5': '6ac8b3ce4dc6120c802f780a1e6b3812',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -132,6 +131,15 @@ class MegaTVComEmbedIE(MegaTVComBaseIE):
             'thumbnail': 'https://www.megatv.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Capture-266.jpg',
         },
     }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        # FIXME: Unable to extract article id
+        'url': 'https://www.in.gr/2021/12/18/greece/apokalypsi-mega-poios-parelave-tin-ereyna-tsiodra-ek-merous-tis-kyvernisis-o-prothypourgos-telika-gnorize/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'apokalypsi-mega-poios-parelave-tin-ereyna-tsiodra-ek-merous-tis-kyvernisis-o-prothypourgos-telika-gnorize',
+            'title': 'md5:5e569cf996ec111057c2764ec272848f',
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 2,
+    }]
 
     def _match_canonical_url(self, webpage):
         LINK_RE = r'''(?x)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/microsoftembed.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/microsoftembed.py
index 2575d6c5e4..9d58fa0a60 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/microsoftembed.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/microsoftembed.py
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     parse_iso8601,
+    parse_resolution,
     traverse_obj,
     unified_timestamp,
     url_basename,
@@ -83,8 +84,8 @@ class MicrosoftMediusBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             subtitles.setdefault(sub.pop('tag', 'und'), []).append(sub)
         return subtitles
 
-    def _extract_ism(self, ism_url, video_id):
-        formats = self._extract_ism_formats(ism_url, video_id)
+    def _extract_ism(self, ism_url, video_id, fatal=True):
+        formats = self._extract_ism_formats(ism_url, video_id, fatal=fatal)
         for fmt in formats:
             if fmt['language'] != 'eng' and 'English' not in fmt['format_id']:
                 fmt['language_preference'] = -10
@@ -218,9 +219,21 @@ class MicrosoftLearnEpisodeIE(MicrosoftMediusBaseIE):
             'description': 'md5:7bbbfb593d21c2cf2babc3715ade6b88',
             'timestamp': 1676339547,
             'upload_date': '20230214',
-            'thumbnail': r're:https://learn\.microsoft\.com/video/media/.*\.png',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://learn\.microsoft\.com/video/media/.+\.png',
             'subtitles': 'count:14',
         },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://learn.microsoft.com/en-gb/shows/on-demand-instructor-led-training-series/az-900-module-1',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '4fe10f7c-d83c-463b-ac0e-c30a8195e01b',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'AZ-900 Cloud fundamentals (1 of 6)',
+            'description': 'md5:3c2212ce865e9142f402c766441bd5c9',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://.+/.+\.jpg',
+            'timestamp': 1706605184,
+            'upload_date': '20240130',
+        },
+        'params': {'format': 'bv[protocol=https]'},
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -230,9 +243,32 @@ class MicrosoftLearnEpisodeIE(MicrosoftMediusBaseIE):
         entry_id = self._html_search_meta('entryId', webpage, 'entryId', fatal=True)
         video_info = self._download_json(
             f'https://learn.microsoft.com/api/video/public/v1/entries/{entry_id}', video_id)
+
+        formats = []
+        if ism_url := traverse_obj(video_info, ('publicVideo', 'adaptiveVideoUrl', {url_or_none})):
+            formats.extend(self._extract_ism(ism_url, video_id, fatal=False))
+        if hls_url := traverse_obj(video_info, ('publicVideo', 'adaptiveVideoHLSUrl', {url_or_none})):
+            formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(hls_url, video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False))
+        if mpd_url := traverse_obj(video_info, ('publicVideo', 'adaptiveVideoDashUrl', {url_or_none})):
+            formats.extend(self._extract_mpd_formats(mpd_url, video_id, mpd_id='dash', fatal=False))
+        for key in ('low', 'medium', 'high'):
+            if video_url := traverse_obj(video_info, ('publicVideo', f'{key}QualityVideoUrl', {url_or_none})):
+                formats.append({
+                    'url': video_url,
+                    'format_id': f'video-http-{key}',
+                    'acodec': 'none',
+                    **parse_resolution(video_url),
+                })
+        if audio_url := traverse_obj(video_info, ('publicVideo', 'audioUrl', {url_or_none})):
+            formats.append({
+                'url': audio_url,
+                'format_id': 'audio-http',
+                'vcodec': 'none',
+            })
+
         return {
             'id': entry_id,
-            'formats': self._extract_ism(video_info['publicVideo']['adaptiveVideoUrl'], video_id),
+            'formats': formats,
             'subtitles': self._sub_to_dict(traverse_obj(video_info, (
                 'publicVideo', 'captions', lambda _, v: url_or_none(v['url']), {
                     'tag': ('language', {str}),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mir24tv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mir24tv.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5832901bf1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mir24tv.py
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..utils import parse_qs, url_or_none
+from ..utils.traversal import require, traverse_obj
+
+
+class Mir24TvIE(InfoExtractor):
+    IE_NAME = 'mir24.tv'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?mir24\.tv/news/(?P<id>[0-9]+)/[^/?#]+'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://mir24.tv/news/16635210/dni-kultury-rossii-otkrylis-v-uzbekistane.-na-prazdnichnom-koncerte-vystupili-zvezdy-rossijskoj-estrada',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '16635210',
+            'title': 'Дни культуры Ро��ии открыли�ь в Узбеки�тане. �а праздничном концерте вы�тупили звезды ро��ий�кой ��трады',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://images\.mir24\.tv/.+\.jpg',
+        },
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id, impersonate=True)
+
+        iframe_url = self._search_regex(
+            r'<iframe\b[^>]+\bsrc=["\'](https?://mir24\.tv/players/[^"\']+)',
+            webpage, 'iframe URL')
+
+        m3u8_url = traverse_obj(iframe_url, (
+            {parse_qs}, 'source', -1, {self._proto_relative_url}, {url_or_none}, {require('m3u8 URL')}))
+        formats, subtitles = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(m3u8_url, video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls')
+
+        return {
+            'id': video_id,
+            'title': self._og_search_title(webpage, default=None) or self._html_extract_title(webpage),
+            'thumbnail': self._og_search_thumbnail(webpage, default=None),
+            'formats': formats,
+            'subtitles': subtitles,
+        }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mirrativ.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mirrativ.py
index 4e24371a22..36a736a21d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mirrativ.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mirrativ.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class MirrativIE(MirrativBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'mirrativ'
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?mirrativ\.com/live/(?P<id>[^/?#&]+)'
 
-    TESTS = [{
+    _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://mirrativ.com/live/UQomuS7EMgHoxRHjEhNiHw',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'UQomuS7EMgHoxRHjEhNiHw',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mitele.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mitele.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 76fef337a2..0000000000
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mitele.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,102 +0,0 @@
-from .telecinco import TelecincoBaseIE
-from ..utils import (
-    int_or_none,
-    parse_iso8601,
-)
-
-
-class MiTeleIE(TelecincoBaseIE):
-    IE_DESC = 'mitele.es'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?mitele\.es/(?:[^/]+/)+(?P<id>[^/]+)/player'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'http://www.mitele.es/programas-tv/diario-de/57b0dfb9c715da65618b4afa/player',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'FhYW1iNTE6J6H7NkQRIEzfne6t2quqPg',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Diario de La redacción Programa 144',
-            'description': 'md5:07c35a7b11abb05876a6a79185b58d27',
-            'series': 'Diario de',
-            'season': 'Season 14',
-            'season_number': 14,
-            'episode': 'Tor, la web invisible',
-            'episode_number': 3,
-            'thumbnail': r're:(?i)^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-            'duration': 2913,
-            'age_limit': 16,
-            'timestamp': 1471209401,
-            'upload_date': '20160814',
-        },
-        'skip': 'HTTP Error 404 Not Found',
-    }, {
-        # no explicit title
-        'url': 'http://www.mitele.es/programas-tv/cuarto-milenio/57b0de3dc915da14058b4876/player',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'oyNG1iNTE6TAPP-JmCjbwfwJqqMMX3Vq',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Cuarto Milenio Temporada 6 Programa 226',
-            'description': 'md5:5ff132013f0cd968ffbf1f5f3538a65f',
-            'series': 'Cuarto Milenio',
-            'season': 'Season 6',
-            'season_number': 6,
-            'episode': 'Episode 24',
-            'episode_number': 24,
-            'thumbnail': r're:(?i)^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-            'duration': 7313,
-            'age_limit': 12,
-            'timestamp': 1471209021,
-            'upload_date': '20160814',
-        },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
-        'skip': 'HTTP Error 404 Not Found',
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.mitele.es/programas-tv/horizonte/temporada-5/programa-171-40_013480051/player/',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '7adbe22e-cd41-4787-afa4-36f3da7c2c6f',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Horizonte Temporada 5 Programa 171',
-            'description': 'md5:97f1fb712c5ac27e5693a8b3c5c0c6e3',
-            'episode': 'Las Zonas de Bajas Emisiones, a debate',
-            'episode_number': 171,
-            'season': 'Season 5',
-            'season_number': 5,
-            'series': 'Horizonte',
-            'duration': 7012,
-            'upload_date': '20240927',
-            'timestamp': 1727416450,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://album.mediaset.es/eimg/2024/09/27/horizonte-171_9f02.jpg',
-            'age_limit': 12,
-        },
-        'params': {'geo_bypass_country': 'ES'},
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.mitele.es/series-online/la-que-se-avecina/57aac5c1c915da951a8b45ed/player',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.mitele.es/programas-tv/diario-de/la-redaccion/programa-144-40_1006364575251/player/',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        display_id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
-        pre_player = self._search_json(
-            r'window\.\$REACTBASE_STATE\.prePlayer_mtweb\s*=',
-            webpage, 'Pre Player', display_id)['prePlayer']
-        title = pre_player['title']
-        video_info = self._parse_content(pre_player['video'], url)
-        content = pre_player.get('content') or {}
-        info = content.get('info') or {}
-
-        video_info.update({
-            'title': title,
-            'description': info.get('synopsis'),
-            'series': content.get('title'),
-            'season_number': int_or_none(info.get('season_number')),
-            'episode': content.get('subtitle'),
-            'episode_number': int_or_none(info.get('episode_number')),
-            'duration': int_or_none(info.get('duration')),
-            'age_limit': int_or_none(info.get('rating')),
-            'timestamp': parse_iso8601(pre_player.get('publishedTime')),
-        })
-        return video_info
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mixcloud.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mixcloud.py
index 19b7fd4e70..852670fcba 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mixcloud.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mixcloud.py
@@ -10,7 +10,9 @@ from ..utils import (
     parse_iso8601,
     strip_or_none,
     try_get,
+    url_or_none,
 )
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 
 
 class MixcloudBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -37,7 +39,7 @@ class MixcloudIE(MixcloudBaseIE):
             'ext': 'm4a',
             'title': 'Cryptkeeper',
             'description': 'After quite a long silence from myself, finally another Drum\'n\'Bass mix with my favourite current dance floor bangers.',
-            'uploader': 'Daniel Holbach',
+            'uploader': 'dholbach',
             'uploader_id': 'dholbach',
             'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.jpg',
             'view_count': int,
@@ -46,10 +48,11 @@ class MixcloudIE(MixcloudBaseIE):
             'uploader_url': 'https://www.mixcloud.com/dholbach/',
             'artist': 'Submorphics & Chino , Telekinesis, Porter Robinson, Enei, Breakage ft Jess Mills',
             'duration': 3723,
-            'tags': [],
+            'tags': ['liquid drum and bass', 'drum and bass'],
             'comment_count': int,
             'repost_count': int,
             'like_count': int,
+            'artists': list,
         },
         'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
@@ -67,7 +70,7 @@ class MixcloudIE(MixcloudBaseIE):
             'upload_date': '20150203',
             'uploader_url': 'https://www.mixcloud.com/gillespeterson/',
             'duration': 2992,
-            'tags': [],
+            'tags': ['jazz', 'soul', 'world music', 'funk'],
             'comment_count': int,
             'repost_count': int,
             'like_count': int,
@@ -149,8 +152,6 @@ class MixcloudIE(MixcloudBaseIE):
         elif reason:
             raise ExtractorError('Track is restricted', expected=True)
 
-        title = cloudcast['name']
-
         stream_info = cloudcast['streamInfo']
         formats = []
 
@@ -182,47 +183,39 @@ class MixcloudIE(MixcloudBaseIE):
             self.raise_login_required(metadata_available=True)
 
         comments = []
-        for edge in (try_get(cloudcast, lambda x: x['comments']['edges']) or []):
-            node = edge.get('node') or {}
+        for node in traverse_obj(cloudcast, ('comments', 'edges', ..., 'node', {dict})):
             text = strip_or_none(node.get('comment'))
             if not text:
                 continue
-            user = node.get('user') or {}
             comments.append({
-                'author': user.get('displayName'),
-                'author_id': user.get('username'),
                 'text': text,
-                'timestamp': parse_iso8601(node.get('created')),
+                **traverse_obj(node, {
+                    'author': ('user', 'displayName', {str}),
+                    'author_id': ('user', 'username', {str}),
+                    'timestamp': ('created', {parse_iso8601}),
+                }),
             })
 
-        tags = []
-        for t in cloudcast.get('tags'):
-            tag = try_get(t, lambda x: x['tag']['name'], str)
-            if not tag:
-                tags.append(tag)
-
-        get_count = lambda x: int_or_none(try_get(cloudcast, lambda y: y[x]['totalCount']))
-
-        owner = cloudcast.get('owner') or {}
-
         return {
             'id': track_id,
-            'title': title,
             'formats': formats,
-            'description': cloudcast.get('description'),
-            'thumbnail': try_get(cloudcast, lambda x: x['picture']['url'], str),
-            'uploader': owner.get('displayName'),
-            'timestamp': parse_iso8601(cloudcast.get('publishDate')),
-            'uploader_id': owner.get('username'),
-            'uploader_url': owner.get('url'),
-            'duration': int_or_none(cloudcast.get('audioLength')),
-            'view_count': int_or_none(cloudcast.get('plays')),
-            'like_count': get_count('favorites'),
-            'repost_count': get_count('reposts'),
-            'comment_count': get_count('comments'),
             'comments': comments,
-            'tags': tags,
-            'artist': ', '.join(cloudcast.get('featuringArtistList') or []) or None,
+            **traverse_obj(cloudcast, {
+                'title': ('name', {str}),
+                'description': ('description', {str}),
+                'thumbnail': ('picture', 'url', {url_or_none}),
+                'timestamp': ('publishDate', {parse_iso8601}),
+                'duration': ('audioLength', {int_or_none}),
+                'uploader': ('owner', 'displayName', {str}),
+                'uploader_id': ('owner', 'username', {str}),
+                'uploader_url': ('owner', 'url', {url_or_none}),
+                'view_count': ('plays', {int_or_none}),
+                'like_count': ('favorites', 'totalCount', {int_or_none}),
+                'repost_count': ('reposts', 'totalCount', {int_or_none}),
+                'comment_count': ('comments', 'totalCount', {int_or_none}),
+                'tags': ('tags', ..., 'tag', 'name', {str}, filter, all, filter),
+                'artists': ('featuringArtistList', ..., {str}, filter, all, filter),
+            }),
         }
 
 
@@ -295,7 +288,7 @@ class MixcloudUserIE(MixcloudPlaylistBaseIE):
         'url': 'http://www.mixcloud.com/dholbach/',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'dholbach_uploads',
-            'title': 'Daniel Holbach (uploads)',
+            'title': 'dholbach (uploads)',
             'description': 'md5:a3f468a60ac8c3e1f8616380fc469b2b',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 36,
@@ -303,7 +296,7 @@ class MixcloudUserIE(MixcloudPlaylistBaseIE):
         'url': 'http://www.mixcloud.com/dholbach/uploads/',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'dholbach_uploads',
-            'title': 'Daniel Holbach (uploads)',
+            'title': 'dholbach (uploads)',
             'description': 'md5:a3f468a60ac8c3e1f8616380fc469b2b',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 36,
@@ -311,7 +304,7 @@ class MixcloudUserIE(MixcloudPlaylistBaseIE):
         'url': 'http://www.mixcloud.com/dholbach/favorites/',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'dholbach_favorites',
-            'title': 'Daniel Holbach (favorites)',
+            'title': 'dholbach (favorites)',
             'description': 'md5:a3f468a60ac8c3e1f8616380fc469b2b',
         },
         # 'params': {
@@ -337,7 +330,7 @@ class MixcloudUserIE(MixcloudPlaylistBaseIE):
             'title': 'First Ear (stream)',
             'description': 'we maraud for ears',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 269,
+        'playlist_mincount': 267,
     }]
 
     _TITLE_KEY = 'displayName'
@@ -361,7 +354,7 @@ class MixcloudPlaylistIE(MixcloudPlaylistBaseIE):
             'id': 'maxvibes_jazzcat-on-ness-radio',
             'title': 'Ness Radio sessions',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 59,
+        'playlist_mincount': 58,
     }]
     _TITLE_KEY = 'name'
     _DESCRIPTION_KEY = 'description'
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mixlr.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mixlr.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..53f3ffe6f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mixlr.py
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..networking import HEADRequest
+from ..utils import int_or_none, parse_iso8601, url_or_none, urlhandle_detect_ext
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
+
+
+class MixlrIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?(?P<username>[\w-]+)\.mixlr\.com/events/(?P<id>\d+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://suncity-104-9fm.mixlr.com/events/4387115',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '4387115',
+            'ext': 'mp3',
+            'title': r're:SUNCITY 104.9FM\'s live audio \d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2} \d{2}:\d{2}',
+            'uploader': 'suncity-104-9fm',
+            'like_count': int,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://imagecdn\.mixlr\.com/cdn-cgi/image/[^/?#]+/cd5b34d05fa2cee72d80477724a2f02e.png',
+            'timestamp': 1751943773,
+            'upload_date': '20250708',
+            'release_timestamp': 1751943764,
+            'release_date': '20250708',
+            'live_status': 'is_live',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://brcountdown.mixlr.com/events/4395480',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '4395480',
+            'ext': 'aac',
+            'title': r're:Beats Revolution Countdown Episodio 461 \d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2} \d{2}:\d{2}',
+            'description': 'md5:5cacd089723f7add3f266bd588315bb3',
+            'uploader': 'brcountdown',
+            'like_count': int,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://imagecdn\.mixlr\.com/cdn-cgi/image/[^/?#]+/c48727a59f690b87a55d47d123ba0d6d.jpg',
+            'timestamp': 1752354007,
+            'upload_date': '20250712',
+            'release_timestamp': 1752354000,
+            'release_date': '20250712',
+            'live_status': 'is_live',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.brcountdown.mixlr.com/events/4395480',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        username, event_id = self._match_valid_url(url).group('username', 'id')
+
+        broadcast_info = self._download_json(
+            f'https://api.mixlr.com/v3/channels/{username}/events/{event_id}', event_id)
+
+        formats = []
+        format_url = traverse_obj(
+            broadcast_info, ('included', 0, 'attributes', 'progressive_stream_url', {url_or_none}))
+        if format_url:
+            urlh = self._request_webpage(
+                HEADRequest(format_url), event_id, fatal=False, note='Checking stream')
+            if urlh and urlh.status == 200:
+                ext = urlhandle_detect_ext(urlh)
+                if ext == 'octet-stream':
+                    self.report_warning(
+                        'The server did not return a valid file extension for the stream URL. '
+                        'Assuming an mp3 stream; postprocessing may fail if this is incorrect')
+                    ext = 'mp3'
+                formats.append({
+                    'url': format_url,
+                    'ext': ext,
+                    'vcodec': 'none',
+                })
+
+        release_timestamp = traverse_obj(
+            broadcast_info, ('data', 'attributes', 'starts_at', {str}))
+        if not formats and release_timestamp:
+            self.raise_no_formats(f'This event will start at {release_timestamp}', expected=True)
+
+        return {
+            'id': event_id,
+            'uploader': username,
+            'formats': formats,
+            'release_timestamp': parse_iso8601(release_timestamp),
+            **traverse_obj(broadcast_info, ('included', 0, 'attributes', {
+                'title': ('title', {str}),
+                'timestamp': ('started_at', {parse_iso8601}),
+                'concurrent_view_count': ('concurrent_view_count', {int_or_none}),
+                'like_count': ('heart_count', {int_or_none}),
+                'is_live': ('live', {bool}),
+            })),
+            **traverse_obj(broadcast_info, ('data', 'attributes', {
+                'title': ('title', {str}),
+                'description': ('description', {str}),
+                'timestamp': ('started_at', {parse_iso8601}),
+                'concurrent_view_count': ('concurrent_view_count', {int_or_none}),
+                'like_count': ('heart_count', {int_or_none}),
+                'thumbnail': ('artwork_url', {url_or_none}),
+                'uploader_id': ('broadcaster_id', {str}),
+            })),
+        }
+
+
+class MixlrRecoringIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?(?P<username>[\w-]+)\.mixlr\.com/recordings/(?P<id>\d+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://biblewayng.mixlr.com/recordings/2375193',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '2375193',
+            'ext': 'mp3',
+            'title': "God's Jewels and Their Resting Place Bro. Adeniji",
+            'description': 'Preached February 21, 2024 in the evening',
+            'uploader_id': '8659190',
+            'duration': 10968,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://imagecdn\.mixlr\.com/cdn-cgi/image/[^/?#]+/ceca120ef707f642abeea6e29cd74238.jpg',
+            'timestamp': 1708544542,
+            'upload_date': '20240221',
+        },
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        username, recording_id = self._match_valid_url(url).group('username', 'id')
+
+        recording_info = self._download_json(
+            f'https://api.mixlr.com/v3/channels/{username}/recordings/{recording_id}', recording_id)
+
+        return {
+            'id': recording_id,
+            **traverse_obj(recording_info, ('data', 'attributes', {
+                'ext': ('file_format', {str}),
+                'url': ('url', {url_or_none}),
+                'title': ('title', {str}),
+                'description': ('description', {str}),
+                'timestamp': ('created_at', {parse_iso8601}),
+                'duration': ('duration', {int_or_none}),
+                'thumbnail': ('artwork_url', {url_or_none}),
+                'uploader_id': ('user_id', {str}),
+            })),
+        }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mlb.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mlb.py
index 935bf85615..7037a9df66 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mlb.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mlb.py
@@ -105,89 +105,85 @@ class MLBIE(MLBBaseIE):
         r'<iframe[^>]+?src=(["\'])(?P<url>https?://m(?:lb)?\.mlb\.com/shared/video/embed/embed\.html\?.+?)\1',
         r'data-video-link=["\'](?P<url>http://m\.mlb\.com/video/[^"\']+)',
     ]
-    _TESTS = [
-        {
-            'url': 'https://www.mlb.com/mariners/video/ackleys-spectacular-catch/c-34698933',
-            'md5': '632358dacfceec06bad823b83d21df2d',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '34698933',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': "Ackley's spectacular catch",
-                'description': 'md5:7f5a981eb4f3cbc8daf2aeffa2215bf0',
-                'duration': 66,
-                'timestamp': 1405995000,
-                'upload_date': '20140722',
-                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'https://www.mlb.com/video/stanton-prepares-for-derby/c-34496663',
-            'md5': 'bf2619bf9cacc0a564fc35e6aeb9219f',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '34496663',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Stanton prepares for Derby',
-                'description': 'md5:d00ce1e5fd9c9069e9c13ab4faedfa57',
-                'duration': 46,
-                'timestamp': 1405120200,
-                'upload_date': '20140711',
-                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'https://www.mlb.com/video/cespedes-repeats-as-derby-champ/c-34578115',
-            'md5': '99bb9176531adc600b90880fb8be9328',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '34578115',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Cespedes repeats as Derby champ',
-                'description': 'md5:08df253ce265d4cf6fb09f581fafad07',
-                'duration': 488,
-                'timestamp': 1405414336,
-                'upload_date': '20140715',
-                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'https://www.mlb.com/video/bautista-on-home-run-derby/c-34577915',
-            'md5': 'da8b57a12b060e7663ee1eebd6f330ec',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '34577915',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Bautista on Home Run Derby',
-                'description': 'md5:b80b34031143d0986dddc64a8839f0fb',
-                'duration': 52,
-                'timestamp': 1405405122,
-                'upload_date': '20140715',
-                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'https://www.mlb.com/video/hargrove-homers-off-caldwell/c-1352023483?tid=67793694',
-            'only_matching': True,
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'http://m.mlb.com/shared/video/embed/embed.html?content_id=35692085&topic_id=6479266&width=400&height=224&property=mlb',
-            'only_matching': True,
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.mlb.com/mariners/video/ackleys-spectacular-catch/c-34698933',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '34698933',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Ackley\'s spectacular catch',
+            'description': 'md5:7f5a981eb4f3cbc8daf2aeffa2215bf0',
+            'duration': 66,
+            'timestamp': 1405995000,
+            'upload_date': '20140722',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
         },
-        {
-            'url': 'http://mlb.mlb.com/shared/video/embed/embed.html?content_id=36599553',
-            'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.mlb.com/video/stanton-prepares-for-derby/c-34496663',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '34496663',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Stanton prepares for Derby',
+            'description': 'md5:d00ce1e5fd9c9069e9c13ab4faedfa57',
+            'duration': 46,
+            'timestamp': 1405120200,
+            'upload_date': '20140711',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
         },
-        {
-            'url': 'http://mlb.mlb.com/es/video/play.jsp?content_id=36599553',
-            'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.mlb.com/video/cespedes-repeats-as-derby-champ/c-34578115',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '34578115',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Cespedes repeats as Derby champ',
+            'description': 'md5:08df253ce265d4cf6fb09f581fafad07',
+            'duration': 488,
+            'timestamp': 1405414336,
+            'upload_date': '20140715',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
         },
-        {
-            'url': 'https://www.mlb.com/cardinals/video/piscottys-great-sliding-catch/c-51175783',
-            'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.mlb.com/video/bautista-on-home-run-derby/c-34577915',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '34577915',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Bautista on Home Run Derby',
+            'description': 'md5:b80b34031143d0986dddc64a8839f0fb',
+            'duration': 52,
+            'timestamp': 1405405122,
+            'upload_date': '20140715',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
         },
-        {
-            # From http://m.mlb.com/news/article/118550098/blue-jays-kevin-pillar-goes-spidey-up-the-wall-to-rob-tim-beckham-of-a-homer
-            'url': 'http://mlb.mlb.com/shared/video/embed/m-internal-embed.html?content_id=75609783&property=mlb&autoplay=true&hashmode=false&siteSection=mlb/multimedia/article_118550098/article_embed&club=mlb',
-            'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.mlb.com/video/hargrove-homers-off-caldwell/c-1352023483?tid=67793694',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'http://m.mlb.com/shared/video/embed/embed.html?content_id=35692085&topic_id=6479266&width=400&height=224&property=mlb',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'http://mlb.mlb.com/shared/video/embed/embed.html?content_id=36599553',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'http://mlb.mlb.com/es/video/play.jsp?content_id=36599553',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.mlb.com/cardinals/video/piscottys-great-sliding-catch/c-51175783',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # From http://m.mlb.com/news/article/118550098/blue-jays-kevin-pillar-goes-spidey-up-the-wall-to-rob-tim-beckham-of-a-homer
+        'url': 'http://mlb.mlb.com/shared/video/embed/m-internal-embed.html?content_id=75609783&property=mlb&autoplay=true&hashmode=false&siteSection=mlb/multimedia/article_118550098/article_embed&club=mlb',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.mlbdailydish.com/2013/2/25/4028804/mlb-classic-video-vault-open-watch-embed-share',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'mlb-classic-video-vault-open-watch-embed-share',
+            'title': 'MLB Classic vault is open! Don\'t avert your eyes!',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'description': 'All the video needed to hold you over until real baseball starts next month.',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://cdn\.vox-cdn\.com/thumbor/.+\.jpg',
         },
-    ]
+        'playlist_count': 3,
+    }]
     _TIMESTAMP_KEY = 'date'
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -215,20 +211,19 @@ class MLBIE(MLBBaseIE):
 
 class MLBVideoIE(MLBBaseIE):
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?mlb\.com/(?:[^/]+/)*video/(?P<id>[^/?&#]+)'
-    _TEST = {
+    _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.mlb.com/mariners/video/ackley-s-spectacular-catch-c34698933',
-        'md5': '632358dacfceec06bad823b83d21df2d',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'c04a8863-f569-42e6-9f87-992393657614',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': "Ackley's spectacular catch",
+            'title': 'Ackley\'s spectacular catch',
             'description': 'md5:7f5a981eb4f3cbc8daf2aeffa2215bf0',
             'duration': 66,
             'timestamp': 1405995000,
             'upload_date': '20140722',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.+',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+',
         },
-    }
+    }]
     _TIMESTAMP_KEY = 'timestamp'
 
     @classmethod
@@ -365,13 +360,15 @@ mutation initPlaybackSession(
                 'All videos are only available to registered users', method='password')
 
     def _set_device_id(self, username):
-        if not self._device_id:
-            self._device_id = self.cache.load(
-                self._NETRC_MACHINE, 'device_ids', default={}).get(username)
+        if self._device_id:
+            return
+        device_id_cache = self.cache.load(self._NETRC_MACHINE, 'device_ids', default={})
+        self._device_id = device_id_cache.get(username)
         if self._device_id:
             return
         self._device_id = str(uuid.uuid4())
-        self.cache.store(self._NETRC_MACHINE, 'device_ids', {username: self._device_id})
+        device_id_cache[username] = self._device_id
+        self.cache.store(self._NETRC_MACHINE, 'device_ids', device_id_cache)
 
     def _perform_login(self, username, password):
         try:
@@ -449,20 +446,15 @@ mutation initPlaybackSession(
 
         if not (m3u8_url and token):
             errors = '; '.join(traverse_obj(response, ('errors', ..., 'message', {str})))
-            if 'not entitled' in errors:
-                raise ExtractorError(errors, expected=True)
-            elif errors:  # Only warn when 'blacked out' since radio formats are available
+            if errors:  # Only warn when 'blacked out' or 'not entitled'; radio formats may be available
                 self.report_warning(f'API returned errors for {format_id}: {errors}')
             else:
                 self.report_warning(f'No formats available for {format_id} broadcast; skipping')
             return [], {}
 
-        cdn_headers = {'x-cdn-token': token}
         fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
-            m3u8_url.replace(f'/{token}/', '/'), video_id, 'mp4',
-            m3u8_id=format_id, fatal=False, headers=cdn_headers)
+            m3u8_url, video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id=format_id, fatal=False)
         for fmt in fmts:
-            fmt['http_headers'] = cdn_headers
             fmt.setdefault('format_note', join_nonempty(feed, medium, delim=' '))
             fmt.setdefault('language', language)
             if fmt.get('vcodec') == 'none' and fmt['language'] == 'en':
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/motherless.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/motherless.py
index 86551950b7..e236ec3db8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/motherless.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/motherless.py
@@ -51,23 +51,7 @@ class MotherlessIE(InfoExtractor):
         'skip': '404',
     }, {
         'url': 'http://motherless.com/g/cosplay/633979F',
-        'md5': '0b2a43f447a49c3e649c93ad1fafa4a0',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '633979F',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Turtlette',
-            'categories': ['superheroine heroine superher'],
-            'upload_date': '20140827',
-            'uploader_id': 'shade0230',
-            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.jpg',
-            'age_limit': 18,
-            'like_count': int,
-            'comment_count': int,
-            'view_count': int,
-        },
-        'params': {
-            'nocheckcertificate': True,
-        },
+        'expected_exception': 'ExtractorError',
     }, {
         'url': 'http://motherless.com/8B4BBC1',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -113,8 +97,10 @@ class MotherlessIE(InfoExtractor):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
 
         if any(p in webpage for p in (
-                '<title>404 - MOTHERLESS.COM<',
-                ">The page you're looking for cannot be found.<")):
+            '<title>404 - MOTHERLESS.COM<',
+            ">The page you're looking for cannot be found.<",
+            '<div class="error-page',
+        )):
             raise ExtractorError(f'Video {video_id} does not exist', expected=True)
 
         if '>The content you are trying to view is for friends only.' in webpage:
@@ -183,6 +169,9 @@ class MotherlessPaginatedIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _correct_path(self, url, item_id):
         raise NotImplementedError('This method must be implemented by subclasses')
 
+    def _correct_title(self, title, /):
+        return title.partition(' - Videos')[0] if title else None
+
     def _extract_entries(self, webpage, base):
         for mobj in re.finditer(r'href="[^"]*(?P<href>/[A-F0-9]+)"\s+title="(?P<title>[^"]+)',
                                 webpage):
@@ -205,7 +194,7 @@ class MotherlessPaginatedIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         return self.playlist_result(
             OnDemandPagedList(get_page, self._PAGE_SIZE), item_id,
-            remove_end(self._html_extract_title(webpage), ' | MOTHERLESS.COM â„¢'))
+            self._correct_title(self._html_extract_title(webpage)))
 
 
 class MotherlessGroupIE(MotherlessPaginatedIE):
@@ -214,7 +203,7 @@ class MotherlessGroupIE(MotherlessPaginatedIE):
         'url': 'http://motherless.com/gv/movie_scenes',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'movie_scenes',
-            'title': 'Movie Scenes - Videos - Hot and sexy scenes from "regular" movies... Beautiful actresses fully',
+            'title': 'Movie Scenes',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 540,
     }, {
@@ -230,7 +219,7 @@ class MotherlessGroupIE(MotherlessPaginatedIE):
             'id': 'beautiful_cock',
             'title': 'Beautiful Cock',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 2040,
+        'playlist_mincount': 371,
     }]
 
     def _correct_path(self, url, item_id):
@@ -245,14 +234,14 @@ class MotherlessGalleryIE(MotherlessPaginatedIE):
             'id': '338999F',
             'title': 'Random',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 171,
+        'playlist_mincount': 100,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://motherless.com/GVABD6213',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'ABD6213',
             'title': 'Cuties',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 2,
+        'playlist_mincount': 1,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://motherless.com/GVBCF7622',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -266,9 +255,12 @@ class MotherlessGalleryIE(MotherlessPaginatedIE):
             'id': '035DE2F',
             'title': 'General',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 420,
+        'playlist_mincount': 234,
     }]
 
+    def _correct_title(self, title, /):
+        return remove_end(title, ' | MOTHERLESS.COM â„¢')
+
     def _correct_path(self, url, item_id):
         return urllib.parse.urljoin(url, f'/GV{item_id}')
 
@@ -279,14 +271,14 @@ class MotherlessUploaderIE(MotherlessPaginatedIE):
         'url': 'https://motherless.com/u/Mrgo4hrs2023',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'Mrgo4hrs2023',
-            'title': "Mrgo4hrs2023's Uploads - Videos",
+            'title': "Mrgo4hrs2023's Uploads",
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 32,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://motherless.com/u/Happy_couple?t=v',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'Happy_couple',
-            'title': "Happy_couple's Uploads - Videos",
+            'title': "Happy_couple's Uploads",
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 8,
     }]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/moviepilot.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/moviepilot.py
index ed5be4fa65..3b20232263 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/moviepilot.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/moviepilot.py
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ from .dailymotion import DailymotionIE
 
 
 class MoviepilotIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _IE_NAME = 'moviepilot'
-    _IE_DESC = 'Moviepilot trailer'
+    IE_NAME = 'moviepilot'
+    IE_DESC = 'Moviepilot trailer'
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?moviepilot\.de/movies/(?P<id>[^/]+)'
 
     _TESTS = [{
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/msn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/msn.py
index dd864952c4..6ede7c5cfc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/msn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/msn.py
@@ -1,167 +1,215 @@
-import re
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
+    clean_html,
     determine_ext,
     int_or_none,
-    unescapeHTML,
+    parse_iso8601,
+    url_or_none,
 )
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 
 
 class MSNIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _WORKING = False
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:(?:www|preview)\.)?msn\.com/(?:[^/]+/)+(?P<display_id>[^/]+)/[a-z]{2}-(?P<id>[\da-zA-Z]+)'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:(?:www|preview)\.)?msn\.com/(?P<locale>[a-z]{2}-[a-z]{2})/(?:[^/?#]+/)+(?P<display_id>[^/?#]+)/[a-z]{2}-(?P<id>[\da-zA-Z]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://www.msn.com/en-in/money/video/7-ways-to-get-rid-of-chest-congestion/vi-BBPxU6d',
-        'md5': '087548191d273c5c55d05028f8d2cbcd',
+        'url': 'https://www.msn.com/en-gb/video/news/president-macron-interrupts-trump-over-ukraine-funding/vi-AA1zMcD7',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'BBPxU6d',
-            'display_id': '7-ways-to-get-rid-of-chest-congestion',
+            'id': 'AA1zMcD7',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Seven ways to get rid of chest congestion',
-            'description': '7 Ways to Get Rid of Chest Congestion',
-            'duration': 88,
-            'uploader': 'Health',
-            'uploader_id': 'BBPrMqa',
+            'display_id': 'president-macron-interrupts-trump-over-ukraine-funding',
+            'title': 'President Macron interrupts Trump over Ukraine funding',
+            'description': 'md5:5fd3857ac25849e7a56cb25fbe1a2a8b',
+            'uploader': 'k! News UK',
+            'uploader_id': 'BB1hz5Rj',
+            'duration': 59,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://img-s-msn-com.akamaized.net/tenant/amp/entityid/AA1zMagX.img',
+            'tags': 'count:14',
+            'timestamp': 1740510914,
+            'upload_date': '20250225',
+            'release_timestamp': 1740513600,
+            'release_date': '20250225',
+            'modified_timestamp': 1741413241,
+            'modified_date': '20250308',
         },
     }, {
-        # Article, multiple Dailymotion Embeds
-        'url': 'https://www.msn.com/en-in/money/sports/hottest-football-wags-greatest-footballers-turned-managers-and-more/ar-BBpc7Nl',
+        'url': 'https://www.msn.com/en-gb/video/watch/films-success-saved-adam-pearsons-acting-career/vi-AA1znZGE?ocid=hpmsn',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'BBpc7Nl',
+            'id': 'AA1znZGE',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'display_id': 'films-success-saved-adam-pearsons-acting-career',
+            'title': "Films' success saved Adam Pearson's acting career",
+            'description': 'md5:98c05f7bd9ab4f9c423400f62f2d3da5',
+            'uploader': 'Sky News',
+            'uploader_id': 'AA2eki',
+            'duration': 52,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://img-s-msn-com.akamaized.net/tenant/amp/entityid/AA1zo7nU.img',
+            'timestamp': 1739993965,
+            'upload_date': '20250219',
+            'release_timestamp': 1739977753,
+            'release_date': '20250219',
+            'modified_timestamp': 1742076259,
+            'modified_date': '20250315',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 4,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.msn.com/en-ae/news/offbeat/meet-the-nine-year-old-self-made-millionaire/ar-BBt6ZKf',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.msn.com/en-ae/video/watch/obama-a-lot-of-people-will-be-disappointed/vi-AAhxUMH',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        # geo restricted
-        'url': 'http://www.msn.com/en-ae/foodanddrink/joinourtable/the-first-fart-makes-you-laugh-the-last-fart-makes-you-cry/vp-AAhzIBU',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.msn.com/en-ae/entertainment/bollywood/watch-how-salman-khan-reacted-when-asked-if-he-would-apologize-for-his-‘raped-woman’-comment/vi-AAhvzW6',
-        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
-        # Vidible(AOL) Embed
-        'url': 'https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/other/jupiter-is-about-to-come-so-close-you-can-see-its-moons-with-binoculars/vi-AACqsHR',
-        'only_matching': True,
+        'url': 'https://www.msn.com/en-us/entertainment/news/rock-frontman-replacements-you-might-not-know-happened/vi-AA1yLVcD',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'AA1yLVcD',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'display_id': 'rock-frontman-replacements-you-might-not-know-happened',
+            'title': 'Rock Frontman Replacements You Might Not Know Happened',
+            'description': 'md5:451a125496ff0c9f6816055bb1808da9',
+            'uploader': 'Grunge (Video)',
+            'uploader_id': 'BB1oveoV',
+            'duration': 596,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://img-s-msn-com.akamaized.net/tenant/amp/entityid/AA1yM4OJ.img',
+            'timestamp': 1739223456,
+            'upload_date': '20250210',
+            'release_timestamp': 1739219731,
+            'release_date': '20250210',
+            'modified_timestamp': 1741427272,
+            'modified_date': '20250308',
+        },
     }, {
         # Dailymotion Embed
-        'url': 'https://www.msn.com/es-ve/entretenimiento/watch/winston-salem-paire-refait-des-siennes-en-perdant-sa-raquette-au-service/vp-AAG704L',
-        'only_matching': True,
+        'url': 'https://www.msn.com/de-de/nachrichten/other/the-first-descendant-gameplay-trailer-zu-serena-der-neuen-gefl%C3%BCgelten-nachfahrin/vi-AA1B1d06',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'x9g6oli',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'The First Descendant: Gameplay-Trailer zu Serena, der neuen geflügelten Nachfahrin',
+            'description': '',
+            'uploader': 'MeinMMO',
+            'uploader_id': 'x2mvqi4',
+            'view_count': int,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'duration': 60,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://s1.dmcdn.net/v/Y3fO61drj56vPB9SS/x1080',
+            'tags': ['MeinMMO', 'The First Descendant'],
+            'timestamp': 1742124877,
+            'upload_date': '20250316',
+        },
     }, {
-        # YouTube Embed
-        'url': 'https://www.msn.com/en-in/money/news/meet-vikram-%E2%80%94-chandrayaan-2s-lander/vi-AAGUr0v',
-        'only_matching': True,
+        # Youtube Embed
+        'url': 'https://www.msn.com/en-gb/video/webcontent/web-content/vi-AA1ybFaJ',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'kQSChWu95nE',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '7 Daily Habits to Nurture Your Personal Growth',
+            'description': 'md5:6f233c68341b74dee30c8c121924e827',
+            'uploader': 'TopThink',
+            'uploader_id': '@TopThink',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@TopThink',
+            'channel': 'TopThink',
+            'channel_id': 'UCMlGmHokrQRp-RaNO7aq4Uw',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMlGmHokrQRp-RaNO7aq4Uw',
+            'channel_is_verified': True,
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'view_count': int,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'duration': 705,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://i.ytimg.com/vi/kQSChWu95nE/maxresdefault.jpg',
+            'categories': ['Howto & Style'],
+            'tags': ['topthink', 'top think', 'personal growth'],
+            'timestamp': 1722711620,
+            'upload_date': '20240803',
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+        },
     }, {
-        # NBCSports Embed
-        'url': 'https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/football_nfl/week-13-preview-redskins-vs-panthers/vi-BBXsCDb',
-        'only_matching': True,
+        # Article with social embed
+        'url': 'https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/techandscience/watch-earth-sets-and-rises-behind-moon-in-breathtaking-blue-ghost-video/ar-AA1zKoAc',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'AA1zKoAc',
+            'title': 'Watch: Earth sets and rises behind Moon in breathtaking Blue Ghost video',
+            'description': 'md5:0ad51cfa77e42e7f0c46cf98a619dbbf',
+            'uploader': 'India Today',
+            'uploader_id': 'AAyFWG',
+            'tags': 'count:11',
+            'timestamp': 1740485034,
+            'upload_date': '20250225',
+            'release_timestamp': 1740484875,
+            'release_date': '20250225',
+            'modified_timestamp': 1740488561,
+            'modified_date': '20250225',
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 1,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        display_id, page_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
-
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
+        locale, display_id, page_id = self._match_valid_url(url).group('locale', 'display_id', 'id')
 
-        entries = []
-        for _, metadata in re.findall(r'data-metadata\s*=\s*(["\'])(?P<data>.+?)\1', webpage):
-            video = self._parse_json(unescapeHTML(metadata), display_id)
+        json_data = self._download_json(
+            f'https://assets.msn.com/content/view/v2/Detail/{locale}/{page_id}', page_id)
 
-            provider_id = video.get('providerId')
-            player_name = video.get('playerName')
-            if player_name and provider_id:
-                entry = None
-                if player_name == 'AOL':
-                    if provider_id.startswith('http'):
-                        provider_id = self._search_regex(
-                            r'https?://delivery\.vidible\.tv/video/redirect/([0-9a-f]{24})',
-                            provider_id, 'vidible id')
-                    entry = self.url_result(
-                        'aol-video:' + provider_id, 'Aol', provider_id)
-                elif player_name == 'Dailymotion':
-                    entry = self.url_result(
-                        'https://www.dailymotion.com/video/' + provider_id,
-                        'Dailymotion', provider_id)
-                elif player_name == 'YouTube':
-                    entry = self.url_result(
-                        provider_id, 'Youtube', provider_id)
-                elif player_name == 'NBCSports':
-                    entry = self.url_result(
-                        'http://vplayer.nbcsports.com/p/BxmELC/nbcsports_embed/select/media/' + provider_id,
-                        'NBCSportsVPlayer', provider_id)
-                if entry:
-                    entries.append(entry)
-                    continue
-
-            video_id = video['uuid']
-            title = video['title']
+        common_metadata = traverse_obj(json_data, {
+            'title': ('title', {str}),
+            'description': (('abstract', ('body', {clean_html})), {str}, filter, any),
+            'timestamp': ('createdDateTime', {parse_iso8601}),
+            'release_timestamp': ('publishedDateTime', {parse_iso8601}),
+            'modified_timestamp': ('updatedDateTime', {parse_iso8601}),
+            'thumbnail': ('thumbnail', 'image', 'url', {url_or_none}),
+            'duration': ('videoMetadata', 'playTime', {int_or_none}),
+            'tags': ('keywords', ..., {str}),
+            'uploader': ('provider', 'name', {str}),
+            'uploader_id': ('provider', 'id', {str}),
+        })
 
+        page_type = json_data['type']
+        source_url = traverse_obj(json_data, ('sourceHref', {url_or_none}))
+        if page_type == 'video':
+            if traverse_obj(json_data, ('thirdPartyVideoPlayer', 'enabled')) and source_url:
+                return self.url_result(source_url)
             formats = []
-            for file_ in video.get('videoFiles', []):
-                format_url = file_.get('url')
-                if not format_url:
-                    continue
-                if 'format=m3u8-aapl' in format_url:
-                    # m3u8_native should not be used here until
-                    # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/9913 is fixed
-                    formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-                        format_url, display_id, 'mp4',
-                        m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False))
-                elif 'format=mpd-time-csf' in format_url:
-                    formats.extend(self._extract_mpd_formats(
-                        format_url, display_id, 'dash', fatal=False))
-                elif '.ism' in format_url:
-                    if format_url.endswith('.ism'):
-                        format_url += '/manifest'
-                    formats.extend(self._extract_ism_formats(
-                        format_url, display_id, 'mss', fatal=False))
-                else:
-                    format_id = file_.get('formatCode')
-                    formats.append({
-                        'url': format_url,
-                        'ext': 'mp4',
-                        'format_id': format_id,
-                        'width': int_or_none(file_.get('width')),
-                        'height': int_or_none(file_.get('height')),
-                        'vbr': int_or_none(self._search_regex(r'_(\d+)\.mp4', format_url, 'vbr', default=None)),
-                        'quality': 1 if format_id == '1001' else None,
-                    })
-
             subtitles = {}
-            for file_ in video.get('files', []):
-                format_url = file_.get('url')
-                format_code = file_.get('formatCode')
-                if not format_url or not format_code:
-                    continue
-                if str(format_code) == '3100':
-                    subtitles.setdefault(file_.get('culture', 'en'), []).append({
-                        'ext': determine_ext(format_url, 'ttml'),
-                        'url': format_url,
-                    })
+            for file in traverse_obj(json_data, ('videoMetadata', 'externalVideoFiles', lambda _, v: url_or_none(v['url']))):
+                file_url = file['url']
+                ext = determine_ext(file_url)
+                if ext == 'm3u8':
+                    fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
+                        file_url, page_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False)
+                    formats.extend(fmts)
+                    self._merge_subtitles(subs, target=subtitles)
+                elif ext == 'mpd':
+                    fmts, subs = self._extract_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(
+                        file_url, page_id, mpd_id='dash', fatal=False)
+                    formats.extend(fmts)
+                    self._merge_subtitles(subs, target=subtitles)
+                else:
+                    formats.append(
+                        traverse_obj(file, {
+                            'url': 'url',
+                            'format_id': ('format', {str}),
+                            'filesize': ('fileSize', {int_or_none}),
+                            'height': ('height', {int_or_none}),
+                            'width': ('width', {int_or_none}),
+                        }))
+            for caption in traverse_obj(json_data, ('videoMetadata', 'closedCaptions', lambda _, v: url_or_none(v['href']))):
+                lang = caption.get('locale') or 'en-us'
+                subtitles.setdefault(lang, []).append({
+                    'url': caption['href'],
+                    'ext': 'ttml',
+                })
 
-            entries.append({
-                'id': video_id,
+            return {
+                'id': page_id,
                 'display_id': display_id,
-                'title': title,
-                'description': video.get('description'),
-                'thumbnail': video.get('headlineImage', {}).get('url'),
-                'duration': int_or_none(video.get('durationSecs')),
-                'uploader': video.get('sourceFriendly'),
-                'uploader_id': video.get('providerId'),
-                'creator': video.get('creator'),
-                'subtitles': subtitles,
                 'formats': formats,
-            })
+                'subtitles': subtitles,
+                **common_metadata,
+            }
+        elif page_type == 'webcontent':
+            if not source_url:
+                raise ExtractorError('Could not find source URL')
+            return self.url_result(source_url)
+        elif page_type == 'article':
+            entries = []
+            for embed_url in traverse_obj(json_data, ('socialEmbeds', ..., 'postUrl', {url_or_none})):
+                entries.append(self.url_result(embed_url))
 
-        if not entries:
-            error = unescapeHTML(self._search_regex(
-                r'data-error=(["\'])(?P<error>.+?)\1',
-                webpage, 'error', group='error'))
-            raise ExtractorError(f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {error}', expected=True)
+            return self.playlist_result(entries, page_id, **common_metadata)
 
-        return self.playlist_result(entries, page_id)
+        raise ExtractorError(f'Unsupported page type: {page_type}')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mtv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mtv.py
index 34e015dfcd..59319d4b53 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mtv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mtv.py
@@ -1,652 +1,268 @@
-import re
-import xml.etree.ElementTree
+import base64
+import json
+import time
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..networking import HEADRequest, Request
+from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
-    RegexNotFoundError,
-    find_xpath_attr,
-    fix_xml_ampersands,
     float_or_none,
     int_or_none,
-    join_nonempty,
-    strip_or_none,
-    timeconvert,
-    try_get,
-    unescapeHTML,
+    js_to_json,
+    jwt_decode_hs256,
+    parse_iso8601,
+    parse_qs,
+    update_url,
     update_url_query,
-    url_basename,
-    xpath_text,
+    url_or_none,
 )
+from ..utils.traversal import require, traverse_obj
 
 
-def _media_xml_tag(tag):
-    return f'{{http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/}}{tag}'
-
-
-class MTVServicesInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
-    _MOBILE_TEMPLATE = None
-    _LANG = None
+class MTVServicesBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _GEO_BYPASS = False
+    _GEO_COUNTRIES = ['US']
+    _CACHE_SECTION = 'mtvservices'
+    _ACCESS_TOKEN_KEY = 'access'
+    _REFRESH_TOKEN_KEY = 'refresh'
+    _MEDIA_TOKEN_KEY = 'media'
+    _token_cache = {}
 
     @staticmethod
-    def _id_from_uri(uri):
-        return uri.split(':')[-1]
+    def _jwt_is_expired(token):
+        return jwt_decode_hs256(token)['exp'] - time.time() < 120
 
     @staticmethod
-    def _remove_template_parameter(url):
-        # Remove the templates, like &device={device}
-        return re.sub(r'&[^=]*?={.*?}(?=(&|$))', '', url)
-
-    def _get_feed_url(self, uri, url=None):
-        return self._FEED_URL
-
-    def _get_thumbnail_url(self, uri, itemdoc):
-        search_path = '{}/{}'.format(_media_xml_tag('group'), _media_xml_tag('thumbnail'))
-        thumb_node = itemdoc.find(search_path)
-        if thumb_node is None:
-            return None
-        return thumb_node.get('url') or thumb_node.text or None
-
-    def _extract_mobile_video_formats(self, mtvn_id):
-        webpage_url = self._MOBILE_TEMPLATE % mtvn_id
-        req = Request(webpage_url)
-        # Otherwise we get a webpage that would execute some javascript
-        req.headers['User-Agent'] = 'curl/7'
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(req, mtvn_id,
-                                         'Downloading mobile page')
-        metrics_url = unescapeHTML(self._search_regex(r'<a href="(http://metrics.+?)"', webpage, 'url'))
-        req = HEADRequest(metrics_url)
-        response = self._request_webpage(req, mtvn_id, 'Resolving url')
-        url = response.url
-        # Transform the url to get the best quality:
-        url = re.sub(r'.+pxE=mp4', 'http://mtvnmobile.vo.llnwd.net/kip0/_pxn=0+_pxK=18639+_pxE=mp4', url, count=1)
-        return [{'url': url, 'ext': 'mp4'}]
-
-    def _extract_video_formats(self, mdoc, mtvn_id, video_id):
-        if re.match(r'.*/(error_country_block\.swf|geoblock\.mp4|copyright_error\.flv(?:\?geo\b.+?)?)$', mdoc.find('.//src').text) is not None:
-            if mtvn_id is not None and self._MOBILE_TEMPLATE is not None:
-                self.to_screen('The normal version is not available from your '
-                               'country, trying with the mobile version')
-                return self._extract_mobile_video_formats(mtvn_id)
-            raise ExtractorError('This video is not available from your country.',
-                                 expected=True)
-
-        formats = []
-        for rendition in mdoc.findall('.//rendition'):
-            if rendition.get('method') == 'hls':
-                hls_url = rendition.find('./src').text
-                formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-                    hls_url, video_id, ext='mp4', entry_protocol='m3u8_native',
-                    m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False))
-            else:
-                # fms
-                try:
-                    _, _, ext = rendition.attrib['type'].partition('/')
-                    rtmp_video_url = rendition.find('./src').text
-                    if 'error_not_available.swf' in rtmp_video_url:
-                        raise ExtractorError(
-                            f'{self.IE_NAME} said: video is not available',
-                            expected=True)
-                    if rtmp_video_url.endswith('siteunavail.png'):
-                        continue
-                    formats.extend([{
-                        'ext': 'flv' if rtmp_video_url.startswith('rtmp') else ext,
-                        'url': rtmp_video_url,
-                        'format_id': join_nonempty(
-                            'rtmp' if rtmp_video_url.startswith('rtmp') else None,
-                            rendition.get('bitrate')),
-                        'width': int(rendition.get('width')),
-                        'height': int(rendition.get('height')),
-                    }])
-                except (KeyError, TypeError):
-                    raise ExtractorError('Invalid rendition field.')
-        return formats
-
-    def _extract_subtitles(self, mdoc, mtvn_id):
-        subtitles = {}
-        for transcript in mdoc.findall('.//transcript'):
-            if transcript.get('kind') != 'captions':
-                continue
-            lang = transcript.get('srclang')
-            for typographic in transcript.findall('./typographic'):
-                sub_src = typographic.get('src')
-                if not sub_src:
-                    continue
-                ext = typographic.get('format')
-                if ext == 'cea-608':
-                    ext = 'scc'
-                subtitles.setdefault(lang, []).append({
-                    'url': str(sub_src),
-                    'ext': ext,
-                })
-        return subtitles
-
-    def _get_video_info(self, itemdoc, use_hls=True):
-        uri = itemdoc.find('guid').text
-        video_id = self._id_from_uri(uri)
-        self.report_extraction(video_id)
-        content_el = itemdoc.find('{}/{}'.format(_media_xml_tag('group'), _media_xml_tag('content')))
-        mediagen_url = self._remove_template_parameter(content_el.attrib['url'])
-        mediagen_url = mediagen_url.replace('device={device}', '')
-        if 'acceptMethods' not in mediagen_url:
-            mediagen_url += '&' if '?' in mediagen_url else '?'
-            mediagen_url += 'acceptMethods='
-            mediagen_url += 'hls' if use_hls else 'fms'
-
-        mediagen_doc = self._download_xml(
-            mediagen_url, video_id, 'Downloading video urls', fatal=False)
-
-        if not isinstance(mediagen_doc, xml.etree.ElementTree.Element):
-            return None
-
-        item = mediagen_doc.find('./video/item')
-        if item is not None and item.get('type') == 'text':
-            message = f'{self.IE_NAME} returned error: '
-            if item.get('code') is not None:
-                message += '{} - '.format(item.get('code'))
-            message += item.text
-            raise ExtractorError(message, expected=True)
-
-        description = strip_or_none(xpath_text(itemdoc, 'description'))
-
-        timestamp = timeconvert(xpath_text(itemdoc, 'pubDate'))
-
-        title_el = None
-        if title_el is None:
-            title_el = find_xpath_attr(
-                itemdoc, './/{http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/}category',
-                'scheme', 'urn:mtvn:video_title')
-        if title_el is None:
-            title_el = itemdoc.find('.//{http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/}title')
-        if title_el is None:
-            title_el = itemdoc.find('.//title')
-            if title_el.text is None:
-                title_el = None
-
-        title = title_el.text
-        if title is None:
-            raise ExtractorError('Could not find video title')
-        title = title.strip()
-
-        series = find_xpath_attr(
-            itemdoc, './/{http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/}category',
-            'scheme', 'urn:mtvn:franchise')
-        season = find_xpath_attr(
-            itemdoc, './/{http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/}category',
-            'scheme', 'urn:mtvn:seasonN')
-        episode = find_xpath_attr(
-            itemdoc, './/{http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/}category',
-            'scheme', 'urn:mtvn:episodeN')
-        series = series.text if series is not None else None
-        season = season.text if season is not None else None
-        episode = episode.text if episode is not None else None
-        if season and episode:
-            # episode number includes season, so remove it
-            episode = re.sub(rf'^{season}', '', episode)
-
-        # This a short id that's used in the webpage urls
-        mtvn_id = None
-        mtvn_id_node = find_xpath_attr(itemdoc, './/{http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/}category',
-                                       'scheme', 'urn:mtvn:id')
-        if mtvn_id_node is not None:
-            mtvn_id = mtvn_id_node.text
-
-        formats = self._extract_video_formats(mediagen_doc, mtvn_id, video_id)
-
-        # Some parts of complete video may be missing (e.g. missing Act 3 in
-        # http://www.southpark.de/alle-episoden/s14e01-sexual-healing)
-        if not formats:
-            return None
-
-        return {
-            'title': title,
-            'formats': formats,
-            'subtitles': self._extract_subtitles(mediagen_doc, mtvn_id),
-            'id': video_id,
-            'thumbnail': self._get_thumbnail_url(uri, itemdoc),
-            'description': description,
-            'duration': float_or_none(content_el.attrib.get('duration')),
-            'timestamp': timestamp,
-            'series': series,
-            'season_number': int_or_none(season),
-            'episode_number': int_or_none(episode),
+    def _get_auth_suite_data(config):
+        return traverse_obj(config, {
+            'clientId': ('clientId', {str}),
+            'countryCode': ('countryCode', {str}),
+        })
+
+    def _call_auth_api(self, path, config, display_id=None, note=None, data=None, headers=None, query=None):
+        headers = {
+            'Accept': 'application/json',
+            'Client-Description': 'deviceName=Chrome Windows;deviceType=desktop;system=Windows NT 10.0',
+            'Api-Version': '2025-07-09',
+            **(headers or {}),
         }
-
-    def _get_feed_query(self, uri):
-        data = {'uri': uri}
-        if self._LANG:
-            data['lang'] = self._LANG
-        return data
-
-    def _get_videos_info(self, uri, use_hls=True, url=None):
-        video_id = self._id_from_uri(uri)
-        feed_url = self._get_feed_url(uri, url)
-        info_url = update_url_query(feed_url, self._get_feed_query(uri))
-        return self._get_videos_info_from_url(info_url, video_id, use_hls)
-
-    def _get_videos_info_from_url(self, url, video_id, use_hls=True):
-        idoc = self._download_xml(
-            url, video_id,
-            'Downloading info', transform_source=fix_xml_ampersands)
-
-        title = xpath_text(idoc, './channel/title')
-        description = xpath_text(idoc, './channel/description')
-
-        entries = []
-        for item in idoc.findall('.//item'):
-            info = self._get_video_info(item, use_hls)
-            if info:
-                entries.append(info)
-
-        # TODO: should be multi-video
-        return self.playlist_result(
-            entries, playlist_title=title, playlist_description=description)
-
-    def _extract_triforce_mgid(self, webpage, data_zone=None, video_id=None):
-        triforce_feed = self._parse_json(self._search_regex(
-            r'triforceManifestFeed\s*=\s*({.+?})\s*;\s*\n', webpage,
-            'triforce feed', default='{}'), video_id, fatal=False)
-
-        data_zone = self._search_regex(
-            r'data-zone=(["\'])(?P<zone>.+?_lc_promo.*?)\1', webpage,
-            'data zone', default=data_zone, group='zone')
-
-        feed_url = try_get(
-            triforce_feed, lambda x: x['manifest']['zones'][data_zone]['feed'],
-            str)
-        if not feed_url:
-            return
-
-        feed = self._download_json(feed_url, video_id, fatal=False)
-        if not feed:
-            return
-
-        return try_get(feed, lambda x: x['result']['data']['id'], str)
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _extract_child_with_type(parent, t):
-        for c in parent['children']:
-            if c.get('type') == t:
-                return c
-
-    def _extract_mgid(self, webpage):
-        try:
-            # the url can be http://media.mtvnservices.com/fb/{mgid}.swf
-            # or http://media.mtvnservices.com/{mgid}
-            og_url = self._og_search_video_url(webpage)
-            mgid = url_basename(og_url)
-            if mgid.endswith('.swf'):
-                mgid = mgid[:-4]
-        except RegexNotFoundError:
-            mgid = None
-
-        if mgid is None or ':' not in mgid:
-            mgid = self._search_regex(
-                [r'data-mgid="(.*?)"', r'swfobject\.embedSWF\(".*?(mgid:.*?)"'],
-                webpage, 'mgid', default=None)
-
-        if not mgid:
-            sm4_embed = self._html_search_meta(
-                'sm4:video:embed', webpage, 'sm4 embed', default='')
-            mgid = self._search_regex(
-                r'embed/(mgid:.+?)["\'&?/]', sm4_embed, 'mgid', default=None)
-
-        if not mgid:
-            mgid = self._extract_triforce_mgid(webpage)
-
-        if not mgid:
-            data = self._parse_json(self._search_regex(
-                r'__DATA__\s*=\s*({.+?});', webpage, 'data'), None)
-            main_container = self._extract_child_with_type(data, 'MainContainer')
-            ab_testing = self._extract_child_with_type(main_container, 'ABTesting')
-            video_player = self._extract_child_with_type(ab_testing or main_container, 'VideoPlayer')
-            if video_player:
-                mgid = try_get(video_player, lambda x: x['props']['media']['video']['config']['uri'])
-            else:
-                flex_wrapper = self._extract_child_with_type(ab_testing or main_container, 'FlexWrapper')
-                auth_suite_wrapper = self._extract_child_with_type(flex_wrapper, 'AuthSuiteWrapper')
-                player = self._extract_child_with_type(auth_suite_wrapper or flex_wrapper, 'Player')
-                if player:
-                    mgid = try_get(player, lambda x: x['props']['videoDetail']['mgid'])
-
-        if not mgid:
-            raise ExtractorError('Could not extract mgid')
-
-        return mgid
+        if data is not None:
+            headers['Content-Type'] = 'application/json'
+            if isinstance(data, dict):
+                data = json.dumps(data, separators=(',', ':')).encode()
+
+        return self._download_json(
+            f'https://auth.mtvnservices.com/{path}', display_id,
+            note=note or 'Calling authentication API', data=data,
+            headers=headers, query={**self._get_auth_suite_data(config), **(query or {})})
+
+    def _get_fresh_access_token(self, config, display_id=None, force_refresh=False):
+        resource_id = config['resourceId']
+        # resource_id should already be in _token_cache since _get_media_token is the caller
+        tokens = self._token_cache[resource_id]
+
+        access_token = tokens.get(self._ACCESS_TOKEN_KEY)
+        if not force_refresh and access_token and not self._jwt_is_expired(access_token):
+            return access_token
+
+        if self._REFRESH_TOKEN_KEY not in tokens:
+            response = self._call_auth_api(
+                'accessToken', config, display_id, 'Retrieving auth tokens', data=b'')
+        else:
+            response = self._call_auth_api(
+                'accessToken/refresh', config, display_id, 'Refreshing auth tokens',
+                data={'refreshToken': tokens[self._REFRESH_TOKEN_KEY]},
+                headers={'Authorization': f'Bearer {access_token}'})
+
+        tokens[self._ACCESS_TOKEN_KEY] = response['applicationAccessToken']
+        tokens[self._REFRESH_TOKEN_KEY] = response['deviceRefreshToken']
+        self.cache.store(self._CACHE_SECTION, resource_id, tokens)
+
+        return tokens[self._ACCESS_TOKEN_KEY]
+
+    def _get_media_token(self, video_config, config, display_id=None):
+        resource_id = config['resourceId']
+        if resource_id in self._token_cache:
+            tokens = self._token_cache[resource_id]
+        else:
+            tokens = self._token_cache[resource_id] = self.cache.load(self._CACHE_SECTION, resource_id) or {}
+
+        media_token = tokens.get(self._MEDIA_TOKEN_KEY)
+        if media_token and not self._jwt_is_expired(media_token):
+            return media_token
+
+        access_token = self._get_fresh_access_token(config, display_id)
+        if not jwt_decode_hs256(access_token).get('accessMethods'):
+            # MTVServices uses a custom AdobePass oauth flow which is incompatible with AdobePassIE
+            mso_id = self.get_param('ap_mso')
+            if not mso_id:
+                raise ExtractorError(
+                    'This video is only available for users of participating TV providers. '
+                    'Use --ap-mso to specify Adobe Pass Multiple-system operator Identifier and pass '
+                    'cookies from a browser session where you are signed-in to your provider.', expected=True)
+
+            auth_suite_data = json.dumps(
+                self._get_auth_suite_data(config), separators=(',', ':')).encode()
+            callback_url = update_url_query(config['callbackURL'], {
+                'authSuiteData': urllib.parse.quote(base64.b64encode(auth_suite_data).decode()),
+                'mvpdCode': mso_id,
+            })
+            auth_url = self._call_auth_api(
+                f'mvpd/{mso_id}/login', config, display_id,
+                'Retrieving provider authentication URL',
+                query={'callbackUrl': callback_url},
+                headers={'Authorization': f'Bearer {access_token}'})['authenticationUrl']
+            res = self._download_webpage_handle(auth_url, display_id, 'Downloading provider auth page')
+            # XXX: The following "provider-specific code" likely only works if mso_id == Comcast_SSO
+            # BEGIN provider-specific code
+            redirect_url = self._search_json(
+                r'initInterstitialRedirect\(', res[0], 'redirect JSON',
+                display_id, transform_source=js_to_json)['continue']
+            urlh = self._request_webpage(redirect_url, display_id, 'Requesting provider redirect page')
+            authorization_code = parse_qs(urlh.url)['authorizationCode'][-1]
+            # END provider-specific code
+            self._call_auth_api(
+                f'access/mvpd/{mso_id}', config, display_id,
+                'Submitting authorization code to MTVNServices',
+                query={'authorizationCode': authorization_code}, data=b'',
+                headers={'Authorization': f'Bearer {access_token}'})
+            access_token = self._get_fresh_access_token(config, display_id, force_refresh=True)
+
+        tokens[self._MEDIA_TOKEN_KEY] = self._call_auth_api(
+            'mediaToken', config, display_id, 'Fetching media token', data={
+                'content': {('id' if k == 'videoId' else k): v for k, v in video_config.items()},
+                'resourceId': resource_id,
+            }, headers={'Authorization': f'Bearer {access_token}'})['mediaToken']
+
+        self.cache.store(self._CACHE_SECTION, resource_id, tokens)
+        return tokens[self._MEDIA_TOKEN_KEY]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        title = url_basename(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, title)
-        mgid = self._extract_mgid(webpage)
-        return self._get_videos_info(mgid, url=url)
-
-
-class MTVServicesEmbeddedIE(MTVServicesInfoExtractor):
-    IE_NAME = 'mtvservices:embedded'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://media\.mtvnservices\.com/embed/(?P<mgid>.+?)(\?|/|$)'
-    _EMBED_REGEX = [r'<iframe[^>]+?src=(["\'])(?P<url>(?:https?:)?//media\.mtvnservices\.com/embed/.+?)\1']
-
-    _TEST = {
-        # From http://www.thewrap.com/peter-dinklage-sums-up-game-of-thrones-in-45-seconds-video/
-        'url': 'http://media.mtvnservices.com/embed/mgid:uma:video:mtv.com:1043906/cp~vid%3D1043906%26uri%3Dmgid%3Auma%3Avideo%3Amtv.com%3A1043906',
-        'md5': 'cb349b21a7897164cede95bd7bf3fbb9',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '1043906',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Peter Dinklage Sums Up \'Game Of Thrones\' In 45 Seconds',
-            'description': '"Sexy sexy sexy, stabby stabby stabby, beautiful language," says Peter Dinklage as he tries summarizing "Game of Thrones" in under a minute.',
-            'timestamp': 1400126400,
-            'upload_date': '20140515',
-        },
-    }
-
-    def _get_feed_url(self, uri, url=None):
-        video_id = self._id_from_uri(uri)
-        config = self._download_json(
-            f'http://media.mtvnservices.com/pmt/e1/access/index.html?uri={uri}&configtype=edge', video_id)
-        return self._remove_template_parameter(config['feedWithQueryParams'])
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
-        mgid = mobj.group('mgid')
-        return self._get_videos_info(mgid)
-
-
-class MTVIE(MTVServicesInfoExtractor):
-    IE_NAME = 'mtv'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?mtv\.com/(?:video-clips|(?:full-)?episodes)/(?P<id>[^/?#.]+)'
-    _FEED_URL = 'http://www.mtv.com/feeds/mrss/'
-
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'http://www.mtv.com/video-clips/vl8qof/unlocking-the-truth-trailer',
-        'md5': '1edbcdf1e7628e414a8c5dcebca3d32b',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '5e14040d-18a4-47c4-a582-43ff602de88e',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Unlocking The Truth|July 18, 2016|1|101|Trailer',
-            'description': '"Unlocking the Truth" premieres August 17th at 11/10c.',
-            'timestamp': 1468846800,
-            'upload_date': '20160718',
-        },
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.mtv.com/full-episodes/94tujl/unlocking-the-truth-gates-of-hell-season-1-ep-101',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.mtv.com/episodes/g8xu7q/teen-mom-2-breaking-the-wall-season-7-ep-713',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-
-
-class MTVJapanIE(MTVServicesInfoExtractor):
-    IE_NAME = 'mtvjapan'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?mtvjapan\.com/videos/(?P<id>[0-9a-z]+)'
+        display_id = self._match_id(url)
 
-    _TEST = {
-        'url': 'http://www.mtvjapan.com/videos/prayht/fresh-info-cadillac-escalade',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'bc01da03-6fe5-4284-8880-f291f4e368f5',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': '�Fresh Info】Cadillac ESCALADE Sport Edition',
-        },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
-    }
-    _GEO_COUNTRIES = ['JP']
-    _FEED_URL = 'http://feeds.mtvnservices.com/od/feed/intl-mrss-player-feed'
+        try:
+            data = self._download_json(
+                update_url(url, query=None), display_id,
+                query={'json': 'true'})
+        except ExtractorError as e:
+            if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 404 and not self.suitable(e.cause.response.url):
+                self.raise_geo_restricted(countries=self._GEO_COUNTRIES)
+            raise
+
+        flex_wrapper = traverse_obj(data, (
+            'children', lambda _, v: v['type'] == 'MainContainer',
+            (None, ('children', lambda _, v: v['type'] == 'AviaWrapper')),
+            'children', lambda _, v: v['type'] == 'FlexWrapper', {dict}, any))
+        video_detail = traverse_obj(flex_wrapper, (
+            (None, ('children', lambda _, v: v['type'] == 'AuthSuiteWrapper')),
+            'children', lambda _, v: v['type'] == 'Player',
+            'props', 'videoDetail', {dict}, any))
+        if not video_detail:
+            video_detail = traverse_obj(data, (
+                'children', ..., ('handleTVEAuthRedirection', None),
+                'videoDetail', {dict}, any, {require('video detail')}))
+
+        mgid = video_detail['mgid']
+        video_id = mgid.rpartition(':')[2]
+        service_url = traverse_obj(video_detail, ('videoServiceUrl', {url_or_none}, {update_url(query=None)}))
+        if not service_url:
+            raise ExtractorError('This content is no longer available', expected=True)
+
+        headers = {}
+        if video_detail.get('authRequired'):
+            # The vast majority of provider-locked content has been moved to Paramount+
+            # BetIE is the only extractor that is currently known to reach this code path
+            video_config = traverse_obj(flex_wrapper, (
+                'children', lambda _, v: v['type'] == 'AuthSuiteWrapper',
+                'props', 'videoConfig', {dict}, any, {require('video config')}))
+            config = traverse_obj(data, (
+                'props', 'authSuiteConfig', {dict}, {require('auth suite config')}))
+            headers['X-VIA-TVE-MEDIATOKEN'] = self._get_media_token(video_config, config, display_id)
+
+        stream_info = self._download_json(
+            service_url, video_id, 'Downloading API JSON', 'Unable to download API JSON',
+            query={'clientPlatform': 'desktop'}, headers=headers)['stitchedstream']
+
+        manifest_type = stream_info['manifesttype']
+        if manifest_type == 'hls':
+            formats, subtitles = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
+                stream_info['source'], video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id=manifest_type)
+        elif manifest_type == 'dash':
+            formats, subtitles = self._extract_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(
+                stream_info['source'], video_id, mpd_id=manifest_type)
+        else:
+            self.raise_no_formats(f'Unsupported manifest type "{manifest_type}"')
+            formats, subtitles = [], {}
 
-    def _get_feed_query(self, uri):
         return {
-            'arcEp': 'mtvjapan.com',
-            'mgid': uri,
+            **traverse_obj(video_detail, {
+                'title': ('title', {str}),
+                'channel': ('channel', 'name', {str}),
+                'thumbnails': ('images', ..., {'url': ('url', {url_or_none})}),
+                'description': (('fullDescription', 'description'), {str}, any),
+                'series': ('parentEntity', 'title', {str}),
+                'season_number': ('seasonNumber', {int_or_none}),
+                'episode_number': ('episodeAiringOrder', {int_or_none}),
+                'duration': ('duration', 'milliseconds', {float_or_none(scale=1000)}),
+                'timestamp': ((
+                    ('originalPublishDate', {parse_iso8601}),
+                    ('publishDate', 'timestamp', {int_or_none})), any),
+                'release_timestamp': ((
+                    ('originalAirDate', {parse_iso8601}),
+                    ('airDate', 'timestamp', {int_or_none})), any),
+            }),
+            'id': video_id,
+            'display_id': display_id,
+            'formats': formats,
+            'subtitles': subtitles,
         }
 
 
-class MTVVideoIE(MTVServicesInfoExtractor):
-    IE_NAME = 'mtv:video'
-    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)^https?://
-        (?:(?:www\.)?mtv\.com/videos/.+?/(?P<videoid>[0-9]+)/[^/]+$|
-           m\.mtv\.com/videos/video\.rbml\?.*?id=(?P<mgid>[^&]+))'''
-
-    _FEED_URL = 'http://www.mtv.com/player/embed/AS3/rss/'
-
-    _TESTS = [
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.mtv.com/videos/misc/853555/ours-vh1-storytellers.jhtml',
-            'md5': '850f3f143316b1e71fa56a4edfd6e0f8',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '853555',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Taylor Swift - "Ours (VH1 Storytellers)"',
-                'description': 'Album: Taylor Swift performs "Ours" for VH1 Storytellers at Harvey Mudd College.',
-                'timestamp': 1352610000,
-                'upload_date': '20121111',
-            },
-        },
-    ]
-
-    def _get_thumbnail_url(self, uri, itemdoc):
-        return 'http://mtv.mtvnimages.com/uri/' + uri
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
-        video_id = mobj.group('videoid')
-        uri = mobj.groupdict().get('mgid')
-        if uri is None:
-            webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
-
-            # Some videos come from Vevo.com
-            m_vevo = re.search(
-                r'(?s)isVevoVideo = true;.*?vevoVideoId = "(.*?)";', webpage)
-            if m_vevo:
-                vevo_id = m_vevo.group(1)
-                self.to_screen(f'Vevo video detected: {vevo_id}')
-                return self.url_result(f'vevo:{vevo_id}', ie='Vevo')
-
-            uri = self._html_search_regex(r'/uri/(.*?)\?', webpage, 'uri')
-        return self._get_videos_info(uri)
-
-
-class MTVDEIE(MTVServicesInfoExtractor):
-    _WORKING = False
-    IE_NAME = 'mtv.de'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?mtv\.de/(?:musik/videoclips|folgen|news)/(?P<id>[0-9a-z]+)'
+class MTVIE(MTVServicesBaseIE):
+    IE_NAME = 'mtv'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?mtv\.com/(?:video-clips|episodes)/(?P<id>[\da-z]{6})'
     _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'http://www.mtv.de/musik/videoclips/2gpnv7/Traum',
+        'url': 'https://www.mtv.com/video-clips/syolsj',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'd5d472bc-f5b7-11e5-bffd-a4badb20dab5',
+            'id': '213ea7f8-bac7-4a43-8cd5-8d8cb8c8160f',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Traum',
-            'description': 'Traum',
-        },
-        'params': {
-            # rtmp download
-            'skip_download': True,
+            'display_id': 'syolsj',
+            'title': 'The Challenge: Vets & New Threats',
+            'description': 'md5:c4d2e90a5fff6463740fbf96b2bb6a41',
+            'duration': 95.0,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://images\.paramount\.tech/uri/mgid:arc:imageassetref',
+            'series': 'The Challenge',
+            'season': 'Season 41',
+            'season_number': 41,
+            'episode': 'Episode 0',
+            'episode_number': 0,
+            'timestamp': 1753945200,
+            'upload_date': '20250731',
+            'release_timestamp': 1753945200,
+            'release_date': '20250731',
         },
-        'skip': 'Blocked at Travis CI',
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
-        # mediagen URL without query (e.g. http://videos.mtvnn.com/mediagen/e865da714c166d18d6f80893195fcb97)
-        'url': 'http://www.mtv.de/folgen/6b1ylu/teen-mom-2-enthuellungen-S5-F1',
+        'url': 'https://www.mtv.com/episodes/uzvigh',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '1e5a878b-31c5-11e7-a442-0e40cf2fc285',
+            'id': '364e8b9e-e415-11ef-b405-16fff45bc035',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Teen Mom 2',
-            'description': 'md5:dc65e357ef7e1085ed53e9e9d83146a7',
-        },
-        'params': {
-            # rtmp download
-            'skip_download': True,
+            'display_id': 'uzvigh',
+            'title': 'CT Tamburello and Johnny Bananas',
+            'description': 'md5:364cea52001e9c13f92784e3365c6606',
+            'channel': 'MTV',
+            'duration': 1260.0,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://images\.paramount\.tech/uri/mgid:arc:imageassetref',
+            'series': 'Ridiculousness',
+            'season': 'Season 47',
+            'season_number': 47,
+            'episode': 'Episode 19',
+            'episode_number': 19,
+            'timestamp': 1753318800,
+            'upload_date': '20250724',
+            'release_timestamp': 1753318800,
+            'release_date': '20250724',
         },
-        'skip': 'Blocked at Travis CI',
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.mtv.de/news/glolix/77491-mtv-movies-spotlight--pixels--teil-3',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'local_playlist-4e760566473c4c8c5344',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Article_mtv-movies-spotlight-pixels-teil-3_short-clips_part1',
-            'description': 'MTV Movies Supercut',
-        },
-        'params': {
-            # rtmp download
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
-        'skip': 'Das Video kann zur Zeit nicht abgespielt werden.',
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }]
-    _GEO_COUNTRIES = ['DE']
-    _FEED_URL = 'http://feeds.mtvnservices.com/od/feed/intl-mrss-player-feed'
-
-    def _get_feed_query(self, uri):
-        return {
-            'arcEp': 'mtv.de',
-            'mgid': uri,
-        }
-
-
-class MTVItaliaIE(MTVServicesInfoExtractor):
-    IE_NAME = 'mtv.it'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?mtv\.it/(?:episodi|video|musica)/(?P<id>[0-9a-z]+)'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'http://www.mtv.it/episodi/24bqab/mario-una-serie-di-maccio-capatonda-cavoli-amario-episodio-completo-S1-E1',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '0f0fc78e-45fc-4cce-8f24-971c25477530',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Cavoli amario (episodio completo)',
-            'description': 'md5:4962bccea8fed5b7c03b295ae1340660',
-            'series': 'Mario - Una Serie Di Maccio Capatonda',
-            'season_number': 1,
-            'episode_number': 1,
-        },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
-    }]
-    _GEO_COUNTRIES = ['IT']
-    _FEED_URL = 'http://feeds.mtvnservices.com/od/feed/intl-mrss-player-feed'
-
-    def _get_feed_query(self, uri):
-        return {
-            'arcEp': 'mtv.it',
-            'mgid': uri,
-        }
-
-
-class MTVItaliaProgrammaIE(MTVItaliaIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
-    IE_NAME = 'mtv.it:programma'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?mtv\.it/(?:programmi|playlist)/(?P<id>[0-9a-z]+)'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        # program page: general
-        'url': 'http://www.mtv.it/programmi/s2rppv/mario-una-serie-di-maccio-capatonda',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'a6f155bc-8220-4640-aa43-9b95f64ffa3d',
-            'title': 'Mario - Una Serie Di Maccio Capatonda',
-            'description': 'md5:72fbffe1f77ccf4e90757dd4e3216153',
-        },
-        'playlist_count': 2,
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
-    }, {
-        # program page: specific season
-        'url': 'http://www.mtv.it/programmi/d9ncjf/mario-una-serie-di-maccio-capatonda-S2',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '4deeb5d8-f272-490c-bde2-ff8d261c6dd1',
-            'title': 'Mario - Una Serie Di Maccio Capatonda - Stagione 2',
-        },
-        'playlist_count': 34,
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
-    }, {
-        # playlist page + redirect
-        'url': 'http://www.mtv.it/playlist/sexy-videos/ilctal',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'dee8f9ee-756d-493b-bf37-16d1d2783359',
-            'title': 'Sexy Videos',
-        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 145,
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
-    }]
-    _GEO_COUNTRIES = ['IT']
-    _FEED_URL = 'http://www.mtv.it/feeds/triforce/manifest/v8'
-
-    def _get_entries(self, title, url):
-        while True:
-            pg = self._search_regex(r'/(\d+)$', url, 'entries', '1')
-            entries = self._download_json(url, title, f'page {pg}')
-            url = try_get(
-                entries, lambda x: x['result']['nextPageURL'], str)
-            entries = try_get(
-                entries, (
-                    lambda x: x['result']['data']['items'],
-                    lambda x: x['result']['data']['seasons']),
-                list)
-            for entry in entries or []:
-                if entry.get('canonicalURL'):
-                    yield self.url_result(entry['canonicalURL'])
-            if not url:
-                break
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        query = {'url': url}
-        info_url = update_url_query(self._FEED_URL, query)
-        video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        info = self._download_json(info_url, video_id).get('manifest')
-
-        redirect = try_get(
-            info, lambda x: x['newLocation']['url'], str)
-        if redirect:
-            return self.url_result(redirect)
-
-        title = info.get('title')
-        video_id = try_get(
-            info, lambda x: x['reporting']['itemId'], str)
-        parent_id = try_get(
-            info, lambda x: x['reporting']['parentId'], str)
-
-        playlist_url = current_url = None
-        for z in (info.get('zones') or {}).values():
-            if z.get('moduleName') in ('INTL_M304', 'INTL_M209'):
-                info_url = z.get('feed')
-            if z.get('moduleName') in ('INTL_M308', 'INTL_M317'):
-                playlist_url = playlist_url or z.get('feed')
-            if z.get('moduleName') in ('INTL_M300',):
-                current_url = current_url or z.get('feed')
-
-        if not info_url:
-            raise ExtractorError('No info found')
-
-        if video_id == parent_id:
-            video_id = self._search_regex(
-                r'([^\/]+)/[^\/]+$', info_url, 'video_id')
-
-        info = self._download_json(info_url, video_id, 'Show infos')
-        info = try_get(info, lambda x: x['result']['data'], dict)
-        title = title or try_get(
-            info, (
-                lambda x: x['title'],
-                lambda x: x['headline']),
-            str)
-        description = try_get(info, lambda x: x['content'], str)
-
-        if current_url:
-            season = try_get(
-                self._download_json(playlist_url, video_id, 'Seasons info'),
-                lambda x: x['result']['data'], dict)
-            current = try_get(
-                season, lambda x: x['currentSeason'], str)
-            seasons = try_get(
-                season, lambda x: x['seasons'], list) or []
-
-            if current in [s.get('eTitle') for s in seasons]:
-                playlist_url = current_url
-
-        title = re.sub(
-            r'[-|]\s*(?:mtv\s*italia|programma|playlist)',
-            '', title, flags=re.IGNORECASE).strip()
-
-        return self.playlist_result(
-            self._get_entries(title, playlist_url),
-            video_id, title, description)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/n1.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/n1.py
index e0e49161bd..cc2ea392a7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/n1.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/n1.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
@@ -38,7 +39,7 @@ class N1InfoIIE(InfoExtractor):
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:(?:\w+\.)?n1info\.\w+|nova\.rs)/(?:[^/?#]+/){1,2}(?P<id>[^/?#]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         # YouTube embedded
-        'url': 'https://rs.n1info.com/sport-klub/tenis/kako-je-djokovic-propustio-istorijsku-priliku-video/',
+        'url': 'https://sportklub.n1info.rs/tenis/us-open/glava-telo-igra-kako-je-novak-ispustio-istorijsku-sansu/',
         'md5': '987ce6fd72acfecc453281e066b87973',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'L5Hd4hQVUpk',
@@ -67,36 +68,24 @@ class N1InfoIIE(InfoExtractor):
             'playable_in_embed': True,
             'availability': 'public',
             'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'media_type': 'video',
         },
     }, {
-        'url': 'https://rs.n1info.com/vesti/djilas-los-plan-za-metro-nece-resiti-nijedan-saobracajni-problem/',
+        'url': 'https://n1info.si/novice/svet/v-srbiji-samo-ta-konec-tedna-vec-kot-200-pozarov/',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'bgmetrosot2409zta20210924174316682-n1info-rs-worldwide',
+            'id': '2182656',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': '�ilas: Predlog izgradnje metroa besmislen; SNS odbacuje navode',
-            'upload_date': '20210924',
-            'timestamp': 1632481347,
-            'thumbnail': 'http://n1info.rs/wp-content/themes/ucnewsportal-n1/dist/assets/images/placeholder-image-video.jpg',
-        },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://n1info.si/novice/slovenija/zadnji-dnevi-na-kopaliscu-ilirija-ilirija-ni-umrla-ubili-so-jo/',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'ljsottomazilirija3060921-n1info-si-worldwide',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Zadnji dnevi na kopališ�u Ilirija: “Ilirija ni umrla, ubili so jo�',
-            'timestamp': 1632567630,
-            'upload_date': '20210925',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://n1info.si/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/06/1630945843-tomaz3.png',
+            'title': 'V Srbiji samo ta konec tedna ve� kot 200 požarov',
+            'timestamp': 1753611983,
+            'upload_date': '20250727',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://n1info.si/media/images/2025/7/1753611048_Pozar.width-1200.webp',
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
         },
     }, {
         # Reddit embedded
-        'url': 'https://ba.n1info.com/lifestyle/vucic-bolji-od-tita-ako-izgubi-ja-cu-da-crknem-jugoslavija-je-gotova/',
+        'url': 'https://nova.rs/vesti/drustvo/ako-vucic-izgubi-izbore-ja-cu-da-crknem-jugoslavija-je-gotova/',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '2wmfee9eycp71',
             'ext': 'mp4',
@@ -113,9 +102,6 @@ class N1InfoIIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 134,
             'thumbnail': 'https://external-preview.redd.it/5nmmawSeGx60miQM3Iq-ueC9oyCLTLjjqX-qqY8uRsc.png?format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=2f973400b04d23f871b608b178e47fc01f9b8f1d',
         },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://nova.rs/vesti/politika/zaklina-tatalovic-ani-brnabic-pricate-lazi-video/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -126,6 +112,9 @@ class N1InfoIIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1635861677,
             'thumbnail': 'https://nova.rs/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/02/1635860298-TNJG_Ana_Brnabic_i_Zaklina_Tatalovic_100_dana_Vlade_GP.jpg',
         },
+        'params': {
+            'skip_download': True,
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://n1info.rs/vesti/cuta-biti-u-kosovskoj-mitrovici-znaci-da-te-docekaju-eksplozivnim-napravama/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -155,12 +144,17 @@ class N1InfoIIE(InfoExtractor):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
 
-        title = self._html_search_regex(r'<h1[^>]+>(.+?)</h1>', webpage, 'title')
-        timestamp = unified_timestamp(self._html_search_meta('article:published_time', webpage))
+        title = self._og_search_title(webpage) or self._html_extract_title(webpage)
+        timestamp = unified_timestamp(
+            self._og_search_property('published_time', webpage, default=None)
+            or self._html_search_meta('article:published_time', webpage))
         plugin_data = re.findall(r'\$bp\("(?:Brid|TargetVideo)_\d+",\s(.+)\);', webpage)
         entries = []
         if plugin_data:
-            site_id = self._html_search_regex(r'site:(\d+)', webpage, 'site id')
+            site_id = self._html_search_regex(r'site:(\d+)', webpage, 'site id', default=None)
+            if site_id is None:
+                site_id = self._search_regex(
+                    r'partners/(\d+)', self._html_search_meta('contentUrl', webpage, fatal=True), 'site ID')
             for video_data in plugin_data:
                 video_id = self._parse_json(video_data, title)['video']
                 entries.append({
@@ -191,10 +185,13 @@ class N1InfoIIE(InfoExtractor):
         for embedded_video in embedded_videos:
             video_data = extract_attributes(embedded_video)
             url = video_data.get('src') or ''
-            if url.startswith('https://www.youtube.com'):
+            hostname = urllib.parse.urlparse(url).hostname
+            if hostname == 'www.youtube.com':
                 entries.append(self.url_result(url, ie='Youtube'))
-            elif url.startswith('https://www.redditmedia.com'):
+            elif hostname == 'www.redditmedia.com':
                 entries.append(self.url_result(url, ie='Reddit'))
+            elif hostname == 'www.facebook.com' and 'plugins/video' in url:
+                entries.append(self.url_result(url, ie='FacebookPluginsVideo'))
 
         return {
             '_type': 'playlist',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nba.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nba.py
index 91ae1d14c6..c87046d8ef 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nba.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nba.py
@@ -19,7 +19,8 @@ from ..utils import (
 class NBACVPBaseIE(TurnerBaseIE):
     def _extract_nba_cvp_info(self, path, video_id, fatal=False):
         return self._extract_cvp_info(
-            f'http://secure.nba.com/{path}', video_id, {
+            # XXX: The 3rd argument (None) needs to be the AdobePass software_statement
+            f'http://secure.nba.com/{path}', video_id, None, {
                 'default': {
                     'media_src': 'http://nba.cdn.turner.com/nba/big',
                 },
@@ -94,6 +95,7 @@ class NBAWatchBaseIE(NBACVPBaseIE):
 
 
 class NBAWatchEmbedIE(NBAWatchBaseIE):
+    _WORKING = False
     IE_NAME = 'nba:watch:embed'
     _VALID_URL = NBAWatchBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE + r'embed\?.*?\bid=(?P<id>\d+)'
     _TESTS = [{
@@ -115,6 +117,7 @@ class NBAWatchEmbedIE(NBAWatchBaseIE):
 
 
 class NBAWatchIE(NBAWatchBaseIE):
+    _WORKING = False
     IE_NAME = 'nba:watch'
     _VALID_URL = NBAWatchBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE + r'(?:nba/)?video/(?P<id>.+?(?=/index\.html)|(?:[^/]+/)*[^/?#&]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
@@ -167,6 +170,7 @@ class NBAWatchIE(NBAWatchBaseIE):
 
 
 class NBAWatchCollectionIE(NBAWatchBaseIE):
+    _WORKING = False
     IE_NAME = 'nba:watch:collection'
     _VALID_URL = NBAWatchBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE + r'list/collection/(?P<id>[^/?#&]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
@@ -336,6 +340,7 @@ class NBABaseIE(NBACVPBaseIE):
 
 
 class NBAEmbedIE(NBABaseIE):
+    _WORKING = False
     IE_NAME = 'nba:embed'
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://secure\.nba\.com/assets/amp/include/video/(?:topI|i)frame\.html\?.*?\bcontentId=(?P<id>[^?#&]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
@@ -358,6 +363,7 @@ class NBAEmbedIE(NBABaseIE):
 
 
 class NBAIE(NBABaseIE):
+    _WORKING = False
     IE_NAME = 'nba'
     _VALID_URL = NBABaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE + f'(?!{NBABaseIE._CHANNEL_PATH_REGEX})video/(?P<id>(?:[^/]+/)*[^/?#&]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
@@ -385,6 +391,7 @@ class NBAIE(NBABaseIE):
 
 
 class NBAChannelIE(NBABaseIE):
+    _WORKING = False
     IE_NAME = 'nba:channel'
     _VALID_URL = NBABaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE + f'(?:{NBABaseIE._CHANNEL_PATH_REGEX})/(?P<id>[^/?#&]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nbc.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nbc.py
index 8f6fb22b17..caa9dc0175 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nbc.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nbc.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import xml.etree.ElementTree
 
 from .adobepass import AdobePassIE
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from .theplatform import ThePlatformIE, default_ns
+from .theplatform import ThePlatformBaseIE, ThePlatformIE, default_ns
 from ..networking import HEADRequest
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
@@ -14,143 +14,213 @@ from ..utils import (
     UserNotLive,
     clean_html,
     determine_ext,
+    extract_attributes,
     float_or_none,
+    get_element_html_by_class,
     int_or_none,
     join_nonempty,
+    make_archive_id,
     mimetype2ext,
     parse_age_limit,
     parse_duration,
+    parse_iso8601,
     remove_end,
-    smuggle_url,
-    traverse_obj,
     try_get,
     unescapeHTML,
     unified_timestamp,
     update_url_query,
     url_basename,
+    url_or_none,
 )
+from ..utils.traversal import require, traverse_obj
 
 
-class NBCIE(ThePlatformIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?(?P<permalink>://(?:www\.)?nbc\.com/(?:classic-tv/)?[^/]+/video/[^/]+/(?P<id>(?:NBCE|n)?\d+))'
+class NBCUniversalBaseIE(ThePlatformBaseIE):
+    _GEO_COUNTRIES = ['US']
+    _GEO_BYPASS = False
+    _M3U8_RE = r'https?://[^/?#]+/prod/[\w-]+/(?P<folders>[^?#]+/)cmaf/mpeg_(?:cbcs|cenc)\w*/master_cmaf\w*\.m3u8'
 
-    _TESTS = [
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.nbc.com/the-tonight-show/video/jimmy-fallon-surprises-fans-at-ben-jerrys/2848237',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '2848237',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Jimmy Fallon Surprises Fans at Ben & Jerry\'s',
-                'description': 'Jimmy gives out free scoops of his new "Tonight Dough" ice cream flavor by surprising customers at the Ben & Jerry\'s scoop shop.',
-                'timestamp': 1424246400,
-                'upload_date': '20150218',
-                'uploader': 'NBCU-COM',
-                'episode': 'Jimmy Fallon Surprises Fans at Ben & Jerry\'s',
-                'episode_number': 86,
-                'season': 'Season 2',
-                'season_number': 2,
-                'series': 'Tonight Show: Jimmy Fallon',
-                'duration': 237.0,
-                'chapters': 'count:1',
-                'tags': 'count:4',
-                'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
-                'categories': ['Series/The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon'],
-                'media_type': 'Full Episode',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': 'm3u8',
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.nbc.com/saturday-night-live/video/star-wars-teaser/2832821',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '2832821',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Star Wars Teaser',
-                'description': 'md5:0b40f9cbde5b671a7ff62fceccc4f442',
-                'timestamp': 1417852800,
-                'upload_date': '20141206',
-                'uploader': 'NBCU-COM',
-            },
-            'skip': 'page not found',
-        },
-        {
-            # HLS streams requires the 'hdnea3' cookie
-            'url': 'http://www.nbc.com/Kings/video/goliath/n1806',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '101528f5a9e8127b107e98c5e6ce4638',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Goliath',
-                'description': 'When an unknown soldier saves the life of the King\'s son in battle, he\'s thrust into the limelight and politics of the kingdom.',
-                'timestamp': 1237100400,
-                'upload_date': '20090315',
-                'uploader': 'NBCU-COM',
-            },
-            'skip': 'page not found',
-        },
-        {
-            # manifest url does not have extension
-            'url': 'https://www.nbc.com/the-golden-globe-awards/video/oprah-winfrey-receives-cecil-b-de-mille-award-at-the-2018-golden-globes/3646439',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '3646439',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Oprah Winfrey Receives Cecil B. de Mille Award at the 2018 Golden Globes',
-                'episode': 'Oprah Winfrey Receives Cecil B. de Mille Award at the 2018 Golden Globes',
-                'episode_number': 1,
-                'season': 'Season 75',
-                'season_number': 75,
-                'series': 'The Golden Globe Awards',
-                'description': 'Oprah Winfrey receives the Cecil B. de Mille Award at the 75th Annual Golden Globe Awards.',
-                'uploader': 'NBCU-COM',
-                'upload_date': '20180107',
-                'timestamp': 1515312000,
-                'duration': 570.0,
-                'tags': 'count:8',
-                'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
-                'chapters': 'count:1',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': 'm3u8',
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            # new video_id format
-            'url': 'https://www.nbc.com/quantum-leap/video/bens-first-leap-nbcs-quantum-leap/NBCE125189978',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'NBCE125189978',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Ben\'s First Leap | NBC\'s Quantum Leap',
-                'description': 'md5:a82762449b7ec4bb83291a7b355ebf8e',
-                'uploader': 'NBCU-COM',
-                'series': 'Quantum Leap',
-                'season': 'Season 1',
-                'season_number': 1,
-                'episode': 'Ben\'s First Leap | NBC\'s Quantum Leap',
-                'episode_number': 1,
-                'duration': 170.171,
-                'chapters': [],
-                'timestamp': 1663956155,
-                'upload_date': '20220923',
-                'tags': 'count:10',
-                'age_limit': 0,
-                'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
-                'categories': ['Series/Quantum Leap 2022'],
-                'media_type': 'Highlight',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': 'm3u8',
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'https://www.nbc.com/classic-tv/charles-in-charge/video/charles-in-charge-pilot/n3310',
-            'only_matching': True,
-        },
-        {
-            # Percent escaped url
-            'url': 'https://www.nbc.com/up-all-night/video/day-after-valentine%27s-day/n2189',
-            'only_matching': True,
-        },
-    ]
+    def _download_nbcu_smil_and_extract_m3u8_url(self, tp_path, video_id, query):
+        smil = self._download_xml(
+            f'https://link.theplatform.com/s/{tp_path}', video_id,
+            'Downloading SMIL manifest', 'Failed to download SMIL manifest', query={
+                **query,
+                'format': 'SMIL',  # XXX: Do not confuse "format" with "formats"
+                'manifest': 'm3u',
+                'switch': 'HLSServiceSecure',  # Or else we get broken mp4 http URLs instead of HLS
+            }, headers=self.geo_verification_headers())
+
+        ns = f'//{{{default_ns}}}'
+        if url := traverse_obj(smil, (f'{ns}video/@src', lambda _, v: determine_ext(v) == 'm3u8', any)):
+            return url
+
+        exc = traverse_obj(smil, (f'{ns}param', lambda _, v: v.get('name') == 'exception', '@value', any))
+        if exc == 'GeoLocationBlocked':
+            self.raise_geo_restricted(countries=self._GEO_COUNTRIES)
+        raise ExtractorError(traverse_obj(smil, (f'{ns}ref/@abstract', ..., any)), expected=exc == 'Expired')
+
+    def _extract_nbcu_formats_and_subtitles(self, tp_path, video_id, query):
+        # formats='mpeg4' will return either a working m3u8 URL or an m3u8 template for non-DRM HLS
+        # formats='m3u+none,mpeg4' may return DRM HLS but w/the "folders" needed for non-DRM template
+        query['formats'] = 'm3u+none,mpeg4'
+        m3u8_url = self._download_nbcu_smil_and_extract_m3u8_url(tp_path, video_id, query)
+
+        if mobj := re.fullmatch(self._M3U8_RE, m3u8_url):
+            query['formats'] = 'mpeg4'
+            m3u8_tmpl = self._download_nbcu_smil_and_extract_m3u8_url(tp_path, video_id, query)
+            # Example: https://vod-lf-oneapp-prd.akamaized.net/prod/video/{folders}master_hls.m3u8
+            if '{folders}' in m3u8_tmpl:
+                self.write_debug('Found m3u8 URL template, formatting URL path')
+            m3u8_url = m3u8_tmpl.format(folders=mobj.group('folders'))
+
+        if '/mpeg_cenc' in m3u8_url or '/mpeg_cbcs' in m3u8_url:
+            self.report_drm(video_id)
+
+        return self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(m3u8_url, video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls')
+
+    def _extract_nbcu_video(self, url, display_id, old_ie_key=None):
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
+        settings = self._search_json(
+            r'<script[^>]+data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json"[^>]*>',
+            webpage, 'settings', display_id)
+
+        query = {}
+        tve = extract_attributes(get_element_html_by_class('tve-video-deck-app', webpage) or '')
+        if tve:
+            account_pid = tve.get('data-mpx-media-account-pid') or tve['data-mpx-account-pid']
+            account_id = tve['data-mpx-media-account-id']
+            metadata = self._parse_json(
+                tve.get('data-normalized-video') or '', display_id, fatal=False, transform_source=unescapeHTML)
+            video_id = tve.get('data-guid') or metadata['guid']
+            if tve.get('data-entitlement') == 'auth':
+                auth = settings['tve_adobe_auth']
+                release_pid = tve['data-release-pid']
+                resource = self._get_mvpd_resource(
+                    tve.get('data-adobe-pass-resource-id') or auth['adobePassResourceId'],
+                    tve['data-title'], release_pid, tve.get('data-rating'))
+                query['auth'] = self._extract_mvpd_auth(
+                    url, release_pid, auth['adobePassRequestorId'],
+                    resource, auth['adobePassSoftwareStatement'])
+        else:
+            ls_playlist = traverse_obj(settings, (
+                'ls_playlist', lambda _, v: v['defaultGuid'], any, {require('LS playlist')}))
+            video_id = ls_playlist['defaultGuid']
+            account_pid = ls_playlist.get('mpxMediaAccountPid') or ls_playlist['mpxAccountPid']
+            account_id = ls_playlist['mpxMediaAccountId']
+            metadata = traverse_obj(ls_playlist, ('videos', lambda _, v: v['guid'] == video_id, any)) or {}
+
+        tp_path = f'{account_pid}/media/guid/{account_id}/{video_id}'
+        formats, subtitles = self._extract_nbcu_formats_and_subtitles(tp_path, video_id, query)
+        tp_metadata = self._download_theplatform_metadata(tp_path, video_id, fatal=False)
+        parsed_info = self._parse_theplatform_metadata(tp_metadata)
+        self._merge_subtitles(parsed_info['subtitles'], target=subtitles)
+
+        return {
+            **parsed_info,
+            **traverse_obj(metadata, {
+                'title': ('title', {str}),
+                'description': ('description', {str}),
+                'duration': ('durationInSeconds', {int_or_none}),
+                'timestamp': ('airDate', {parse_iso8601}),
+                'thumbnail': ('thumbnailUrl', {url_or_none}),
+                'season_number': ('seasonNumber', {int_or_none}),
+                'episode_number': ('episodeNumber', {int_or_none}),
+                'episode': ('episodeTitle', {str}),
+                'series': ('show', {str}),
+            }),
+            'id': video_id,
+            'display_id': display_id,
+            'formats': formats,
+            'subtitles': subtitles,
+            '_old_archive_ids': [make_archive_id(old_ie_key, video_id)] if old_ie_key else None,
+        }
+
+
+class NBCIE(NBCUniversalBaseIE):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?(?P<permalink>://(?:www\.)?nbc\.com/(?:classic-tv/)?[^/?#]+/video/[^/?#]+/(?P<id>\w+))'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'http://www.nbc.com/the-tonight-show/video/jimmy-fallon-surprises-fans-at-ben-jerrys/2848237',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '2848237',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Jimmy Fallon Surprises Fans at Ben & Jerry\'s',
+            'description': 'Jimmy gives out free scoops of his new "Tonight Dough" ice cream flavor by surprising customers at the Ben & Jerry\'s scoop shop.',
+            'timestamp': 1424246400,
+            'upload_date': '20150218',
+            'uploader': 'NBCU-COM',
+            'episode': 'Jimmy Fallon Surprises Fans at Ben & Jerry\'s',
+            'episode_number': 86,
+            'season': 'Season 2',
+            'season_number': 2,
+            'series': 'Tonight',
+            'duration': 236.504,
+            'tags': 'count:2',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
+            'categories': ['Series/The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon'],
+            'media_type': 'Full Episode',
+            'age_limit': 14,
+            '_old_archive_ids': ['theplatform 2848237'],
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'skip_download': 'm3u8',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.nbc.com/the-golden-globe-awards/video/oprah-winfrey-receives-cecil-b-de-mille-award-at-the-2018-golden-globes/3646439',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '3646439',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Oprah Winfrey Receives Cecil B. de Mille Award at the 2018 Golden Globes',
+            'episode': 'Oprah Winfrey Receives Cecil B. de Mille Award at the 2018 Golden Globes',
+            'episode_number': 1,
+            'season': 'Season 75',
+            'season_number': 75,
+            'series': 'Golden Globes',
+            'description': 'Oprah Winfrey receives the Cecil B. de Mille Award at the 75th Annual Golden Globe Awards.',
+            'uploader': 'NBCU-COM',
+            'upload_date': '20180107',
+            'timestamp': 1515312000,
+            'duration': 569.703,
+            'tags': 'count:8',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
+            'media_type': 'Highlight',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'categories': ['Series/The Golden Globe Awards'],
+            '_old_archive_ids': ['theplatform 3646439'],
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'skip_download': 'm3u8',
+        },
+    }, {
+        # Needs to be extracted from webpage instead of GraphQL
+        'url': 'https://www.nbc.com/paris2024/video/ali-truwit-found-purpose-pool-after-her-life-changed/para24_sww_alitruwittodayshow_240823',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'para24_sww_alitruwittodayshow_240823',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Ali Truwit found purpose in the pool after her life changed',
+            'description': 'md5:c16d7489e1516593de1cc5d3f39b9bdb',
+            'uploader': 'NBCU-SPORTS',
+            'duration': 311.077,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
+            'episode': 'Ali Truwit found purpose in the pool after her life changed',
+            'timestamp': 1724435902.0,
+            'upload_date': '20240823',
+            '_old_archive_ids': ['theplatform para24_sww_alitruwittodayshow_240823'],
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'skip_download': 'm3u8',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.nbc.com/quantum-leap/video/bens-first-leap-nbcs-quantum-leap/NBCE125189978',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.nbc.com/classic-tv/charles-in-charge/video/charles-in-charge-pilot/n3310',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # Percent escaped url
+        'url': 'https://www.nbc.com/up-all-night/video/day-after-valentine%27s-day/n2189',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]
+    _SOFTWARE_STATEMENT = 'eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiJ9.eyJzdWIiOiI1Yzg2YjdkYy04NDI3LTRjNDUtOGQwZi1iNDkzYmE3MmQwYjQiLCJuYmYiOjE1Nzg3MDM2MzEsImlzcyI6ImF1dGguYWRvYmUuY29tIiwiaWF0IjoxNTc4NzAzNjMxfQ.QQKIsBhAjGQTMdAqRTqhcz2Cddr4Y2hEjnSiOeKKki4nLrkDOsjQMmqeTR0hSRarraxH54wBgLvsxI7LHwKMvr7G8QpynNAxylHlQD3yhN9tFhxt4KR5wW3as02B-W2TznK9bhNWPKIyHND95Uo2Mi6rEQoq8tM9O09WPWaanE5BX_-r6Llr6dPq5F0Lpx2QOn2xYRb1T4nFxdFTNoss8GBds8OvChTiKpXMLHegLTc1OS4H_1a8tO_37jDwSdJuZ8iTyRLV4kZ2cpL6OL5JPMObD4-HQiec_dfcYgMKPiIfP9ZqdXpec2SVaCLsWEk86ZYvD97hLIQrK5rrKd1y-A'
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         permalink, video_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
@@ -196,62 +266,50 @@ class NBCIE(ThePlatformIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
                     'userId': '0',
                 }),
             })['data']['bonanzaPage']['metadata']
-        query = {
-            'mbr': 'true',
-            'manifest': 'm3u',
-            'switch': 'HLSServiceSecure',
-        }
+
+        if not video_data:
+            # Some videos are not available via GraphQL API
+            webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
+            video_data = self._search_json(
+                r'<script>\s*PRELOAD\s*=', webpage, 'video data',
+                video_id)['pages'][urllib.parse.urlparse(url).path]['base']['metadata']
+
         video_id = video_data['mpxGuid']
-        tp_path = 'NnzsPC/media/guid/{}/{}'.format(video_data.get('mpxAccountId') or '2410887629', video_id)
-        tpm = self._download_theplatform_metadata(tp_path, video_id)
-        title = tpm.get('title') or video_data.get('secondaryTitle')
+        tp_path = f'NnzsPC/media/guid/{video_data["mpxAccountId"]}/{video_id}'
+        tpm = self._download_theplatform_metadata(tp_path, video_id, fatal=False)
+        title = traverse_obj(tpm, ('title', {str})) or video_data.get('secondaryTitle')
+        query = {}
         if video_data.get('locked'):
             resource = self._get_mvpd_resource(
-                video_data.get('resourceId') or 'nbcentertainment',
-                title, video_id, video_data.get('rating'))
+                video_data['resourceId'], title, video_id, video_data.get('rating'))
             query['auth'] = self._extract_mvpd_auth(
-                url, video_id, 'nbcentertainment', resource)
-        theplatform_url = smuggle_url(update_url_query(
-            'http://link.theplatform.com/s/NnzsPC/media/guid/{}/{}'.format(video_data.get('mpxAccountId') or '2410887629', video_id),
-            query), {'force_smil_url': True})
-
-        # Empty string or 0 can be valid values for these. So the check must be `is None`
-        description = video_data.get('description')
-        if description is None:
-            description = tpm.get('description')
-        episode_number = int_or_none(video_data.get('episodeNumber'))
-        if episode_number is None:
-            episode_number = int_or_none(tpm.get('nbcu$airOrder'))
-        rating = video_data.get('rating')
-        if rating is None:
-            try_get(tpm, lambda x: x['ratings'][0]['rating'])
-        season_number = int_or_none(video_data.get('seasonNumber'))
-        if season_number is None:
-            season_number = int_or_none(tpm.get('nbcu$seasonNumber'))
-        series = video_data.get('seriesShortTitle')
-        if series is None:
-            series = tpm.get('nbcu$seriesShortTitle')
-        tags = video_data.get('keywords')
-        if tags is None or len(tags) == 0:
-            tags = tpm.get('keywords')
+                url, video_id, 'nbcentertainment', resource, self._SOFTWARE_STATEMENT)
+
+        formats, subtitles = self._extract_nbcu_formats_and_subtitles(tp_path, video_id, query)
+        parsed_info = self._parse_theplatform_metadata(tpm)
+        self._merge_subtitles(parsed_info['subtitles'], target=subtitles)
 
         return {
-            '_type': 'url_transparent',
-            'age_limit': parse_age_limit(rating),
-            'description': description,
-            'episode': title,
-            'episode_number': episode_number,
+            **traverse_obj(video_data, {
+                'description': ('description', {str}, filter),
+                'episode': ('secondaryTitle', {str}, filter),
+                'episode_number': ('episodeNumber', {int_or_none}),
+                'season_number': ('seasonNumber', {int_or_none}),
+                'age_limit': ('rating', {parse_age_limit}),
+                'tags': ('keywords', ..., {str}, filter, all, filter),
+                'series': ('seriesShortTitle', {str}),
+            }),
+            **parsed_info,
             'id': video_id,
-            'ie_key': 'ThePlatform',
-            'season_number': season_number,
-            'series': series,
-            'tags': tags,
             'title': title,
-            'url': theplatform_url,
+            'formats': formats,
+            'subtitles': subtitles,
+            '_old_archive_ids': [make_archive_id('ThePlatform', video_id)],
         }
 
 
 class NBCSportsVPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _WORKING = False
     _VALID_URL_BASE = r'https?://(?:vplayer\.nbcsports\.com|(?:www\.)?nbcsports\.com/vplayer)/'
     _VALID_URL = _VALID_URL_BASE + r'(?:[^/]+/)+(?P<id>[0-9a-zA-Z_]+)'
     _EMBED_REGEX = [rf'(?:iframe[^>]+|var video|div[^>]+data-(?:mpx-)?)[sS]rc\s?=\s?"(?P<url>{_VALID_URL_BASE}[^\"]+)']
@@ -286,6 +344,7 @@ class NBCSportsVPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
 
 
 class NBCSportsIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _WORKING = False
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?nbcsports\.com//?(?!vplayer/)(?:[^/]+/)+(?P<id>[0-9a-z-]+)'
 
     _TESTS = [{
@@ -312,6 +371,15 @@ class NBCSportsIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'https://www.nbcsports.com/boston/video/report-card-pats-secondary-no-match-josh-allen',
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'http://www.riderfans.com/forum/showthread.php?121827-Freeman&s=e98fa1ea6dc08e886b1678d35212494a',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'ln7x1qSThw4k',
+            'ext': 'flv',
+            'title': "PFT Live: New leader in the 'new-look' defense",
+        },
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
+    }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -321,8 +389,9 @@ class NBCSportsIE(InfoExtractor):
 
 
 class NBCSportsStreamIE(AdobePassIE):
+    _WORKING = False
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://stream\.nbcsports\.com/.+?\bpid=(?P<id>\d+)'
-    _TEST = {
+    _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'http://stream.nbcsports.com/nbcsn/generic?pid=206559',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '206559',
@@ -335,7 +404,7 @@ class NBCSportsStreamIE(AdobePassIE):
             'skip_download': True,
         },
         'skip': 'Requires Adobe Pass Authentication',
-    }
+    }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -354,7 +423,7 @@ class NBCSportsStreamIE(AdobePassIE):
             source_url = video_source['ottStreamUrl']
         is_live = video_source.get('type') == 'live' or video_source.get('status') == 'Live'
         resource = self._get_mvpd_resource('nbcsports', title, video_id, '')
-        token = self._extract_mvpd_auth(url, video_id, 'nbcsports', resource)
+        token = self._extract_mvpd_auth(url, video_id, 'nbcsports', resource, None)  # XXX: None arg needs to be software_statement
         tokenized_url = self._download_json(
             'https://token.playmakerservices.com/cdn',
             video_id, data=json.dumps({
@@ -382,98 +451,100 @@ class NBCNewsIE(ThePlatformIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
     _VALID_URL = r'(?x)https?://(?:www\.)?(?:nbcnews|today|msnbc)\.com/([^/]+/)*(?:.*-)?(?P<id>[^/?]+)'
     _EMBED_REGEX = [r'<iframe[^>]+src=(["\'])(?P<url>(?:https?:)?//www\.nbcnews\.com/widget/video-embed/[^"\']+)\1']
 
-    _TESTS = [
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.nbcnews.com/watch/nbcnews-com/how-twitter-reacted-to-the-snowden-interview-269389891880',
-            'md5': 'fb3dcd2d7b1dd9804305fa2fc95ab610',  # md5 tends to fluctuate
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '269389891880',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'How Twitter Reacted To The Snowden Interview',
-                'description': 'md5:65a0bd5d76fe114f3c2727aa3a81fe64',
-                'timestamp': 1401363060,
-                'upload_date': '20140529',
-                'duration': 46.0,
-                'thumbnail': 'https://media-cldnry.s-nbcnews.com/image/upload/MSNBC/Components/Video/140529/p_tweet_snow_140529.jpg',
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.nbcnews.com/feature/dateline-full-episodes/full-episode-family-business-n285156',
-            'md5': 'fdbf39ab73a72df5896b6234ff98518a',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '529953347624',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'FULL EPISODE: Family Business',
-                'description': 'md5:757988edbaae9d7be1d585eb5d55cc04',
-            },
-            'skip': 'This page is unavailable.',
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.nbcnews.com/nightly-news/video/nightly-news-with-brian-williams-full-broadcast-february-4-394064451844',
-            'md5': '40d0e48c68896359c80372306ece0fc3',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '394064451844',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Nightly News with Brian Williams Full Broadcast (February 4)',
-                'description': 'md5:1c10c1eccbe84a26e5debb4381e2d3c5',
-                'timestamp': 1423104900,
-                'upload_date': '20150205',
-                'duration': 1236.0,
-                'thumbnail': 'https://media-cldnry.s-nbcnews.com/image/upload/MSNBC/Components/Video/__NEW/nn_netcast_150204.jpg',
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.nbcnews.com/business/autos/volkswagen-11-million-vehicles-could-have-suspect-software-emissions-scandal-n431456',
-            'md5': 'ffb59bcf0733dc3c7f0ace907f5e3939',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'n431456',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': "Volkswagen U.S. Chief:  We 'Totally Screwed Up'",
-                'description': 'md5:d22d1281a24f22ea0880741bb4dd6301',
-                'upload_date': '20150922',
-                'timestamp': 1442917800,
-                'duration': 37.0,
-                'thumbnail': 'https://media-cldnry.s-nbcnews.com/image/upload/MSNBC/Components/Video/__NEW/x_lon_vwhorn_150922.jpg',
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.today.com/video/see-the-aurora-borealis-from-space-in-stunning-new-nasa-video-669831235788',
-            'md5': '693d1fa21d23afcc9b04c66b227ed9ff',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '669831235788',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'See the aurora borealis from space in stunning new NASA video',
-                'description': 'md5:74752b7358afb99939c5f8bb2d1d04b1',
-                'upload_date': '20160420',
-                'timestamp': 1461152093,
-                'duration': 69.0,
-                'thumbnail': 'https://media-cldnry.s-nbcnews.com/image/upload/MSNBC/Components/Video/201604/2016-04-20T11-35-09-133Z--1280x720.jpg',
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.msnbc.com/all-in-with-chris-hayes/watch/the-chaotic-gop-immigration-vote-314487875924',
-            'md5': '6d236bf4f3dddc226633ce6e2c3f814d',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '314487875924',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'The chaotic GOP immigration vote',
-                'description': 'The Republican House votes on a border bill that has no chance of getting through the Senate or signed by the President and is drawing criticism from all sides.',
-                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-                'timestamp': 1406937606,
-                'upload_date': '20140802',
-                'duration': 940.0,
-            },
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'http://www.nbcnews.com/watch/nbcnews-com/how-twitter-reacted-to-the-snowden-interview-269389891880',
+        'md5': 'fb3dcd2d7b1dd9804305fa2fc95ab610',  # md5 tends to fluctuate
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '269389891880',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'How Twitter Reacted To The Snowden Interview',
+            'description': 'md5:65a0bd5d76fe114f3c2727aa3a81fe64',
+            'timestamp': 1401363060,
+            'upload_date': '20140529',
+            'duration': 46.0,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://media-cldnry.s-nbcnews.com/image/upload/MSNBC/Components/Video/140529/p_tweet_snow_140529.jpg',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'http://www.nbcnews.com/feature/dateline-full-episodes/full-episode-family-business-n285156',
+        'md5': 'fdbf39ab73a72df5896b6234ff98518a',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '529953347624',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'FULL EPISODE: Family Business',
+            'description': 'md5:757988edbaae9d7be1d585eb5d55cc04',
+        },
+        'skip': 'This page is unavailable.',
+    }, {
+        'url': 'http://www.nbcnews.com/nightly-news/video/nightly-news-with-brian-williams-full-broadcast-february-4-394064451844',
+        'md5': '40d0e48c68896359c80372306ece0fc3',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '394064451844',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Nightly News with Brian Williams Full Broadcast (February 4)',
+            'description': 'md5:1c10c1eccbe84a26e5debb4381e2d3c5',
+            'timestamp': 1423104900,
+            'upload_date': '20150205',
+            'duration': 1236.0,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://media-cldnry.s-nbcnews.com/image/upload/MSNBC/Components/Video/__NEW/nn_netcast_150204.jpg',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'http://www.nbcnews.com/business/autos/volkswagen-11-million-vehicles-could-have-suspect-software-emissions-scandal-n431456',
+        'md5': 'ffb59bcf0733dc3c7f0ace907f5e3939',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'n431456',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': "Volkswagen U.S. Chief:  We 'Totally Screwed Up'",
+            'description': 'md5:d22d1281a24f22ea0880741bb4dd6301',
+            'upload_date': '20150922',
+            'timestamp': 1442917800,
+            'duration': 37.0,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://media-cldnry.s-nbcnews.com/image/upload/MSNBC/Components/Video/__NEW/x_lon_vwhorn_150922.jpg',
         },
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.nbcnews.com/watch/dateline/full-episode--deadly-betrayal-386250819952',
-            'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'http://www.today.com/video/see-the-aurora-borealis-from-space-in-stunning-new-nasa-video-669831235788',
+        'md5': '693d1fa21d23afcc9b04c66b227ed9ff',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '669831235788',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'See the aurora borealis from space in stunning new NASA video',
+            'description': 'md5:74752b7358afb99939c5f8bb2d1d04b1',
+            'upload_date': '20160420',
+            'timestamp': 1461152093,
+            'duration': 69.0,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://media-cldnry.s-nbcnews.com/image/upload/MSNBC/Components/Video/201604/2016-04-20T11-35-09-133Z--1280x720.jpg',
+        },
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
+    }, {
+        'url': 'http://www.msnbc.com/all-in-with-chris-hayes/watch/the-chaotic-gop-immigration-vote-314487875924',
+        'md5': '6d236bf4f3dddc226633ce6e2c3f814d',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '314487875924',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'The chaotic GOP immigration vote',
+            'description': 'The Republican House votes on a border bill that has no chance of getting through the Senate or signed by the President and is drawing criticism from all sides.',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
+            'timestamp': 1406937606,
+            'upload_date': '20140802',
+            'duration': 940.0,
         },
-        {
-            # From http://www.vulture.com/2016/06/letterman-couldnt-care-less-about-late-night.html
-            'url': 'http://www.nbcnews.com/widget/video-embed/701714499682',
-            'only_matching': True,
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
+    }, {
+        'url': 'http://www.nbcnews.com/watch/dateline/full-episode--deadly-betrayal-386250819952',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # From http://www.vulture.com/2016/06/letterman-couldnt-care-less-about-late-night.html
+        'url': 'http://www.nbcnews.com/widget/video-embed/701714499682',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'http://www.vulture.com/2016/06/letterman-couldnt-care-less-about-late-night.html',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'x_dtl_oa_LettermanliftPR_160608',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'David Letterman: A Preview',
         },
-    ]
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
+    }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -534,22 +605,26 @@ class NBCOlympicsIE(InfoExtractor):
     IE_NAME = 'nbcolympics'
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://www\.nbcolympics\.com/videos?/(?P<id>[0-9a-z-]+)'
 
-    _TEST = {
+    _TESTS = [{
         # Geo-restricted to US
-        'url': 'http://www.nbcolympics.com/video/justin-roses-son-leo-was-tears-after-his-dad-won-gold',
-        'md5': '54fecf846d05429fbaa18af557ee523a',
+        'url': 'https://www.nbcolympics.com/videos/watch-final-minutes-team-usas-mens-basketball-gold',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'WjTBzDXx5AUq',
-            'display_id': 'justin-roses-son-leo-was-tears-after-his-dad-won-gold',
+            'id': 'SAwGfPlQ1q01',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Rose\'s son Leo was in tears after his dad won gold',
-            'description': 'Olympic gold medalist Justin Rose gets emotional talking to the impact his win in men\'s golf has already had on his children.',
-            'timestamp': 1471274964,
-            'upload_date': '20160815',
+            'display_id': 'watch-final-minutes-team-usas-mens-basketball-gold',
+            'title': 'Watch the final minutes of Team USA\'s men\'s basketball gold',
+            'description': 'md5:f704f591217305c9559b23b877aa8d31',
+            'episode': 'Watch the final minutes of Team USA\'s men\'s basketball gold',
             'uploader': 'NBCU-SPORTS',
+            'duration': 387.053,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
+            'timestamp': 1723346984,
+            'upload_date': '20240811',
         },
-        'skip': '404 Not Found',
-    }
+    }, {
+        'url': 'http://www.nbcolympics.com/video/justin-roses-son-leo-was-tears-after-his-dad-won-gold',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -578,35 +653,34 @@ class NBCOlympicsIE(InfoExtractor):
 
 
 class NBCOlympicsStreamIE(AdobePassIE):
+    _WORKING = False
     IE_NAME = 'nbcolympics:stream'
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://stream\.nbcolympics\.com/(?P<id>[0-9a-z-]+)'
-    _TESTS = [
-        {
-            'note': 'Tokenized m3u8 source URL',
-            'url': 'https://stream.nbcolympics.com/womens-soccer-group-round-11',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '2019740',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': r"re:Women's Group Stage - Netherlands vs\. Brazil [0-9]{4}-[0-9]{2}-[0-9]{2} [0-9]{2}:[0-9]{2}$",
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': 'm3u8',
-            },
-            'skip': 'Livestream',
-        }, {
-            'note': 'Plain m3u8 source URL',
-            'url': 'https://stream.nbcolympics.com/gymnastics-event-finals-mens-floor-pommel-horse-womens-vault-bars',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '2021729',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': r're:Event Finals: M Floor, W Vault, M Pommel, W Uneven Bars [0-9]{4}-[0-9]{2}-[0-9]{2} [0-9]{2}:[0-9]{2}$',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': 'm3u8',
-            },
-            'skip': 'Livestream',
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'note': 'Tokenized m3u8 source URL',
+        'url': 'https://stream.nbcolympics.com/womens-soccer-group-round-11',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '2019740',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': r"re:Women's Group Stage - Netherlands vs\. Brazil [0-9]{4}-[0-9]{2}-[0-9]{2} [0-9]{2}:[0-9]{2}$",
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'skip_download': 'm3u8',
+        },
+        'skip': 'Livestream',
+    }, {
+        'note': 'Plain m3u8 source URL',
+        'url': 'https://stream.nbcolympics.com/gymnastics-event-finals-mens-floor-pommel-horse-womens-vault-bars',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '2021729',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': r're:Event Finals: M Floor, W Vault, M Pommel, W Uneven Bars [0-9]{4}-[0-9]{2}-[0-9]{2} [0-9]{2}:[0-9]{2}$',
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'skip_download': 'm3u8',
         },
-    ]
+        'skip': 'Livestream',
+    }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -630,7 +704,8 @@ class NBCOlympicsStreamIE(AdobePassIE):
                 event_config.get('resourceId', 'NBCOlympics'),
                 re.sub(r'[^\w\d ]+', '', event_config['eventTitle']), pid,
                 event_config.get('ratingId', 'NO VALUE'))
-            media_token = self._extract_mvpd_auth(url, pid, event_config.get('requestorId', 'NBCOlympics'), ap_resource)
+            # XXX: The None arg below needs to be the software_statement for this requestor
+            media_token = self._extract_mvpd_auth(url, pid, event_config.get('requestorId', 'NBCOlympics'), ap_resource, None)
 
             source_url = self._download_json(
                 'https://tokens.playmakerservices.com/', pid, 'Retrieving tokenized URL',
@@ -685,9 +760,7 @@ class NBCStationsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'channel_id': 'KNBC',
             'channel': 'nbclosangeles',
         },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': 'm3u8',
-        },
+        'skip': 'Site changed',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.telemundoarizona.com/responde/huracan-complica-reembolso-para-televidente-de-tucson/2247002/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -736,7 +809,7 @@ class NBCStationsIE(InfoExtractor):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
 
         nbc_data = self._search_json(
-            r'<script>\s*var\s+nbc\s*=', webpage, 'NBC JSON data', video_id)
+            r'(?:<script>\s*var\s+nbc\s*=|Object\.assign\(nbc,)', webpage, 'NBC JSON data', video_id)
         pdk_acct = nbc_data.get('pdkAcct') or 'Yh1nAC'
         fw_ssid = traverse_obj(nbc_data, ('video', 'fwSSID'))
 
@@ -848,3 +921,178 @@ class NBCStationsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'is_live': is_live,
             **info,
         }
+
+
+class BravoTVIE(NBCUniversalBaseIE):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?(?:bravotv|oxygen)\.com/(?:[^/?#]+/)+(?P<id>[^/?#]+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.bravotv.com/top-chef/season-16/episode-15/videos/the-top-chef-season-16-winner-is',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '3923059',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'The Top Chef Season 16 Winner Is...',
+            'display_id': 'the-top-chef-season-16-winner-is',
+            'description': 'Find out who takes the title of Top Chef!',
+            'upload_date': '20190315',
+            'timestamp': 1552618860,
+            'season_number': 16,
+            'episode_number': 15,
+            'series': 'Top Chef',
+            'episode': 'Finale',
+            'duration': 190,
+            'season': 'Season 16',
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https://.+\.jpg',
+            'uploader': 'NBCU-BRAV',
+            'categories': ['Series', 'Series/Top Chef'],
+            'tags': 'count:10',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.bravotv.com/top-chef/season-20/episode-1/london-calling',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '9000234570',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'London Calling',
+            'display_id': 'london-calling',
+            'description': 'md5:5af95a8cbac1856bd10e7562f86bb759',
+            'upload_date': '20230310',
+            'timestamp': 1678418100,
+            'season_number': 20,
+            'episode_number': 1,
+            'series': 'Top Chef',
+            'episode': 'London Calling',
+            'duration': 3266,
+            'season': 'Season 20',
+            'chapters': 'count:7',
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https://.+\.jpg',
+            'age_limit': 14,
+            'media_type': 'Full Episode',
+            'uploader': 'NBCU-MPAT',
+            'categories': ['Series/Top Chef'],
+            'tags': 'count:10',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+        'skip': 'This video requires AdobePass MSO credentials',
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.oxygen.com/in-ice-cold-blood/season-1/closing-night',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '3692045',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Closing Night',
+            'display_id': 'closing-night',
+            'description': 'md5:c8a5bb523c8ef381f3328c6d9f1e4632',
+            'upload_date': '20230126',
+            'timestamp': 1674709200,
+            'season_number': 1,
+            'episode_number': 1,
+            'series': 'In Ice Cold Blood',
+            'episode': 'Closing Night',
+            'duration': 2629,
+            'season': 'Season 1',
+            'chapters': 'count:6',
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https://.+\.jpg',
+            'age_limit': 14,
+            'media_type': 'Full Episode',
+            'uploader': 'NBCU-MPAT',
+            'categories': ['Series/In Ice Cold Blood'],
+            'tags': ['ice-t', 'in ice cold blood', 'law and order', 'oxygen', 'true crime'],
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+        'skip': 'This video requires AdobePass MSO credentials',
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.oxygen.com/in-ice-cold-blood/season-2/episode-16/videos/handling-the-horwitz-house-after-the-murder-season-2',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '3974019',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '\'Handling The Horwitz House After The Murder (Season 2, Episode 16)',
+            'display_id': 'handling-the-horwitz-house-after-the-murder-season-2',
+            'description': 'md5:f9d638dd6946a1c1c0533a9c6100eae5',
+            'upload_date': '20190618',
+            'timestamp': 1560819600,
+            'season_number': 2,
+            'episode_number': 16,
+            'series': 'In Ice Cold Blood',
+            'episode': 'Mother Vs Son',
+            'duration': 68,
+            'season': 'Season 2',
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https://.+\.jpg',
+            'age_limit': 14,
+            'uploader': 'NBCU-OXY',
+            'categories': ['Series/In Ice Cold Blood'],
+            'tags': ['in ice cold blood', 'ice-t', 'law and order', 'true crime', 'oxygen'],
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.bravotv.com/below-deck/season-3/ep-14-reunion-part-1',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        display_id = self._match_id(url)
+        return self._extract_nbcu_video(url, display_id)
+
+
+class SyfyIE(NBCUniversalBaseIE):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?syfy\.com/[^/?#]+/(?:season-\d+/episode-\d+/(?:videos/)?|videos/)(?P<id>[^/?#]+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.syfy.com/face-off/season-13/episode-10/videos/keyed-up',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '3774403',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'display_id': 'keyed-up',
+            'title': 'Keyed Up',
+            'description': 'md5:feafd15bee449f212dcd3065bbe9a755',
+            'age_limit': 14,
+            'duration': 169,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://www\.syfy\.com/.+/.+\.jpg',
+            'series': 'Face Off',
+            'season': 'Season 13',
+            'season_number': 13,
+            'episode': 'Through the Looking Glass Part 2',
+            'episode_number': 10,
+            'timestamp': 1533711618,
+            'upload_date': '20180808',
+            'media_type': 'Excerpt',
+            'uploader': 'NBCU-MPAT',
+            'categories': ['Series/Face Off'],
+            'tags': 'count:15',
+            '_old_archive_ids': ['theplatform 3774403'],
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.syfy.com/face-off/season-13/episode-10/through-the-looking-glass-part-2',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '3772391',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'display_id': 'through-the-looking-glass-part-2',
+            'title': 'Through the Looking Glass Pt.2',
+            'description': 'md5:90bd5dcbf1059fe3296c263599af41d2',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'duration': 2599,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://www\.syfy\.com/.+/.+\.jpg',
+            'chapters': [{'start_time': 0.0, 'end_time': 679.0, 'title': '<Untitled Chapter 1>'},
+                         {'start_time': 679.0, 'end_time': 1040.967, 'title': '<Untitled Chapter 2>'},
+                         {'start_time': 1040.967, 'end_time': 1403.0, 'title': '<Untitled Chapter 3>'},
+                         {'start_time': 1403.0, 'end_time': 1870.0, 'title': '<Untitled Chapter 4>'},
+                         {'start_time': 1870.0, 'end_time': 2496.967, 'title': '<Untitled Chapter 5>'},
+                         {'start_time': 2496.967, 'end_time': 2599, 'title': '<Untitled Chapter 6>'}],
+            'series': 'Face Off',
+            'season': 'Season 13',
+            'season_number': 13,
+            'episode': 'Through the Looking Glass Part 2',
+            'episode_number': 10,
+            'timestamp': 1672570800,
+            'upload_date': '20230101',
+            'media_type': 'Full Episode',
+            'uploader': 'NBCU-MPAT',
+            'categories': ['Series/Face Off'],
+            'tags': 'count:15',
+            '_old_archive_ids': ['theplatform 3772391'],
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+        'skip': 'This video requires AdobePass MSO credentials',
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        display_id = self._match_id(url)
+        return self._extract_nbcu_video(url, display_id, old_ie_key='ThePlatform')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nebula.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nebula.py
index 42ef25f17f..6ced19d6a2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nebula.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nebula.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import json
 
 from .art19 import Art19IE
 from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..networking import PATCHRequest
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
@@ -74,7 +75,7 @@ class NebulaBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                         'app_version': '23.10.0',
                         'platform': 'ios',
                     })
-                return {'formats': fmts, 'subtitles': subs}
+                break
             except ExtractorError as e:
                 if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 401:
                     self.raise_login_required()
@@ -84,6 +85,9 @@ class NebulaBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                     continue
                 raise
 
+        self.mark_watched(content_id, slug)
+        return {'formats': fmts, 'subtitles': subs}
+
     def _extract_video_metadata(self, episode):
         channel_url = traverse_obj(
             episode, (('channel_slug', 'class_slug'), {urljoin('https://nebula.tv/')}), get_all=False)
@@ -111,6 +115,13 @@ class NebulaBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_url': channel_url,
         }
 
+    def _mark_watched(self, content_id, slug):
+        self._call_api(
+            PATCHRequest(f'https://content.api.nebula.app/{content_id.split(":")[0]}s/{content_id}/progress/'),
+            slug, 'Marking watched', 'Unable to mark watched', fatal=False,
+            data=json.dumps({'completed': True}).encode(),
+            headers={'content-type': 'application/json'})
+
 
 class NebulaIE(NebulaBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'nebula:video'
@@ -322,6 +333,7 @@ class NebulaClassIE(NebulaBaseIE):
             if not episode_url and metadata.get('premium'):
                 self.raise_login_required()
 
+            self.mark_watched(metadata['id'], slug)
             if Art19IE.suitable(episode_url):
                 return self.url_result(episode_url, Art19IE)
             return traverse_obj(metadata, {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/neteasemusic.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/neteasemusic.py
index 900b8b2a30..6c47086b9b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/neteasemusic.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/neteasemusic.py
@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@ class NetEaseMusicBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         'sky',       # SVIP tier; 沉浸环绕声 (Surround Audio); flac
     )
     _API_BASE = 'http://music.163.com/api/'
-    _GEO_BYPASS = False
 
     def _create_eapi_cipher(self, api_path, query_body, cookies):
         request_text = json.dumps({**query_body, 'header': cookies}, separators=(',', ':'))
@@ -64,6 +63,8 @@ class NetEaseMusicBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'MUSIC_U': ('MUSIC_U', {lambda i: i.value}),
             }),
         }
+        if self._x_forwarded_for_ip:
+            headers.setdefault('X-Real-IP', self._x_forwarded_for_ip)
         return self._download_json(
             urljoin('https://interface3.music.163.com/', f'/eapi{path}'), video_id,
             data=self._create_eapi_cipher(f'/api{path}', query_body, cookies), headers={
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/newspicks.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/newspicks.py
index 4a1cb0a735..6ebdba4282 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/newspicks.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/newspicks.py
@@ -1,53 +1,77 @@
-import re
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import ExtractorError
+from ..utils import (
+    clean_html,
+    parse_iso8601,
+    parse_qs,
+    url_or_none,
+)
+from ..utils.traversal import require, traverse_obj
 
 
 class NewsPicksIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://newspicks\.com/movie-series/(?P<channel_id>\d+)\?movieId=(?P<id>\d+)'
-
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://newspicks\.com/movie-series/(?P<id>[^?/#]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://newspicks.com/movie-series/11?movieId=1813',
+        'url': 'https://newspicks.com/movie-series/11/?movieId=1813',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '1813',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': '日本�課題を破壊�よ�ゲスト：�田悠輔】',
+            'cast': 'count:4',
             'description': 'md5:09397aad46d6ded6487ff13f138acadf',
-            'channel': 'HORIE ONE',
-            'channel_id': '11',
             'release_date': '20220117',
-            'thumbnail': r're:https://.+jpg',
+            'release_timestamp': 1642424400,
+            'series': 'HORIE ONE',
+            'series_id': '11',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://resources\.newspicks\.com/.+\.(?:jpe?g|png)',
+            'timestamp': 1642424420,
+            'upload_date': '20220117',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://newspicks.com/movie-series/158/?movieId=3932',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '3932',
             'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '�検証】専門家��KADOKAWAを��見る�',
+            'cast': 'count:3',
+            'description': 'md5:2c2d4bf77484a4333ec995d676f9a91d',
+            'release_date': '20240622',
+            'release_timestamp': 1719088080,
+            'series': 'NPレ�ート',
+            'series_id': '158',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://resources\.newspicks\.com/.+\.(?:jpe?g|png)',
+            'timestamp': 1719086400,
+            'upload_date': '20240622',
         },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        video_id, channel_id = self._match_valid_url(url).group('id', 'channel_id')
+        series_id = self._match_id(url)
+        video_id = traverse_obj(parse_qs(url), ('movieId', -1, {str}, {require('movie ID')}))
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
-        entries = self._parse_html5_media_entries(
-            url, webpage.replace('movie-for-pc', 'movie'), video_id, 'hls')
-        if not entries:
-            raise ExtractorError('No HTML5 media elements found')
-        info = entries[0]
 
-        title = self._html_search_meta('og:title', webpage, fatal=False)
-        description = self._html_search_meta(
-            ('og:description', 'twitter:title'), webpage, fatal=False)
-        channel = self._html_search_regex(
-            r'value="11".+?<div\s+class="title">(.+?)</div', webpage, 'channel name', fatal=False)
-        if not title or not channel:
-            title, channel = re.split(r'\s*|\s*', self._html_extract_title(webpage))
+        fragment = self._search_nextjs_data(webpage, video_id)['props']['pageProps']['fragment']
+        movie = fragment['movie']
+
+        if traverse_obj(movie, ('viewable', {str})) == 'PARTIAL_FREE' and not traverse_obj(movie, ('canWatch', {bool})):
+            self.report_warning(
+                'Full video is for Premium members. Without cookies, '
+                f'only the preview is downloaded. {self._login_hint()}', video_id)
 
-        release_date = self._search_regex(
-            r'<span\s+class="on-air-date">\s*(\d+)年(\d+)月(\d+)日\s*</span>',
-            webpage, 'release date', fatal=False, group=(1, 2, 3))
+        m3u8_url = traverse_obj(movie, ('movieUrl', {url_or_none}, {require('m3u8 URL')}))
+        formats, subtitles = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(m3u8_url, video_id, 'mp4')
 
-        info.update({
+        return {
             'id': video_id,
-            'title': title,
-            'description': description,
-            'channel': channel,
-            'channel_id': channel_id,
-            'release_date': ('%04d%02d%02d' % tuple(map(int, release_date))) if release_date else None,
-        })
-        return info
+            'formats': formats,
+            'series': traverse_obj(fragment, ('series', 'title', {str})),
+            'series_id': series_id,
+            'subtitles': subtitles,
+            **traverse_obj(movie, {
+                'title': ('title', {str}),
+                'cast': ('relatedUsers', ..., 'displayName', {str}, filter, all, filter),
+                'description': ('explanation', {clean_html}),
+                'release_timestamp': ('onAirStartDate', {parse_iso8601}),
+                'thumbnail': (('image', 'coverImageUrl'), {url_or_none}, any),
+                'timestamp': ('published', {parse_iso8601}),
+            }),
+        }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nhk.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nhk.py
index 0bd6edfcba..14fbd6ce82 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nhk.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nhk.py
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ from ..utils import (
     get_element_by_class,
     int_or_none,
     join_nonempty,
+    make_archive_id,
+    orderedSet,
     parse_duration,
     remove_end,
     traverse_obj,
@@ -16,6 +18,7 @@ from ..utils import (
     unified_timestamp,
     url_or_none,
     urljoin,
+    variadic,
 )
 
 
@@ -495,7 +498,7 @@ class NhkForSchoolBangumiIE(InfoExtractor):
         chapters = None
         if chapter_durations and chapter_titles and len(chapter_durations) == len(chapter_titles):
             start_time = chapter_durations
-            end_time = chapter_durations[1:] + [duration]
+            end_time = [*chapter_durations[1:], duration]
             chapters = [{
                 'start_time': s,
                 'end_time': e,
@@ -591,102 +594,179 @@ class NhkRadiruIE(InfoExtractor):
     IE_DESC = 'NHK ら�る (Radiru/Rajiru)'
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://www\.nhk\.or\.jp/radio/(?:player/ondemand|ondemand/detail)\.html\?p=(?P<site>[\da-zA-Z]+)_(?P<corner>[\da-zA-Z]+)(?:_(?P<headline>[\da-zA-Z]+))?'
     _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://www.nhk.or.jp/radio/player/ondemand.html?p=0449_01_4003239',
-        'skip': 'Episode expired on 2024-06-09',
+        'url': 'https://www.nhk.or.jp/radio/player/ondemand.html?p=LG96ZW5KZ4_01_4251382',
+        'skip': 'Episode expires on 2025-07-14',
         'info_dict': {
-            'title': 'ジャズ・トゥナイト　ジャズ「Ｎｉｇｈｔ　�ｎｄ　Ｄ�ｙ�特集',
-            'id': '0449_01_4003239',
+            'title': 'クラシック�庭\u3000特集「ドボルザークを���（１）交響曲を中心�',
+            'id': 'LG96ZW5KZ4_01_4251382',
             'ext': 'm4a',
-            'uploader': 'NHK FM �京',
-            'description': 'md5:ad05f3c3f3f6e99b2e69f9b5e49551dc',
-            'series': 'ジャズ・トゥナイト',
-            'channel': 'NHK FM �京',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://www.nhk.or.jp/prog/img/449/g449.jpg',
-            'upload_date': '20240601',
-            'series_id': '0449_01',
-            'release_date': '20240601',
-            'timestamp': 1717257600,
-            'release_timestamp': 1717250400,
+            'description': 'md5:652d3c38a25b77959c716421eba1617a',
+            'uploader': 'NHK FM・�京',
+            'channel': 'NHK FM・�京',
+            'duration': 6597.0,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://www.nhk.jp/static/assets/images/radioseries/rs/LG96ZW5KZ4/LG96ZW5KZ4-eyecatch_a67c6e949325016c0724f2ed3eec8a2f.jpg',
+            'categories': ['音楽', 'クラシック・オペラ'],
+            'cast': ['田添�穂�'],
+            'series': 'クラシック�庭',
+            'series_id': 'LG96ZW5KZ4',
+            'episode': '特集「ドボルザークを���(1)交響曲を中心�',
+            'episode_id': 'QP1Q2ZXZY3',
+            'timestamp': 1751871000,
+            'upload_date': '20250707',
+            'release_timestamp': 1751864403,
+            'release_date': '20250707',
         },
     }, {
         # playlist, airs every weekday so it should _hopefully_ be okay forever
-        'url': 'https://www.nhk.or.jp/radio/ondemand/detail.html?p=0458_01',
+        'url': 'https://www.nhk.or.jp/radio/ondemand/detail.html?p=Z9L1V2M24L_01',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '0458_01',
+            'id': 'Z9L1V2M24L_01',
             'title': 'ベストオブクラシック',
             'description': '世界中�上質�演�会を���り堪能�る本格派クラシック番組。',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://www.nhk.or.jp/prog/img/458/g458.jpg',
-            'series_id': '0458_01',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://www.nhk.jp/static/assets/images/radioseries/rs/Z9L1V2M24L/Z9L1V2M24L-eyecatch_83ed28b4782907998875965fee60a351.jpg',
+            'series_id': 'Z9L1V2M24L_01',
             'uploader': 'NHK FM',
             'channel': 'NHK FM',
             'series': 'ベストオブクラシック',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 3,
-    }, {
-        # one with letters in the id
-        'url': 'https://www.nhk.or.jp/radio/player/ondemand.html?p=F683_01_3910688',
-        'note': 'Expires on 2025-03-31',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'F683_01_3910688',
-            'ext': 'm4a',
-            'title': '�目漱石「文鳥�第1回',
-            'series': '�ら�る文庫】�目漱石「文鳥�（全4回）',
-            'series_id': 'F683_01',
-            'description': '朗読：浅井�アナウンサー',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://www.nhk.or.jp/radioondemand/json/F683/img/roudoku_05_rod_640.jpg',
-            'upload_date': '20240106',
-            'release_date': '20240106',
-            'uploader': 'NHK R1',
-            'release_timestamp': 1704511800,
-            'channel': 'NHK R1',
-            'timestamp': 1704512700,
-        },
-        'expected_warnings': ['Unable to download JSON metadata',
-                              'Failed to get extended metadata. API returned Error 1: Invalid parameters'],
     }, {
         # news
-        'url': 'https://www.nhk.or.jp/radio/player/ondemand.html?p=F261_01_4012173',
+        'url': 'https://www.nhk.or.jp/radio/player/ondemand.html?p=18439M2W42_02_4251212',
+        'skip': 'Expires on 2025-07-15',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'F261_01_4012173',
+            'id': '18439M2W42_02_4251212',
             'ext': 'm4a',
-            'channel': 'NHKラジオ第1',
+            'title': 'マイ��! ��5時�NHKニュース 2025年7月8日',
             'uploader': 'NHKラジオ第1',
+            'channel': 'NHKラジオ第1',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://www.nhk.or.jp/radioondemand/json/18439M2W42/img/series_945_thumbnail.jpg',
             'series': 'NHKラジオニュース',
-            'title': '���時�NHKニュース',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://www.nhk.or.jp/radioondemand/json/F261/img/RADIONEWS_640.jpg',
-            'release_timestamp': 1718290800,
-            'release_date': '20240613',
-            'timestamp': 1718291400,
-            'upload_date': '20240613',
+            'timestamp': 1751919420,
+            'upload_date': '20250707',
+            'release_timestamp': 1751918400,
+            'release_date': '20250707',
         },
     }, {
         # fallback when extended metadata fails
-        'url': 'https://www.nhk.or.jp/radio/player/ondemand.html?p=2834_01_4009298',
-        'skip': 'Expires on 2024-06-07',
+        'url': 'https://www.nhk.or.jp/radio/player/ondemand.html?p=J8792PY43V_20_4253945',
+        'skip': 'Expires on 2025-09-01',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '2834_01_4009298',
-            'title': '��☆キラ�開�町特集',
+            'id': 'J8792PY43V_20_4253945',
             'ext': 'm4a',
-            'release_date': '20240531',
-            'upload_date': '20240531',
-            'series': '��☆キラ�',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://www.nhk.or.jp/prog/img/2834/g2834.jpg',
-            'channel': 'NHK R1,FM',
-            'description': '',
-            'timestamp': 1717123800,
-            'uploader': 'NHK R1,FM',
-            'release_timestamp': 1717120800,
-            'series_id': '2834_01',
+            'title': '「後絶���筋肉増強剤�使用�ワールドリ�ート',
+            'description': '大濱 敦（ソウル支局）',
+            'uploader': 'NHK R1',
+            'channel': 'NHK R1',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://www.nhk.or.jp/radioondemand/json/J8792PY43V/img/corner/box_31_thumbnail.jpg',
+            'series': 'マイ��� ワールドリ�ート',
+            'series_id': 'J8792PY43V_20',
+            'timestamp': 1751837100,
+            'upload_date': '20250706',
+            'release_timestamp': 1751835600,
+            'release_date': '20250706',
+
         },
-        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to get extended metadata. API returned empty list.'],
+        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to download extended metadata: HTTP Error 404: Not Found'],
     }]
 
     _API_URL_TMPL = None
 
+    # The `_format_*` and `_make_*` functions are ported from: https://www.nhk.or.jp/radio/assets/js/timetable_detail_new.js
+
+    def _format_act_list(self, act_list):
+        role_groups = {}
+        for act in traverse_obj(act_list, (..., {dict})):
+            role = act.get('role')
+            if role not in role_groups:
+                role_groups[role] = []
+            role_groups[role].append(act)
+
+        formatted_roles = []
+        for role, acts in role_groups.items():
+            for i, act in enumerate(acts):
+                res = f'�{role}】' if i == 0 and role is not None else ''
+                if title := act.get('title'):
+                    res += f'{title}…'
+                formatted_roles.append(join_nonempty(res, act.get('name'), delim=''))
+        return join_nonempty(*formatted_roles, delim='，')
+
+    def _make_artists(self, track, key):
+        artists = []
+        for artist in traverse_obj(track, (key, ..., {dict})):
+            if res := join_nonempty(*traverse_obj(artist, ((
+                ('role', filter, {'{}…'.format}),
+                ('part', filter, {'（{}）'.format}),
+                ('name', filter),
+            ), {str})), delim=''):
+                artists.append(res)
+
+        return '�'.join(artists) or None
+
+    def _make_duration(self, track, key):
+        d = traverse_obj(track, (key, {parse_duration}))
+        if d is None:
+            return None
+        hours, remainder = divmod(d, 3600)
+        minutes, seconds = divmod(remainder, 60)
+        res = '（'
+        if hours > 0:
+            res += f'{int(hours)}時間'
+        if minutes > 0:
+            res += f'{int(minutes)}分'
+        res += f'{int(seconds):02}秒）'
+        return res
+
+    def _format_music_list(self, music_list):
+        tracks = []
+        for track in traverse_obj(music_list, (..., {dict})):
+            track_details = traverse_obj(track, ((
+                ('name', filter, {'「{}�'.format}),
+                ('lyricist', filter, {'{}:作詞'.format}),
+                ('composer', filter, {'{}:作曲'.format}),
+                ('arranger', filter, {'{}:編曲'.format}),
+            ), {str}))
+
+            track_details.append(self._make_artists(track, 'byArtist'))
+            track_details.append(self._make_duration(track, 'duration'))
+
+            if label := join_nonempty('label', 'code', delim=' ', from_dict=track):
+                track_details.append(f'＜{label}＞')
+            if location := traverse_obj(track, ('location', {str})):
+                track_details.append(f'～{location}～')
+            tracks.append(join_nonempty(*track_details, delim='\n'))
+        return '\n\n'.join(tracks)
+
+    def _format_description(self, response):
+        detailed_description = traverse_obj(response, ('detailedDescription', {dict})) or {}
+        return join_nonempty(
+            join_nonempty('epg80', 'epg200', delim='\n\n', from_dict=detailed_description),
+            traverse_obj(response, ('misc', 'actList', {self._format_act_list})),
+            traverse_obj(response, ('misc', 'musicList', {self._format_music_list})),
+            delim='\n\n')
+
+    def _get_thumbnails(self, data, keys, name=None, preference=-1):
+        thumbnails = []
+        for size, thumb in traverse_obj(data, (
+            *variadic(keys, (str, bytes, dict, set)), {dict.items},
+            lambda _, v: v[0] != 'copyright' and url_or_none(v[1]['url']),
+        )):
+            thumbnails.append({
+                'url': thumb['url'],
+                'width': int_or_none(thumb.get('width')),
+                'height': int_or_none(thumb.get('height')),
+                'preference': preference,
+                'id': join_nonempty(name, size),
+            })
+            preference -= 1
+        return thumbnails
+
     def _extract_extended_metadata(self, episode_id, aa_vinfo):
         service, _, area = traverse_obj(aa_vinfo, (2, {str}, {lambda x: (x or '').partition(',')}))
+        date_id = aa_vinfo[3]
+
         detail_url = try_call(
-            lambda: self._API_URL_TMPL.format(area=area, service=service, dateid=aa_vinfo[3]))
+            lambda: self._API_URL_TMPL.format(broadcastEventId=join_nonempty(service, area, date_id)))
         if not detail_url:
             return {}
 
@@ -699,36 +779,37 @@ class NhkRadiruIE(InfoExtractor):
         if error := traverse_obj(response, ('error', {dict})):
             self.report_warning(
                 'Failed to get extended metadata. API returned '
-                f'Error {join_nonempty("code", "message", from_dict=error, delim=": ")}')
+                f'Error {join_nonempty("statuscode", "message", from_dict=error, delim=": ")}')
             return {}
 
-        full_meta = traverse_obj(response, ('list', service, 0, {dict}))
-        if not full_meta:
-            self.report_warning('Failed to get extended metadata. API returned empty list.')
-            return {}
+        station = traverse_obj(response, ('publishedOn', 'broadcastDisplayName', {str}))
 
-        station = ' '.join(traverse_obj(full_meta, (('service', 'area'), 'name', {str}))) or None
-        thumbnails = [{
-            'id': str(id_),
-            'preference': 1 if id_.startswith('thumbnail') else -2 if id_.startswith('logo') else -1,
-            **traverse_obj(thumb, {
-                'url': 'url',
-                'width': ('width', {int_or_none}),
-                'height': ('height', {int_or_none}),
-            }),
-        } for id_, thumb in traverse_obj(full_meta, ('images', {dict.items}, lambda _, v: v[1]['url']))]
+        thumbnails = []
+        thumbnails.extend(self._get_thumbnails(response, ('about', 'eyecatch')))
+        for num, dct in enumerate(traverse_obj(response, ('about', 'eyecatchList', ...))):
+            thumbnails.extend(self._get_thumbnails(dct, None, join_nonempty('list', num), -2))
+        thumbnails.extend(
+            self._get_thumbnails(response, ('about', 'partOfSeries', 'eyecatch'), 'series', -3))
 
         return filter_dict({
-            'channel': station,
-            'uploader': station,
-            'description': join_nonempty(
-                'subtitle', 'content', 'act', 'music', delim='\n\n', from_dict=full_meta),
+            'description': self._format_description(response),
+            'cast': traverse_obj(response, ('misc', 'actList', ..., 'name', {str})),
             'thumbnails': thumbnails,
-            **traverse_obj(full_meta, {
-                'title': ('title', {str}),
-                'timestamp': ('end_time', {unified_timestamp}),
-                'release_timestamp': ('start_time', {unified_timestamp}),
+            **traverse_obj(response, {
+                'title': ('name', {str}),
+                'timestamp': ('endDate', {unified_timestamp}),
+                'release_timestamp': ('startDate', {unified_timestamp}),
+                'duration': ('duration', {parse_duration}),
             }),
+            **traverse_obj(response, ('identifierGroup', {
+                'series': ('radioSeriesName', {str}),
+                'series_id': ('radioSeriesId', {str}),
+                'episode': ('radioEpisodeName', {str}),
+                'episode_id': ('radioEpisodeId', {str}),
+                'categories': ('genre', ..., ['name1', 'name2'], {str}, all, {orderedSet}),
+            })),
+            'channel': station,
+            'uploader': station,
         })
 
     def _extract_episode_info(self, episode, programme_id, series_meta):
@@ -782,7 +863,9 @@ class NhkRadiruIE(InfoExtractor):
         site_id, corner_id, headline_id = self._match_valid_url(url).group('site', 'corner', 'headline')
         programme_id = f'{site_id}_{corner_id}'
 
-        if site_id == 'F261':  # XXX: News programmes use old API (for now?)
+        # XXX: News programmes use the old API
+        # Can't move this to NhkRadioNewsPageIE because news items still use the normal URL format
+        if site_id == '18439M2W42':
             meta = self._download_json(
                 'https://www.nhk.or.jp/s-media/news/news-site/list/v1/all.json', programme_id)['main']
             series_meta = traverse_obj(meta, {
@@ -843,8 +926,8 @@ class NhkRadioNewsPageIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'https://www.nhk.or.jp/radionews/',
         'playlist_mincount': 5,
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'F261_01',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://www.nhk.or.jp/radioondemand/json/F261/img/RADIONEWS_640.jpg',
+            'id': '18439M2W42_01',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://www.nhk.or.jp/radioondemand/json/18439M2W42/img/series_945_thumbnail.jpg',
             'description': 'md5:bf2c5b397e44bc7eb26de98d8f15d79d',
             'channel': 'NHKラジオ第1',
             'uploader': 'NHKラジオ第1',
@@ -853,7 +936,7 @@ class NhkRadioNewsPageIE(InfoExtractor):
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        return self.url_result('https://www.nhk.or.jp/radio/ondemand/detail.html?p=F261_01', NhkRadiruIE)
+        return self.url_result('https://www.nhk.or.jp/radio/ondemand/detail.html?p=18439M2W42_01', NhkRadiruIE)
 
 
 class NhkRadiruLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -863,11 +946,12 @@ class NhkRadiruLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
         # radio 1, no area specified
         'url': 'https://www.nhk.or.jp/radio/player/?ch=r1',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'r1-tokyo',
-            'title': 're:^ＮＨＫ�ットラジオ第1 �京.+$',
+            'id': 'bs-r1-130',
+            'title': 're:^NHKラジオ第1・�京.+$',
             'ext': 'm4a',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://www.nhk.or.jp/common/img/media/r1-200x200.png',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://www.nhk.jp/assets/images/broadcastservice/bs/r1/r1-logo.svg',
             'live_status': 'is_live',
+            '_old_archive_ids': ['nhkradirulive r1-tokyo'],
         },
     }, {
         # radio 2, area specified
@@ -875,26 +959,28 @@ class NhkRadiruLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'https://www.nhk.or.jp/radio/player/?ch=r2',
         'params': {'extractor_args': {'nhkradirulive': {'area': ['fukuoka']}}},
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'r2-fukuoka',
-            'title': 're:^ＮＨＫ�ットラジオ第2 �岡.+$',
+            'id': 'bs-r2-400',
+            'title': 're:^NHKラジオ第2.+$',
             'ext': 'm4a',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://www.nhk.or.jp/common/img/media/r2-200x200.png',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://www.nhk.jp/assets/images/broadcastservice/bs/r2/r2-logo.svg',
             'live_status': 'is_live',
+            '_old_archive_ids': ['nhkradirulive r2-fukuoka'],
         },
     }, {
         # fm, area specified
         'url': 'https://www.nhk.or.jp/radio/player/?ch=fm',
         'params': {'extractor_args': {'nhkradirulive': {'area': ['sapporo']}}},
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'fm-sapporo',
-            'title': 're:^ＮＨＫ�ットラジオＦＭ 札幌.+$',
+            'id': 'bs-r3-010',
+            'title': 're:^NHK FM・札幌.+$',
             'ext': 'm4a',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://www.nhk.or.jp/common/img/media/fm-200x200.png',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://www.nhk.jp/assets/images/broadcastservice/bs/r3/r3-logo.svg',
             'live_status': 'is_live',
+            '_old_archive_ids': ['nhkradirulive fm-sapporo'],
         },
     }]
 
-    _NOA_STATION_IDS = {'r1': 'n1', 'r2': 'n2', 'fm': 'n3'}
+    _NOA_STATION_IDS = {'r1': 'r1', 'r2': 'r2', 'fm': 'r3'}
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         station = self._match_id(url)
@@ -911,12 +997,15 @@ class NhkRadiruLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
         noa_info = self._download_json(
             f'https:{config.find(".//url_program_noa").text}'.format(area=data.find('areakey').text),
             station, note=f'Downloading {area} station metadata', fatal=False)
-        present_info = traverse_obj(noa_info, ('nowonair_list', self._NOA_STATION_IDS.get(station), 'present'))
+        broadcast_service = traverse_obj(noa_info, (self._NOA_STATION_IDS.get(station), 'publishedOn'))
 
         return {
-            'title': ' '.join(traverse_obj(present_info, (('service', 'area'), 'name', {str}))),
-            'id': join_nonempty(station, area),
-            'thumbnails': traverse_obj(present_info, ('service', 'images', ..., {
+            **traverse_obj(broadcast_service, {
+                'title': ('broadcastDisplayName', {str}),
+                'id': ('id', {str}),
+            }),
+            '_old_archive_ids': [make_archive_id(self, join_nonempty(station, area))],
+            'thumbnails': traverse_obj(broadcast_service, ('logo', ..., {
                 'url': 'url',
                 'width': ('width', {int_or_none}),
                 'height': ('height', {int_or_none}),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nick.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nick.py
index 653b10b9d0..91cefd21da 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nick.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nick.py
@@ -1,224 +1,48 @@
-from .mtv import MTVServicesInfoExtractor
-from ..utils import update_url_query
+from .mtv import MTVServicesBaseIE
 
 
-class NickIE(MTVServicesInfoExtractor):
+class NickIE(MTVServicesBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'nick.com'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?P<domain>(?:www\.)?nick(?:jr)?\.com)/(?:[^/]+/)?(?P<type>videos/clip|[^/]+/videos|episodes/[^/]+)/(?P<id>[^/?#.]+)'
-    _FEED_URL = 'http://udat.mtvnservices.com/service1/dispatch.htm'
-    _GEO_COUNTRIES = ['US']
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?nick\.com/(?:video-clips|episodes)/(?P<id>[\da-z]{6})'
     _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://www.nick.com/episodes/sq47rw/spongebob-squarepants-a-place-for-pets-lockdown-for-love-season-13-ep-1',
+        'url': 'https://www.nick.com/episodes/u3smw8/wylde-pak-best-summer-ever-season-1-ep-1',
         'info_dict': {
-            'description': 'md5:0650a9eb88955609d5c1d1c79292e234',
-            'title': 'A Place for Pets/Lockdown for Love',
+            'id': 'eb9d4db0-274a-11ef-a913-0e37995d42c9',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'display_id': 'u3smw8',
+            'title': 'Best Summer Ever?',
+            'description': 'md5:c737a0ade3fbc09d569c3b3d029a7792',
+            'channel': 'Nickelodeon',
+            'duration': 1296.0,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://assets\.nick\.com/uri/mgid:arc:imageassetref:',
+            'series': 'Wylde Pak',
+            'season': 'Season 1',
+            'season_number': 1,
+            'episode': 'Episode 1',
+            'episode_number': 1,
+            'timestamp': 1746100800,
+            'upload_date': '20250501',
+            'release_timestamp': 1746100800,
+            'release_date': '20250501',
         },
-        'playlist': [
-            {
-                'md5': 'cb8a2afeafb7ae154aca5a64815ec9d6',
-                'info_dict': {
-                    'id': '85ee8177-d6ce-48f8-9eee-a65364f8a6df',
-                    'ext': 'mp4',
-                    'title': 'SpongeBob SquarePants: "A Place for Pets/Lockdown for Love" S1',
-                    'description': 'A Place for Pets/Lockdown for Love: When customers bring pets into the Krusty Krab, Mr. Krabs realizes pets are more profitable than owners. Plankton ruins another date with Karen, so she puts the Chum Bucket on lockdown until he proves his affection.',
-
-                },
-            },
-            {
-                'md5': '839a04f49900a1fcbf517020d94e0737',
-                'info_dict': {
-                    'id': '2e2a9960-8fd4-411d-868b-28eb1beb7fae',
-                    'ext': 'mp4',
-                    'title': 'SpongeBob SquarePants: "A Place for Pets/Lockdown for Love" S2',
-                    'description': 'A Place for Pets/Lockdown for Love: When customers bring pets into the Krusty Krab, Mr. Krabs realizes pets are more profitable than owners. Plankton ruins another date with Karen, so she puts the Chum Bucket on lockdown until he proves his affection.',
-
-                },
-            },
-            {
-                'md5': 'f1145699f199770e2919ee8646955d46',
-                'info_dict': {
-                    'id': 'dc91c304-6876-40f7-84a6-7aece7baa9d0',
-                    'ext': 'mp4',
-                    'title': 'SpongeBob SquarePants: "A Place for Pets/Lockdown for Love" S3',
-                    'description': 'A Place for Pets/Lockdown for Love: When customers bring pets into the Krusty Krab, Mr. Krabs realizes pets are more profitable than owners. Plankton ruins another date with Karen, so she puts the Chum Bucket on lockdown until he proves his affection.',
-
-                },
-            },
-            {
-                'md5': 'd463116875aee2585ee58de3b12caebd',
-                'info_dict': {
-                    'id': '5d929486-cf4c-42a1-889a-6e0d183a101a',
-                    'ext': 'mp4',
-                    'title': 'SpongeBob SquarePants: "A Place for Pets/Lockdown for Love" S4',
-                    'description': 'A Place for Pets/Lockdown for Love: When customers bring pets into the Krusty Krab, Mr. Krabs realizes pets are more profitable than owners. Plankton ruins another date with Karen, so she puts the Chum Bucket on lockdown until he proves his affection.',
-
-                },
-            },
-        ],
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.nickjr.com/blues-clues-and-you/videos/blues-clues-and-you-original-209-imagination-station/',
+        'url': 'https://www.nick.com/video-clips/0p4706/spongebob-squarepants-spongebob-loving-the-krusty-krab-for-7-minutes',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '31631529-2fc5-430b-b2ef-6a74b4609abd',
+            'id': '4aac2228-5295-4076-b986-159513cf4ce4',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'description': 'md5:9d65a66df38e02254852794b2809d1cf',
-            'title': 'Blue\'s Imagination Station',
+            'display_id': '0p4706',
+            'title': 'SpongeBob Loving the Krusty Krab for 7 Minutes!',
+            'description': 'md5:72bf59babdf4e6d642187502864e111d',
+            'duration': 423.423,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://assets\.nick\.com/uri/mgid:arc:imageassetref:',
+            'series': 'SpongeBob SquarePants',
+            'season': 'Season 0',
+            'season_number': 0,
+            'episode': 'Episode 0',
+            'episode_number': 0,
+            'timestamp': 1663819200,
+            'upload_date': '20220922',
         },
-        'skip': 'Not accessible?',
-    }]
-
-    def _get_feed_query(self, uri):
-        return {
-            'feed': 'nick_arc_player_prime',
-            'mgid': uri,
-        }
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        domain, video_type, display_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
-        if video_type.startswith('episodes'):
-            return super()._real_extract(url)
-        video_data = self._download_json(
-            f'http://{domain}/data/video.endLevel.json',
-            display_id, query={
-                'urlKey': display_id,
-            })
-        return self._get_videos_info(video_data['player'] + video_data['id'])
-
-
-class NickBrIE(MTVServicesInfoExtractor):
-    IE_NAME = 'nickelodeon:br'
-    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
-                    https?://
-                        (?:
-                            (?P<domain>(?:www\.)?nickjr|mundonick\.uol)\.com\.br|
-                            (?:www\.)?nickjr\.[a-z]{2}|
-                            (?:www\.)?nickelodeonjunior\.fr
-                        )
-                        /(?:programas/)?[^/]+/videos/(?:episodios/)?(?P<id>[^/?\#.]+)
-                    '''
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'http://www.nickjr.com.br/patrulha-canina/videos/210-labirinto-de-pipoca/',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://mundonick.uol.com.br/programas/the-loud-house/videos/muitas-irmas/7ljo9j',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.nickjr.nl/paw-patrol/videos/311-ge-wol-dig-om-terug-te-zijn/',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.nickjr.de/blaze-und-die-monster-maschinen/videos/f6caaf8f-e4e8-4cc1-b489-9380d6dcd059/',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.nickelodeonjunior.fr/paw-patrol-la-pat-patrouille/videos/episode-401-entier-paw-patrol/',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        domain, display_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
-        uri = self._search_regex(
-            r'data-(?:contenturi|mgid)="([^"]+)', webpage, 'mgid')
-        video_id = self._id_from_uri(uri)
-        config = self._download_json(
-            'http://media.mtvnservices.com/pmt/e1/access/index.html',
-            video_id, query={
-                'uri': uri,
-                'configtype': 'edge',
-            }, headers={
-                'Referer': url,
-            })
-        info_url = self._remove_template_parameter(config['feedWithQueryParams'])
-        if info_url == 'None':
-            if domain.startswith('www.'):
-                domain = domain[4:]
-            content_domain = {
-                'mundonick.uol': 'mundonick.com.br',
-                'nickjr': 'br.nickelodeonjunior.tv',
-            }[domain]
-            query = {
-                'mgid': uri,
-                'imageEp': content_domain,
-                'arcEp': content_domain,
-            }
-            if domain == 'nickjr.com.br':
-                query['ep'] = 'c4b16088'
-            info_url = update_url_query(
-                'http://feeds.mtvnservices.com/od/feed/intl-mrss-player-feed', query)
-        return self._get_videos_info_from_url(info_url, video_id)
-
-
-class NickDeIE(MTVServicesInfoExtractor):
-    IE_NAME = 'nick.de'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?(?P<host>nick\.(?:de|com\.pl|ch)|nickelodeon\.(?:nl|be|at|dk|no|se))/[^/]+/(?:[^/]+/)*(?P<id>[^/?#&]+)'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'http://www.nick.de/playlist/3773-top-videos/videos/episode/17306-zu-wasser-und-zu-land-rauchende-erdnusse',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.nick.de/shows/342-icarly',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.nickelodeon.nl/shows/474-spongebob/videos/17403-een-kijkje-in-de-keuken-met-sandy-van-binnenuit',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.nickelodeon.at/playlist/3773-top-videos/videos/episode/77993-das-letzte-gefecht',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.nick.com.pl/seriale/474-spongebob-kanciastoporty/wideo/17412-teatr-to-jest-to-rodeo-oszolom',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.nickelodeon.no/program/2626-bulderhuset/videoer/90947-femteklasse-veronica-vs-vanzilla',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.nickelodeon.dk/serier/2626-hojs-hus/videoer/761-tissepause',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.nickelodeon.se/serier/2626-lugn-i-stormen/videos/998-',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.nick.ch/shows/2304-adventure-time-abenteuerzeit-mit-finn-und-jake',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.nickelodeon.be/afspeellijst/4530-top-videos/videos/episode/73917-inval-broodschapper-lariekoek-arie',
-        'only_matching': True,
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }]
-
-    def _get_feed_url(self, uri, url=None):
-        video_id = self._id_from_uri(uri)
-        config = self._download_json(
-            f'http://media.mtvnservices.com/pmt/e1/access/index.html?uri={uri}&configtype=edge&ref={url}', video_id)
-        return self._remove_template_parameter(config['feedWithQueryParams'])
-
-
-class NickRuIE(MTVServicesInfoExtractor):
-    IE_NAME = 'nickelodeonru'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)nickelodeon\.(?:ru|fr|es|pt|ro|hu|com\.tr)/[^/]+/(?:[^/]+/)*(?P<id>[^/?#&]+)'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'http://www.nickelodeon.ru/shows/henrydanger/videos/episodes/3-sezon-15-seriya-licenziya-na-polyot/pmomfb#playlist/7airc6',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.nickelodeon.ru/videos/smotri-na-nickelodeon-v-iyule/g9hvh7',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.nickelodeon.fr/programmes/bob-l-eponge/videos/le-marathon-de-booh-kini-bottom-mardi-31-octobre/nfn7z0',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.nickelodeon.es/videos/nickelodeon-consejos-tortitas/f7w7xy',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.nickelodeon.pt/series/spongebob-squarepants/videos/a-bolha-de-tinta-gigante/xutq1b',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.nickelodeon.ro/emisiuni/shimmer-si-shine/video/nahal-din-bomboane/uw5u2k',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.nickelodeon.hu/musorok/spongyabob-kockanadrag/videok/episodes/buborekfujas-az-elszakadt-nadrag/q57iob#playlist/k6te4y',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.nickelodeon.com.tr/programlar/sunger-bob/videolar/kayip-yatak/mgqbjy',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
-        mgid = self._extract_mgid(webpage, url)
-        return self.url_result(f'http://media.mtvnservices.com/embed/{mgid}')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/niconico.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/niconico.py
index 62dd0ab9cf..391eba2bea 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/niconico.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/niconico.py
@@ -3,407 +3,367 @@ import functools
 import itertools
 import json
 import re
-import time
-import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor, SearchInfoExtractor
-from ..networking import Request
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     OnDemandPagedList,
     clean_html,
     determine_ext,
+    extract_attributes,
     float_or_none,
     int_or_none,
-    join_nonempty,
-    parse_duration,
+    parse_bitrate,
     parse_iso8601,
     parse_qs,
     parse_resolution,
     qualities,
-    remove_start,
     str_or_none,
-    traverse_obj,
-    try_get,
-    unescapeHTML,
+    time_seconds,
+    truncate_string,
+    unified_timestamp,
     update_url_query,
     url_basename,
     url_or_none,
     urlencode_postdata,
     urljoin,
 )
+from ..utils.traversal import (
+    find_element,
+    require,
+    traverse_obj,
+)
+
+
+class NiconicoBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _API_BASE = 'https://nvapi.nicovideo.jp'
+    _BASE_URL = 'https://www.nicovideo.jp'
+    _GEO_BYPASS = False
+    _GEO_COUNTRIES = ['JP']
+    _HEADERS = {
+        'X-Frontend-ID': '6',
+        'X-Frontend-Version': '0',
+    }
+    _LOGIN_BASE = 'https://account.nicovideo.jp'
+    _NETRC_MACHINE = 'niconico'
+
+    @property
+    def is_logged_in(self):
+        return bool(self._get_cookies('https://www.nicovideo.jp').get('user_session'))
 
+    def _raise_login_error(self, message, expected=True):
+        raise ExtractorError(f'Unable to login: {message}', expected=expected)
 
-class NiconicoIE(InfoExtractor):
+    def _perform_login(self, username, password):
+        if self.is_logged_in:
+            return
+
+        self._request_webpage(
+            f'{self._LOGIN_BASE}/login', None, 'Requesting session cookies')
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(
+            f'{self._LOGIN_BASE}/login/redirector', None,
+            'Logging in', 'Unable to log in', headers={
+                'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
+                'Referer': f'{self._LOGIN_BASE}/login',
+            }, data=urlencode_postdata({
+                'mail_tel': username,
+                'password': password,
+            }))
+
+        if self.is_logged_in:
+            return
+        elif err_msg := traverse_obj(webpage, (
+            {find_element(cls='notice error')}, {find_element(cls='notice__text')}, {clean_html},
+        )):
+            self._raise_login_error(err_msg or 'Invalid username or password')
+        elif 'oneTimePw' in webpage:
+            post_url = self._search_regex(
+                r'<form[^>]+action=(["\'])(?P<url>.+?)\1', webpage, 'post url', group='url')
+            mfa, urlh = self._download_webpage_handle(
+                urljoin(self._LOGIN_BASE, post_url), None,
+                'Performing MFA', 'Unable to complete MFA', headers={
+                    'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
+                }, data=urlencode_postdata({
+                    'otp': self._get_tfa_info('6 digit number shown on app'),
+                }))
+            if self.is_logged_in:
+                return
+            elif 'error-code' in parse_qs(urlh.url):
+                err_msg = traverse_obj(mfa, ({find_element(cls='pageMainMsg')}, {clean_html}))
+                self._raise_login_error(err_msg or 'MFA session expired')
+            elif 'formError' in mfa:
+                err_msg = traverse_obj(mfa, (
+                    {find_element(cls='formError')}, {find_element(tag='div')}, {clean_html}))
+                self._raise_login_error(err_msg or 'MFA challenge failed')
+
+        self._raise_login_error('Unexpected login error', expected=False)
+
+
+class NiconicoIE(NiconicoBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'niconico'
     IE_DESC = 'ニコニコ動画'
-    _GEO_COUNTRIES = ['JP']
-    _GEO_BYPASS = False
 
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:(?:embed|sp|www)\.)?nicovideo\.jp/watch/(?P<id>(?:[a-z]{2})?\d+)'
+    _ERROR_MAP = {
+        'FORBIDDEN': {
+            'ADMINISTRATOR_DELETE_VIDEO': 'Video unavailable, possibly removed by admins',
+            'CHANNEL_MEMBER_ONLY': 'Channel members only',
+            'DELETED_CHANNEL_VIDEO': 'Video unavailable, channel was closed',
+            'DELETED_COMMUNITY_VIDEO': 'Video unavailable, community deleted or missing',
+            'DEFAULT': 'Page unavailable, check the URL',
+            'HARMFUL_VIDEO': 'Sensitive content, login required',
+            'HIDDEN_VIDEO': 'Video unavailable, set to private',
+            'NOT_ALLOWED': 'No permission',
+            'PPV_VIDEO': 'PPV video, payment information required',
+            'PREMIUM_ONLY': 'Premium members only',
+        },
+        'INVALID_PARAMETER': {
+            'DEFAULT': 'Video unavailable, may not exist or was deleted',
+        },
+        'MAINTENANCE': {
+            'DEFAULT': 'Maintenance is in progress',
+        },
+        'NOT_FOUND': {
+            'DEFAULT': 'Video unavailable, may not exist or was deleted',
+            'RIGHT_HOLDER_DELETE_VIDEO': 'Removed by rights-holder request',
+        },
+        'UNAUTHORIZED': {
+            'DEFAULT': 'Invalid session, re-login required',
+        },
+        'UNKNOWN': {
+            'DEFAULT': 'Failed to fetch content',
+        },
+    }
+    _STATUS_MAP = {
+        'needs_auth': 'PPV video, payment information required',
+        'premium_only': 'Premium members only',
+        'subscriber_only': 'Channel members only',
+    }
     _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'http://www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm22312215',
+        'url': 'https://www.nicovideo.jp/watch/1173108780',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'sm22312215',
+            'id': 'sm9',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Big Buck Bunny',
-            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*',
-            'uploader': 'takuya0301',
-            'uploader_id': '2698420',
-            'upload_date': '20131123',
-            'timestamp': int,  # timestamp is unstable
-            'description': '(c) copyright 2008, Blender Foundation / www.bigbuckbunny.org',
-            'duration': 33,
-            'view_count': int,
+            'title': '新・豪血寺一� -煩悩解放 - レッツゴー�陰陽師',
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'channel': '中�',
+            'channel_id': '4',
             'comment_count': int,
+            'description': 'md5:b7f6d3e6c29552cc19fdea6a4b7dc194',
+            'display_id': '1173108780',
+            'duration': 320,
             'genres': ['未設定'],
-            'tags': [],
+            'like_count': int,
+            'tags': 'mincount:5',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://img\.cdn\.nimg\.jp/s/nicovideo/thumbnails/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1173108780,
+            'upload_date': '20070305',
+            'uploader': '中�',
+            'uploader_id': '4',
+            'view_count': int,
         },
         'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
-        # File downloaded with and without credentials are different, so omit
-        # the md5 field
-        'url': 'http://www.nicovideo.jp/watch/nm14296458',
+        'url': 'https://www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm8628149',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'sm8628149',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '��方】Bad Apple!!\u3000ＰＶ�影絵】',
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'channel': '��ら',
+            'channel_id': '10731211',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'description': 'md5:1999669158cb77a45bab123c4fafe1d7',
+            'display_id': 'sm8628149',
+            'duration': 219,
+            'genres': ['ゲーム'],
+            'like_count': int,
+            'tags': 'mincount:3',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://img\.cdn\.nimg\.jp/s/nicovideo/thumbnails/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1256580802,
+            'upload_date': '20091026',
+            'uploader': '��ら',
+            'uploader_id': '10731211',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.nicovideo.jp/watch/nm14296458',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'nm14296458',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': '�Kagamine Rin】Dance on media�Original】take2!',
+            'title': '��音リン】Dance on media�オリジナル】take2!',
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'channel': 'りょ��',
+            'channel_id': '18822557',
+            'comment_count': int,
             'description': 'md5:9368f2b1f4178de64f2602c2f3d6cbf5',
-            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*',
+            'display_id': 'nm14296458',
+            'duration': 208,
+            'genres': ['音楽・サウンド'],
+            'like_count': int,
+            'tags': 'mincount:1',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://img\.cdn\.nimg\.jp/s/nicovideo/thumbnails/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1304065916,
+            'upload_date': '20110429',
             'uploader': 'りょ��',
             'uploader_id': '18822557',
-            'upload_date': '20110429',
-            'timestamp': 1304065916,
-            'duration': 208.0,
-            'comment_count': int,
             'view_count': int,
-            'genres': ['音楽・サウンド'],
-            'tags': ['Translation_Request', 'Kagamine_Rin', 'Rin_Original'],
         },
         'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
-        # 'video exists but is marked as "deleted"
-        # md5 is unstable
-        'url': 'http://www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm10000',
+        'url': 'https://www.nicovideo.jp/watch/nl1872567',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'sm10000',
-            'ext': 'unknown_video',
-            'description': 'deleted',
-            'title': 'ドラ�もんエターナル第3話「決戦第3新�京市�＜�編＞',
-            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*',
-            'upload_date': '20071224',
-            'timestamp': int,  # timestamp field has different value if logged in
-            'duration': 304,
+            'id': 'nl1872567',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '�12/25放�分】『生対談!!��ゆ��戀塚�ニコニコを作��人 ���',
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'channel': 'nicolive',
+            'channel_id': '394',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'description': 'md5:79fc3a54cfdc93ecc2b883285149e548',
+            'display_id': 'nl1872567',
+            'duration': 586,
+            'genres': ['エンターテイメント'],
+            'like_count': int,
+            'tags': 'mincount:3',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://img\.cdn\.nimg\.jp/s/nicovideo/thumbnails/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1198637246,
+            'upload_date': '20071226',
+            'uploader': 'nicolive',
+            'uploader_id': '394',
             'view_count': int,
         },
-        'skip': 'Requires an account',
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.nicovideo.jp/watch/so22543406',
+        'url': 'https://www.nicovideo.jp/watch/so38016254',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '1388129933',
+            'id': 'so38016254',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': '�第1回】RADIOアニメロミックス ラブライブ�～���りRadio Garden～',
-            'description': 'md5:b27d224bb0ff53d3c8269e9f8b561cf1',
-            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*',
-            'timestamp': 1388851200,
-            'upload_date': '20140104',
-            'uploader': 'アニメロ�ャン�ル',
-            'uploader_id': '312',
+            'title': '「�ん�ん�より �ん����� PV',
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'channel': '�ん�ん�より �ん����',
+            'channel_id': 'ch2647028',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'description': 'md5:6e2ff55b33e3645d59ef010869cde6a2',
+            'display_id': 'so38016254',
+            'duration': 114,
+            'genres': ['アニメ'],
+            'like_count': int,
+            'tags': 'mincount:4',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://img\.cdn\.nimg\.jp/s/nicovideo/thumbnails/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1609146000,
+            'upload_date': '20201228',
+            'uploader': '�ん�ん�より �ん����',
+            'uploader_id': 'ch2647028',
+            'view_count': int,
         },
-        'skip': 'The viewing period of the video you were searching for has expired.',
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
-        # video not available via `getflv`; "old" HTML5 video
-        'url': 'http://www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm1151009',
+        # smile official, but marked as user video
+        'url': 'https://www.nicovideo.jp/watch/so37602536',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'sm1151009',
+            'id': 'so37602536',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'マスターシステム本体内蔵�スペ�リ�メインテーマ（ＰＳＧ版）',
-            'description': 'md5:f95a3d259172667b293530cc2e41ebda',
-            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*',
-            'duration': 184,
-            'timestamp': 1190835883,
-            'upload_date': '20070926',
-            'uploader': 'denden2',
-            'uploader_id': '1392194',
-            'view_count': int,
+            'title': '田中有紀�ゆ��る��� �定放�アーカイブ（第12回）',
+            'availability': 'subscriber_only',
+            'channel': '����16',
+            'channel_id': '91072761',
             'comment_count': int,
-            'genres': ['ゲーム'],
-            'tags': [],
+            'description': 'md5:2ee357ec4e76d7804fb59af77107ab67',
+            'display_id': 'so37602536',
+            'duration': 980,
+            'genres': ['エンターテイメント'],
+            'like_count': int,
+            'tags': 'count:4',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://img\.cdn\.nimg\.jp/s/nicovideo/thumbnails/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1601377200,
+            'upload_date': '20200929',
+            'uploader': '����16',
+            'uploader_id': '91072761',
+            'view_count': int,
         },
         'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+        'skip': 'Channel members only',
     }, {
-        # "New" HTML5 video
-        'url': 'http://www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm31464864',
+        'url': 'https://www.nicovideo.jp/watch/so41370536',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'sm31464864',
+            'id': 'so41370536',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': '新作TVアニメ「戦姫絶唱シンフォギアAXZ�PV 最高画質',
-            'description': 'md5:e52974af9a96e739196b2c1ca72b5feb',
-            'timestamp': 1498481660,
-            'upload_date': '20170626',
-            'uploader': 'no-namamae',
-            'uploader_id': '40826363',
-            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*',
-            'duration': 198,
-            'view_count': int,
+            'title': 'ZUN�出演者別】超パーティー2022',
+            'availability': 'premium_only',
+            'channel': 'ニコニコ超会議�ャン�ル',
+            'channel_id': 'ch2607134',
             'comment_count': int,
-            'genres': ['アニメ'],
-            'tags': [],
+            'description': 'md5:5692db5ac40d3a374fc5ec182d0249c3',
+            'display_id': 'so41370536',
+            'duration': 63,
+            'genres': ['音楽・サウンド'],
+            'like_count': int,
+            'tags': 'mincount:5',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://img\.cdn\.nimg\.jp/s/nicovideo/thumbnails/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1668394800,
+            'upload_date': '20221114',
+            'uploader': 'ニコニコ超会議�ャン�ル',
+            'uploader_id': 'ch2607134',
+            'view_count': int,
         },
         'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+        'skip': 'Premium members only',
     }, {
-        # Video without owner
-        'url': 'http://www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm18238488',
+        'url': 'https://www.nicovideo.jp/watch/so37574174',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'sm18238488',
+            'id': 'so37574174',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': '�実写版】ミュータントタートルズ',
-            'description': 'md5:15df8988e47a86f9e978af2064bf6d8e',
-            'timestamp': 1341128008,
-            'upload_date': '20120701',
-            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*',
-            'duration': 5271,
-            'view_count': int,
+            'title': '��ら����頃� 廿回�編\u3000第1回',
+            'availability': 'subscriber_only',
+            'channel': '「��ら����頃��オフィシャル�ャン�ル',
+            'channel_id': 'ch2646036',
             'comment_count': int,
-            'genres': ['エンターテイメント'],
-            'tags': [],
+            'description': 'md5:5296196d51d9c0b7272b73f9a99c236a',
+            'display_id': 'so37574174',
+            'duration': 1931,
+            'genres': ['ラジオ'],
+            'like_count': int,
+            'tags': 'mincount:5',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://img\.cdn\.nimg\.jp/s/nicovideo/thumbnails/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1601028000,
+            'upload_date': '20200925',
+            'uploader': '「��ら����頃��オフィシャル�ャン�ル',
+            'uploader_id': 'ch2646036',
+            'view_count': int,
         },
         'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+        'skip': 'Channel members only',
     }, {
-        'url': 'http://sp.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm28964488?ss_pos=1&cp_in=wt_tg',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'note': 'a video that is only served as an ENCRYPTED HLS.',
-        'url': 'https://www.nicovideo.jp/watch/so38016254',
-        'only_matching': True,
+        'url': 'https://www.nicovideo.jp/watch/so44060088',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'so44060088',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '�田的超英雄電波。《仮�ライダーガッ�ャード 放�終了記念特別番組》',
+            'availability': 'subscriber_only',
+            'channel': '�����ャン�ル',
+            'channel_id': 'ch2638921',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'description': 'md5:9dec5bb9a172b6d20a255ecb64fbd03e',
+            'display_id': 'so44060088',
+            'duration': 1881,
+            'genres': ['ラジオ'],
+            'like_count': int,
+            'tags': 'mincount:7',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://img\.cdn\.nimg\.jp/s/nicovideo/thumbnails/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1725361200,
+            'upload_date': '20240903',
+            'uploader': '�����ャン�ル',
+            'uploader_id': 'ch2638921',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+        'skip': 'Channel members only; specified continuous membership period required',
     }]
 
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:(?:www\.|secure\.|sp\.)?nicovideo\.jp/watch|nico\.ms)/(?P<id>(?:[a-z]{2})?[0-9]+)'
-    _NETRC_MACHINE = 'niconico'
-    _API_HEADERS = {
-        'X-Frontend-ID': '6',
-        'X-Frontend-Version': '0',
-        'X-Niconico-Language': 'en-us',
-        'Referer': 'https://www.nicovideo.jp/',
-        'Origin': 'https://www.nicovideo.jp',
-    }
-
-    def _perform_login(self, username, password):
-        login_ok = True
-        login_form_strs = {
-            'mail_tel': username,
-            'password': password,
-        }
-        self._request_webpage(
-            'https://account.nicovideo.jp/login', None,
-            note='Acquiring Login session')
-        page = self._download_webpage(
-            'https://account.nicovideo.jp/login/redirector?show_button_twitter=1&site=niconico&show_button_facebook=1', None,
-            note='Logging in', errnote='Unable to log in',
-            data=urlencode_postdata(login_form_strs),
-            headers={
-                'Referer': 'https://account.nicovideo.jp/login',
-                'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
-            })
-        if 'oneTimePw' in page:
-            post_url = self._search_regex(
-                r'<form[^>]+action=(["\'])(?P<url>.+?)\1', page, 'post url', group='url')
-            page = self._download_webpage(
-                urljoin('https://account.nicovideo.jp', post_url), None,
-                note='Performing MFA', errnote='Unable to complete MFA',
-                data=urlencode_postdata({
-                    'otp': self._get_tfa_info('6 digits code'),
-                }), headers={
-                    'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
-                })
-            if 'oneTimePw' in page or 'formError' in page:
-                err_msg = self._html_search_regex(
-                    r'formError["\']+>(.*?)</div>', page, 'form_error',
-                    default='There\'s an error but the message can\'t be parsed.',
-                    flags=re.DOTALL)
-                self.report_warning(f'Unable to log in: MFA challenge failed, "{err_msg}"')
-                return False
-        login_ok = 'class="notice error"' not in page
-        if not login_ok:
-            self.report_warning('Unable to log in: bad username or password')
-        return login_ok
-
-    def _get_heartbeat_info(self, info_dict):
-        video_id, video_src_id, audio_src_id = info_dict['url'].split(':')[1].split('/')
-        dmc_protocol = info_dict['expected_protocol']
-
-        api_data = (
-            info_dict.get('_api_data')
-            or self._parse_json(
-                self._html_search_regex(
-                    'data-api-data="([^"]+)"',
-                    self._download_webpage('https://www.nicovideo.jp/watch/' + video_id, video_id),
-                    'API data', default='{}'),
-                video_id))
-
-        session_api_data = try_get(api_data, lambda x: x['media']['delivery']['movie']['session'])
-        session_api_endpoint = try_get(session_api_data, lambda x: x['urls'][0])
-
-        def ping():
-            tracking_id = traverse_obj(api_data, ('media', 'delivery', 'trackingId'))
-            if tracking_id:
-                tracking_url = update_url_query('https://nvapi.nicovideo.jp/v1/2ab0cbaa/watch', {'t': tracking_id})
-                watch_request_response = self._download_json(
-                    tracking_url, video_id,
-                    note='Acquiring permission for downloading video', fatal=False,
-                    headers=self._API_HEADERS)
-                if traverse_obj(watch_request_response, ('meta', 'status')) != 200:
-                    self.report_warning('Failed to acquire permission for playing video. Video download may fail.')
-
-        yesno = lambda x: 'yes' if x else 'no'
-
-        if dmc_protocol == 'http':
-            protocol = 'http'
-            protocol_parameters = {
-                'http_output_download_parameters': {
-                    'use_ssl': yesno(session_api_data['urls'][0]['isSsl']),
-                    'use_well_known_port': yesno(session_api_data['urls'][0]['isWellKnownPort']),
-                },
-            }
-        elif dmc_protocol == 'hls':
-            protocol = 'm3u8'
-            segment_duration = try_get(self._configuration_arg('segment_duration'), lambda x: int(x[0])) or 6000
-            parsed_token = self._parse_json(session_api_data['token'], video_id)
-            encryption = traverse_obj(api_data, ('media', 'delivery', 'encryption'))
-            protocol_parameters = {
-                'hls_parameters': {
-                    'segment_duration': segment_duration,
-                    'transfer_preset': '',
-                    'use_ssl': yesno(session_api_data['urls'][0]['isSsl']),
-                    'use_well_known_port': yesno(session_api_data['urls'][0]['isWellKnownPort']),
-                },
-            }
-            if 'hls_encryption' in parsed_token and encryption:
-                protocol_parameters['hls_parameters']['encryption'] = {
-                    parsed_token['hls_encryption']: {
-                        'encrypted_key': encryption['encryptedKey'],
-                        'key_uri': encryption['keyUri'],
-                    },
-                }
-            else:
-                protocol = 'm3u8_native'
-        else:
-            raise ExtractorError(f'Unsupported DMC protocol: {dmc_protocol}')
-
-        session_response = self._download_json(
-            session_api_endpoint['url'], video_id,
-            query={'_format': 'json'},
-            headers={'Content-Type': 'application/json'},
-            note='Downloading JSON metadata for {}'.format(info_dict['format_id']),
-            data=json.dumps({
-                'session': {
-                    'client_info': {
-                        'player_id': session_api_data.get('playerId'),
-                    },
-                    'content_auth': {
-                        'auth_type': try_get(session_api_data, lambda x: x['authTypes'][session_api_data['protocols'][0]]),
-                        'content_key_timeout': session_api_data.get('contentKeyTimeout'),
-                        'service_id': 'nicovideo',
-                        'service_user_id': session_api_data.get('serviceUserId'),
-                    },
-                    'content_id': session_api_data.get('contentId'),
-                    'content_src_id_sets': [{
-                        'content_src_ids': [{
-                            'src_id_to_mux': {
-                                'audio_src_ids': [audio_src_id],
-                                'video_src_ids': [video_src_id],
-                            },
-                        }],
-                    }],
-                    'content_type': 'movie',
-                    'content_uri': '',
-                    'keep_method': {
-                        'heartbeat': {
-                            'lifetime': session_api_data.get('heartbeatLifetime'),
-                        },
-                    },
-                    'priority': session_api_data['priority'],
-                    'protocol': {
-                        'name': 'http',
-                        'parameters': {
-                            'http_parameters': {
-                                'parameters': protocol_parameters,
-                            },
-                        },
-                    },
-                    'recipe_id': session_api_data.get('recipeId'),
-                    'session_operation_auth': {
-                        'session_operation_auth_by_signature': {
-                            'signature': session_api_data.get('signature'),
-                            'token': session_api_data.get('token'),
-                        },
-                    },
-                    'timing_constraint': 'unlimited',
-                },
-            }).encode())
-
-        info_dict['url'] = session_response['data']['session']['content_uri']
-        info_dict['protocol'] = protocol
-
-        # get heartbeat info
-        heartbeat_info_dict = {
-            'url': session_api_endpoint['url'] + '/' + session_response['data']['session']['id'] + '?_format=json&_method=PUT',
-            'data': json.dumps(session_response['data']),
-            # interval, convert milliseconds to seconds, then halve to make a buffer.
-            'interval': float_or_none(session_api_data.get('heartbeatLifetime'), scale=3000),
-            'ping': ping,
-        }
-
-        return info_dict, heartbeat_info_dict
-
-    def _extract_format_for_quality(self, video_id, audio_quality, video_quality, dmc_protocol):
-
-        if not audio_quality.get('isAvailable') or not video_quality.get('isAvailable'):
-            return None
-
-        format_id = '-'.join(
-            [remove_start(s['id'], 'archive_') for s in (video_quality, audio_quality)] + [dmc_protocol])
-
-        vid_qual_label = traverse_obj(video_quality, ('metadata', 'label'))
-
-        return {
-            'url': 'niconico_dmc:{}/{}/{}'.format(video_id, video_quality['id'], audio_quality['id']),
-            'format_id': format_id,
-            'format_note': join_nonempty('DMC', vid_qual_label, dmc_protocol.upper(), delim=' '),
-            'ext': 'mp4',  # Session API are used in HTML5, which always serves mp4
-            'acodec': 'aac',
-            'vcodec': 'h264',
-            **traverse_obj(audio_quality, ('metadata', {
-                'abr': ('bitrate', {float_or_none(scale=1000)}),
-                'asr': ('samplingRate', {int_or_none}),
-            })),
-            **traverse_obj(video_quality, ('metadata', {
-                'vbr': ('bitrate', {float_or_none(scale=1000)}),
-                'height': ('resolution', 'height', {int_or_none}),
-                'width': ('resolution', 'width', {int_or_none}),
-            })),
-            'quality': -2 if 'low' in video_quality['id'] else None,
-            'protocol': 'niconico_dmc',
-            'expected_protocol': dmc_protocol,  # XXX: This is not a documented field
-            'http_headers': {
-                'Origin': 'https://www.nicovideo.jp',
-                'Referer': 'https://www.nicovideo.jp/watch/' + video_id,
-            },
-        }
-
-    def _yield_dmc_formats(self, api_data, video_id):
-        dmc_data = traverse_obj(api_data, ('media', 'delivery', 'movie'))
-        audios = traverse_obj(dmc_data, ('audios', ..., {dict}))
-        videos = traverse_obj(dmc_data, ('videos', ..., {dict}))
-        protocols = traverse_obj(dmc_data, ('session', 'protocols', ..., {str}))
-        if not all((audios, videos, protocols)):
-            return
-
-        for audio_quality, video_quality, protocol in itertools.product(audios, videos, protocols):
-            if fmt := self._extract_format_for_quality(video_id, audio_quality, video_quality, protocol):
-                yield fmt
-
-    def _yield_dms_formats(self, api_data, video_id):
+    def _extract_formats(self, api_data, video_id):
         fmt_filter = lambda _, v: v['isAvailable'] and v['id']
         videos = traverse_obj(api_data, ('media', 'domand', 'videos', fmt_filter))
         audios = traverse_obj(api_data, ('media', 'domand', 'audios', fmt_filter))
@@ -412,145 +372,135 @@ class NiconicoIE(InfoExtractor):
         if not all((videos, audios, access_key, track_id)):
             return
 
-        dms_m3u8_url = self._download_json(
-            f'https://nvapi.nicovideo.jp/v1/watch/{video_id}/access-rights/hls', video_id,
-            data=json.dumps({
+        m3u8_url = self._download_json(
+            f'{self._API_BASE}/v1/watch/{video_id}/access-rights/hls',
+            video_id, headers={
+                'Accept': 'application/json;charset=utf-8',
+                'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+                'X-Access-Right-Key': access_key,
+                'X-Request-With': self._BASE_URL,
+                **self._HEADERS,
+            }, query={
+                'actionTrackId': track_id,
+            }, data=json.dumps({
                 'outputs': list(itertools.product((v['id'] for v in videos), (a['id'] for a in audios))),
-            }).encode(), query={'actionTrackId': track_id}, headers={
-                'x-access-right-key': access_key,
-                'x-frontend-id': 6,
-                'x-frontend-version': 0,
-                'x-request-with': 'https://www.nicovideo.jp',
-            })['data']['contentUrl']
-        # Getting all audio formats results in duplicate video formats which we filter out later
-        dms_fmts = self._extract_m3u8_formats(dms_m3u8_url, video_id, 'mp4')
-
-        # m3u8 extraction does not provide audio bitrates, so extract from the API data and fix
-        for audio_fmt in traverse_obj(dms_fmts, lambda _, v: v['vcodec'] == 'none'):
-            yield {
-                **audio_fmt,
-                **traverse_obj(audios, (lambda _, v: audio_fmt['format_id'].startswith(v['id']), {
-                    'format_id': ('id', {str}),
+            }).encode(),
+        )['data']['contentUrl']
+        raw_fmts = self._extract_m3u8_formats(m3u8_url, video_id, 'mp4')
+
+        formats = []
+        for a_fmt in traverse_obj(raw_fmts, lambda _, v: v['vcodec'] == 'none'):
+            formats.append({
+                **a_fmt,
+                **traverse_obj(audios, (lambda _, v: a_fmt['format_id'].startswith(v['id']), {
                     'abr': ('bitRate', {float_or_none(scale=1000)}),
                     'asr': ('samplingRate', {int_or_none}),
+                    'format_id': ('id', {str}),
                     'quality': ('qualityLevel', {int_or_none}),
-                }), get_all=False),
+                }, any)),
                 'acodec': 'aac',
-            }
+            })
 
-        # Sort before removing dupes to keep the format dicts with the lowest tbr
-        video_fmts = sorted((fmt for fmt in dms_fmts if fmt['vcodec'] != 'none'), key=lambda f: f['tbr'])
-        self._remove_duplicate_formats(video_fmts)
+        # Sort first, keeping the lowest-tbr formats
+        v_fmts = sorted((fmt for fmt in raw_fmts if fmt['vcodec'] != 'none'), key=lambda f: f['tbr'])
+        self._remove_duplicate_formats(v_fmts)
         # Calculate the true vbr/tbr by subtracting the lowest abr
-        min_abr = min(traverse_obj(audios, (..., 'bitRate', {float_or_none})), default=0) / 1000
-        for video_fmt in video_fmts:
-            video_fmt['tbr'] -= min_abr
-            video_fmt['format_id'] = url_basename(video_fmt['url']).rpartition('.')[0]
-            video_fmt['quality'] = traverse_obj(videos, (
-                lambda _, v: v['id'] == video_fmt['format_id'], 'qualityLevel', {int_or_none}, any)) or -1
-            yield video_fmt
+        min_abr = traverse_obj(audios, (..., 'bitRate', {float_or_none(scale=1000)}, all, {min})) or 0
+        for v_fmt in v_fmts:
+            v_fmt['format_id'] = url_basename(v_fmt['url']).rpartition('.')[0]
+            v_fmt['quality'] = traverse_obj(videos, (
+                lambda _, v: v['id'] == v_fmt['format_id'], 'qualityLevel', {int_or_none}, any)) or -1
+            v_fmt['tbr'] -= min_abr
+        formats.extend(v_fmts)
+
+        return formats
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
-        try:
-            webpage, handle = self._download_webpage_handle(
-                'https://www.nicovideo.jp/watch/' + video_id, video_id)
-            if video_id.startswith('so'):
-                video_id = self._match_id(handle.url)
-
-            api_data = traverse_obj(
-                self._parse_json(self._html_search_meta('server-response', webpage) or '', video_id),
-                ('data', 'response', {dict}))
-            if not api_data:
-                raise ExtractorError('Server response data not found')
-        except ExtractorError as e:
-            try:
-                api_data = self._download_json(
-                    f'https://www.nicovideo.jp/api/watch/v3/{video_id}?_frontendId=6&_frontendVersion=0&actionTrackId=AAAAAAAAAA_{round(time.time() * 1000)}', video_id,
-                    note='Downloading API JSON', errnote='Unable to fetch data')['data']
-            except ExtractorError:
-                if not isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError):
-                    raise
-                webpage = e.cause.response.read().decode('utf-8', 'replace')
-                error_msg = self._html_search_regex(
-                    r'(?s)<section\s+class="(?:(?:ErrorMessage|WatchExceptionPage-message)\s*)+">(.+?)</section>',
-                    webpage, 'error reason', default=None)
-                if not error_msg:
-                    raise
-                raise ExtractorError(clean_html(error_msg), expected=True)
-
-        availability = self._availability(**(traverse_obj(api_data, ('payment', 'video', {
-            'needs_premium': ('isPremium', {bool}),
+        path = 'v3' if self.is_logged_in else 'v3_guest'
+        api_resp = self._download_json(
+            f'{self._BASE_URL}/api/watch/{path}/{video_id}', video_id,
+            'Downloading API JSON', 'Unable to fetch data', headers={
+                **self._HEADERS,
+                **self.geo_verification_headers(),
+            }, query={
+                'actionTrackId': f'AAAAAAAAAA_{round(time_seconds() * 1000)}',
+            }, expected_status=[400, 404])
+
+        api_data = api_resp['data']
+        scheduled_time = traverse_obj(api_data, ('publishScheduledAt', {str}))
+        status = traverse_obj(api_resp, ('meta', 'status', {int}))
+
+        if status != 200:
+            err_code = traverse_obj(api_resp, ('meta', 'errorCode', {str.upper}))
+            reason_code = traverse_obj(api_data, ('reasonCode', {str_or_none}))
+            err_msg = traverse_obj(self._ERROR_MAP, (err_code, (reason_code, 'DEFAULT'), {str}, any))
+
+            if reason_code in ('DOMESTIC_VIDEO', 'HIGH_RISK_COUNTRY_VIDEO'):
+                self.raise_geo_restricted(countries=self._GEO_COUNTRIES)
+            elif reason_code == 'HARMFUL_VIDEO' and traverse_obj(api_data, (
+                'viewer', 'allowSensitiveContents', {bool},
+            )) is False:
+                err_msg = 'Sensitive content, adjust display settings to watch'
+            elif reason_code == 'HIDDEN_VIDEO' and scheduled_time:
+                err_msg = f'This content is scheduled to be released at {scheduled_time}'
+            elif reason_code in ('CHANNEL_MEMBER_ONLY', 'HARMFUL_VIDEO', 'HIDDEN_VIDEO', 'PPV_VIDEO', 'PREMIUM_ONLY'):
+                self.raise_login_required(err_msg)
+
+            if err_msg:
+                raise ExtractorError(err_msg, expected=True)
+            if status and status >= 500:
+                raise ExtractorError('Service temporarily unavailable', expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'API returned error status {status}')
+
+        availability = self._availability(**traverse_obj(api_data, ('payment', 'video', {
+            'needs_auth': (('isContinuationBenefit', 'isPpv'), {bool}, any),
             'needs_subscription': ('isAdmission', {bool}),
-        })) or {'needs_auth': True}))
-        formats = [*self._yield_dmc_formats(api_data, video_id),
-                   *self._yield_dms_formats(api_data, video_id)]
-        if not formats:
-            fail_msg = clean_html(self._html_search_regex(
-                r'<p[^>]+\bclass="fail-message"[^>]*>(?P<msg>.+?)</p>',
-                webpage, 'fail message', default=None, group='msg'))
-            if fail_msg:
-                self.to_screen(f'Niconico said: {fail_msg}')
-            if fail_msg and '�れ�地域���地域�ら��視�����。' in fail_msg:
-                availability = None
-                self.raise_geo_restricted(countries=self._GEO_COUNTRIES, metadata_available=True)
-            elif availability == 'premium_only':
-                self.raise_login_required('This video requires premium', metadata_available=True)
-            elif availability == 'subscriber_only':
-                self.raise_login_required('This video is for members only', metadata_available=True)
-            elif availability == 'needs_auth':
-                self.raise_login_required(metadata_available=False)
-
-        # Start extracting information
-        tags = None
-        if webpage:
-            # use og:video:tag (not logged in)
-            og_video_tags = re.finditer(r'<meta\s+property="og:video:tag"\s*content="(.*?)">', webpage)
-            tags = list(filter(None, (clean_html(x.group(1)) for x in og_video_tags)))
-            if not tags:
-                # use keywords and split with comma (not logged in)
-                kwds = self._html_search_meta('keywords', webpage, default=None)
-                if kwds:
-                    tags = [x for x in kwds.split(',') if x]
-        if not tags:
-            # find in json (logged in)
-            tags = traverse_obj(api_data, ('tag', 'items', ..., 'name'))
+            'needs_premium': ('isPremium', {bool}),
+        }))) or 'public'
 
-        thumb_prefs = qualities(['url', 'middleUrl', 'largeUrl', 'player', 'ogp'])
+        formats = self._extract_formats(api_data, video_id)
+        err_msg = self._STATUS_MAP.get(availability)
+        if not formats and err_msg:
+            self.raise_login_required(err_msg, metadata_available=True)
 
-        def get_video_info(*items, get_first=True, **kwargs):
-            return traverse_obj(api_data, ('video', *items), get_all=not get_first, **kwargs)
+        thumb_prefs = qualities(['url', 'middleUrl', 'largeUrl', 'player', 'ogp'])
 
         return {
-            'id': video_id,
-            '_api_data': api_data,
-            'title': get_video_info(('originalTitle', 'title')) or self._og_search_title(webpage, default=None),
-            'formats': formats,
             'availability': availability,
+            'display_id': video_id,
+            'formats': formats,
+            'genres': traverse_obj(api_data, ('genre', 'label', {str}, filter, all, filter)),
+            'release_timestamp': parse_iso8601(scheduled_time),
+            'subtitles': self.extract_subtitles(video_id, api_data),
+            'tags': traverse_obj(api_data, ('tag', 'items', ..., 'name', {str}, filter, all, filter)),
             'thumbnails': [{
-                'id': key,
-                'url': url,
                 'ext': 'jpg',
+                'id': key,
                 'preference': thumb_prefs(key),
+                'url': url,
                 **parse_resolution(url, lenient=True),
-            } for key, url in (get_video_info('thumbnail') or {}).items() if url],
-            'description': clean_html(get_video_info('description')),
-            'uploader': traverse_obj(api_data, ('owner', 'nickname'), ('channel', 'name'), ('community', 'name')),
-            'uploader_id': str_or_none(traverse_obj(api_data, ('owner', 'id'), ('channel', 'id'), ('community', 'id'))),
-            'timestamp': parse_iso8601(get_video_info('registeredAt')) or parse_iso8601(
-                self._html_search_meta('video:release_date', webpage, 'date published', default=None)),
-            'channel': traverse_obj(api_data, ('channel', 'name'), ('community', 'name')),
-            'channel_id': traverse_obj(api_data, ('channel', 'id'), ('community', 'id')),
-            'view_count': int_or_none(get_video_info('count', 'view')),
-            'tags': tags,
-            'genre': traverse_obj(api_data, ('genre', 'label'), ('genre', 'key')),
-            'comment_count': get_video_info('count', 'comment', expected_type=int),
-            'duration': (
-                parse_duration(self._html_search_meta('video:duration', webpage, 'video duration', default=None))
-                or get_video_info('duration')),
-            'webpage_url': url_or_none(url) or f'https://www.nicovideo.jp/watch/{video_id}',
-            'subtitles': self.extract_subtitles(video_id, api_data),
+            } for key, url in traverse_obj(api_data, (
+                'video', 'thumbnail', {dict}), default={}).items()],
+            **traverse_obj(api_data, (('channel', 'owner'), any, {
+                'channel': (('name', 'nickname'), {str}, any),
+                'channel_id': ('id', {str_or_none}),
+                'uploader': (('name', 'nickname'), {str}, any),
+                'uploader_id': ('id', {str_or_none}),
+            })),
+            **traverse_obj(api_data, ('video', {
+                'id': ('id', {str_or_none}),
+                'title': ('title', {str}),
+                'description': ('description', {clean_html}, filter),
+                'duration': ('duration', {int_or_none}),
+                'timestamp': ('registeredAt', {parse_iso8601}),
+            })),
+            **traverse_obj(api_data, ('video', 'count', {
+                'comment_count': ('comment', {int_or_none}),
+                'like_count': ('like', {int_or_none}),
+                'view_count': ('view', {int_or_none}),
+            })),
         }
 
     def _get_subtitles(self, video_id, api_data):
@@ -559,21 +509,19 @@ class NiconicoIE(InfoExtractor):
             return
 
         danmaku = traverse_obj(self._download_json(
-            f'{comments_info["server"]}/v1/threads', video_id, data=json.dumps({
+            f'{comments_info["server"]}/v1/threads', video_id,
+            'Downloading comments', 'Failed to download comments', headers={
+                'Content-Type': 'text/plain;charset=UTF-8',
+                'Origin': self._BASE_URL,
+                'Referer': f'{self._BASE_URL}/',
+                'X-Client-Os-Type': 'others',
+                **self._HEADERS,
+            }, data=json.dumps({
                 'additionals': {},
                 'params': comments_info.get('params'),
                 'threadKey': comments_info.get('threadKey'),
             }).encode(), fatal=False,
-            headers={
-                'Referer': 'https://www.nicovideo.jp/',
-                'Origin': 'https://www.nicovideo.jp',
-                'Content-Type': 'text/plain;charset=UTF-8',
-                'x-client-os-type': 'others',
-                'x-frontend-id': '6',
-                'x-frontend-version': '0',
-            },
-            note='Downloading comments', errnote='Failed to download comments'),
-            ('data', 'threads', ..., 'comments', ...))
+        ), ('data', 'threads', ..., 'comments', ...))
 
         return {
             'comments': [{
@@ -920,79 +868,101 @@ class NiconicoUserIE(InfoExtractor):
         return self.playlist_result(self._entries(list_id), list_id)
 
 
-class NiconicoLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
+class NiconicoLiveIE(NiconicoBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'niconico:live'
     IE_DESC = 'ニコニコ生放�'
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:sp\.)?live2?\.nicovideo\.jp/(?:watch|gate)/(?P<id>lv\d+)'
     _TESTS = [{
-        'note': 'this test case includes invisible characters for title, pasting them as-is',
-        'url': 'https://live.nicovideo.jp/watch/lv339533123',
+        'url': 'https://live.nicovideo.jp/watch/lv329299587',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'lv339533123',
-            'title': '激辛ペヤング食���\u202a( ;ᯅ; )\u202c（歌枠オーディション�加中）',
-            'view_count': 1526,
-            'comment_count': 1772,
-            'description': '�����も���言����\n�ん�り自由��当�暮ら����',
-            'uploader': 'も�',
-            'channel': 'ゲスト�ん�コミュニティ',
-            'channel_id': 'co5776900',
-            'channel_url': 'https://com.nicovideo.jp/community/co5776900',
-            'timestamp': 1670677328,
-            'is_live': True,
+            'id': 'lv329299587',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': str,
+            'channel': 'ニコニコエンタメ�ャン�ル',
+            'channel_id': 'ch2640322',
+            'channel_url': 'https://ch.nicovideo.jp/channel/ch2640322',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'description': 'md5:281edd7f00309e99ec46a87fb16d7033',
+            'live_status': 'is_live',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+',
+            'timestamp': 1608803400,
+            'upload_date': '20201224',
+            'uploader': '株�会社ドワンゴ',
+            'view_count': int,
         },
-        'skip': 'livestream',
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://live2.nicovideo.jp/watch/lv339533123',
-        'only_matching': True,
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
-        'url': 'https://sp.live.nicovideo.jp/watch/lv339533123',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://sp.live2.nicovideo.jp/watch/lv339533123',
-        'only_matching': True,
+        'url': 'https://live.nicovideo.jp/watch/lv331050399',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'lv331050399',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': str,
+            'age_limit': 18,
+            'channel': '�ん���も�ゃ REBOOT',
+            'channel_id': 'ch2642088',
+            'channel_url': 'https://ch.nicovideo.jp/channel/ch2642088',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'description': 'md5:8d0bb5beaca73b911725478a1e7c7b91',
+            'live_status': 'is_live',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+',
+            'timestamp': 1617029400,
+            'upload_date': '20210329',
+            'uploader': '株�会社ドワンゴ',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }]
 
-    _KNOWN_LATENCY = ('high', 'low')
-
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage, urlh = self._download_webpage_handle(f'https://live.nicovideo.jp/watch/{video_id}', video_id)
-
-        embedded_data = self._parse_json(unescapeHTML(self._search_regex(
-            r'<script\s+id="embedded-data"\s*data-props="(.+?)"', webpage, 'embedded data')), video_id)
-
-        ws_url = traverse_obj(embedded_data, ('site', 'relive', 'webSocketUrl'))
-        if not ws_url:
-            raise ExtractorError('The live hasn\'t started yet or already ended.', expected=True)
-        ws_url = update_url_query(ws_url, {
-            'frontend_id': traverse_obj(embedded_data, ('site', 'frontendId')) or '9',
-        })
+        webpage, urlh = self._download_webpage_handle(url, video_id, expected_status=404)
+        if err_msg := traverse_obj(webpage, ({find_element(cls='message')}, {clean_html})):
+            raise ExtractorError(err_msg, expected=True)
+
+        age_limit = 18 if 'age_auth' in urlh.url else None
+        if age_limit:
+            if not self.is_logged_in:
+                self.raise_login_required('Login is required to access age-restricted content')
+
+            my = self._download_webpage('https://www.nicovideo.jp/my', None, 'Checking age verification')
+            if traverse_obj(my, (
+                {find_element(id='js-initial-userpage-data', html=True)}, {extract_attributes},
+                'data-environment', {json.loads}, 'allowSensitiveContents', {bool},
+            )):
+                self._set_cookie('.nicovideo.jp', 'age_auth', '1')
+                webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
+            else:
+                raise ExtractorError('Sensitive content setting must be enabled', expected=True)
 
-        hostname = remove_start(urllib.parse.urlparse(urlh.url).hostname, 'sp.')
-        latency = try_get(self._configuration_arg('latency'), lambda x: x[0])
-        if latency not in self._KNOWN_LATENCY:
-            latency = 'high'
+        embedded_data = traverse_obj(webpage, (
+            {find_element(tag='script', id='embedded-data', html=True)},
+            {extract_attributes}, 'data-props', {json.loads}))
+        frontend_id = traverse_obj(embedded_data, ('site', 'frontendId', {str_or_none}), default='9')
 
+        ws_url = traverse_obj(embedded_data, (
+            'site', 'relive', 'webSocketUrl', {url_or_none}, {require('websocket URL')}))
+        ws_url = update_url_query(ws_url, {'frontend_id': frontend_id})
         ws = self._request_webpage(
-            Request(ws_url, headers={'Origin': f'https://{hostname}'}),
-            video_id=video_id, note='Connecting to WebSocket server')
+            ws_url, video_id, 'Connecting to WebSocket server',
+            headers={'Origin': 'https://live.nicovideo.jp'})
 
-        self.write_debug('[debug] Sending HLS server request')
+        self.write_debug('Sending HLS server request')
         ws.send(json.dumps({
-            'type': 'startWatching',
             'data': {
-                'stream': {
-                    'quality': 'abr',
-                    'protocol': 'hls+fmp4',
-                    'latency': latency,
-                    'chasePlay': False,
-                },
+                'reconnect': False,
                 'room': {
-                    'protocol': 'webSocket',
                     'commentable': True,
+                    'protocol': 'webSocket',
+                },
+                'stream': {
+                    'accessRightMethod': 'single_cookie',
+                    'chasePlay': False,
+                    'latency': 'high',
+                    'protocol': 'hls',
+                    'quality': 'abr',
                 },
-                'reconnect': False,
             },
+            'type': 'startWatching',
         }))
 
         while True:
@@ -1005,23 +975,22 @@ class NiconicoLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
             if data.get('type') == 'stream':
                 m3u8_url = data['data']['uri']
                 qualities = data['data']['availableQualities']
+                cookies = data['data']['cookies']
                 break
             elif data.get('type') == 'disconnect':
                 self.write_debug(recv)
                 raise ExtractorError('Disconnected at middle of extraction')
             elif data.get('type') == 'error':
                 self.write_debug(recv)
-                message = traverse_obj(data, ('body', 'code')) or recv
+                message = traverse_obj(data, ('body', 'code', {str_or_none}), default=recv)
                 raise ExtractorError(message)
             elif self.get_param('verbose', False):
-                if len(recv) > 100:
-                    recv = recv[:100] + '...'
-                self.write_debug(f'Server said: {recv}')
+                self.write_debug(f'Server response: {truncate_string(recv, 100)}')
 
         title = traverse_obj(embedded_data, ('program', 'title')) or self._html_search_meta(
             ('og:title', 'twitter:title'), webpage, 'live title', fatal=False)
 
-        raw_thumbs = traverse_obj(embedded_data, ('program', 'thumbnail')) or {}
+        raw_thumbs = traverse_obj(embedded_data, ('program', 'thumbnail', {dict})) or {}
         thumbnails = []
         for name, value in raw_thumbs.items():
             if not isinstance(value, dict):
@@ -1043,20 +1012,36 @@ class NiconicoLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                     **res,
                 })
 
+        for cookie in cookies:
+            self._set_cookie(
+                cookie['domain'], cookie['name'], cookie['value'],
+                expire_time=unified_timestamp(cookie.get('expires')), path=cookie['path'], secure=cookie['secure'])
+
+        q_iter = (q for q in qualities[1:] if not q.startswith('audio_'))  # ignore initial 'abr'
+        a_map = {96: 'audio_low', 192: 'audio_high'}
+
         formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(m3u8_url, video_id, ext='mp4', live=True)
-        for fmt, q in zip(formats, reversed(qualities[1:])):
-            fmt.update({
-                'format_id': q,
-                'protocol': 'niconico_live',
-                'ws': ws,
-                'video_id': video_id,
-                'live_latency': latency,
-                'origin': hostname,
-            })
+        for fmt in formats:
+            fmt['protocol'] = 'niconico_live'
+            if fmt.get('acodec') == 'none':
+                fmt['format_id'] = next(q_iter, fmt['format_id'])
+            elif fmt.get('vcodec') == 'none':
+                abr = parse_bitrate(fmt['url'].lower())
+                fmt.update({
+                    'abr': abr,
+                    'acodec': 'mp4a.40.2',
+                    'format_id': a_map.get(abr, fmt['format_id']),
+                })
 
         return {
             'id': video_id,
             'title': title,
+            'age_limit': age_limit,
+            'downloader_options': {
+                'max_quality': traverse_obj(embedded_data, ('program', 'stream', 'maxQuality', {str})) or 'normal',
+                'ws': ws,
+                'ws_url': ws_url,
+            },
             **traverse_obj(embedded_data, {
                 'view_count': ('program', 'statistics', 'watchCount'),
                 'comment_count': ('program', 'statistics', 'commentCount'),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ninegag.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ninegag.py
index 2979f3a50e..1b88e9c544 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ninegag.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ninegag.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
-    ExtractorError,
     determine_ext,
     int_or_none,
     traverse_obj,
@@ -61,10 +60,10 @@ class NineGagIE(InfoExtractor):
         post = self._download_json(
             'https://9gag.com/v1/post', post_id, query={
                 'id': post_id,
-            })['data']['post']
+            }, impersonate=True)['data']['post']
 
         if post.get('type') != 'Animated':
-            raise ExtractorError(
+            self.raise_no_formats(
                 'The given url does not contain a video',
                 expected=True)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ninenow.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ninenow.py
index f17531e622..2f3a4ed284 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ninenow.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ninenow.py
@@ -1,34 +1,48 @@
+from .brightcove import BrightcoveNewIE
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
-    ExtractorError,
     float_or_none,
     int_or_none,
-    smuggle_url,
+    parse_iso8601,
+    parse_resolution,
     str_or_none,
-    try_get,
-    unified_strdate,
-    unified_timestamp,
+    url_or_none,
+)
+from ..utils.traversal import (
+    get_first,
+    require,
+    traverse_obj,
+    value,
 )
 
 
 class NineNowIE(InfoExtractor):
     IE_NAME = '9now.com.au'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?9now\.com\.au/(?:[^/]+/){2}(?P<id>[^/?#]+)'
-    _GEO_COUNTRIES = ['AU']
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?9now\.com\.au/(?:[^/?#]+/){2}(?P<id>(?P<type>clip|episode)-[^/?#]+)'
+    _GEO_BYPASS = False
     _TESTS = [{
         # clip
-        'url': 'https://www.9now.com.au/afl-footy-show/2016/clip-ciql02091000g0hp5oktrnytc',
-        'md5': '17cf47d63ec9323e562c9957a968b565',
+        'url': 'https://www.9now.com.au/today/season-2025/clip-cm8hw9h5z00080hquqa5hszq7',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '16801',
+            'id': '6370295582112',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'St. Kilda\'s Joey Montagna on the potential for a player\'s strike',
-            'description': 'Is a boycott of the NAB Cup "on the table"?',
+            'title': 'Would Karl Stefanovic be able to land a plane?',
+            'description': 'The Today host\'s skills are put to the test with the latest simulation tech.',
             'uploader_id': '4460760524001',
-            'upload_date': '20160713',
-            'timestamp': 1468421266,
+            'duration': 197.376,
+            'tags': ['flights', 'technology', 'Karl Stefanovic'],
+            'season': 'Season 2025',
+            'season_number': 2025,
+            'series': 'TODAY',
+            'timestamp': 1742507988,
+            'upload_date': '20250320',
+            'release_timestamp': 1742507983,
+            'release_date': '20250320',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/1920x0/.+\.jpg',
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'skip_download': 'HLS/DASH fragments and mp4 URLs are geo-restricted; only available in AU',
         },
-        'skip': 'Only available in Australia',
     }, {
         # episode
         'url': 'https://www.9now.com.au/afl-footy-show/2016/episode-19',
@@ -41,7 +55,7 @@ class NineNowIE(InfoExtractor):
         # episode of series
         'url': 'https://www.9now.com.au/lego-masters/season-3/episode-3',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '6249614030001',
+            'id': '6308830406112',
             'title': 'Episode 3',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'season_number': 3,
@@ -50,72 +64,78 @@ class NineNowIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_id': '4460760524001',
             'timestamp': 1619002200,
             'upload_date': '20210421',
+            'duration': 3574.085,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/1920x0/.+\.jpg',
+            'tags': ['episode'],
+            'series': 'Lego Masters',
+            'season': 'Season 3',
+            'episode': 'Episode 3',
+            'release_timestamp': 1619002200,
+            'release_date': '20210421',
         },
-        'expected_warnings': ['Ignoring subtitle tracks'],
         'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,
+            'skip_download': 'HLS/DASH fragments and mp4 URLs are geo-restricted; only available in AU',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.9now.com.au/married-at-first-sight/season-12/episode-1',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '6367798770112',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Episode 1',
+            'description': r're:The cultural sensation of Married At First Sight returns with our first weddings! .{90}$',
+            'uploader_id': '4460760524001',
+            'duration': 5415.079,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/1920x0/.+\.png',
+            'tags': ['episode'],
+            'season': 'Season 12',
+            'season_number': 12,
+            'episode': 'Episode 1',
+            'episode_number': 1,
+            'series': 'Married at First Sight',
+            'timestamp': 1737973800,
+            'upload_date': '20250127',
+            'release_timestamp': 1737973800,
+            'release_date': '20250127',
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'skip_download': 'HLS/DASH fragments and mp4 URLs are geo-restricted; only available in AU',
         },
     }]
-    BRIGHTCOVE_URL_TEMPLATE = 'http://players.brightcove.net/4460760524001/default_default/index.html?videoId=%s'
+    BRIGHTCOVE_URL_TEMPLATE = 'http://players.brightcove.net/4460760524001/default_default/index.html?videoId={}'
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        display_id = self._match_id(url)
+        display_id, video_type = self._match_valid_url(url).group('id', 'type')
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
-        page_data = self._parse_json(self._search_regex(
-            r'window\.__data\s*=\s*({.*?});', webpage,
-            'page data', default='{}'), display_id, fatal=False)
-        if not page_data:
-            page_data = self._parse_json(self._parse_json(self._search_regex(
-                r'window\.__data\s*=\s*JSON\.parse\s*\(\s*(".+?")\s*\)\s*;',
-                webpage, 'page data'), display_id), display_id)
 
-        for kind in ('episode', 'clip'):
-            current_key = page_data.get(kind, {}).get(
-                f'current{kind.capitalize()}Key')
-            if not current_key:
-                continue
-            cache = page_data.get(kind, {}).get(f'{kind}Cache', {})
-            if not cache:
-                continue
-            common_data = {
-                'episode': (cache.get(current_key) or next(iter(cache.values())))[kind],
-                'season': (cache.get(current_key) or next(iter(cache.values()))).get('season', None),
-            }
-            break
-        else:
-            raise ExtractorError('Unable to find video data')
+        common_data = get_first(self._search_nextjs_v13_data(webpage, display_id), ('payload', {dict}))
 
-        if not self.get_param('allow_unplayable_formats') and try_get(common_data, lambda x: x['episode']['video']['drm'], bool):
+        if traverse_obj(common_data, (video_type, 'video', 'drm', {bool})):
             self.report_drm(display_id)
-        brightcove_id = try_get(
-            common_data, lambda x: x['episode']['video']['brightcoveId'], str) or 'ref:{}'.format(common_data['episode']['video']['referenceId'])
-        video_id = str_or_none(try_get(common_data, lambda x: x['episode']['video']['id'])) or brightcove_id
-
-        title = try_get(common_data, lambda x: x['episode']['name'], str)
-        season_number = try_get(common_data, lambda x: x['season']['seasonNumber'], int)
-        episode_number = try_get(common_data, lambda x: x['episode']['episodeNumber'], int)
-        timestamp = unified_timestamp(try_get(common_data, lambda x: x['episode']['airDate'], str))
-        release_date = unified_strdate(try_get(common_data, lambda x: x['episode']['availability'], str))
-        thumbnails_data = try_get(common_data, lambda x: x['episode']['image']['sizes'], dict) or {}
-        thumbnails = [{
-            'id': thumbnail_id,
-            'url': thumbnail_url,
-            'width': int_or_none(thumbnail_id[1:]),
-        } for thumbnail_id, thumbnail_url in thumbnails_data.items()]
+        brightcove_id = traverse_obj(common_data, (
+            video_type, 'video', (
+                ('brightcoveId', {str}),
+                ('referenceId', {str}, {lambda x: f'ref:{x}' if x else None}),
+            ), any, {require('brightcove ID')}))
 
         return {
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
-            'url': smuggle_url(
-                self.BRIGHTCOVE_URL_TEMPLATE % brightcove_id,
-                {'geo_countries': self._GEO_COUNTRIES}),
-            'id': video_id,
-            'title': title,
-            'description': try_get(common_data, lambda x: x['episode']['description'], str),
-            'duration': float_or_none(try_get(common_data, lambda x: x['episode']['video']['duration'], float), 1000),
-            'thumbnails': thumbnails,
-            'ie_key': 'BrightcoveNew',
-            'season_number': season_number,
-            'episode_number': episode_number,
-            'timestamp': timestamp,
-            'release_date': release_date,
+            'ie_key': BrightcoveNewIE.ie_key(),
+            'url': self.BRIGHTCOVE_URL_TEMPLATE.format(brightcove_id),
+            **traverse_obj(common_data, {
+                'id': (video_type, 'video', 'id', {int}, ({str_or_none}, {value(brightcove_id)}), any),
+                'title': (video_type, 'name', {str}),
+                'description': (video_type, 'description', {str}),
+                'duration': (video_type, 'video', 'duration', {float_or_none(scale=1000)}),
+                'tags': (video_type, 'tags', ..., 'name', {str}, all, filter),
+                'series': ('tvSeries', 'name', {str}),
+                'season_number': ('season', 'seasonNumber', {int_or_none}),
+                'episode_number': ('episode', 'episodeNumber', {int_or_none}),
+                'timestamp': ('episode', 'airDate', {parse_iso8601}),
+                'release_timestamp': (video_type, 'availability', {parse_iso8601}),
+                'thumbnails': (video_type, 'image', 'sizes', {dict.items}, lambda _, v: url_or_none(v[1]), {
+                    'id': 0,
+                    'url': 1,
+                    'width': (1, {parse_resolution}, 'width'),
+                }),
+            }),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nobelprize.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nobelprize.py
index 536ca27f75..833bab0944 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nobelprize.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nobelprize.py
@@ -1,59 +1,57 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
-    determine_ext,
-    get_element_by_attribute,
+    UnsupportedError,
+    clean_html,
     int_or_none,
-    js_to_json,
-    mimetype2ext,
-    update_url_query,
+    parse_duration,
+    parse_qs,
+    str_or_none,
+    update_url,
 )
+from ..utils.traversal import find_element, traverse_obj
 
 
 class NobelPrizeIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _WORKING = False
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?nobelprize\.org/mediaplayer.*?\bid=(?P<id>\d+)'
-    _TEST = {
-        'url': 'http://www.nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/?id=2636',
-        'md5': '04c81e5714bb36cc4e2232fee1d8157f',
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:(?:mediaplayer|www)\.)?nobelprize\.org/mediaplayer/'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/?id=2636',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '2636',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Announcement of the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physics',
-            'description': 'md5:05beba57f4f5a4bbd4cf2ef28fcff739',
+            'description': 'md5:1a2d8a6ca80c88fb3b9a326e0b0e8e43',
+            'duration': 1560.0,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://www\.nobelprize\.org/images/.+\.jpg',
+            'timestamp': 1504883793,
+            'upload_date': '20170908',
         },
-    }
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://mediaplayer.nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/?qid=12693',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '12693',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Nobel Lecture by Peter Higgs',
+            'description': 'md5:9b12e275dbe3a8138484e70e00673a05',
+            'duration': 1800.0,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://www\.nobelprize\.org/images/.+\.jpg',
+            'timestamp': 1504883793,
+            'upload_date': '20170908',
+        },
+    }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
-        media = self._parse_json(self._search_regex(
-            r'(?s)var\s*config\s*=\s*({.+?});', webpage,
-            'config'), video_id, js_to_json)['media']
-        title = media['title']
-
-        formats = []
-        for source in media.get('source', []):
-            source_src = source.get('src')
-            if not source_src:
-                continue
-            ext = mimetype2ext(source.get('type')) or determine_ext(source_src)
-            if ext == 'm3u8':
-                formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-                    source_src, video_id, 'mp4', 'm3u8_native',
-                    m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False))
-            elif ext == 'f4m':
-                formats.extend(self._extract_f4m_formats(
-                    update_url_query(source_src, {'hdcore': '3.7.0'}),
-                    video_id, f4m_id='hds', fatal=False))
-            else:
-                formats.append({
-                    'url': source_src,
-                })
+        video_id = traverse_obj(parse_qs(url), (
+            ('id', 'qid'), -1, {int_or_none}, {str_or_none}, any))
+        if not video_id:
+            raise UnsupportedError(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(
+            update_url(url, netloc='mediaplayer.nobelprize.org'), video_id)
 
         return {
+            **self._search_json_ld(webpage, video_id),
             'id': video_id,
-            'title': title,
-            'description': get_element_by_attribute('itemprop', 'description', webpage),
-            'duration': int_or_none(media.get('duration')),
-            'formats': formats,
+            'title': self._html_search_meta('caption', webpage),
+            'description': traverse_obj(webpage, (
+                {find_element(tag='span', attr='itemprop', value='description')}, {clean_html})),
+            'duration': parse_duration(self._html_search_meta('duration', webpage)),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/noovo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/noovo.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 772d4ed9e0..0000000000
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/noovo.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,100 +0,0 @@
-from .brightcove import BrightcoveNewIE
-from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import (
-    int_or_none,
-    js_to_json,
-    smuggle_url,
-    try_get,
-)
-
-
-class NoovoIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:[^/]+\.)?noovo\.ca/videos/(?P<id>[^/]+/[^/?#&]+)'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        # clip
-        'url': 'http://noovo.ca/videos/rpm-plus/chrysler-imperial',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '5386045029001',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Chrysler Imperial',
-            'description': 'md5:de3c898d1eb810f3e6243e08c8b4a056',
-            'timestamp': 1491399228,
-            'upload_date': '20170405',
-            'uploader_id': '618566855001',
-            'series': 'RPM+',
-        },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
-    }, {
-        # episode
-        'url': 'http://noovo.ca/videos/l-amour-est-dans-le-pre/episode-13-8',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '5395865725001',
-            'title': 'Épisode 13 : Les retrouvailles',
-            'description': 'md5:888c3330f0c1b4476c5bc99a1c040473',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'timestamp': 1492019320,
-            'upload_date': '20170412',
-            'uploader_id': '618566855001',
-            'series': "L'amour est dans le pré",
-            'season_number': 5,
-            'episode': 'Épisode 13',
-            'episode_number': 13,
-        },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
-    }]
-    BRIGHTCOVE_URL_TEMPLATE = 'http://players.brightcove.net/618566855001/default_default/index.html?videoId=%s'
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        video_id = self._match_id(url)
-
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
-
-        brightcove_id = self._search_regex(
-            r'data-video-id=["\'](\d+)', webpage, 'brightcove id')
-
-        data = self._parse_json(
-            self._search_regex(
-                r'(?s)dataLayer\.push\(\s*({.+?})\s*\);', webpage, 'data',
-                default='{}'),
-            video_id, transform_source=js_to_json, fatal=False)
-
-        title = try_get(
-            data, lambda x: x['video']['nom'],
-            str) or self._html_search_meta(
-            'dcterms.Title', webpage, 'title', fatal=True)
-
-        description = self._html_search_meta(
-            ('dcterms.Description', 'description'), webpage, 'description')
-
-        series = try_get(
-            data, lambda x: x['emission']['nom']) or self._search_regex(
-            r'<div[^>]+class="banner-card__subtitle h4"[^>]*>([^<]+)',
-            webpage, 'series', default=None)
-
-        season_el = try_get(data, lambda x: x['emission']['saison'], dict) or {}
-        season = try_get(season_el, lambda x: x['nom'], str)
-        season_number = int_or_none(try_get(season_el, lambda x: x['numero']))
-
-        episode_el = try_get(season_el, lambda x: x['episode'], dict) or {}
-        episode = try_get(episode_el, lambda x: x['nom'], str)
-        episode_number = int_or_none(try_get(episode_el, lambda x: x['numero']))
-
-        return {
-            '_type': 'url_transparent',
-            'ie_key': BrightcoveNewIE.ie_key(),
-            'url': smuggle_url(
-                self.BRIGHTCOVE_URL_TEMPLATE % brightcove_id,
-                {'geo_countries': ['CA']}),
-            'id': brightcove_id,
-            'title': title,
-            'description': description,
-            'series': series,
-            'season': season,
-            'season_number': season_number,
-            'episode': episode,
-            'episode_number': episode_number,
-        }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nowness.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nowness.py
index c001a82e9f..8d568aef7c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nowness.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nowness.py
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ class NownessSeriesIE(NownessBaseIE):
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        display_id, series = self._api_request(url, 'series/getBySlug/%s')
+        _, series = self._api_request(url, 'series/getBySlug/%s')
         entries = [self._extract_url_result(post) for post in series['posts']]
         series_title = None
         series_description = None
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nrk.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nrk.py
index 1400f1536d..61f81fa5ed 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nrk.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nrk.py
@@ -446,9 +446,10 @@ class NRKTVIE(InfoExtractor):
 
 
 class NRKTVEpisodeIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://tv\.nrk\.no/serie/(?P<id>[^/]+/sesong/(?P<season_number>\d+)/episode/(?P<episode_number>\d+))'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://tv\.nrk\.no/serie/(?P<id>[^/?#]+/sesong/(?P<season_number>\d+)/episode/(?P<episode_number>\d+))'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://tv.nrk.no/serie/hellums-kro/sesong/1/episode/2',
+        'add_ie': [NRKIE.ie_key()],
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'MUHH36005220',
             'ext': 'mp4',
@@ -485,26 +486,23 @@ class NRKTVEpisodeIE(InfoExtractor):
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        display_id, season_number, episode_number = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
-
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
-
-        info = self._search_json_ld(webpage, display_id, default={})
-        nrk_id = info.get('@id') or self._html_search_meta(
-            'nrk:program-id', webpage, default=None) or self._search_regex(
-            rf'data-program-id=["\']({NRKTVIE._EPISODE_RE})', webpage,
-            'nrk id')
-        assert re.match(NRKTVIE._EPISODE_RE, nrk_id)
-
-        info.update({
-            '_type': 'url',
-            'id': nrk_id,
-            'url': f'nrk:{nrk_id}',
-            'ie_key': NRKIE.ie_key(),
-            'season_number': int(season_number),
-            'episode_number': int(episode_number),
-        })
-        return info
+        display_id, season_number, episode_number = self._match_valid_url(url).group(
+            'id', 'season_number', 'episode_number')
+        webpage, urlh = self._download_webpage_handle(url, display_id)
+
+        if NRKTVIE.suitable(urlh.url):
+            nrk_id = NRKTVIE._match_id(urlh.url)
+        else:
+            nrk_id = self._search_json(
+                r'<script\b[^>]+\bid="pageData"[^>]*>', webpage,
+                'page data', display_id)['initialState']['selectedEpisodePrfId']
+            if not re.fullmatch(NRKTVIE._EPISODE_RE, nrk_id):
+                raise ExtractorError('Unable to extract NRK ID')
+
+        return self.url_result(
+            f'nrk:{nrk_id}', NRKIE, nrk_id,
+            season_number=int(season_number),
+            episode_number=int(episode_number))
 
 
 class NRKTVSerieBaseIE(NRKBaseIE):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ntvcojp.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ntvcojp.py
index 422ec6eb02..76c5936bac 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ntvcojp.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ntvcojp.py
@@ -1,55 +1,82 @@
-from .common import InfoExtractor
+from .streaks import StreaksBaseIE
 from ..utils import (
-    ExtractorError,
-    smuggle_url,
-    traverse_obj,
+    int_or_none,
+    parse_iso8601,
+    str_or_none,
+    url_or_none,
 )
+from ..utils.traversal import require, traverse_obj
 
 
-class NTVCoJpCUIE(InfoExtractor):
+class NTVCoJpCUIE(StreaksBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'cu.ntv.co.jp'
-    IE_DESC = 'Nippon Television Network'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://cu\.ntv\.co\.jp/(?!program)(?P<id>[^/?&#]+)'
-    _TEST = {
-        'url': 'https://cu.ntv.co.jp/televiva-chill-gohan_181031/',
+    IE_DESC = '日テレ無料TADA!'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://cu\.ntv\.co\.jp/(?!program-list|search)(?P<id>[\w-]+)/?(?:[?#]|$)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://cu.ntv.co.jp/gaki_20250525/',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '5978891207001',
+            'id': 'gaki_20250525',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': '桜エビ�炒り���イント� 「中�風 エビ�リ���り�──『美虎�五��美幸',
-            'upload_date': '20181213',
-            'description': 'md5:1985b51a9abc285df0104d982a325f2a',
-            'uploader_id': '3855502814001',
-            'timestamp': 1544669941,
+            'title': '放�開始36年!方正ココリコ���神回&地�回!',
+            'cast': 'count:2',
+            'description': 'md5:1e1db556224d627d4d2f74370c650927',
+            'display_id': 'ref:gaki_20250525',
+            'duration': 1450,
+            'episode': '放�開始36年!方正ココリコ���神回&地�回!',
+            'episode_id': '000000010172808',
+            'episode_number': 255,
+            'genres': ['variety'],
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'modified_date': '20250525',
+            'modified_timestamp': 1748145537,
+            'release_date': '20250525',
+            'release_timestamp': 1748145539,
+            'series': 'ダウンタウン�ガキ�使�や�ら�ん��',
+            'series_id': 'gaki',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
+            'timestamp': 1748145197,
+            'upload_date': '20250525',
+            'uploader': '日本テレビ放�網',
+            'uploader_id': '0x7FE2',
         },
-        'params': {
-            # m3u8 download
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
-    }
-
-    BRIGHTCOVE_URL_TEMPLATE = 'http://players.brightcove.net/%s/default_default/index.html?videoId=%s'
+    }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = self._match_id(url)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
-        player_config = self._search_nuxt_data(webpage, display_id)
-        video_id = traverse_obj(player_config, ('movie', 'video_id'))
-        if not video_id:
-            raise ExtractorError('Failed to extract video ID for Brightcove')
-        account_id = traverse_obj(player_config, ('player', 'account')) or '3855502814001'
-        title = traverse_obj(player_config, ('movie', 'name'))
-        if not title:
-            og_title = self._og_search_title(webpage, fatal=False) or traverse_obj(player_config, ('player', 'title'))
-            if og_title:
-                title = og_title.split('(', 1)[0].strip()
-        description = (traverse_obj(player_config, ('movie', 'description'))
-                       or self._html_search_meta(['description', 'og:description'], webpage))
+
+        info = self._search_json(
+            r'window\.app\s*=', webpage, 'video info',
+            display_id)['falcorCache']['catalog']['episode'][display_id]['value']
+        media_id = traverse_obj(info, (
+            'streaks_data', 'mediaid', {str_or_none}, {require('Streaks media ID')}))
+        non_phonetic = (lambda _, v: v['is_phonetic'] is False, 'value', {str})
+
         return {
-            '_type': 'url_transparent',
-            'id': video_id,
-            'display_id': display_id,
-            'title': title,
-            'description': description,
-            'url': smuggle_url(self.BRIGHTCOVE_URL_TEMPLATE % (account_id, video_id), {'geo_countries': ['JP']}),
-            'ie_key': 'BrightcoveNew',
+            **self._extract_from_streaks_api('ntv-tada', media_id, headers={
+                'X-Streaks-Api-Key': 'df497719056b44059a0483b8faad1f4a',
+            }),
+            **traverse_obj(info, {
+                'id': ('content_id', {str_or_none}),
+                'title': ('title', *non_phonetic, any),
+                'age_limit': ('is_adult_only_content', {lambda x: 18 if x else None}),
+                'cast': ('credit', ..., 'name', *non_phonetic),
+                'genres': ('genre', ..., {str}),
+                'release_timestamp': ('pub_date', {parse_iso8601}),
+                'tags': ('tags', ..., {str}),
+                'thumbnail': ('artwork', ..., 'url', any, {url_or_none}),
+            }),
+            **traverse_obj(info, ('tv_episode_info', {
+                'duration': ('duration', {int_or_none}),
+                'episode_number': ('episode_number', {int}),
+                'series': ('parent_show_title', *non_phonetic, any),
+                'series_id': ('show_content_id', {str}),
+            })),
+            **traverse_obj(info, ('custom_data', {
+                'description': ('program_detail', {str}),
+                'episode': ('episode_title', {str}),
+                'episode_id': ('episode_id', {str_or_none}),
+                'uploader': ('network_name', {str}),
+                'uploader_id': ('network_id', {str}),
+            })),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nytimes.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nytimes.py
index a97add71a4..3472a21597 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nytimes.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nytimes.py
@@ -181,6 +181,7 @@ class NYTimesArticleIE(NYTimesBaseIE):
             'thumbnail': r're:https?://\w+\.nyt.com/images/.*\.jpg',
             'duration': 119.0,
         },
+        'skip': 'HTTP Error 500: Internal Server Error',
     }, {
         # article with audio and no video
         'url': 'https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/29/health/mosquitoes-genetic-engineering.html',
@@ -190,13 +191,14 @@ class NYTimesArticleIE(NYTimesBaseIE):
             'ext': 'mp3',
             'title': 'The Gamble: Can Genetically Modified Mosquitoes End Disease?',
             'description': 'md5:9ff8b47acbaf7f3ca8c732f5c815be2e',
-            'timestamp': 1695960700,
+            'timestamp': 1696008129,
             'upload_date': '20230929',
-            'creator': 'Stephanie Nolen, Natalija Gormalova',
+            'creators': ['Stephanie Nolen', 'Natalija Gormalova'],
             'thumbnail': r're:https?://\w+\.nyt.com/images/.*\.jpg',
             'duration': 1322,
         },
     }, {
+        # lede_media_block already has sourceId
         'url': 'https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/29/business/dealbook/kamala-harris-biden-voters.html',
         'md5': '3eb5ddb1d6f86254fe4f233826778737',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -207,7 +209,7 @@ class NYTimesArticleIE(NYTimesBaseIE):
             'timestamp': 1701290997,
             'upload_date': '20231129',
             'uploader': 'By The New York Times',
-            'creator': 'Katie Rogers',
+            'creators': ['Katie Rogers'],
             'thumbnail': r're:https?://\w+\.nyt.com/images/.*\.jpg',
             'duration': 97.631,
         },
@@ -222,10 +224,22 @@ class NYTimesArticleIE(NYTimesBaseIE):
             'title': 'Drunk and Asleep on the Job: Air Traffic Controllers Pushed to the Brink',
             'description': 'md5:549e5a5e935bf7d048be53ba3d2c863d',
             'upload_date': '20231202',
-            'creator': 'Emily Steel, Sydney Ember',
+            'creators': ['Emily Steel', 'Sydney Ember'],
             'timestamp': 1701511264,
         },
         'playlist_count': 3,
+    }, {
+        # lede_media_block does not have sourceId
+        'url': 'https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/30/well/move/hip-mobility-routine.html',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'hip-mobility-routine',
+            'title': 'Tight Hips? These Moves Can Help.',
+            'description': 'Sitting all day is hard on your hips. Try this simple routine for better mobility.',
+            'creators': ['Alyssa Ages', 'Theodore Tae'],
+            'timestamp': 1746003629,
+            'upload_date': '20250430',
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 7,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/02/business/media/netflix-squid-game-challenge.html',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -256,14 +270,18 @@ class NYTimesArticleIE(NYTimesBaseIE):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         page_id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, page_id)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, page_id, impersonate=True)
         art_json = self._search_json(
             r'window\.__preloadedData\s*=', webpage, 'media details', page_id,
             transform_source=lambda x: x.replace('undefined', 'null'))['initialData']['data']['article']
-
-        blocks = traverse_obj(art_json, (
-            'sprinkledBody', 'content', ..., ('ledeMedia', None),
-            lambda _, v: v['__typename'] in ('Video', 'Audio')))
+        content = art_json['sprinkledBody']['content']
+
+        blocks = []
+        block_filter = lambda k, v: k == 'media' and v['__typename'] in ('Video', 'Audio')
+        if lede_media_block := traverse_obj(content, (..., 'ledeMedia', block_filter, any)):
+            lede_media_block.setdefault('sourceId', art_json.get('sourceId'))
+            blocks.append(lede_media_block)
+        blocks.extend(traverse_obj(content, (..., block_filter)))
         if not blocks:
             raise ExtractorError('Unable to extract any media blocks from webpage')
 
@@ -273,8 +291,7 @@ class NYTimesArticleIE(NYTimesBaseIE):
                 'sprinkledBody', 'content', ..., 'summary', 'content', ..., 'text', {str}),
                 get_all=False) or self._html_search_meta(['og:description', 'twitter:description'], webpage),
             'timestamp': traverse_obj(art_json, ('firstPublished', {parse_iso8601})),
-            'creator': ', '.join(
-                traverse_obj(art_json, ('bylines', ..., 'creators', ..., 'displayName'))),  # TODO: change to 'creators' (list)
+            'creators': traverse_obj(art_json, ('bylines', ..., 'creators', ..., 'displayName', {str})),
             'thumbnails': self._extract_thumbnails(traverse_obj(
                 art_json, ('promotionalMedia', 'assetCrops', ..., 'renditions', ...))),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/odnoklassniki.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/odnoklassniki.py
index d27d1c3f02..c9bee9060e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/odnoklassniki.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/odnoklassniki.py
@@ -273,6 +273,8 @@ class OdnoklassnikiIE(InfoExtractor):
             return self._extract_desktop(smuggle_url(url, {'referrer': 'https://boosty.to'}))
         elif error:
             raise ExtractorError(error, expected=True)
+        elif '>Access to this video is restricted</div>' in webpage:
+            self.raise_login_required()
 
         player = self._parse_json(
             unescapeHTML(self._search_regex(
@@ -350,14 +352,6 @@ class OdnoklassnikiIE(InfoExtractor):
             'subtitles': subtitles,
         }
 
-        # pladform
-        if provider == 'OPEN_GRAPH':
-            info.update({
-                '_type': 'url_transparent',
-                'url': movie['contentId'],
-            })
-            return info
-
         if provider == 'USER_YOUTUBE':
             info.update({
                 '_type': 'url_transparent',
@@ -429,7 +423,7 @@ class OdnoklassnikiIE(InfoExtractor):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            f'http://m.ok.ru/video/{video_id}', video_id,
+            f'https://m.ok.ru/video/{video_id}', video_id,
             note='Downloading mobile webpage')
 
         error = self._search_regex(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/on24.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/on24.py
index 05218e9de1..1dfc25a7da 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/on24.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/on24.py
@@ -11,12 +11,15 @@ class On24IE(InfoExtractor):
     IE_NAME = 'on24'
     IE_DESC = 'ON24'
 
-    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
-                    https?://event\.on24\.com/(?:
-                        wcc/r/(?P<id_1>\d{7})/(?P<key_1>[0-9A-F]{32})|
-                        eventRegistration/(?:console/EventConsoleApollo|EventLobbyServlet\?target=lobby30)
-                            \.jsp\?(?:[^/#?]*&)?eventid=(?P<id_2>\d{7})[^/#?]*&key=(?P<key_2>[0-9A-F]{32})
-                    )'''
+    _ID_RE = r'(?P<id>\d{7})'
+    _KEY_RE = r'(?P<key>[0-9A-F]{32})'
+    _URL_BASE_RE = r'https?://event\.on24\.com'
+    _URL_QUERY_RE = rf'(?:[^#]*&)?eventid={_ID_RE}&(?:[^#]+&)?key={_KEY_RE}'
+    _VALID_URL = [
+        rf'{_URL_BASE_RE}/wcc/r/{_ID_RE}/{_KEY_RE}',
+        rf'{_URL_BASE_RE}/eventRegistration/console/(?:EventConsoleApollo\.jsp|apollox/mainEvent/?)\?{_URL_QUERY_RE}',
+        rf'{_URL_BASE_RE}/eventRegistration/EventLobbyServlet/?\?{_URL_QUERY_RE}',
+    ]
 
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://event.on24.com/eventRegistration/console/EventConsoleApollo.jsp?uimode=nextgeneration&eventid=2197467&sessionid=1&key=5DF57BE53237F36A43B478DD36277A84&contenttype=A&eventuserid=305999&playerwidth=1000&playerheight=650&caller=previewLobby&text_language_id=en&format=fhaudio&newConsole=false',
@@ -34,12 +37,16 @@ class On24IE(InfoExtractor):
     }, {
         'url': 'https://event.on24.com/eventRegistration/console/EventConsoleApollo.jsp?&eventid=2639291&sessionid=1&username=&partnerref=&format=fhvideo1&mobile=&flashsupportedmobiledevice=&helpcenter=&key=82829018E813065A122363877975752E&newConsole=true&nxChe=true&newTabCon=true&text_language_id=en&playerwidth=748&playerheight=526&eventuserid=338788762&contenttype=A&mediametricsessionid=384764716&mediametricid=3558192&usercd=369267058&mode=launch',
         'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://event.on24.com/eventRegistration/EventLobbyServlet?target=reg20.jsp&eventid=3543176&key=BC0F6B968B67C34B50D461D40FDB3E18&groupId=3143628',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://event.on24.com/eventRegistration/console/apollox/mainEvent?&eventid=4843671&sessionid=1&username=&partnerref=&format=fhvideo1&mobile=&flashsupportedmobiledevice=&helpcenter=&key=4EAC9B5C564CC98FF29E619B06A2F743&newConsole=true&nxChe=true&newTabCon=true&consoleEarEventConsole=false&consoleEarCloudApi=false&text_language_id=en&playerwidth=748&playerheight=526&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fevent.on24.com%2Finterface%2Fregistration%2Fautoreg%2Findex.html%3Fsessionid%3D1%26eventid%3D4843671%26key%3D4EAC9B5C564CC98FF29E619B06A2F743%26email%3D000a3e42-7952-4dd6-8f8a-34c38ea3cf02%2540platform%26firstname%3Ds%26lastname%3Ds%26deletecookie%3Dtrue%26event_email%3DN%26marketing_email%3DN%26std1%3D0642572014177%26std2%3D0642572014179%26std3%3D550165f7-a44e-4725-9fe6-716f89908c2b%26std4%3D0&eventuserid=745776448&contenttype=A&mediametricsessionid=640613707&mediametricid=6810717&usercd=745776448&mode=launch',
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
-        event_id = mobj.group('id_1') or mobj.group('id_2')
-        event_key = mobj.group('key_1') or mobj.group('key_2')
+        event_id, event_key = self._match_valid_url(url).group('id', 'key')
 
         event_data = self._download_json(
             'https://event.on24.com/apic/utilApp/EventConsoleCachedServlet',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/once.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/once.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 989f10abb1..0000000000
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/once.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-import re
-
-from .common import InfoExtractor
-
-
-class OnceIE(InfoExtractor):  # XXX: Conventionally, base classes should end with BaseIE/InfoExtractor
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://.+?\.unicornmedia\.com/now/(?:ads/vmap/)?[^/]+/[^/]+/(?P<domain_id>[^/]+)/(?P<application_id>[^/]+)/(?:[^/]+/)?(?P<media_item_id>[^/]+)/content\.(?:once|m3u8|mp4)'
-    ADAPTIVE_URL_TEMPLATE = 'http://once.unicornmedia.com/now/master/playlist/%s/%s/%s/content.m3u8'
-    PROGRESSIVE_URL_TEMPLATE = 'http://once.unicornmedia.com/now/media/progressive/%s/%s/%s/%s/content.mp4'
-
-    def _extract_once_formats(self, url, http_formats_preference=None):
-        domain_id, application_id, media_item_id = re.match(
-            OnceIE._VALID_URL, url).groups()
-        formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-            self.ADAPTIVE_URL_TEMPLATE % (
-                domain_id, application_id, media_item_id),
-            media_item_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False)
-        progressive_formats = []
-        for adaptive_format in formats:
-            # Prevent advertisement from embedding into m3u8 playlist (see
-            # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/8893#issuecomment-199912684)
-            adaptive_format['url'] = re.sub(
-                r'\badsegmentlength=\d+', r'adsegmentlength=0', adaptive_format['url'])
-            rendition_id = self._search_regex(
-                r'/now/media/playlist/[^/]+/[^/]+/([^/]+)',
-                adaptive_format['url'], 'redition id', default=None)
-            if rendition_id:
-                progressive_format = adaptive_format.copy()
-                progressive_format.update({
-                    'url': self.PROGRESSIVE_URL_TEMPLATE % (
-                        domain_id, application_id, rendition_id, media_item_id),
-                    'format_id': adaptive_format['format_id'].replace(
-                        'hls', 'http'),
-                    'protocol': 'http',
-                    'preference': http_formats_preference,
-                })
-                progressive_formats.append(progressive_format)
-        self._check_formats(progressive_formats, media_item_id)
-        formats.extend(progressive_formats)
-        return formats
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/onsen.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/onsen.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6424d7b154
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/onsen.py
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+import base64
+import json
+
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
+from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
+    clean_html,
+    int_or_none,
+    parse_qs,
+    str_or_none,
+    strftime_or_none,
+    update_url,
+    update_url_query,
+    url_or_none,
+)
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
+
+
+class OnsenIE(InfoExtractor):
+    IE_NAME = 'onsen'
+    IE_DESC = 'インター�ットラジオステーション＜音泉＞'
+
+    _BASE_URL = 'https://www.onsen.ag'
+    _HEADERS = {'Referer': f'{_BASE_URL}/'}
+    _NETRC_MACHINE = 'onsen'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:(?:share|www)\.)onsen\.ag/program/(?P<id>[^/?#]+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://share.onsen.ag/program/onsenking?p=90&c=MTA0NjI',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '10462',
+            'ext': 'm4a',
+            'title': '第SP回',
+            'cast': 'count:3',
+            'description': 'md5:de62c80a41c4c8d84da53a1ee681ad18',
+            'display_id': 'MTA0NjI=',
+            'media_type': 'sound',
+            'section_start': 0,
+            'series': '音泉キング「下野紘��ラジオ ���も��ん�＜音泉＞ファミリー�よ�？',
+            'series_id': 'onsenking',
+            'tags': 'count:2',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://d3bzklg4lms4gh\.cloudfront\.net/program_info/image/default/production/.+',
+            'upload_date': '20220627',
+            'webpage_url': 'https://www.onsen.ag/program/onsenking?c=MTA0NjI=',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://share.onsen.ag/program/girls-band-cry-radio?p=370&c=MTgwMDE',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '18001',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '第4回',
+            'cast': 'count:5',
+            'description': 'md5:bbca8a389d99c90cbbce8f383c85fedd',
+            'display_id': 'MTgwMDE=',
+            'media_type': 'movie',
+            'section_start': 0,
+            'series': 'TVアニメ『ガールズ�ンドクライ�WEBラジオ「ガールズ�ンドクライ～ラジオ�も全部��込�。～�',
+            'series_id': 'girls-band-cry-radio',
+            'tags': 'count:3',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://d3bzklg4lms4gh\.cloudfront\.net/program_info/image/default/production/.+',
+            'upload_date': '20240425',
+            'webpage_url': 'https://www.onsen.ag/program/girls-band-cry-radio?c=MTgwMDE=',
+        },
+        'skip': 'Only available for premium supporters',
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.onsen.ag/program/uma',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'uma',
+            'title': 'UMA YELL RADIO',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 35,
+    }]
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _get_encoded_id(program):
+        return base64.urlsafe_b64encode(str(program['id']).encode()).decode()
+
+    def _perform_login(self, username, password):
+        sign_in = self._download_json(
+            f'{self._BASE_URL}/web_api/signin', None, 'Logging in', headers={
+                'Accept': 'application/json',
+                'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+            }, data=json.dumps({
+                'session': {
+                    'email': username,
+                    'password': password,
+                },
+            }).encode(), expected_status=401)
+
+        if sign_in.get('error'):
+            raise ExtractorError('Invalid username or password', expected=True)
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        program_id = self._match_id(url)
+        try:
+            programs = self._download_json(
+                f'{self._BASE_URL}/web_api/programs/{program_id}', program_id)
+        except ExtractorError as e:
+            if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 404:
+                raise ExtractorError('Invalid URL', expected=True)
+            raise
+
+        query = {k: v[-1] for k, v in parse_qs(url).items() if v}
+        if 'c' not in query:
+            entries = [
+                self.url_result(update_url_query(url, {'c': self._get_encoded_id(program)}), OnsenIE)
+                for program in traverse_obj(programs, ('contents', lambda _, v: v['id']))
+            ]
+
+            return self.playlist_result(
+                entries, program_id, traverse_obj(programs, ('program_info', 'title', {clean_html})))
+
+        raw_id = base64.urlsafe_b64decode(f'{query["c"]}===').decode()
+        p_keys = ('contents', lambda _, v: v['id'] == int(raw_id))
+
+        program = traverse_obj(programs, (*p_keys, any))
+        if not program:
+            raise ExtractorError(
+                'This program is no longer available', expected=True)
+        m3u8_url = traverse_obj(program, ('streaming_url', {url_or_none}))
+        if not m3u8_url:
+            self.raise_login_required(
+                'This program is only available for premium supporters')
+
+        display_id = self._get_encoded_id(program)
+        date_str = self._search_regex(
+            rf'{program_id}0?(\d{{6}})', m3u8_url, 'date string', default=None)
+
+        return {
+            'display_id': display_id,
+            'formats': self._extract_m3u8_formats(m3u8_url, raw_id, headers=self._HEADERS),
+            'http_headers': self._HEADERS,
+            'section_start': int_or_none(query.get('t', 0)),
+            'upload_date': strftime_or_none(f'20{date_str}'),
+            'webpage_url': f'{self._BASE_URL}/program/{program_id}?c={display_id}',
+            **traverse_obj(program, {
+                'id': ('id', {int}, {str_or_none}),
+                'title': ('title', {clean_html}),
+                'media_type': ('media_type', {str}),
+                'thumbnail': ('poster_image_url', {url_or_none}, {update_url(query=None)}),
+            }),
+            **traverse_obj(programs, {
+                'cast': (('performers', (*p_keys, 'guests')), ..., 'name', {str}, filter),
+                'series_id': ('directory_name', {str}),
+            }),
+            **traverse_obj(programs, ('program_info', {
+                'description': ('description', {clean_html}, filter),
+                'series': ('title', {clean_html}),
+                'tags': ('hashtag_list', ..., {str}, filter),
+            })),
+        }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/openrec.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/openrec.py
index b4f1c7d858..4c19ab6847 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/openrec.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/openrec.py
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ class OpenRecBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
 class OpenRecIE(OpenRecBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'openrec'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?openrec\.tv/live/(?P<id>[^/]+)'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?openrec\.tv/live/(?P<id>[^/?#]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.openrec.tv/live/2p8v31qe4zy',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ class OpenRecIE(OpenRecBaseIE):
 
 class OpenRecCaptureIE(OpenRecBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'openrec:capture'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?openrec\.tv/capture/(?P<id>[^/]+)'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?openrec\.tv/capture/(?P<id>[^/?#]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.openrec.tv/capture/l9nk2x4gn14',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ class OpenRecCaptureIE(OpenRecBaseIE):
 
 class OpenRecMovieIE(OpenRecBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'openrec:movie'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?openrec\.tv/movie/(?P<id>[^/]+)'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?openrec\.tv/movie/(?P<id>[^/?#]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.openrec.tv/movie/nqz5xl5km8v',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -141,6 +141,9 @@ class OpenRecMovieIE(OpenRecBaseIE):
             'uploader_id': 'taiki_to_kazuhiro',
             'timestamp': 1638856800,
         },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.openrec.tv/movie/2p8vvex548y?playlist_id=98brq96vvsgn2nd',
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/panopto.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/panopto.py
index 91f1055193..4a9431e72c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/panopto.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/panopto.py
@@ -14,8 +14,9 @@ from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     parse_qs,
     srt_subtitles_timecode,
-    traverse_obj,
+    url_or_none,
 )
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 
 
 class PanoptoBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -72,163 +73,179 @@ class PanoptoBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 class PanoptoIE(PanoptoBaseIE):
     _VALID_URL = PanoptoBaseIE.BASE_URL_RE + r'/Pages/(Viewer|Embed)\.aspx.*(?:\?|&)id=(?P<id>[a-f0-9-]+)'
     _EMBED_REGEX = [rf'<iframe[^>]+src=["\'](?P<url>{PanoptoBaseIE.BASE_URL_RE}/Pages/(Viewer|Embed|Sessions/List)\.aspx[^"\']+)']
-    _TESTS = [
-        {
-            'url': 'https://demo.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?id=26b3ae9e-4a48-4dcc-96ba-0befba08a0fb',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '26b3ae9e-4a48-4dcc-96ba-0befba08a0fb',
-                'title': 'Panopto for Business - Use Cases',
-                'timestamp': 1459184200,
-                'thumbnail': r're:https://demo\.hosted\.panopto\.com/.+',
-                'upload_date': '20160328',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'cast': [],
-                'chapters': [],
-                'duration': 88.17099999999999,
-                'average_rating': int,
-                'uploader_id': '2db6b718-47a0-4b0b-9e17-ab0b00f42b1e',
-                'channel_id': 'e4c6a2fc-1214-4ca0-8fb7-aef2e29ff63a',
-                'channel': 'Showcase Videos',
-            },
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://demo.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?id=26b3ae9e-4a48-4dcc-96ba-0befba08a0fb',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '26b3ae9e-4a48-4dcc-96ba-0befba08a0fb',
+            'title': 'Panopto for Business - Use Cases',
+            'timestamp': 1459184200,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://demo\.hosted\.panopto\.com/.+',
+            'upload_date': '20160328',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'cast': [],
+            'chapters': [],
+            'duration': 88.17099999999999,
+            'average_rating': int,
+            'tags': [],
+            'uploader_id': '2db6b718-47a0-4b0b-9e17-ab0b00f42b1e',
+            'channel_id': 'bb0b58ff-b31b-47a0-9aa2-af6f0113613a',
+            'channel': 'Product',
         },
-        {
-            'url': 'https://demo.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?id=ed01b077-c9e5-4c7b-b8ff-15fa306d7a59',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'ed01b077-c9e5-4c7b-b8ff-15fa306d7a59',
-                'title': 'Overcoming Top 4 Challenges of Enterprise Video',
-                'uploader': 'Panopto Support',
-                'timestamp': 1449409251,
-                'thumbnail': r're:https://demo\.hosted\.panopto\.com/.+',
-                'upload_date': '20151206',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'chapters': 'count:12',
-                'cast': ['Panopto Support'],
-                'uploader_id': 'a96d1a31-b4de-489b-9eee-b4a5b414372c',
-                'average_rating': int,
-                'description': 'md5:4391837802b3fc856dadf630c4b375d1',
-                'duration': 1088.2659999999998,
-                'channel_id': '9f3c1921-43bb-4bda-8b3a-b8d2f05a8546',
-                'channel': 'Webcasts',
-            },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://demo.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?id=ed01b077-c9e5-4c7b-b8ff-15fa306d7a59',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'ed01b077-c9e5-4c7b-b8ff-15fa306d7a59',
+            'title': 'Overcoming Top 4 Challenges of Enterprise Video',
+            'uploader': 'Panopto Support',
+            'timestamp': 1449409251,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://demo\.hosted\.panopto\.com/.+',
+            'upload_date': '20151206',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'chapters': 'count:13',
+            'cast': ['Panopto Support'],
+            'tags': [],
+            'uploader_id': 'a96d1a31-b4de-489b-9eee-b4a5b414372c',
+            'average_rating': int,
+            'description': 'md5:4391837802b3fc856dadf630c4b375d1',
+            'duration': 1088.2659999999998,
+            'channel_id': '9f3c1921-43bb-4bda-8b3a-b8d2f05a8546',
+            'channel': 'Webcasts',
         },
-        {
-            # Extra params in URL
-            'url': 'https://howtovideos.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?randomparam=thisisnotreal&id=5fa74e93-3d87-4694-b60e-aaa4012214ed&advance=true',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '5fa74e93-3d87-4694-b60e-aaa4012214ed',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'duration': 129.513,
-                'cast': ['Kathryn Kelly'],
-                'uploader_id': '316a0a58-7fa2-4cd9-be1c-64270d284a56',
-                'timestamp': 1569845768,
-                'tags': ['Viewer', 'Enterprise'],
-                'chapters': [],
-                'upload_date': '20190930',
-                'thumbnail': r're:https://howtovideos\.hosted\.panopto\.com/.+',
-                'description': 'md5:2d844aaa1b1a14ad0e2601a0993b431f',
-                'title': 'Getting Started: View a Video',
-                'average_rating': int,
-                'uploader': 'Kathryn Kelly',
-                'channel_id': 'fb93bc3c-6750-4b80-a05b-a921013735d3',
-                'channel': 'Getting Started',
-            },
+    }, {
+        # Extra params in URL
+        'url': 'https://howtovideos.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?randomparam=thisisnotreal&id=5fa74e93-3d87-4694-b60e-aaa4012214ed&advance=true',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '5fa74e93-3d87-4694-b60e-aaa4012214ed',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'duration': 129.513,
+            'cast': ['Kathryn Kelly'],
+            'uploader_id': '316a0a58-7fa2-4cd9-be1c-64270d284a56',
+            'timestamp': 1569845768,
+            'tags': ['Viewer', 'Enterprise'],
+            'chapters': [],
+            'upload_date': '20190930',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://howtovideos\.hosted\.panopto\.com/.+',
+            'description': 'md5:2d844aaa1b1a14ad0e2601a0993b431f',
+            'title': 'Getting Started: View a Video',
+            'average_rating': int,
+            'uploader': 'Kathryn Kelly',
+            'channel_id': 'fb93bc3c-6750-4b80-a05b-a921013735d3',
+            'channel': 'Getting Started',
         },
-        {
-            # Does not allow normal Viewer.aspx. AUDIO livestream has no url, so should be skipped and only give one stream.
-            'url': 'https://unisa.au.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Embed.aspx?id=9d9a0fa3-e99a-4ebd-a281-aac2017f4da4',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '9d9a0fa3-e99a-4ebd-a281-aac2017f4da4',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'cast': ['LTS CLI Script'],
-                'chapters': [],
-                'duration': 2178.45,
-                'description': 'md5:ee5cf653919f55b72bce2dbcf829c9fa',
-                'channel_id': 'b23e673f-c287-4cb1-8344-aae9005a69f8',
-                'average_rating': int,
-                'uploader_id': '38377323-6a23-41e2-9ff6-a8e8004bf6f7',
-                'uploader': 'LTS CLI Script',
-                'timestamp': 1572458134,
-                'title': 'WW2 Vets Interview 3 Ronald Stanley George',
-                'thumbnail': r're:https://unisa\.au\.panopto\.com/.+',
-                'channel': 'World War II Veteran Interviews',
-                'upload_date': '20191030',
-            },
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
+    }, {
+        # Does not allow normal Viewer.aspx. AUDIO livestream has no url, so should be skipped and only give one stream.
+        'url': 'https://unisa.au.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Embed.aspx?id=9d9a0fa3-e99a-4ebd-a281-aac2017f4da4',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '9d9a0fa3-e99a-4ebd-a281-aac2017f4da4',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'cast': ['LTS CLI Script'],
+            'chapters': [],
+            'duration': 2178.45,
+            'description': 'md5:ee5cf653919f55b72bce2dbcf829c9fa',
+            'channel_id': 'b23e673f-c287-4cb1-8344-aae9005a69f8',
+            'average_rating': int,
+            'uploader_id': '38377323-6a23-41e2-9ff6-a8e8004bf6f7',
+            'uploader': 'LTS CLI Script',
+            'tags': [],
+            'timestamp': 1572458134,
+            'title': 'WW2 Vets Interview 3 Ronald Stanley George',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://unisa\.au\.panopto\.com/.+',
+            'channel': 'World War II Veteran Interviews',
+            'upload_date': '20191030',
         },
-        {
-            # Slides/storyboard
-            'url': 'https://demo.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?id=a7f12f1d-3872-4310-84b0-f8d8ab15326b',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'a7f12f1d-3872-4310-84b0-f8d8ab15326b',
-                'ext': 'mhtml',
-                'timestamp': 1448798857,
-                'duration': 4712.681,
-                'title': 'Cache Memory - CompSci 15-213, Lecture 12',
-                'channel_id': 'e4c6a2fc-1214-4ca0-8fb7-aef2e29ff63a',
-                'uploader_id': 'a96d1a31-b4de-489b-9eee-b4a5b414372c',
-                'upload_date': '20151129',
-                'average_rating': 0,
-                'uploader': 'Panopto Support',
-                'channel': 'Showcase Videos',
-                'description': 'md5:55e51d54233ddb0e6c2ed388ca73822c',
-                'cast': ['ISR Videographer', 'Panopto Support'],
-                'chapters': 'count:28',
-                'thumbnail': r're:https://demo\.hosted\.panopto\.com/.+',
-            },
-            'params': {'format': 'mhtml', 'skip_download': True},
+    }, {
+        # Slides/storyboard
+        'url': 'https://demo.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?id=a7f12f1d-3872-4310-84b0-f8d8ab15326b',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'a7f12f1d-3872-4310-84b0-f8d8ab15326b',
+            'ext': 'mhtml',
+            'timestamp': 1448798857,
+            'duration': 4712.681,
+            'title': 'Cache Memory - CompSci 15-213, Lecture 12',
+            'channel_id': '0202d932-6d28-4fb2-b373-af6f0121c8f0',
+            'uploader_id': 'a96d1a31-b4de-489b-9eee-b4a5b414372c',
+            'upload_date': '20151129',
+            'average_rating': 0,
+            'uploader': 'Panopto Support',
+            'channel': 'Customer Demonstrations',
+            'description': 'md5:55e51d54233ddb0e6c2ed388ca73822c',
+            'cast': ['ISR Videographer', 'Panopto Support'],
+            'chapters': 'count:28',
+            'tags': [],
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://demo\.hosted\.panopto\.com/.+',
         },
-        {
-            'url': 'https://na-training-1.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?id=8285224a-9a2b-4957-84f2-acb0000c4ea9',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '8285224a-9a2b-4957-84f2-acb0000c4ea9',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'chapters': [],
-                'title': 'Company Policy',
-                'average_rating': 0,
-                'timestamp': 1615058901,
-                'channel': 'Human Resources',
-                'tags': ['HumanResources'],
-                'duration': 1604.243,
-                'thumbnail': r're:https://na-training-1\.hosted\.panopto\.com/.+',
-                'uploader_id': '8e8ba0a3-424f-40df-a4f1-ab3a01375103',
-                'uploader': 'Cait M.',
-                'upload_date': '20210306',
-                'cast': ['Cait M.'],
-                'subtitles': {'en-US': [{'ext': 'srt', 'data': 'md5:a3f4d25963fdeace838f327097c13265'}],
-                              'es-ES': [{'ext': 'srt', 'data': 'md5:57e9dad365fd0fbaf0468eac4949f189'}]},
-            },
-            'params': {'writesubtitles': True, 'skip_download': True},
-        }, {
-            # On Panopto there are two subs: "Default" and en-US. en-US is blank and should be skipped.
-            'url': 'https://na-training-1.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?id=940cbd41-f616-4a45-b13e-aaf1000c915b',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '940cbd41-f616-4a45-b13e-aaf1000c915b',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'subtitles': 'count:1',
-                'title': 'HR Benefits Review Meeting*',
-                'cast': ['Panopto Support'],
-                'chapters': [],
-                'timestamp': 1575024251,
-                'thumbnail': r're:https://na-training-1\.hosted\.panopto\.com/.+',
-                'channel': 'Zoom',
-                'description': 'md5:04f90a9c2c68b7828144abfb170f0106',
-                'uploader': 'Panopto Support',
-                'average_rating': 0,
-                'duration': 409.34499999999997,
-                'uploader_id': 'b6ac04ad-38b8-4724-a004-a851004ea3df',
-                'upload_date': '20191129',
-
-            },
-            'params': {'writesubtitles': True, 'skip_download': True},
+        'params': {'format': 'mhtml', 'skip_download': True},
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://na-training-1.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?id=8285224a-9a2b-4957-84f2-acb0000c4ea9',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '8285224a-9a2b-4957-84f2-acb0000c4ea9',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'chapters': [],
+            'title': 'Company Policy',
+            'average_rating': 0,
+            'timestamp': 1615058901,
+            'channel': 'Human Resources',
+            'tags': ['HumanResources'],
+            'duration': 1604.243,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://na-training-1\.hosted\.panopto\.com/.+',
+            'uploader_id': '8e8ba0a3-424f-40df-a4f1-ab3a01375103',
+            'uploader': 'Cait M.',
+            'upload_date': '20210306',
+            'cast': ['Cait M.'],
         },
-        {
-            'url': 'https://ucc.cloud.panopto.eu/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?id=0e8484a4-4ceb-4d98-a63f-ac0200b455cb',
-            'only_matching': True,
+        'params': {'writesubtitles': True, 'skip_download': True},
+    }, {
+        # On Panopto there are two subs: "Default" and en-US. en-US is blank and should be skipped.
+        'url': 'https://na-training-1.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?id=940cbd41-f616-4a45-b13e-aaf1000c915b',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '940cbd41-f616-4a45-b13e-aaf1000c915b',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'subtitles': 'count:1',
+            'title': 'HR Benefits Review Meeting*',
+            'cast': ['Panopto Support'],
+            'chapters': [],
+            'timestamp': 1575024251,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://na-training-1\.hosted\.panopto\.com/.+',
+            'channel': 'Zoom',
+            'description': 'md5:04f90a9c2c68b7828144abfb170f0106',
+            'uploader': 'Panopto Support',
+            'average_rating': 0,
+            'duration': 409.34499999999997,
+            'tags': [],
+            'uploader_id': 'b6ac04ad-38b8-4724-a004-a851004ea3df',
+            'upload_date': '20191129',
+
         },
-        {
-            'url': 'https://brown.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Embed.aspx?id=0b3ff73b-36a0-46c5-8455-aadf010a3638',
-            'only_matching': True,
+        'params': {'writesubtitles': True, 'skip_download': True},
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://ucc.cloud.panopto.eu/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?id=0e8484a4-4ceb-4d98-a63f-ac0200b455cb',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://brown.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Embed.aspx?id=0b3ff73b-36a0-46c5-8455-aadf010a3638',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.monash.edu/learning-teaching/teachhq/learning-technologies/panopto/how-to/insert-a-quiz-into-a-panopto-video',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '0bd3f16c-824a-436a-8486-ac5900693aef',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Quizzes in Panopto',
+            'average_rating': 0,
+            'cast': ['Stephanie Luo'],
+            'chapters': 'count:8',
+            'channel': 'Panopto',
+            'description': 'md5:731ce802eee75808b1181db1ff1b5002',
+            'duration': 185.833,
+            'tags': [],
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://monash\.au\.panopto\.com/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1607562188,
+            'upload_date': '20201210',
+            'uploader': 'Stephanie Luo',
+            'uploader_id': 'b18ca46d-20df-4ff5-b0b3-aa7a00085617',
         },
-    ]
+        'params': {'extractor_args': {'generic': {'impersonate': ['chrome']}}},
+    }]
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
@@ -345,21 +362,16 @@ class PanoptoIE(PanoptoBaseIE):
         subtitles = {}
         for stream in streams or []:
             stream_formats = []
-            http_stream_url = stream.get('StreamHttpUrl')
-            stream_url = stream.get('StreamUrl')
-
-            if http_stream_url:
-                stream_formats.append({'url': http_stream_url})
-
-            if stream_url:
+            for stream_url in set(traverse_obj(stream, (('StreamHttpUrl', 'StreamUrl'), {url_or_none}))):
                 media_type = stream.get('ViewerMediaFileTypeName')
                 if media_type in ('hls', ):
-                    m3u8_formats, stream_subtitles = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(stream_url, video_id)
-                    stream_formats.extend(m3u8_formats)
-                    subtitles = self._merge_subtitles(subtitles, stream_subtitles)
+                    fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(stream_url, video_id, m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False)
+                    stream_formats.extend(fmts)
+                    self._merge_subtitles(subs, target=subtitles)
                 else:
                     stream_formats.append({
                         'url': stream_url,
+                        'ext': media_type,
                     })
             for fmt in stream_formats:
                 fmt.update({
@@ -427,27 +439,23 @@ class PanoptoIE(PanoptoBaseIE):
 
 class PanoptoPlaylistIE(PanoptoBaseIE):
     _VALID_URL = PanoptoBaseIE.BASE_URL_RE + r'/Pages/(Viewer|Embed)\.aspx.*(?:\?|&)pid=(?P<id>[a-f0-9-]+)'
-    _TESTS = [
-        {
-            'url': 'https://howtovideos.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?pid=f3b39fcf-882f-4849-93d6-a9f401236d36&id=5fa74e93-3d87-4694-b60e-aaa4012214ed&advance=true',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'title': 'Featured Video Tutorials',
-                'id': 'f3b39fcf-882f-4849-93d6-a9f401236d36',
-                'description': '',
-            },
-            'playlist_mincount': 36,
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://howtovideos.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?pid=f3b39fcf-882f-4849-93d6-a9f401236d36&id=5fa74e93-3d87-4694-b60e-aaa4012214ed&advance=true',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'f3b39fcf-882f-4849-93d6-a9f401236d36',
+            'title': 'Featured Video Tutorials',
+            'description': '',
         },
-        {
-            'url': 'https://utsa.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?pid=e2900555-3ad4-4bdb-854d-ad2401686190',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'title': 'Library Website Introduction Playlist',
-                'id': 'e2900555-3ad4-4bdb-854d-ad2401686190',
-                'description': 'md5:f958bca50a1cbda15fdc1e20d32b3ecb',
-            },
-            'playlist_mincount': 4,
+        'playlist_mincount': 19,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://utsa.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?pid=e2900555-3ad4-4bdb-854d-ad2401686190',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'e2900555-3ad4-4bdb-854d-ad2401686190',
+            'title': 'Library Website Introduction Playlist',
+            'description': 'md5:f958bca50a1cbda15fdc1e20d32b3ecb',
         },
-
-    ]
+        'playlist_mincount': 4,
+    }]
 
     def _entries(self, base_url, playlist_id, session_list_id):
         session_list_info = self._call_api(
@@ -490,35 +498,29 @@ class PanoptoPlaylistIE(PanoptoBaseIE):
 class PanoptoListIE(PanoptoBaseIE):
     _VALID_URL = PanoptoBaseIE.BASE_URL_RE + r'/Pages/Sessions/List\.aspx'
     _PAGE_SIZE = 250
-    _TESTS = [
-        {
-            'url': 'https://demo.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Sessions/List.aspx#folderID=%22e4c6a2fc-1214-4ca0-8fb7-aef2e29ff63a%22',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'e4c6a2fc-1214-4ca0-8fb7-aef2e29ff63a',
-                'title': 'Showcase Videos',
-            },
-            'playlist_mincount': 140,
-
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://demo.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Sessions/List.aspx#folderID=%22e4c6a2fc-1214-4ca0-8fb7-aef2e29ff63a%22',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'e4c6a2fc-1214-4ca0-8fb7-aef2e29ff63a',
+            'title': 'Showcase Videos',
         },
-        {
-            'url': 'https://demo.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Sessions/List.aspx#view=2&maxResults=250',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'panopto_list',
-                'title': 'panopto_list',
-            },
-            'playlist_mincount': 300,
+        'playlist_mincount': 8,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://demo.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Sessions/List.aspx#view=2&maxResults=250',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'panopto_list',
+            'title': 'panopto_list',
         },
-        {
-            # Folder that contains 8 folders and a playlist
-            'url': 'https://howtovideos.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Sessions/List.aspx?noredirect=true#folderID=%224b9de7ae-0080-4158-8496-a9ba01692c2e%22',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '4b9de7ae-0080-4158-8496-a9ba01692c2e',
-                'title': 'Video Tutorials',
-            },
-            'playlist_mincount': 9,
+        'playlist_mincount': 300,
+    }, {
+        # Folder that contains 8 folders and a playlist
+        'url': 'https://howtovideos.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Sessions/List.aspx?noredirect=true#folderID=%224b9de7ae-0080-4158-8496-a9ba01692c2e%22',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '4b9de7ae-0080-4158-8496-a9ba01692c2e',
+            'title': 'Video Tutorials',
         },
-
-    ]
+        'playlist_mincount': 9,
+    }]
 
     def _fetch_page(self, base_url, query_params, display_id, page):
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/paramountplus.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/paramountplus.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 317f53b2bc..0000000000
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/paramountplus.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,201 +0,0 @@
-import itertools
-
-from .cbs import CBSBaseIE
-from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import (
-    ExtractorError,
-    int_or_none,
-    url_or_none,
-)
-
-
-class ParamountPlusIE(CBSBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
-        (?:
-            paramountplus:|
-            https?://(?:www\.)?(?:
-                paramountplus\.com/(?:shows|movies)/(?:video|[^/]+/video|[^/]+)/
-        )(?P<id>[\w-]+))'''
-
-    # All tests are blocked outside US
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://www.paramountplus.com/shows/video/Oe44g5_NrlgiZE3aQVONleD6vXc8kP0k/',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'Oe44g5_NrlgiZE3aQVONleD6vXc8kP0k',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'CatDog - Climb Every CatDog/The Canine Mutiny',
-            'description': 'md5:7ac835000645a69933df226940e3c859',
-            'duration': 1426,
-            'timestamp': 920264400,
-            'upload_date': '19990301',
-            'uploader': 'CBSI-NEW',
-            'episode_number': 5,
-            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg$',
-            'season': 'Season 2',
-            'chapters': 'count:3',
-            'episode': 'Episode 5',
-            'season_number': 2,
-            'series': 'CatDog',
-        },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': 'm3u8',
-        },
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.paramountplus.com/shows/video/6hSWYWRrR9EUTz7IEe5fJKBhYvSUfexd/',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '6hSWYWRrR9EUTz7IEe5fJKBhYvSUfexd',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': '7/23/21 WEEK IN REVIEW (Rep. Jahana Hayes/Howard Fineman/Sen. Michael Bennet/Sheera Frenkel & Cecilia Kang)',
-            'description': 'md5:f4adcea3e8b106192022e121f1565bae',
-            'duration': 2506,
-            'timestamp': 1627063200,
-            'upload_date': '20210723',
-            'uploader': 'CBSI-NEW',
-            'episode_number': 81,
-            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg$',
-            'season': 'Season 2',
-            'chapters': 'count:4',
-            'episode': 'Episode 81',
-            'season_number': 2,
-            'series': 'Tooning Out The News',
-        },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': 'm3u8',
-        },
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.paramountplus.com/movies/video/vM2vm0kE6vsS2U41VhMRKTOVHyQAr6pC/',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'vM2vm0kE6vsS2U41VhMRKTOVHyQAr6pC',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Daddy\'s Home',
-            'upload_date': '20151225',
-            'description': 'md5:9a6300c504d5e12000e8707f20c54745',
-            'uploader': 'CBSI-NEW',
-            'timestamp': 1451030400,
-            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg$',
-            'chapters': 'count:0',
-            'duration': 5761,
-            'series': 'Paramount+ Movies',
-        },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': 'm3u8',
-        },
-        'skip': 'DRM',
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.paramountplus.com/movies/video/5EKDXPOzdVf9voUqW6oRuocyAEeJGbEc/',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '5EKDXPOzdVf9voUqW6oRuocyAEeJGbEc',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'uploader': 'CBSI-NEW',
-            'description': 'md5:bc7b6fea84ba631ef77a9bda9f2ff911',
-            'timestamp': 1577865600,
-            'title': 'Sonic the Hedgehog',
-            'upload_date': '20200101',
-            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg$',
-            'chapters': 'count:0',
-            'duration': 5932,
-            'series': 'Paramount+ Movies',
-        },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': 'm3u8',
-        },
-        'skip': 'DRM',
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.paramountplus.com/shows/the-real-world/video/mOVeHeL9ub9yWdyzSZFYz8Uj4ZBkVzQg/the-real-world-reunion/',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.paramountplus.com/shows/video/mOVeHeL9ub9yWdyzSZFYz8Uj4ZBkVzQg/',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.paramountplus.com/movies/video/W0VyStQqUnqKzJkrpSAIARuCc9YuYGNy/',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.paramountplus.com/movies/paw-patrol-the-movie/W0VyStQqUnqKzJkrpSAIARuCc9YuYGNy/',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-
-    def _extract_video_info(self, content_id, mpx_acc=2198311517):
-        items_data = self._download_json(
-            f'https://www.paramountplus.com/apps-api/v2.0/androidtv/video/cid/{content_id}.json',
-            content_id, query={
-                'locale': 'en-us',
-                'at': 'ABCXgPuoStiPipsK0OHVXIVh68zNys+G4f7nW9R6qH68GDOcneW6Kg89cJXGfiQCsj0=',
-            }, headers=self.geo_verification_headers())
-
-        asset_types = {
-            item.get('assetType'): {
-                'format': 'SMIL',
-                'formats': 'M3U+none,MPEG4',  # '+none' specifies ProtectionScheme (no DRM)
-            } for item in items_data['itemList']
-        }
-        item = items_data['itemList'][-1]
-
-        info, error = {}, None
-        metadata = {
-            'title': item.get('title'),
-            'series': item.get('seriesTitle'),
-            'season_number': int_or_none(item.get('seasonNum')),
-            'episode_number': int_or_none(item.get('episodeNum')),
-            'duration': int_or_none(item.get('duration')),
-            'thumbnail': url_or_none(item.get('thumbnail')),
-        }
-        try:
-            info = self._extract_common_video_info(content_id, asset_types, mpx_acc, extra_info=metadata)
-        except ExtractorError as e:
-            error = e
-
-        # Check for DRM formats to give appropriate error
-        if not info.get('formats'):
-            for query in asset_types.values():
-                query['formats'] = 'MPEG-DASH,M3U,MPEG4'  # allows DRM formats
-
-            try:
-                drm_info = self._extract_common_video_info(content_id, asset_types, mpx_acc, extra_info=metadata)
-            except ExtractorError:
-                if error:
-                    raise error from None
-                raise
-            if drm_info['formats']:
-                self.report_drm(content_id)
-            elif error:
-                raise error
-
-        return info
-
-
-class ParamountPlusSeriesIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?paramountplus\.com/shows/(?P<id>[a-zA-Z0-9-_]+)/?(?:[#?]|$)'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://www.paramountplus.com/shows/drake-josh',
-        'playlist_mincount': 50,
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'drake-josh',
-        },
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.paramountplus.com/shows/hawaii_five_0/',
-        'playlist_mincount': 240,
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'hawaii_five_0',
-        },
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.paramountplus.com/shows/spongebob-squarepants/',
-        'playlist_mincount': 248,
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'spongebob-squarepants',
-        },
-    }]
-
-    def _entries(self, show_name):
-        for page in itertools.count():
-            show_json = self._download_json(
-                f'https://www.paramountplus.com/shows/{show_name}/xhr/episodes/page/{page}/size/50/xs/0/season/0', show_name)
-            if not show_json.get('success'):
-                return
-            for episode in show_json['result']['data']:
-                yield self.url_result(
-                    'https://www.paramountplus.com{}'.format(episode['url']),
-                    ie=ParamountPlusIE.ie_key(), video_id=episode['content_id'])
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        show_name = self._match_id(url)
-        return self.playlist_result(self._entries(show_name), playlist_id=show_name)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/parlview.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/parlview.py
index b93b5edacd..9c7efc58f4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/parlview.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/parlview.py
@@ -1,63 +1,63 @@
+import re
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import (
-    int_or_none,
-    try_get,
-    unified_timestamp,
-)
+from ..utils import parse_duration, parse_iso8601, url_or_none
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 
 
 class ParlviewIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _WORKING = False
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?parlview\.aph\.gov\.au/(?:[^/]+)?\bvideoID=(?P<id>\d{6})'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?aph\.gov\.au/News_and_Events/Watch_Read_Listen/ParlView/video/(?P<id>[^/?#]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://parlview.aph.gov.au/mediaPlayer.php?videoID=542661',
+        'url': 'https://www.aph.gov.au/News_and_Events/Watch_Read_Listen/ParlView/video/3406614',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '542661',
+            'id': '3406614',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': "Australia's Family Law System [Part 2]",
-            'duration': 5799,
-            'description': 'md5:7099883b391619dbae435891ca871a62',
-            'timestamp': 1621430700,
-            'upload_date': '20210519',
-            'uploader': 'Joint Committee',
+            'title': 'Senate Chamber',
+            'description': 'Official Recording of Senate Proceedings from the Australian Parliament',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://aphbroadcasting-prod.z01.azurefd.net/vod-storage/vod-logos/SenateParlview06.jpg',
+            'upload_date': '20250325',
+            'duration': 17999,
+            'timestamp': 1742939400,
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
         },
     }, {
-        'url': 'https://parlview.aph.gov.au/mediaPlayer.php?videoID=539936',
-        'only_matching': True,
+        'url': 'https://www.aph.gov.au/News_and_Events/Watch_Read_Listen/ParlView/video/SV1394.dv',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'SV1394.dv',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Senate Select Committee on Uranium Mining and Milling [Part 1]',
+            'description': 'Official Recording of Senate Committee Proceedings from the Australian Parliament',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://aphbroadcasting-prod.z01.azurefd.net/vod-storage/vod-logos/CommitteeThumbnail06.jpg',
+            'upload_date': '19960822',
+            'duration': 14765,
+            'timestamp': 840754200,
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'skip_download': True,
+        },
     }]
-    _API_URL = 'https://parlview.aph.gov.au/api_v3/1/playback/getUniversalPlayerConfig?videoID=%s&format=json'
-    _MEDIA_INFO_URL = 'https://parlview.aph.gov.au/ajaxPlayer.php?videoID=%s&tabNum=4&action=loadTab'
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
-        media = self._download_json(self._API_URL % video_id, video_id).get('media')
-        timestamp = try_get(media, lambda x: x['timeMap']['source']['timecode_offsets'][0], str) or '/'
+        video_details = self._download_json(
+            f'https://vodapi.aph.gov.au/api/search/parlview/{video_id}', video_id)['videoDetails']
 
-        stream = try_get(media, lambda x: x['renditions'][0], dict)
-        if not stream:
-            self.raise_no_formats('No streams were detected')
-        elif stream.get('streamType') != 'VOD':
-            self.raise_no_formats('Unknown type of stream was detected: "{}"'.format(str(stream.get('streamType'))))
-        formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(stream['url'], video_id, 'mp4', 'm3u8_native')
+        formats, subtitles = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
+            video_details['files']['file']['url'], video_id, 'mp4')
 
-        media_info = self._download_webpage(
-            self._MEDIA_INFO_URL % video_id, video_id, note='Downloading media info', fatal=False)
+        DURATION_RE = re.compile(r'(?P<duration>\d+:\d+:\d+):\d+')
 
         return {
             'id': video_id,
-            'url': url,
-            'title': self._html_search_regex(r'<h2>([^<]+)<', webpage, 'title', fatal=False),
             'formats': formats,
-            'duration': int_or_none(media.get('duration')),
-            'timestamp': unified_timestamp(timestamp.split('/', 1)[1].replace('_', ' ')),
-            'description': self._html_search_regex(
-                r'<div[^>]+class="descripti?on"[^>]*>[^>]+<strong>[^>]+>[^>]+>([^<]+)',
-                webpage, 'description', fatal=False),
-            'uploader': self._html_search_regex(
-                r'<td>[^>]+>Channel:[^>]+>([^<]+)', media_info, 'channel', fatal=False),
-            'thumbnail': media.get('staticImage'),
+            'subtitles': subtitles,
+            **traverse_obj(video_details, {
+                'title': (('parlViewTitle', 'title'), {str}, any),
+                'description': ('parlViewDescription', {str}),
+                'duration': ('files', 'file', 'duration', {DURATION_RE.fullmatch}, 'duration', {parse_duration}),
+                'timestamp': ('recordingFrom', {parse_iso8601}),
+                'thumbnail': ('thumbUrl', {url_or_none}),
+            }),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/parti.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/parti.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..acadefc4e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/parti.py
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..utils import UserNotLive, int_or_none, parse_iso8601, url_or_none, urljoin
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
+
+
+class PartiBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
+    def _call_api(self, path, video_id, note=None):
+        return self._download_json(
+            f'https://api-backend.parti.com/parti_v2/profile/{path}', video_id, note)
+
+
+class PartiVideoIE(PartiBaseIE):
+    IE_NAME = 'parti:video'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?parti\.com/video/(?P<id>\d+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://parti.com/video/66284',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '66284',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'NOW LIVE ',
+            'upload_date': '20250327',
+            'categories': ['Gaming'],
+            'thumbnail': 'https://assets.parti.com/351424_eb9e5250-2821-484a-9c5f-ca99aa666c87.png',
+            'channel': 'ItZTMGG',
+            'timestamp': 1743044379,
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        data = self._call_api(f'get_livestream_channel_info/recent/{video_id}', video_id)
+
+        return {
+            'id': video_id,
+            'formats': self._extract_m3u8_formats(
+                urljoin('https://watch.parti.com', data['livestream_recording']), video_id, 'mp4'),
+            **traverse_obj(data, {
+                'title': ('event_title', {str}),
+                'channel': ('user_name', {str}),
+                'thumbnail': ('event_file', {url_or_none}),
+                'categories': ('category_name', {str}, filter, all),
+                'timestamp': ('event_start_ts', {int_or_none}),
+            }),
+        }
+
+
+class PartiLivestreamIE(PartiBaseIE):
+    IE_NAME = 'parti:livestream'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?parti\.com/creator/(?P<service>[\w]+)/(?P<id>[\w/-]+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://parti.com/creator/parti/Capt_Robs_Adventures',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'Capt_Robs_Adventures',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': r"re:I'm Live on Parti \d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2} \d{2}:\d{2}",
+            'view_count': int,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://assets\.parti\.com/.+\.png',
+            'timestamp': 1743879776,
+            'upload_date': '20250405',
+            'live_status': 'is_live',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://parti.com/creator/discord/sazboxgaming/0',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        service, creator_slug = self._match_valid_url(url).group('service', 'id')
+
+        encoded_creator_slug = creator_slug.replace('/', '%23')
+        creator_id = self._call_api(
+            f'get_user_by_social_media/{service}/{encoded_creator_slug}',
+            creator_slug, note='Fetching user ID')
+
+        data = self._call_api(
+            f'get_livestream_channel_info/{creator_id}', creator_id,
+            note='Fetching user profile feed')['channel_info']
+
+        if not traverse_obj(data, ('channel', 'is_live', {bool})):
+            raise UserNotLive(video_id=creator_id)
+
+        channel_info = data['channel']
+
+        return {
+            'id': creator_slug,
+            'formats': self._extract_m3u8_formats(
+                channel_info['playback_url'], creator_slug, live=True, query={
+                    'token': channel_info['playback_auth_token'],
+                    'player_version': '1.17.0',
+                }),
+            'is_live': True,
+            **traverse_obj(data, {
+                'title': ('livestream_event_info', 'event_name', {str}),
+                'description': ('livestream_event_info', 'event_description', {str}),
+                'thumbnail': ('livestream_event_info', 'livestream_preview_file', {url_or_none}),
+                'timestamp': ('stream', 'start_time', {parse_iso8601}),
+                'view_count': ('stream', 'viewer_count', {int_or_none}),
+            }),
+        }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/patreon.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/patreon.py
index 7794cae6c0..9038b4a7ff 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/patreon.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/patreon.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ from ..utils import (
     url_or_none,
     urljoin,
 )
-from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj, value
+from ..utils.traversal import require, traverse_obj, value
 
 
 class PatreonBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -340,8 +340,9 @@ class PatreonIE(PatreonBaseIE):
                     'channel_follower_count': ('attributes', 'patron_count', {int_or_none}),
                 }))
 
-        # all-lowercase 'referer' so we can smuggle it to Generic, SproutVideo, Vimeo
-        headers = {'referer': 'https://patreon.com/'}
+        # Must be all-lowercase 'referer' so we can smuggle it to Generic, SproutVideo, and Vimeo.
+        # patreon.com URLs redirect to www.patreon.com; this matters when requesting mux.com m3u8s
+        headers = {'referer': 'https://www.patreon.com/'}
 
         # handle Vimeo embeds
         if traverse_obj(attributes, ('embed', 'provider')) == 'Vimeo':
@@ -352,7 +353,7 @@ class PatreonIE(PatreonBaseIE):
                     v_url, video_id, 'Checking Vimeo embed URL', headers=headers,
                     fatal=False, errnote=False, expected_status=429):  # 429 is TLS fingerprint rejection
                 entries.append(self.url_result(
-                    VimeoIE._smuggle_referrer(v_url, 'https://patreon.com/'),
+                    VimeoIE._smuggle_referrer(v_url, headers['referer']),
                     VimeoIE, url_transparent=True))
 
         embed_url = traverse_obj(attributes, ('embed', 'url', {url_or_none}))
@@ -379,11 +380,13 @@ class PatreonIE(PatreonBaseIE):
                     'url': post_file['url'],
                 })
             elif name == 'video' or determine_ext(post_file.get('url')) == 'm3u8':
-                formats, subtitles = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(post_file['url'], video_id)
+                formats, subtitles = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
+                    post_file['url'], video_id, headers=headers)
                 entries.append({
                     'id': video_id,
                     'formats': formats,
                     'subtitles': subtitles,
+                    'http_headers': headers,
                 })
 
         can_view_post = traverse_obj(attributes, 'current_user_can_view')
@@ -459,7 +462,7 @@ class PatreonCampaignIE(PatreonBaseIE):
     _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
         https?://(?:www\.)?patreon\.com/(?:
             (?:m|api/campaigns)/(?P<campaign_id>\d+)|
-            (?:c/)?(?P<vanity>(?!creation[?/]|posts/|rss[?/])[\w-]+)
+            (?:cw?/)?(?P<vanity>(?!creation[?/]|posts/|rss[?/])[\w-]+)
         )(?:/posts)?/?(?:$|[?#])'''
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.patreon.com/dissonancepod/',
@@ -528,6 +531,28 @@ class PatreonCampaignIE(PatreonBaseIE):
             'age_limit': 0,
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 331,
+        'skip': 'Channel removed',
+    }, {
+        # next.js v13 data, see https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13622
+        'url': 'https://www.patreon.com/c/anythingelse/posts',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '9631148',
+            'title': 'Anything Else?',
+            'description': 'md5:2ee1db4aed2f9460c2b295825a24aa08',
+            'uploader': 'dan ',
+            'uploader_id': '13852412',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.patreon.com/anythingelse',
+            'channel': 'Anything Else?',
+            'channel_id': '9631148',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.patreon.com/anythingelse',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/.+',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 151,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.patreon.com/cw/anythingelse',
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.patreon.com/c/OgSog/posts',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -569,8 +594,11 @@ class PatreonCampaignIE(PatreonBaseIE):
         campaign_id, vanity = self._match_valid_url(url).group('campaign_id', 'vanity')
         if campaign_id is None:
             webpage = self._download_webpage(url, vanity, headers={'User-Agent': self.patreon_user_agent})
-            campaign_id = self._search_nextjs_data(
-                webpage, vanity)['props']['pageProps']['bootstrapEnvelope']['pageBootstrap']['campaign']['data']['id']
+            campaign_id = traverse_obj(self._search_nextjs_data(webpage, vanity, default=None), (
+                'props', 'pageProps', 'bootstrapEnvelope', 'pageBootstrap', 'campaign', 'data', 'id', {str}))
+            if not campaign_id:
+                campaign_id = traverse_obj(self._search_nextjs_v13_data(webpage, vanity), (
+                    lambda _, v: v['type'] == 'campaign', 'id', {str}, any, {require('campaign ID')}))
 
         params = {
             'json-api-use-default-includes': 'false',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/peertube.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/peertube.py
index 2b69c7e6cf..4c8205f8ee 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/peertube.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/peertube.py
@@ -1331,7 +1331,7 @@ class PeerTubeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'What is PeerTube?',
             'description': 'md5:3fefb8dde2b189186ce0719fda6f7b10',
-            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.(?:jpg|png)',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://framatube\.org/lazy-static/thumbnails/.+\.jpg',
             'timestamp': 1538391166,
             'upload_date': '20181001',
             'uploader': 'Framasoft',
@@ -1346,19 +1346,34 @@ class PeerTubeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'view_count': int,
             'like_count': int,
             'dislike_count': int,
-            'tags': ['framasoft', 'peertube'],
+            'tags': 'count:2',
             'categories': ['Science & Technology'],
         },
+        'expected_warnings': ['HTTP Error 400: Bad Request'],
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://peertube2.cpy.re/w/122d093a-1ede-43bd-bd34-59d2931ffc5e',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '122d093a-1ede-43bd-bd34-59d2931ffc5e',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'E2E tests',
-            'uploader_id': '37855',
+            'categories': ['Unknown'],
+            'channel': 'Main chocobozzz channel',
+            'channel_id': '5187',
+            'channel_url': 'https://peertube2.cpy.re/video-channels/chocobozzz_channel',
+            'description': 'md5:67daf92c833c41c95db874e18fcb2786',
+            'dislike_count': int,
+            'duration': 52,
+            'license': 'Unknown',
+            'like_count': int,
+            'tags': [],
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://peertube2\.cpy\.re/lazy-static/thumbnails/.+\.jpg',
             'timestamp': 1589276219,
             'upload_date': '20200512',
             'uploader': 'chocobozzz',
+            'uploader_id': '37855',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://peertube2.cpy.re/accounts/chocobozzz',
+            'view_count': int,
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://peertube2.cpy.re/w/3fbif9S3WmtTP8gGsC5HBd',
@@ -1366,10 +1381,23 @@ class PeerTubeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': '3fbif9S3WmtTP8gGsC5HBd',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'E2E tests',
-            'uploader_id': '37855',
+            'categories': ['Unknown'],
+            'channel': 'Main chocobozzz channel',
+            'channel_id': '5187',
+            'channel_url': 'https://peertube2.cpy.re/video-channels/chocobozzz_channel',
+            'description': 'md5:67daf92c833c41c95db874e18fcb2786',
+            'dislike_count': int,
+            'duration': 52,
+            'license': 'Unknown',
+            'like_count': int,
+            'tags': [],
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://peertube2\.cpy\.re/lazy-static/thumbnails/.+\.jpg',
             'timestamp': 1589276219,
             'upload_date': '20200512',
             'uploader': 'chocobozzz',
+            'uploader_id': '37855',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://peertube2.cpy.re/accounts/chocobozzz',
+            'view_count': int,
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://peertube2.cpy.re/api/v1/videos/3fbif9S3WmtTP8gGsC5HBd',
@@ -1377,13 +1405,26 @@ class PeerTubeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': '3fbif9S3WmtTP8gGsC5HBd',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'E2E tests',
-            'uploader_id': '37855',
+            'categories': ['Unknown'],
+            'channel': 'Main chocobozzz channel',
+            'channel_id': '5187',
+            'channel_url': 'https://peertube2.cpy.re/video-channels/chocobozzz_channel',
+            'description': 'md5:67daf92c833c41c95db874e18fcb2786',
+            'dislike_count': int,
+            'duration': 52,
+            'license': 'Unknown',
+            'like_count': int,
+            'tags': [],
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://peertube2\.cpy\.re/lazy-static/thumbnails/.+\.jpg',
             'timestamp': 1589276219,
             'upload_date': '20200512',
             'uploader': 'chocobozzz',
+            'uploader_id': '37855',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://peertube2.cpy.re/accounts/chocobozzz',
+            'view_count': int,
         },
     }, {
-        # Issue #26002
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/26002
         'url': 'peertube:spacepub.space:d8943b2d-8280-497b-85ec-bc282ec2afdc',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'd8943b2d-8280-497b-85ec-bc282ec2afdc',
@@ -1394,6 +1435,7 @@ class PeerTubeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20200420',
             'uploader': 'Drew DeVault',
         },
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://peertube.debian.social/videos/watch/0b04f13d-1e18-4f1d-814e-4979aa7c9c44',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -1411,6 +1453,33 @@ class PeerTubeIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'peertube:framatube.org:b37a5b9f-e6b5-415c-b700-04a5cd6ec205',
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://video.macver.org/w/6gvhZpUGQVd4SQ6oYDc9pC',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '6gvhZpUGQVd4SQ6oYDc9pC',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Minecraft, but if you say a block, it gets deleted',
+            'categories': ['Gaming'],
+            'channel': 'Waffle Irons Gaming',
+            'channel_id': '4',
+            'channel_url': 'https://video.macver.org/video-channels/waffle_irons',
+            'description': 'md5:eda8daf64b0dadd00cc248f28eef213c',
+            'dislike_count': int,
+            'duration': 1643,
+            'license': 'Attribution - Non Commercial',
+            'like_count': int,
+            'tags': 'count:1',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://video\.macver\.org/lazy-static/thumbnails/.+\.jpg',
+            'timestamp': 1751142352,
+            'upload_date': '20250628',
+            'uploader': 'Bog',
+            'uploader_id': '3',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://video.macver.org/accounts/bog',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'expected_warnings': ['HTTP Error 400: Bad Request', 'Ignoring subtitle tracks found in the HLS manifest'],
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }]
 
     @staticmethod
     def _extract_peertube_url(webpage, source_url):
@@ -1580,31 +1649,47 @@ class PeerTubePlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': 'hFdJoTuyhNJVa1cDWd1d12',
             'description': 'Diversas palestras do Richard Stallman no Brasil.',
             'title': 'Richard Stallman no Brasil',
+            'channel': 'debianbrazilteam',
+            'channel_id': 1522,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://peertube\.debian\.social/lazy-static/thumbnails/.+\.jpg',
             'timestamp': 1599676222,
+            'upload_date': '20200909',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 9,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://peertube2.cpy.re/a/chocobozzz/videos',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'chocobozzz',
-            'timestamp': 1553874564,
             'title': 'chocobozzz',
+            'channel': 'chocobozzz',
+            'channel_id': 37855,
+            'thumbnail': '',
+            'timestamp': 1553874564,
+            'upload_date': '20190329',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 2,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://framatube.org/c/bf54d359-cfad-4935-9d45-9d6be93f63e8/videos',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'bf54d359-cfad-4935-9d45-9d6be93f63e8',
-            'timestamp': 1519917377,
             'title': 'Les vidéos de Framasoft',
+            'channel': 'framasoft',
+            'channel_id': 3,
+            'thumbnail': '',
+            'timestamp': 1519917377,
+            'upload_date': '20180301',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 345,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://peertube2.cpy.re/c/blender_open_movies@video.blender.org/videos',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'blender_open_movies@video.blender.org',
-            'timestamp': 1542287810,
             'title': 'Official Blender Open Movies',
+            'channel': 'blender',
+            'channel_id': 1926,
+            'thumbnail': '',
+            'timestamp': 1540472902,
+            'upload_date': '20181025',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 11,
     }]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/phoenix.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/phoenix.py
index 63c256019e..9df34f8c91 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/phoenix.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/phoenix.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-import re
-
 from .youtube import YoutubeIE
 from .zdf import ZDFBaseIE
 from ..utils import (
@@ -7,44 +5,27 @@ from ..utils import (
     merge_dicts,
     try_get,
     unified_timestamp,
-    urljoin,
 )
 
 
 class PhoenixIE(ZDFBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'phoenix.de'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?phoenix\.de/(?:[^/]+/)*[^/?#&]*-a-(?P<id>\d+)\.html'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?phoenix\.de/(?:[^/?#]+/)*[^/?#&]*-a-(?P<id>\d+)\.html'
     _TESTS = [{
-        # Same as https://www.zdf.de/politik/phoenix-sendungen/wohin-fuehrt-der-protest-in-der-pandemie-100.html
-        'url': 'https://www.phoenix.de/sendungen/ereignisse/corona-nachgehakt/wohin-fuehrt-der-protest-in-der-pandemie-a-2050630.html',
-        'md5': '34ec321e7eb34231fd88616c65c92db0',
+        'url': 'https://www.phoenix.de/sendungen/dokumentationen/spitzbergen-a-893349.html',
+        'md5': 'a79e86d9774d0b3f2102aff988a0bd32',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '210222_phx_nachgehakt_corona_protest',
+            'id': '221215_phx_spitzbergen',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Wohin führt der Protest in der Pandemie?',
-            'description': 'md5:7d643fe7f565e53a24aac036b2122fbd',
-            'duration': 1691,
-            'timestamp': 1613902500,
-            'upload_date': '20210221',
+            'title': 'Spitzbergen',
+            'description': 'Film von Tilmann Bünz',
+            'duration': 728.0,
+            'timestamp': 1555600500,
+            'upload_date': '20190418',
             'uploader': 'Phoenix',
-            'series': 'corona nachgehakt',
-            'episode': 'Wohin führt der Protest in der Pandemie?',
-        },
-    }, {
-        # Youtube embed
-        'url': 'https://www.phoenix.de/sendungen/gespraeche/phoenix-streitgut-brennglas-corona-a-1965505.html',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'hMQtqFYjomk',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'phoenix streitgut: Brennglas Corona - Wie gerecht ist unsere Gesellschaft?',
-            'description': 'md5:ac7a02e2eb3cb17600bc372e4ab28fdd',
-            'duration': 3509,
-            'upload_date': '20201219',
-            'uploader': 'phoenix',
-            'uploader_id': 'phoenix',
-        },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://www.phoenix.de/sixcms/media.php/21/Bergspitzen1.png',
+            'series': 'Dokumentationen',
+            'episode': 'Spitzbergen',
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.phoenix.de/entwicklungen-in-russland-a-2044720.html',
@@ -90,8 +71,8 @@ class PhoenixIE(ZDFBaseIE):
         content_id = details['tracking']['nielsen']['content']['assetid']
 
         info = self._extract_ptmd(
-            f'https://tmd.phoenix.de/tmd/2/ngplayer_2_3/vod/ptmd/phoenix/{content_id}',
-            content_id, None, url)
+            f'https://tmd.phoenix.de/tmd/2/android_native_6/vod/ptmd/phoenix/{content_id}',
+            content_id)
 
         duration = int_or_none(try_get(
             details, lambda x: x['tracking']['nielsen']['content']['length']))
@@ -101,20 +82,8 @@ class PhoenixIE(ZDFBaseIE):
             str)
         episode = title if details.get('contentType') == 'episode' else None
 
-        thumbnails = []
         teaser_images = try_get(details, lambda x: x['teaserImageRef']['layouts'], dict) or {}
-        for thumbnail_key, thumbnail_url in teaser_images.items():
-            thumbnail_url = urljoin(url, thumbnail_url)
-            if not thumbnail_url:
-                continue
-            thumbnail = {
-                'url': thumbnail_url,
-            }
-            m = re.match('^([0-9]+)x([0-9]+)$', thumbnail_key)
-            if m:
-                thumbnail['width'] = int(m.group(1))
-                thumbnail['height'] = int(m.group(2))
-            thumbnails.append(thumbnail)
+        thumbnails = self._extract_thumbnails(teaser_images)
 
         return merge_dicts(info, {
             'id': content_id,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/picarto.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/picarto.py
index 72e89c31ed..92431fa241 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/picarto.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/picarto.py
@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@ from ..utils import (
 
 
 class PicartoIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www.)?picarto\.tv/(?P<id>[a-zA-Z0-9]+)'
+    IE_NAME = 'picarto'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www.)?picarto\.tv/(?P<id>[^/#?]+)/?(?:$|[?#])'
     _TEST = {
         'url': 'https://picarto.tv/Setz',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -89,7 +90,8 @@ class PicartoIE(InfoExtractor):
 
 
 class PicartoVodIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?picarto\.tv/(?:videopopout|\w+/videos)/(?P<id>[^/?#&]+)'
+    IE_NAME = 'picarto:vod'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?picarto\.tv/(?:videopopout|\w+(?:/profile)?/videos)/(?P<id>[^/?#&]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://picarto.tv/videopopout/ArtofZod_2017.12.12.00.13.23.flv',
         'md5': '3ab45ba4352c52ee841a28fb73f2d9ca',
@@ -111,6 +113,18 @@ class PicartoVodIE(InfoExtractor):
             'channel': 'ArtofZod',
             'age_limit': 18,
         },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://picarto.tv/DrechuArt/profile/videos/400347',
+        'md5': 'f9ea54868b1d9dec40eb554b484cc7bf',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '400347',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Welcome to the Show',
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg',
+            'channel': 'DrechuArt',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+        },
+
     }, {
         'url': 'https://picarto.tv/videopopout/Plague',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pixivsketch.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pixivsketch.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 50b7af5354..0000000000
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pixivsketch.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,119 +0,0 @@
-from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
-from ..utils import (
-    ExtractorError,
-    traverse_obj,
-    unified_timestamp,
-)
-
-
-class PixivSketchBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
-    def _call_api(self, video_id, path, referer, note='Downloading JSON metadata'):
-        response = self._download_json(f'https://sketch.pixiv.net/api/{path}', video_id, note=note, headers={
-            'Referer': referer,
-            'X-Requested-With': referer,
-        })
-        errors = traverse_obj(response, ('errors', ..., 'message'))
-        if errors:
-            raise ExtractorError(' '.join(f'{e}.' for e in errors))
-        return response.get('data') or {}
-
-
-class PixivSketchIE(PixivSketchBaseIE):
-    IE_NAME = 'pixiv:sketch'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://sketch\.pixiv\.net/@(?P<uploader_id>[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+)/lives/(?P<id>\d+)/?'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://sketch.pixiv.net/@nuhutya/lives/3654620468641830507',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '7370666691623196569',
-            'title': '����クリスマス�',
-            'uploader': '���ゃ',
-            'uploader_id': 'nuhutya',
-            'channel_id': '9844815',
-            'age_limit': 0,
-            'timestamp': 1640351536,
-        },
-        'skip': True,
-    }, {
-        # these two (age_limit > 0) requires you to login on website, but it's actually not required for download
-        'url': 'https://sketch.pixiv.net/@namahyou/lives/4393103321546851377',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '4907995960957946943',
-            'title': 'クリスマス�ん�知らん🖕',
-            'uploader': '�ゃもり',
-            'uploader_id': 'suya2mori2',
-            'channel_id': '31169300',
-            'age_limit': 15,
-            'timestamp': 1640347640,
-        },
-        'skip': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://sketch.pixiv.net/@8aki/lives/3553803162487249670',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '1593420639479156945',
-            'title': '���本作業(リョナ有)',
-            'uploader': '��� / Obui',
-            'uploader_id': 'oving',
-            'channel_id': '17606',
-            'age_limit': 18,
-            'timestamp': 1640330263,
-        },
-        'skip': True,
-    }]
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        video_id, uploader_id = self._match_valid_url(url).group('id', 'uploader_id')
-        data = self._call_api(video_id, f'lives/{video_id}.json', url)
-
-        if not traverse_obj(data, 'is_broadcasting'):
-            raise ExtractorError(f'This live is offline. Use https://sketch.pixiv.net/@{uploader_id} for ongoing live.', expected=True)
-
-        m3u8_url = traverse_obj(data, ('owner', 'hls_movie', 'url'))
-        formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-            m3u8_url, video_id, ext='mp4',
-            entry_protocol='m3u8_native', m3u8_id='hls')
-
-        return {
-            'id': video_id,
-            'title': data.get('name'),
-            'formats': formats,
-            'uploader': traverse_obj(data, ('user', 'name'), ('owner', 'user', 'name')),
-            'uploader_id': traverse_obj(data, ('user', 'unique_name'), ('owner', 'user', 'unique_name')),
-            'channel_id': str(traverse_obj(data, ('user', 'pixiv_user_id'), ('owner', 'user', 'pixiv_user_id'))),
-            'age_limit': 18 if data.get('is_r18') else 15 if data.get('is_r15') else 0,
-            'timestamp': unified_timestamp(data.get('created_at')),
-            'is_live': True,
-        }
-
-
-class PixivSketchUserIE(PixivSketchBaseIE):
-    IE_NAME = 'pixiv:sketch:user'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://sketch\.pixiv\.net/@(?P<id>[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+)/?'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://sketch.pixiv.net/@nuhutya',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://sketch.pixiv.net/@namahyou',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://sketch.pixiv.net/@8aki',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-
-    @classmethod
-    def suitable(cls, url):
-        return super().suitable(url) and not PixivSketchIE.suitable(url)
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        user_id = self._match_id(url)
-        data = self._call_api(user_id, f'lives/users/@{user_id}.json', url)
-
-        if not traverse_obj(data, 'is_broadcasting'):
-            try:
-                self._call_api(user_id, 'users/current.json', url, 'Investigating reason for request failure')
-            except ExtractorError as e:
-                if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 401:
-                    self.raise_login_required(f'Please log in, or use direct link like https://sketch.pixiv.net/@{user_id}/1234567890', method='cookies')
-            raise ExtractorError('This user is offline', expected=True)
-
-        return self.url_result(f'https://sketch.pixiv.net/@{user_id}/lives/{data["id"]}')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pladform.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pladform.py
deleted file mode 100644
index f4355d0cf5..0000000000
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pladform.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,135 +0,0 @@
-from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import (
-    ExtractorError,
-    determine_ext,
-    int_or_none,
-    parse_qs,
-    qualities,
-    xpath_text,
-)
-
-
-class PladformIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
-                    https?://
-                        (?:
-                            (?:
-                                out\.pladform\.ru/player|
-                                static\.pladform\.ru/player\.swf
-                            )
-                            \?.*\bvideoid=|
-                            video\.pladform\.ru/catalog/video/videoid/
-                        )
-                        (?P<id>\d+)
-                    '''
-    _EMBED_REGEX = [r'<iframe[^>]+src=(["\'])(?P<url>(?:https?:)?//out\.pladform\.ru/player\?.+?)\1']
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'http://out.pladform.ru/player?pl=18079&type=html5&videoid=100231282',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '6216d548e755edae6e8280667d774791',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'timestamp': 1406117012,
-            'title': 'Гарик Мартиро��н и Гарик Харламов - Ка�тинг на концерт ко Дню милиции',
-            'age_limit': 0,
-            'upload_date': '20140723',
-            'thumbnail': str,
-            'view_count': int,
-            'description': str,
-            'uploader_id': '12082',
-            'uploader': 'Comedy Club',
-            'duration': 367,
-        },
-        'expected_warnings': ['HTTP Error 404: Not Found'],
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://out.pladform.ru/player?pl=64471&videoid=3777899&vk_puid15=0&vk_puid34=0',
-        'md5': '53362fac3a27352da20fa2803cc5cd6f',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '3777899',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'СТУДИЯ СОЮЗ • Шоу Студи� Союз, 24 выпу�к (01.02.2018) �урлан Сабуров и Слава Коми��аренко',
-            'description': 'md5:05140e8bf1b7e2d46e7ba140be57fd95',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-            'duration': 3190,
-        },
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://static.pladform.ru/player.swf?pl=21469&videoid=100183293&vkcid=0',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://video.pladform.ru/catalog/video/videoid/100183293/vkcid/0',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        video_id = self._match_id(url)
-
-        qs = parse_qs(url)
-        pl = qs.get('pl', ['1'])[0]
-
-        video = self._download_xml(
-            'http://out.pladform.ru/getVideo', video_id, query={
-                'pl': pl,
-                'videoid': video_id,
-            }, fatal=False)
-
-        def fail(text):
-            raise ExtractorError(
-                f'{self.IE_NAME} returned error: {text}',
-                expected=True)
-
-        if not video:
-            target_url = self._request_webpage(url, video_id, note='Resolving final URL').url
-            if target_url == url:
-                raise ExtractorError('Can\'t parse page')
-            return self.url_result(target_url)
-
-        if video.tag == 'error':
-            fail(video.text)
-
-        quality = qualities(('ld', 'sd', 'hd'))
-
-        formats = []
-        for src in video.findall('./src'):
-            if src is None:
-                continue
-            format_url = src.text
-            if not format_url:
-                continue
-            if src.get('type') == 'hls' or determine_ext(format_url) == 'm3u8':
-                formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-                    format_url, video_id, 'mp4', entry_protocol='m3u8_native',
-                    m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False))
-            else:
-                formats.append({
-                    'url': src.text,
-                    'format_id': src.get('quality'),
-                    'quality': quality(src.get('quality')),
-                })
-
-        if not formats:
-            error = xpath_text(video, './cap', 'error', default=None)
-            if error:
-                fail(error)
-
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            f'http://video.pladform.ru/catalog/video/videoid/{video_id}',
-            video_id)
-
-        title = self._og_search_title(webpage, fatal=False) or xpath_text(
-            video, './/title', 'title', fatal=True)
-        description = self._search_regex(
-            r'</h3>\s*<p>([^<]+)</p>', webpage, 'description', fatal=False)
-        thumbnail = self._og_search_thumbnail(webpage) or xpath_text(
-            video, './/cover', 'cover')
-
-        duration = int_or_none(xpath_text(video, './/time', 'duration'))
-        age_limit = int_or_none(xpath_text(video, './/age18', 'age limit'))
-
-        return {
-            'id': video_id,
-            'title': title,
-            'description': description,
-            'thumbnail': thumbnail,
-            'duration': duration,
-            'age_limit': age_limit,
-            'formats': formats,
-        }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/playerfm.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/playerfm.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d59d651a32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/playerfm.py
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..utils import clean_html, clean_podcast_url, int_or_none, str_or_none, url_or_none
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
+
+
+class PlayerFmIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _VALID_URL = r'(?P<url>https?://(?:www\.)?player\.fm/(?:series/)?[\w-]+/(?P<id>[\w-]+))'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://player.fm/series/chapo-trap-house/movie-mindset-33-casino-feat-felix',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'ext': 'mp3',
+            'id': '478606546',
+            'display_id': 'movie-mindset-33-casino-feat-felix',
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https://.*\.(jpg|png)',
+            'title': 'Movie Mindset 33 - Casino feat. Felix',
+            'creators': ['Chapo Trap House'],
+            'description': r're:The first episode of this season of Movie Mindset is free .+ we feel about it\.',
+            'duration': 6830,
+            'timestamp': 1745406000,
+            'upload_date': '20250423',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://player.fm/series/nbc-nightly-news-with-tom-llamas/thursday-april-17-2025',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'ext': 'mp3',
+            'id': '477635490',
+            'display_id': 'thursday-april-17-2025',
+            'title': 'Thursday, April 17, 2025',
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https://.*\.(jpg|png)',
+            'duration': 1143,
+            'description': 'md5:4890b8cf9a55a787561cd5d59dfcda82',
+            'creators': ['NBC News'],
+            'timestamp': 1744941374,
+            'upload_date': '20250418',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://player.fm/series/soccer-101/ep-109-its-kicking-off-how-have-the-rules-for-kickoff-changed-what-are-the-best-approaches-to-getting-the-game-underway-and-how-could-we-improve-on-the-present-system-ack3NzL3yibvs4pf',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'ext': 'mp3',
+            'id': '481418710',
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https://.*\.(jpg|png)',
+            'title': r're:#109 It\'s kicking off! How have the rules for kickoff changed, .+ the present system\?',
+            'creators': ['TSS'],
+            'duration': 1510,
+            'display_id': 'md5:b52ecacaefab891b59db69721bfd9b13',
+            'description': 'md5:52a39e36d08d8919527454f152ad3c25',
+            'timestamp': 1659102055,
+            'upload_date': '20220729',
+        },
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        display_id, url = self._match_valid_url(url).group('id', 'url')
+        data = self._download_json(f'{url}.json', display_id)
+
+        return {
+            'display_id': display_id,
+            'vcodec': 'none',
+            **traverse_obj(data, {
+                'id': ('id', {int}, {str_or_none}),
+                'url': ('url', {clean_podcast_url}),
+                'title': ('title', {str}),
+                'description': ('description', {clean_html}),
+                'duration': ('duration', {int_or_none}),
+                'thumbnail': (('image', ('series', 'image')), 'url', {url_or_none}, any),
+                'filesize': ('size', {int_or_none}),
+                'timestamp': ('publishedAt', {int_or_none}),
+                'creators': ('series', 'author', {str}, filter, all, filter),
+            }),
+        }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/playsuisse.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/playsuisse.py
index 59231d8405..46e3a5b8ff 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/playsuisse.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/playsuisse.py
@@ -7,11 +7,12 @@ from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     int_or_none,
+    join_nonempty,
     parse_qs,
-    traverse_obj,
     update_url_query,
     urlencode_postdata,
 )
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj, unpack
 
 
 class PlaySuisseIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -26,12 +27,12 @@ class PlaySuisseIE(InfoExtractor):
         {
             # episode in a series
             'url': 'https://www.playsuisse.ch/watch/763182?episodeId=763211',
-            'md5': '82df2a470b2dfa60c2d33772a8a60cf8',
+            'md5': 'e20d1ede6872a03b41905ca1060a1ef2',
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': '763211',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'title': 'Knochen',
-                'description': 'md5:8ea7a8076ba000cd9e8bc132fd0afdd8',
+                'description': 'md5:3bdd80e2ce20227c47aab1df2a79a519',
                 'duration': 3344,
                 'series': 'Wilder',
                 'season': 'Season 1',
@@ -42,24 +43,33 @@ class PlaySuisseIE(InfoExtractor):
             },
         }, {
             # film
-            'url': 'https://www.playsuisse.ch/watch/808675',
-            'md5': '818b94c1d2d7c4beef953f12cb8f3e75',
+            'url': 'https://www.playsuisse.ch/detail/2573198',
+            'md5': '1f115bb0a5191477b1a5771643a4283d',
             'info_dict': {
-                'id': '808675',
+                'id': '2573198',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Der Läufer',
-                'description': 'md5:9f61265c7e6dcc3e046137a792b275fd',
-                'duration': 5280,
+                'title': 'Azor',
+                'description': 'md5:d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e',
+                'genres': ['Fiction'],
+                'creators': ['Andreas Fontana'],
+                'cast': ['Fabrizio Rongione', 'Stéphanie Cléau', 'Gilles Privat', 'Alexandre Trocki'],
+                'location': 'France; Argentine',
+                'release_year': 2021,
+                'duration': 5981,
                 'thumbnail': 're:https://playsuisse-img.akamaized.net/',
             },
         }, {
             # series (treated as a playlist)
             'url': 'https://www.playsuisse.ch/detail/1115687',
             'info_dict': {
-                'description': 'md5:e4a2ae29a8895823045b5c3145a02aa3',
                 'id': '1115687',
                 'series': 'They all came out to Montreux',
                 'title': 'They all came out to Montreux',
+                'description': 'md5:0fefd8c5b4468a0bb35e916887681520',
+                'genres': ['Documentary'],
+                'creators': ['Oliver Murray'],
+                'location': 'Switzerland',
+                'release_year': 2021,
             },
             'playlist': [{
                 'info_dict': {
@@ -120,6 +130,12 @@ class PlaySuisseIE(InfoExtractor):
             id
             name
             description
+            descriptionLong
+            year
+            contentTypes
+            directors
+            mainCast
+            productionCountries
             duration
             episodeNumber
             seasonNumber
@@ -215,9 +231,7 @@ class PlaySuisseIE(InfoExtractor):
         if not self._ID_TOKEN:
             raise ExtractorError('Login failed')
 
-    def _get_media_data(self, media_id):
-        # NOTE In the web app, the "locale" header is used to switch between languages,
-        # However this doesn't seem to take effect when passing the header here.
+    def _get_media_data(self, media_id, locale=None):
         response = self._download_json(
             'https://www.playsuisse.ch/api/graphql',
             media_id, data=json.dumps({
@@ -225,7 +239,7 @@ class PlaySuisseIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'query': self._GRAPHQL_QUERY,
                 'variables': {'assetId': media_id},
             }).encode(),
-            headers={'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'locale': 'de'})
+            headers={'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'locale': locale or 'de'})
 
         return response['data']['assetV2']
 
@@ -234,7 +248,7 @@ class PlaySuisseIE(InfoExtractor):
             self.raise_login_required(method='password')
 
         media_id = self._match_id(url)
-        media_data = self._get_media_data(media_id)
+        media_data = self._get_media_data(media_id, traverse_obj(parse_qs(url), ('locale', 0)))
         info = self._extract_single(media_data)
         if media_data.get('episodes'):
             info.update({
@@ -257,15 +271,22 @@ class PlaySuisseIE(InfoExtractor):
             self._merge_subtitles(subs, target=subtitles)
 
         return {
-            'id': media_data['id'],
-            'title': media_data.get('name'),
-            'description': media_data.get('description'),
             'thumbnails': thumbnails,
-            'duration': int_or_none(media_data.get('duration')),
             'formats': formats,
             'subtitles': subtitles,
-            'series': media_data.get('seriesName'),
-            'season_number': int_or_none(media_data.get('seasonNumber')),
-            'episode': media_data.get('name') if media_data.get('episodeNumber') else None,
-            'episode_number': int_or_none(media_data.get('episodeNumber')),
+            **traverse_obj(media_data, {
+                'id': ('id', {str}),
+                'title': ('name', {str}),
+                'description': (('descriptionLong', 'description'), {str}, any),
+                'genres': ('contentTypes', ..., {str}),
+                'creators': ('directors', ..., {str}),
+                'cast': ('mainCast', ..., {str}),
+                'location': ('productionCountries', ..., {str}, all, {unpack(join_nonempty, delim='; ')}, filter),
+                'release_year': ('year', {str}, {lambda x: x[:4]}, {int_or_none}),
+                'duration': ('duration', {int_or_none}),
+                'series': ('seriesName', {str}),
+                'season_number': ('seasonNumber', {int_or_none}),
+                'episode': ('name', {str}, {lambda x: x if media_data['episodeNumber'] is not None else None}),
+                'episode_number': ('episodeNumber', {int_or_none}),
+            }),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/playwire.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/playwire.py
index 8539a4b56c..2323bd0cf9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/playwire.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/playwire.py
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ class PlaywireIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.png$',
             'duration': 145.94,
         },
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
     }, {
         # m3u8 in f4m
         'url': 'http://config.playwire.com/21772/videos/v2/4840492/zeus.json',
@@ -27,10 +28,7 @@ class PlaywireIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'ITV EL SHOW FULL',
         },
-        'params': {
-            # m3u8 download
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
     }, {
         # Multiple resolutions while bitrates missing
         'url': 'http://cdn.playwire.com/11625/embed/85228.html',
@@ -42,6 +40,15 @@ class PlaywireIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'http://cdn.playwire.com/v2/12342/config/1532636.json',
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.cinemablend.com/new/First-Joe-Dirt-2-Trailer-Teaser-Stupid-Greatness-70874.html',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '3519514',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Joe Dirt 2 Beautiful Loser Teaser Trailer',
+        },
+        'skip': 'Site no longer embeds Playwire',
+    }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/plyr.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/plyr.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c5f27cfd95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/plyr.py
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+import re
+
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from .vimeo import VimeoIE
+
+
+class PlyrEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _VALID_URL = False
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        # data-plyr-embed-id="https://player.vimeo.com/video/522319456/90e5c96063?dnt=1"
+        'url': 'https://www.dhm.de/zeughauskino/filmreihen/online-filmreihen/filme-des-marshall-plans/200000000-mouths/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '522319456',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '200.000.000 Mouths (1950–51)',
+            'uploader': 'Zeughauskino',
+            'uploader_url': '',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'duration': 963,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://i.vimeocdn.com/video/1081797161-9f09ddb4b7faa86e834e006b8e4b9c2cbaa0baa7da493211bf0796ae133a5ab8-d',
+            'timestamp': 1615467405,
+            'upload_date': '20210311',
+            'release_timestamp': 1615467405,
+            'release_date': '20210311',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+    }, {
+        # data-plyr-provider="vimeo" data-plyr-embed-id="803435276"
+        'url': 'https://www.inarcassa.it/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '803435276',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'HOME_Moto_Perpetuo',
+            'uploader': 'Inarcassa',
+            'uploader_url': '',
+            'duration': 38,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://i.vimeocdn.com/video/1663734769-945ad7ffabb16dbca009c023fd1d7b36bdb426a3dbae8345ed758136fe28f89a-d',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+    }, {
+        # data-plyr-embed-id="https://youtu.be/GF-BjYKoAqI"
+        'url': 'https://www.profile.nl',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'GF-BjYKoAqI',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'PROFILE: Recruitment Profile',
+            'description': '',
+            'media_type': 'video',
+            'uploader': 'Profile Nederland',
+            'uploader_id': '@profilenederland',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@profilenederland',
+            'channel': 'Profile Nederland',
+            'channel_id': 'UC9AUkB0Tv39-TBYjs05n3vg',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9AUkB0Tv39-TBYjs05n3vg',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'view_count': int,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'duration': 39,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://i.ytimg.com/vi/GF-BjYKoAqI/maxresdefault.jpg',
+            'categories': ['Autos & Vehicles'],
+            'tags': [],
+            'timestamp': 1675692990,
+            'upload_date': '20230206',
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+        },
+    }, {
+        # data-plyr-embed-id="B1TZV8rNZoc" data-plyr-provider="youtube"
+        'url': 'https://www.vnis.edu.vn',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'vnis.edu',
+            'title': 'VNIS Education - Master Agent các Trư�ng hàng đầu Bắc Mỹ',
+            'description': 'md5:4dafcf7335bb018780e4426da8ab8e4e',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://vnis.edu.vn/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/ve-welcome-en.png',
+            'timestamp': 1753233356,
+            'upload_date': '20250723',
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 3,
+    }]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _extract_embed_urls(cls, url, webpage):
+        plyr_embeds = re.finditer(r'''(?x)
+            <div[^>]+(?:
+                data-plyr-embed-id="(?P<id1>[^"]+)"[^>]+data-plyr-provider="(?P<provider1>[^"]+)"|
+                data-plyr-provider="(?P<provider2>[^"]+)"[^>]+data-plyr-embed-id="(?P<id2>[^"]+)"
+            )[^>]*>''', webpage)
+        for mobj in plyr_embeds:
+            embed_id = mobj.group('id1') or mobj.group('id2')
+            provider = mobj.group('provider1') or mobj.group('provider2')
+            if provider == 'vimeo':
+                if not re.match(r'https?://', embed_id):
+                    embed_id = f'https://player.vimeo.com/video/{embed_id}'
+                yield VimeoIE._smuggle_referrer(embed_id, url)
+            elif provider == 'youtube':
+                if not re.match(r'https?://', embed_id):
+                    embed_id = f'https://youtube.com/watch?v={embed_id}'
+                yield embed_id
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/podchaser.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/podchaser.py
index 4570f0f175..6c125f9ba6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/podchaser.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/podchaser.py
@@ -5,11 +5,13 @@ from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     OnDemandPagedList,
     float_or_none,
+    int_or_none,
+    orderedSet,
     str_or_none,
-    str_to_int,
-    traverse_obj,
     unified_timestamp,
+    url_or_none,
 )
+from ..utils.traversal import require, traverse_obj
 
 
 class PodchaserIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -21,24 +23,25 @@ class PodchaserIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': '104365585',
             'title': 'Ep. 285 – freeze me off',
             'description': 'cam ahn',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/.+\.jpg',
             'ext': 'mp3',
-            'categories': ['Comedy'],
+            'categories': ['Comedy', 'News', 'Politics', 'Arts'],
             'tags': ['comedy', 'dark humor'],
-            'series': 'Cum Town',
+            'series': 'The Adam Friedland Show Podcast',
             'duration': 3708,
             'timestamp': 1636531259,
             'upload_date': '20211110',
             'average_rating': 4.0,
+            'series_id': '36924',
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.podchaser.com/podcasts/the-bone-zone-28853',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '28853',
             'title': 'The Bone Zone',
-            'description': 'Podcast by The Bone Zone',
+            'description': r're:The official home of the Bone Zone podcast.+',
         },
-        'playlist_count': 275,
+        'playlist_mincount': 275,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.podchaser.com/podcasts/sean-carrolls-mindscape-scienc-699349/episodes',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -51,19 +54,33 @@ class PodchaserIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     @staticmethod
     def _parse_episode(episode, podcast):
-        return {
-            'id': str(episode.get('id')),
-            'title': episode.get('title'),
-            'description': episode.get('description'),
-            'url': episode.get('audio_url'),
-            'thumbnail': episode.get('image_url'),
-            'duration': str_to_int(episode.get('length')),
-            'timestamp': unified_timestamp(episode.get('air_date')),
-            'average_rating': float_or_none(episode.get('rating')),
-            'categories': list(set(traverse_obj(podcast, (('summary', None), 'categories', ..., 'text')))),
-            'tags': traverse_obj(podcast, ('tags', ..., 'text')),
-            'series': podcast.get('title'),
-        }
+        info = traverse_obj(episode, {
+            'id': ('id', {int}, {str_or_none}, {require('episode ID')}),
+            'title': ('title', {str}),
+            'description': ('description', {str}),
+            'url': ('audio_url', {url_or_none}),
+            'thumbnail': ('image_url', {url_or_none}),
+            'duration': ('length', {int_or_none}),
+            'timestamp': ('air_date', {unified_timestamp}),
+            'average_rating': ('rating', {float_or_none}),
+        })
+        info.update(traverse_obj(podcast, {
+            'series': ('title', {str}),
+            'series_id': ('id', {int}, {str_or_none}),
+            'categories': (('summary', None), 'categories', ..., 'text', {str}, filter, all, {orderedSet}),
+            'tags': ('tags', ..., 'text', {str}),
+        }))
+        info['vcodec'] = 'none'
+
+        if info.get('series_id'):
+            podcast_slug = traverse_obj(podcast, ('slug', {str})) or 'podcast'
+            episode_slug = traverse_obj(episode, ('slug', {str})) or 'episode'
+            info['webpage_url'] = '/'.join((
+                'https://www.podchaser.com/podcasts',
+                '-'.join((podcast_slug[:30].rstrip('-'), info['series_id'])),
+                '-'.join((episode_slug[:30].rstrip('-'), info['id']))))
+
+        return info
 
     def _call_api(self, path, *args, **kwargs):
         return self._download_json(f'https://api.podchaser.com/{path}', *args, **kwargs)
@@ -93,5 +110,5 @@ class PodchaserIE(InfoExtractor):
                 OnDemandPagedList(functools.partial(self._fetch_page, podcast_id, podcast), self._PAGE_SIZE),
                 str_or_none(podcast.get('id')), podcast.get('title'), podcast.get('description'))
 
-        episode = self._call_api(f'episodes/{episode_id}', episode_id)
+        episode = self._call_api(f'podcasts/{podcast_id}/episodes/{episode_id}/player_ids', episode_id)
         return self._parse_episode(episode, podcast)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/polskieradio.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/polskieradio.py
index 6fb21e156d..9d0496bdf0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/polskieradio.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/polskieradio.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ from ..utils import (
 )
 
 
-class PolskieRadioBaseExtractor(InfoExtractor):
+class PolskieRadioBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _extract_webpage_player_entries(self, webpage, playlist_id, base_data):
         media_urls = set()
 
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class PolskieRadioBaseExtractor(InfoExtractor):
             yield entry
 
 
-class PolskieRadioLegacyIE(PolskieRadioBaseExtractor):
+class PolskieRadioLegacyIE(PolskieRadioBaseIE):
     # legacy sites
     IE_NAME = 'polskieradio:legacy'
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?polskieradio(?:24)?\.pl/\d+/\d+/[Aa]rtykul/(?P<id>\d+)'
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ class PolskieRadioLegacyIE(PolskieRadioBaseExtractor):
         return self.playlist_result(entries, playlist_id, title, description)
 
 
-class PolskieRadioIE(PolskieRadioBaseExtractor):
+class PolskieRadioIE(PolskieRadioBaseIE):
     # new next.js sites
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:[^/]+\.)?(?:polskieradio(?:24)?|radiokierowcow)\.pl/artykul/(?P<id>\d+)'
     _TESTS = [{
@@ -519,7 +519,7 @@ class PolskieRadioPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
         }
 
 
-class PolskieRadioPodcastBaseExtractor(InfoExtractor):
+class PolskieRadioPodcastBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     _API_BASE = 'https://apipodcasts.polskieradio.pl/api'
 
     def _parse_episode(self, data):
@@ -539,7 +539,7 @@ class PolskieRadioPodcastBaseExtractor(InfoExtractor):
         }
 
 
-class PolskieRadioPodcastListIE(PolskieRadioPodcastBaseExtractor):
+class PolskieRadioPodcastListIE(PolskieRadioPodcastBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'polskieradio:podcast:list'
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://podcasty\.polskieradio\.pl/podcast/(?P<id>\d+)'
     _TESTS = [{
@@ -578,7 +578,7 @@ class PolskieRadioPodcastListIE(PolskieRadioPodcastBaseExtractor):
         }
 
 
-class PolskieRadioPodcastIE(PolskieRadioPodcastBaseExtractor):
+class PolskieRadioPodcastIE(PolskieRadioPodcastBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'polskieradio:podcast'
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://podcasty\.polskieradio\.pl/track/(?P<id>[a-f\d]{8}(?:-[a-f\d]{4}){4}[a-f\d]{8})'
     _TESTS = [{
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/puhutv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/puhutv.py
index b62050ecd5..a9552ec944 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/puhutv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/puhutv.py
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     parse_resolution,
     str_or_none,
+    traverse_obj,
     try_get,
     unified_timestamp,
     url_or_none,
@@ -18,20 +19,21 @@ class PuhuTVIE(InfoExtractor):
     IE_NAME = 'puhutv'
     _TESTS = [{
         # film
-        'url': 'https://puhutv.com/sut-kardesler-izle',
-        'md5': 'a347470371d56e1585d1b2c8dab01c96',
+        'url': 'https://puhutv.com/bi-kucuk-eylul-meselesi-izle',
+        'md5': '4de98170ccb84c05779b1f046b3c86f8',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '5085',
-            'display_id': 'sut-kardesler',
+            'id': '11909',
+            'display_id': 'bi-kucuk-eylul-meselesi',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Süt Kardeşler',
-            'description': 'md5:ca09da25b7e57cbb5a9280d6e48d17aa',
+            'title': 'Bi Küçük Eylül Meselesi',
+            'description': 'md5:c2ab964c6542b7b26acacca0773adce2',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-            'duration': 4832.44,
-            'creator': 'Arzu Film',
-            'timestamp': 1561062602,
+            'duration': 6176.96,
+            'creator': 'Ay Yapım',
+            'creators': ['Ay Yapım'],
+            'timestamp': 1561062749,
             'upload_date': '20190620',
-            'release_year': 1976,
+            'release_year': 2014,
             'view_count': int,
             'tags': list,
         },
@@ -181,7 +183,7 @@ class PuhuTVSerieIE(InfoExtractor):
         'playlist_mincount': 205,
     }, {
         # a film detail page which is using same url with serie page
-        'url': 'https://puhutv.com/kaybedenler-kulubu-detay',
+        'url': 'https://puhutv.com/bizim-icin-sampiyon-detay',
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
@@ -194,24 +196,19 @@ class PuhuTVSerieIE(InfoExtractor):
             has_more = True
             while has_more is True:
                 season = self._download_json(
-                    f'https://galadriel.puhutv.com/seasons/{season_id}',
+                    f'https://appservice.puhutv.com/api/seasons/{season_id}/episodes?v=2',
                     season_id, f'Downloading page {page}', query={
                         'page': page,
-                        'per': 40,
-                    })
-                episodes = season.get('episodes')
-                if isinstance(episodes, list):
-                    for ep in episodes:
-                        slug_path = str_or_none(ep.get('slugPath'))
-                        if not slug_path:
-                            continue
-                        video_id = str_or_none(int_or_none(ep.get('id')))
-                        yield self.url_result(
-                            f'https://puhutv.com/{slug_path}',
-                            ie=PuhuTVIE.ie_key(), video_id=video_id,
-                            video_title=ep.get('name') or ep.get('eventLabel'))
+                        'per': 100,
+                    })['data']
+
+                for episode in traverse_obj(season, ('episodes', lambda _, v: v.get('slug') or v['assets'][0]['slug'])):
+                    slug = episode.get('slug') or episode['assets'][0]['slug']
+                    yield self.url_result(
+                        f'https://puhutv.com/{slug}', PuhuTVIE, episode.get('id'), episode.get('name'))
+
                 page += 1
-                has_more = season.get('hasMore')
+                has_more = traverse_obj(season, 'has_more')
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -226,7 +223,10 @@ class PuhuTVSerieIE(InfoExtractor):
                 self._extract_entries(seasons), playlist_id, info.get('name'))
 
         # For films, these are using same url with series
-        video_id = info.get('slug') or info['assets'][0]['slug']
+        video_id = info.get('slug')
+        if video_id:
+            video_id = video_id.removesuffix('-detay')
+        else:
+            video_id = info['assets'][0]['slug'].removesuffix('-izle')
         return self.url_result(
-            f'https://puhutv.com/{video_id}-izle',
-            PuhuTVIE.ie_key(), video_id)
+            f'https://puhutv.com/{video_id}-izle', PuhuTVIE, video_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/qqmusic.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/qqmusic.py
index fb46e0d124..56a8e7300a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/qqmusic.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/qqmusic.py
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ from ..utils import (
     str_or_none,
     strip_jsonp,
     traverse_obj,
-    unescapeHTML,
     url_or_none,
     urljoin,
 )
@@ -425,7 +424,7 @@ class QQMusicPlaylistIE(QQPlaylistBaseIE):
 
         return self.playlist_result(entries, list_id, **traverse_obj(list_json, ('cdlist', 0, {
             'title': ('dissname', {str}),
-            'description': ('desc', {unescapeHTML}, {clean_html}),
+            'description': ('desc', {clean_html}),
         })))
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiofrance.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiofrance.py
index 9d90439841..fe3fc17419 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiofrance.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiofrance.py
@@ -414,7 +414,7 @@ class RadioFranceProgramScheduleIE(RadioFranceBaseIE):
     _VALID_URL = rf'''(?x)
         {RadioFranceBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE}
         /(?P<station>{RadioFranceBaseIE._STATIONS_RE})
-        /grille-programmes(?:\?date=(?P<date>[\d-]+))?
+        /grille-programmes
     '''
 
     _TESTS = [{
@@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ class RadioFranceProgramScheduleIE(RadioFranceBaseIE):
                 }))
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        station, date = self._match_valid_url(url).group('station', 'date')
+        station = self._match_valid_url(url).group('station')
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, station)
         grid_data = self._extract_data_from_webpage(webpage, station, 'grid')
         upload_date = strftime_or_none(grid_data.get('date'), '%Y%m%d')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rai.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rai.py
index efb47affc9..d1a4d4c37f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rai.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rai.py
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ class RaiBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         # geo flag is a bit unreliable and not properly set all the time
         geoprotection = xpath_text(relinker, './geoprotection', default='N') == 'Y'
 
-        ext = determine_ext(media_url)
+        ext = determine_ext(media_url).lower()
         formats = []
 
         if ext == 'mp3':
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ class RaiBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'format_id': join_nonempty('https', bitrate, delim='-'),
             })
         else:
-            raise ExtractorError('Unrecognized media file found')
+            raise ExtractorError(f'Unrecognized media extension "{ext}"')
 
         if (not formats and geoprotection is True) or '/video_no_available.mp4' in media_url:
             self.raise_geo_restricted(countries=self._GEO_COUNTRIES, metadata_available=True)
@@ -321,6 +321,27 @@ class RaiPlayIE(RaiBaseIE):
             'timestamp': 1348495020,
             'upload_date': '20120924',
         },
+    }, {
+        # checking program_info gives false positive for DRM
+        'url': 'https://www.raiplay.it/video/2022/10/Ad-ogni-costo---Un-giorno-in-Pretura---Puntata-del-15102022-1dfd1295-ea38-4bac-b51e-f87e2881693b.html',
+        'md5': '572c6f711b7c5f2d670ba419b4ae3b08',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '1dfd1295-ea38-4bac-b51e-f87e2881693b',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Ad ogni costo - Un giorno in Pretura - Puntata del 15/10/2022',
+            'alt_title': 'St 2022/23 - Un giorno in pretura - Ad ogni costo',
+            'description': 'md5:4046d97b2687f74f06a8b8270ba5599f',
+            'uploader': 'Rai 3',
+            'duration': 3773.0,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://www.raiplay.it/dl/img/2022/10/12/1665586539957_2048x2048.png',
+            'creators': ['Rai 3'],
+            'series': 'Un giorno in pretura',
+            'season': '2022/23',
+            'episode': 'Ad ogni costo',
+            'timestamp': 1665507240,
+            'upload_date': '20221011',
+            'release_year': 2025,
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.raiplay.it/video/2016/11/gazebotraindesi-efebe701-969c-4593-92f3-285f0d1ce750.html?',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -340,9 +361,8 @@ class RaiPlayIE(RaiBaseIE):
         media = self._download_json(
             f'{base}.json', video_id, 'Downloading video JSON')
 
-        if not self.get_param('allow_unplayable_formats'):
-            if traverse_obj(media, (('program_info', None), 'rights_management', 'rights', 'drm')):
-                self.report_drm(video_id)
+        if traverse_obj(media, ('rights_management', 'rights', 'drm')):
+            self.report_drm(video_id)
 
         video = media['video']
         relinker_info = self._extract_relinker_info(video['content_url'], video_id)
@@ -483,6 +503,28 @@ class RaiPlaySoundIE(RaiBaseIE):
             'upload_date': '20211201',
         },
         'params': {'skip_download': True},
+    }, {
+        # case-sensitivity test for uppercase extension
+        'url': 'https://www.raiplaysound.it/audio/2020/05/Storia--Lunita-dItalia-e-lunificazione-della-Germania-b4c16390-7f3f-4282-b353-d94897dacb7c.html',
+        'md5': 'c69ebd69282f0effd7ef67b7e2f6c7d8',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'b4c16390-7f3f-4282-b353-d94897dacb7c',
+            'ext': 'mp3',
+            'title': "Storia | 01 L'unità d'Italia e l'unificazione della Germania",
+            'alt_title': 'md5:ed4ed82585c52057b71b43994a59b705',
+            'description': 'md5:92818b6f31b2c150567d56b75db2ea7f',
+            'uploader': 'rai radio 3',
+            'duration': 2439.0,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://www.raiplaysound.it/dl/img/2023/09/07/1694084898279_Maturadio-LOGO-2048x1152.jpg',
+            'creators': ['rai radio 3'],
+            'series': 'Maturadio',
+            'season': 'Season 9',
+            'season_number': 9,
+            'episode': "01. L'unità d'Italia e l'unificazione della Germania",
+            'episode_number': 1,
+            'timestamp': 1590400740,
+            'upload_date': '20200525',
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -745,7 +787,7 @@ class RaiCulturaIE(RaiNewsIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
 
 
 class RaiSudtirolIE(RaiBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://raisudtirol\.rai\.it/.+media=(?P<id>\w+)'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://rai(?:bz|sudtirol)\.rai\.it/.+media=(?P<id>\w+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         # mp4 file
         'url': 'https://raisudtirol.rai.it/la/index.php?media=Ptv1619729460',
@@ -771,6 +813,9 @@ class RaiSudtirolIE(RaiBaseIE):
             'formats': 'count:6',
         },
         'params': {'skip_download': True},
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://raibz.rai.it/de/index.php?media=Ptv1751660400',
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rcti.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rcti.py
index 61b73a550c..c8e57e2aba 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rcti.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rcti.py
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ class RCTIPlusSeriesIE(RCTIPlusBaseIE):
                 f'Only {video_type} will be downloaded. '
                 f'To download everything from the series, remove "/{video_type}" from the URL')
 
-        series_meta, meta_paths = self._call_api(
+        series_meta, _ = self._call_api(
             f'https://api.rctiplus.com/api/v1/program/{series_id}/detail', display_id, 'Downloading series metadata')
         metadata = {
             'age_limit': try_get(series_meta, lambda x: self._AGE_RATINGS[x['age_restriction'][0]['code']]),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/reddit.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/reddit.py
index d5150fd8f5..be4c32e135 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/reddit.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/reddit.py
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     parse_qs,
     traverse_obj,
+    truncate_string,
     try_get,
     unescapeHTML,
     update_url_query,
@@ -26,6 +27,7 @@ class RedditIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'display_id': '6rrwyj',
             'title': 'That small heart attack.',
+            'alt_title': 'That small heart attack.',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(?:jpg|png)',
             'thumbnails': 'count:4',
             'timestamp': 1501941939,
@@ -49,7 +51,8 @@ class RedditIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': 'gyh95hiqc0b11',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'display_id': '90bu6w',
-            'title': 'Heat index was 110 degrees so we offered him a cold drink. He went for a full body soak instead',
+            'title': 'Heat index was 110 degrees so we offered him a cold drink. He went fo...',
+            'alt_title': 'Heat index was 110 degrees so we offered him a cold drink. He went for a full body soak instead',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(?:jpg|png)',
             'thumbnails': 'count:7',
             'timestamp': 1532051078,
@@ -69,7 +72,8 @@ class RedditIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': 'zasobba6wp071',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'display_id': 'nip71r',
-            'title': 'I plan to make more stickers and prints! Check them out on my Etsy! Or get them through my Patreon. Links below.',
+            'title': 'I plan to make more stickers and prints! Check them out on my Etsy! O...',
+            'alt_title': 'I plan to make more stickers and prints! Check them out on my Etsy! Or get them through my Patreon. Links below.',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(?:jpg|png)',
             'thumbnails': 'count:5',
             'timestamp': 1621709093,
@@ -91,7 +95,17 @@ class RedditIE(InfoExtractor):
         'playlist_count': 2,
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'wzqkxp',
-            'title': 'md5:72d3d19402aa11eff5bd32fc96369b37',
+            'title': '[Finale] Kamen Rider Revice Episode 50 "Family to the End, Until the ...',
+            'alt_title': '[Finale] Kamen Rider Revice Episode 50 "Family to the End, Until the Day We Meet Again" Discussion',
+            'description': 'md5:5b7deb328062b164b15704c5fd67c335',
+            'uploader': 'TheTwelveYearOld',
+            'channel_id': 'KamenRider',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'dislike_count': int,
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'timestamp': 1661676059.0,
+            'upload_date': '20220828',
         },
     }, {
         # crossposted reddit-hosted media
@@ -102,6 +116,7 @@ class RedditIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'display_id': 'zjjw82',
             'title': 'Cringe',
+            'alt_title': 'Cringe',
             'uploader': 'Otaku-senpai69420',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(?:jpg|png)',
             'upload_date': '20221212',
@@ -122,6 +137,7 @@ class RedditIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'display_id': '124pp33',
             'title': 'Harmless prank of some old friends',
+            'alt_title': 'Harmless prank of some old friends',
             'uploader': 'Dudezila',
             'channel_id': 'ContagiousLaughter',
             'duration': 17,
@@ -142,6 +158,7 @@ class RedditIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'display_id': '12fujy3',
             'title': 'Based Hasan?',
+            'alt_title': 'Based Hasan?',
             'uploader': 'KingNigelXLII',
             'channel_id': 'GenZedong',
             'duration': 16,
@@ -161,6 +178,7 @@ class RedditIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'display_id': '1cl9h0u',
             'title': 'The insurance claim will be interesting',
+            'alt_title': 'The insurance claim will be interesting',
             'uploader': 'darrenpauli',
             'channel_id': 'Unexpected',
             'duration': 53,
@@ -183,6 +201,7 @@ class RedditIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'display_id': '1cxwzso',
             'title': 'Tottenham [1] - 0 Newcastle United - James Maddison 31\'',
+            'alt_title': 'Tottenham [1] - 0 Newcastle United - James Maddison 31\'',
             'uploader': 'Woodstovia',
             'channel_id': 'soccer',
             'duration': 30,
@@ -206,6 +225,7 @@ class RedditIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'display_id': 'degtjo',
             'title': 'When the K hits',
+            'alt_title': 'When the K hits',
             'uploader': '[deleted]',
             'channel_id': 'ketamine',
             'comment_count': int,
@@ -304,14 +324,6 @@ class RedditIE(InfoExtractor):
         data = data[0]['data']['children'][0]['data']
         video_url = data['url']
 
-        over_18 = data.get('over_18')
-        if over_18 is True:
-            age_limit = 18
-        elif over_18 is False:
-            age_limit = 0
-        else:
-            age_limit = None
-
         thumbnails = []
 
         def add_thumbnail(src):
@@ -337,15 +349,19 @@ class RedditIE(InfoExtractor):
                     add_thumbnail(resolution)
 
         info = {
-            'title': data.get('title'),
             'thumbnails': thumbnails,
-            'timestamp': float_or_none(data.get('created_utc')),
-            'uploader': data.get('author'),
-            'channel_id': data.get('subreddit'),
-            'like_count': int_or_none(data.get('ups')),
-            'dislike_count': int_or_none(data.get('downs')),
-            'comment_count': int_or_none(data.get('num_comments')),
-            'age_limit': age_limit,
+            'age_limit': {True: 18, False: 0}.get(data.get('over_18')),
+            **traverse_obj(data, {
+                'title': ('title', {truncate_string(left=72)}),
+                'alt_title': ('title', {str}),
+                'description': ('selftext', {str}, filter),
+                'timestamp': ('created_utc', {float_or_none}),
+                'uploader': ('author', {str}),
+                'channel_id': ('subreddit', {str}),
+                'like_count': ('ups', {int_or_none}),
+                'dislike_count': ('downs', {int_or_none}),
+                'comment_count': ('num_comments', {int_or_none}),
+            }),
         }
 
         parsed_url = urllib.parse.urlparse(video_url)
@@ -371,8 +387,9 @@ class RedditIE(InfoExtractor):
                         **info,
                     })
             if entries:
-                return self.playlist_result(entries, video_id, info.get('title'))
-            raise ExtractorError('No media found', expected=True)
+                return self.playlist_result(entries, video_id, **info)
+            self.raise_no_formats('No media found', expected=True, video_id=video_id)
+            return {**info, 'id': video_id}
 
         # Check if media is hosted on reddit:
         reddit_video = traverse_obj(data, (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/redgifs.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/redgifs.py
index 870e33253f..cd3cd323e5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/redgifs.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/redgifs.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ from ..utils import (
 )
 
 
-class RedGifsBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
+class RedGifsBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     _FORMATS = {
         'gif': 250,
         'sd': 480,
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ class RedGifsBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
         return page_fetcher(page) if page else OnDemandPagedList(page_fetcher, self._PAGE_SIZE)
 
 
-class RedGifsIE(RedGifsBaseInfoExtractor):
+class RedGifsIE(RedGifsBaseIE):
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:(?:www\.)?redgifs\.com/(?:watch|ifr)/|thumbs2\.redgifs\.com/)(?P<id>[^-/?#\.]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.redgifs.com/watch/squeakyhelplesswisent',
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ class RedGifsIE(RedGifsBaseInfoExtractor):
         return self._parse_gif_data(video_info['gif'])
 
 
-class RedGifsSearchIE(RedGifsBaseInfoExtractor):
+class RedGifsSearchIE(RedGifsBaseIE):
     IE_DESC = 'Redgifs search'
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?redgifs\.com/browse\?(?P<query>[^#]+)'
     _PAGE_SIZE = 80
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ class RedGifsSearchIE(RedGifsBaseInfoExtractor):
             entries, query_str, tags, f'RedGifs search for {tags}, ordered by {order}')
 
 
-class RedGifsUserIE(RedGifsBaseInfoExtractor):
+class RedGifsUserIE(RedGifsBaseIE):
     IE_DESC = 'Redgifs user'
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?redgifs\.com/users/(?P<username>[^/?#]+)(?:\?(?P<query>[^#]+))?'
     _PAGE_SIZE = 80
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/roya.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/roya.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9094808a15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/roya.py
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
+
+
+class RoyaLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:en\.)?roya\.tv/live-stream/(?P<id>\d+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://en.roya.tv/live-stream/1',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '1',
+            'title': r're:Roya TV \d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2} \d{2}:\d{2}',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'live_status': 'is_live',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://roya.tv/live-stream/21',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '21',
+            'title': r're:Roya News \d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2} \d{2}:\d{2}',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'live_status': 'is_live',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://roya.tv/live-stream/10000',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        media_id = self._match_id(url)
+
+        stream_url = self._download_json(
+            f'https://ticket.roya-tv.com/api/v5/fastchannel/{media_id}', media_id)['data']['secured_url']
+
+        title = traverse_obj(
+            self._download_json('https://backend.roya.tv/api/v01/channels/schedule-pagination', media_id, fatal=False),
+            ('data', 0, 'channel', lambda _, v: str(v['id']) == media_id, 'title', {str}, any))
+
+        return {
+            'id': media_id,
+            'formats': self._extract_m3u8_formats(stream_url, media_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls', live=True),
+            'title': title,
+            'is_live': True,
+        }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtve.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtve.py
index 7e0b666ab3..c2ccf73ddc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtve.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtve.py
@@ -1,35 +1,144 @@
 import base64
 import io
 import struct
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
+    InAdvancePagedList,
+    clean_html,
     determine_ext,
     float_or_none,
+    int_or_none,
+    make_archive_id,
+    parse_iso8601,
     qualities,
-    remove_end,
-    remove_start,
-    try_get,
+    url_or_none,
 )
+from ..utils.traversal import subs_list_to_dict, traverse_obj
 
 
-class RTVEALaCartaIE(InfoExtractor):
+class RTVEBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
+    # Reimplementation of https://js2.rtve.es/pages/app-player/3.5.1/js/pf_video.js
+    @staticmethod
+    def _decrypt_url(png):
+        encrypted_data = io.BytesIO(base64.b64decode(png)[8:])
+        while True:
+            length_data = encrypted_data.read(4)
+            length = struct.unpack('!I', length_data)[0]
+            chunk_type = encrypted_data.read(4)
+            if chunk_type == b'IEND':
+                break
+            data = encrypted_data.read(length)
+            if chunk_type == b'tEXt':
+                data = bytes(filter(None, data))
+                alphabet_data, _, url_data = data.partition(b'#')
+                quality_str, _, url_data = url_data.rpartition(b'%%')
+                quality_str = quality_str.decode() or ''
+                alphabet = RTVEBaseIE._get_alphabet(alphabet_data)
+                url = RTVEBaseIE._get_url(alphabet, url_data)
+                yield quality_str, url
+            encrypted_data.read(4)  # CRC
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _get_url(alphabet, url_data):
+        url = ''
+        f = 0
+        e = 3
+        b = 1
+        for char in url_data.decode('iso-8859-1'):
+            if f == 0:
+                l = int(char) * 10
+                f = 1
+            else:
+                if e == 0:
+                    l += int(char)
+                    url += alphabet[l]
+                    e = (b + 3) % 4
+                    f = 0
+                    b += 1
+                else:
+                    e -= 1
+        return url
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _get_alphabet(alphabet_data):
+        alphabet = []
+        e = 0
+        d = 0
+        for char in alphabet_data.decode('iso-8859-1'):
+            if d == 0:
+                alphabet.append(char)
+                d = e = (e + 1) % 4
+            else:
+                d -= 1
+        return alphabet
+
+    def _extract_png_formats_and_subtitles(self, video_id, media_type='videos'):
+        formats, subtitles = [], {}
+        q = qualities(['Media', 'Alta', 'HQ', 'HD_READY', 'HD_FULL'])
+        for manager in ('rtveplayw', 'default'):
+            png = self._download_webpage(
+                f'http://www.rtve.es/ztnr/movil/thumbnail/{manager}/{media_type}/{video_id}.png',
+                video_id, 'Downloading url information', query={'q': 'v2'}, fatal=False)
+            if not png:
+                continue
+
+            for quality, video_url in self._decrypt_url(png):
+                ext = determine_ext(video_url)
+                if ext == 'm3u8':
+                    fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
+                        video_url, video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False)
+                    formats.extend(fmts)
+                    self._merge_subtitles(subs, target=subtitles)
+                elif ext == 'mpd':
+                    fmts, subs = self._extract_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(
+                        video_url, video_id, 'dash', fatal=False)
+                    formats.extend(fmts)
+                    self._merge_subtitles(subs, target=subtitles)
+                else:
+                    formats.append({
+                        'format_id': quality,
+                        'quality': q(quality),
+                        'url': video_url,
+                    })
+        return formats, subtitles
+
+    def _parse_metadata(self, metadata):
+        return traverse_obj(metadata, {
+            'title': ('title', {str.strip}),
+            'alt_title': ('alt', {str.strip}),
+            'description': ('description', {clean_html}),
+            'timestamp': ('dateOfEmission', {parse_iso8601(delimiter=' ')}),
+            'release_timestamp': ('publicationDate', {parse_iso8601(delimiter=' ')}),
+            'modified_timestamp': ('modificationDate', {parse_iso8601(delimiter=' ')}),
+            'thumbnail': (('thumbnail', 'image', 'imageSEO'), {url_or_none}, any),
+            'duration': ('duration', {float_or_none(scale=1000)}),
+            'is_live': ('live', {bool}),
+            'series': (('programTitle', ('programInfo', 'title')), {clean_html}, any),
+        })
+
+
+class RTVEALaCartaIE(RTVEBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'rtve.es:alacarta'
-    IE_DESC = 'RTVE a la carta'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?rtve\.es/(m/)?(alacarta/videos|filmoteca)/[^/]+/[^/]+/(?P<id>\d+)'
+    IE_DESC = 'RTVE a la carta and Play'
+    _VALID_URL = [
+        r'https?://(?:www\.)?rtve\.es/(?:m/)?(?:(?:alacarta|play)/videos|filmoteca)/(?!directo)(?:[^/?#]+/){2}(?P<id>\d+)',
+        r'https?://(?:www\.)?rtve\.es/infantil/serie/[^/?#]+/video/[^/?#]+/(?P<id>\d+)',
+    ]
 
     _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'http://www.rtve.es/alacarta/videos/balonmano/o-swiss-cup-masculina-final-espana-suecia/2491869/',
-        'md5': '1d49b7e1ca7a7502c56a4bf1b60f1b43',
+        'url': 'http://www.rtve.es/alacarta/videos/la-aventura-del-saber/aventuraentornosilla/3088905/',
+        'md5': 'a964547824359a5753aef09d79fe984b',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '2491869',
+            'id': '3088905',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Balonmano - Swiss Cup masculina. Final: España-Suecia',
-            'duration': 5024.566,
-            'series': 'Balonmano',
+            'title': 'En torno a la silla',
+            'duration': 1216.981,
+            'series': 'La aventura del Saber',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://img2.rtve.es/v/aventuraentornosilla_3088905.png',
         },
-        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to download MPD manifest', 'Failed to download m3u8 information'],
     }, {
         'note': 'Live stream',
         'url': 'http://www.rtve.es/alacarta/videos/television/24h-live/1694255/',
@@ -38,140 +147,88 @@ class RTVEALaCartaIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 're:^24H LIVE [0-9]{4}-[0-9]{2}-[0-9]{2} [0-9]{2}:[0-9]{2}$',
             'is_live': True,
+            'live_status': 'is_live',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://img2\.rtve\.es/v/.*\.png',
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': 'live stream',
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.rtve.es/alacarta/videos/servir-y-proteger/servir-proteger-capitulo-104/4236788/',
-        'md5': 'd850f3c8731ea53952ebab489cf81cbf',
+        'md5': 'f3cf0d1902d008c48c793e736706c174',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '4236788',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Servir y proteger - Capítulo 104',
-            'duration': 3222.0,
+            'title': 'Episodio 104',
+            'duration': 3222.8,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://img2\.rtve\.es/v/.*\.png',
+            'series': 'Servir y proteger',
         },
-        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to download MPD manifest', 'Failed to download m3u8 information'],
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.rtve.es/m/alacarta/videos/cuentame-como-paso/cuentame-como-paso-t16-ultimo-minuto-nuestra-vida-capitulo-276/2969138/?media=tve',
         'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.rtve.es/filmoteca/no-do/not-1-introduccion-primer-noticiario-espanol/1465256/',
         'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.rtve.es/play/videos/saber-vivir/07-07-24/16177116/',
+        'md5': 'a5b24fcdfa3ff5cb7908aba53d22d4b6',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '16177116',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Saber vivir - 07/07/24',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://img2\.rtve\.es/v/.*\.png',
+            'duration': 2162.68,
+            'series': 'Saber vivir',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.rtve.es/infantil/serie/agus-lui-churros-crafts/video/gusano/7048976/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '7048976',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Gusano',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://img2\.rtve\.es/v/.*\.png',
+            'duration': 292.86,
+            'series': 'Agus & Lui: Churros y Crafts',
+            '_old_archive_ids': ['rtveinfantil 7048976'],
+        },
     }]
 
-    def _real_initialize(self):
-        user_agent_b64 = base64.b64encode(self.get_param('http_headers')['User-Agent'].encode()).decode('utf-8')
-        self._manager = self._download_json(
-            'http://www.rtve.es/odin/loki/' + user_agent_b64,
-            None, 'Fetching manager info')['manager']
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _decrypt_url(png):
-        encrypted_data = io.BytesIO(base64.b64decode(png)[8:])
-        while True:
-            length = struct.unpack('!I', encrypted_data.read(4))[0]
-            chunk_type = encrypted_data.read(4)
-            if chunk_type == b'IEND':
-                break
-            data = encrypted_data.read(length)
-            if chunk_type == b'tEXt':
-                alphabet_data, text = data.split(b'\0')
-                quality, url_data = text.split(b'%%')
-                alphabet = []
-                e = 0
-                d = 0
-                for l in alphabet_data.decode('iso-8859-1'):
-                    if d == 0:
-                        alphabet.append(l)
-                        d = e = (e + 1) % 4
-                    else:
-                        d -= 1
-                url = ''
-                f = 0
-                e = 3
-                b = 1
-                for letter in url_data.decode('iso-8859-1'):
-                    if f == 0:
-                        l = int(letter) * 10
-                        f = 1
-                    else:
-                        if e == 0:
-                            l += int(letter)
-                            url += alphabet[l]
-                            e = (b + 3) % 4
-                            f = 0
-                            b += 1
-                        else:
-                            e -= 1
-
-                yield quality.decode(), url
-            encrypted_data.read(4)  # CRC
-
-    def _extract_png_formats(self, video_id):
-        png = self._download_webpage(
-            f'http://www.rtve.es/ztnr/movil/thumbnail/{self._manager}/videos/{video_id}.png',
-            video_id, 'Downloading url information', query={'q': 'v2'})
-        q = qualities(['Media', 'Alta', 'HQ', 'HD_READY', 'HD_FULL'])
-        formats = []
-        for quality, video_url in self._decrypt_url(png):
-            ext = determine_ext(video_url)
-            if ext == 'm3u8':
-                formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-                    video_url, video_id, 'mp4', 'm3u8_native',
-                    m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False))
-            elif ext == 'mpd':
-                formats.extend(self._extract_mpd_formats(
-                    video_url, video_id, 'dash', fatal=False))
-            else:
-                formats.append({
-                    'format_id': quality,
-                    'quality': q(quality),
-                    'url': video_url,
-                })
-        return formats
+    def _get_subtitles(self, video_id):
+        subtitle_data = self._download_json(
+            f'https://api2.rtve.es/api/videos/{video_id}/subtitulos.json', video_id,
+            'Downloading subtitles info')
+        return traverse_obj(subtitle_data, ('page', 'items', ..., {
+            'id': ('lang', {str}),
+            'url': ('src', {url_or_none}),
+        }, all, {subs_list_to_dict(lang='es')}))
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        info = self._download_json(
+        metadata = self._download_json(
             f'http://www.rtve.es/api/videos/{video_id}/config/alacarta_videos.json',
             video_id)['page']['items'][0]
-        if info['state'] == 'DESPU':
+        if metadata['state'] == 'DESPU':
             raise ExtractorError('The video is no longer available', expected=True)
-        title = info['title'].strip()
-        formats = self._extract_png_formats(video_id)
+        formats, subtitles = self._extract_png_formats_and_subtitles(video_id)
 
-        subtitles = None
-        sbt_file = info.get('sbtFile')
-        if sbt_file:
-            subtitles = self.extract_subtitles(video_id, sbt_file)
+        self._merge_subtitles(self.extract_subtitles(video_id), target=subtitles)
 
-        is_live = info.get('live') is True
+        is_infantil = urllib.parse.urlparse(url).path.startswith('/infantil/')
 
         return {
             'id': video_id,
-            'title': title,
             'formats': formats,
-            'thumbnail': info.get('image'),
             'subtitles': subtitles,
-            'duration': float_or_none(info.get('duration'), 1000),
-            'is_live': is_live,
-            'series': info.get('programTitle'),
+            **self._parse_metadata(metadata),
+            '_old_archive_ids': [make_archive_id('rtveinfantil', video_id)] if is_infantil else None,
         }
 
-    def _get_subtitles(self, video_id, sub_file):
-        subs = self._download_json(
-            sub_file + '.json', video_id,
-            'Downloading subtitles info')['page']['items']
-        return dict(
-            (s['lang'], [{'ext': 'vtt', 'url': s['src']}])
-            for s in subs)
 
-
-class RTVEAudioIE(RTVEALaCartaIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
+class RTVEAudioIE(RTVEBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'rtve.es:audio'
     IE_DESC = 'RTVE audio'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?rtve\.es/(alacarta|play)/audios/[^/]+/[^/]+/(?P<id>[0-9]+)'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?rtve\.es/(alacarta|play)/audios/(?:[^/?#]+/){2}(?P<id>\d+)'
 
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.rtve.es/alacarta/audios/a-hombros-de-gigantes/palabra-ingeniero-codigos-informaticos-27-04-21/5889192/',
@@ -180,9 +237,11 @@ class RTVEAudioIE(RTVEALaCartaIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
             'id': '5889192',
             'ext': 'mp3',
             'title': 'Códigos informáticos',
-            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/1598856591583.jpg',
+            'alt_title': 'Códigos informáticos - Escuchar ahora',
             'duration': 349.440,
             'series': 'A hombros de gigantes',
+            'description': 'md5:72b0d7c1ca20fd327bdfff7ac0171afb',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://img2.rtve.es/a/palabra-ingeniero-codigos-informaticos-270421_5889192.png',
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.rtve.es/play/audios/en-radio-3/ignatius-farray/5791165/',
@@ -191,9 +250,11 @@ class RTVEAudioIE(RTVEALaCartaIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
             'id': '5791165',
             'ext': 'mp3',
             'title': 'Ignatius Farray',
+            'alt_title': 'En Radio 3 - Ignatius Farray - 13/02/21 - escuchar ahora',
             'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/1613243011863.jpg',
             'duration': 3559.559,
             'series': 'En Radio 3',
+            'description': 'md5:124aa60b461e0b1724a380bad3bc4040',
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.rtve.es/play/audios/frankenstein-o-el-moderno-prometeo/capitulo-26-ultimo-muerte-victor-juan-jose-plans-mary-shelley/6082623/',
@@ -202,126 +263,101 @@ class RTVEAudioIE(RTVEALaCartaIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
             'id': '6082623',
             'ext': 'mp3',
             'title': 'Capítulo 26 y último: La muerte de Victor',
+            'alt_title': 'Frankenstein o el moderno Prometeo - Capítulo 26 y último: La muerte de Victor',
             'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/1632147445707.jpg',
             'duration': 3174.086,
             'series': 'Frankenstein o el moderno Prometeo',
+            'description': 'md5:4ee6fcb82ebe2e46d267e1d1c1a8f7b5',
         },
     }]
 
-    def _extract_png_formats(self, audio_id):
-        """
-        This function retrieves media related png thumbnail which obfuscate
-        valuable information about the media. This information is decrypted
-        via base class _decrypt_url function providing media quality and
-        media url
-        """
-        png = self._download_webpage(
-            f'http://www.rtve.es/ztnr/movil/thumbnail/{self._manager}/audios/{audio_id}.png',
-            audio_id, 'Downloading url information', query={'q': 'v2'})
-        q = qualities(['Media', 'Alta', 'HQ', 'HD_READY', 'HD_FULL'])
-        formats = []
-        for quality, audio_url in self._decrypt_url(png):
-            ext = determine_ext(audio_url)
-            if ext == 'm3u8':
-                formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-                    audio_url, audio_id, 'mp4', 'm3u8_native',
-                    m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False))
-            elif ext == 'mpd':
-                formats.extend(self._extract_mpd_formats(
-                    audio_url, audio_id, 'dash', fatal=False))
-            else:
-                formats.append({
-                    'format_id': quality,
-                    'quality': q(quality),
-                    'url': audio_url,
-                })
-        return formats
-
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         audio_id = self._match_id(url)
-        info = self._download_json(
-            f'https://www.rtve.es/api/audios/{audio_id}.json',
-            audio_id)['page']['items'][0]
+        metadata = self._download_json(
+            f'https://www.rtve.es/api/audios/{audio_id}.json', audio_id)['page']['items'][0]
+
+        formats, subtitles = self._extract_png_formats_and_subtitles(audio_id, media_type='audios')
 
         return {
             'id': audio_id,
-            'title': info['title'].strip(),
-            'thumbnail': info.get('thumbnail'),
-            'duration': float_or_none(info.get('duration'), 1000),
-            'series': try_get(info, lambda x: x['programInfo']['title']),
-            'formats': self._extract_png_formats(audio_id),
+            'formats': formats,
+            'subtitles': subtitles,
+            **self._parse_metadata(metadata),
         }
 
 
-class RTVEInfantilIE(RTVEALaCartaIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
-    IE_NAME = 'rtve.es:infantil'
-    IE_DESC = 'RTVE infantil'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?rtve\.es/infantil/serie/[^/]+/video/[^/]+/(?P<id>[0-9]+)/'
-
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'http://www.rtve.es/infantil/serie/cleo/video/maneras-vivir/3040283/',
-        'md5': '5747454717aedf9f9fdf212d1bcfc48d',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '3040283',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Maneras de vivir',
-            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/1426182947956\.JPG',
-            'duration': 357.958,
-        },
-        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to download MPD manifest', 'Failed to download m3u8 information'],
-    }]
-
-
-class RTVELiveIE(RTVEALaCartaIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
+class RTVELiveIE(RTVEBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'rtve.es:live'
     IE_DESC = 'RTVE.es live streams'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?rtve\.es/directo/(?P<id>[a-zA-Z0-9-]+)'
+    _VALID_URL = [
+        r'https?://(?:www\.)?rtve\.es/directo/(?P<id>[a-zA-Z0-9-]+)',
+        r'https?://(?:www\.)?rtve\.es/play/videos/directo/[^/?#]+/(?P<id>[a-zA-Z0-9-]+)',
+    ]
 
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'http://www.rtve.es/directo/la-1/',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'la-1',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 're:^La 1 [0-9]{4}-[0-9]{2}-[0-9]{2} [0-9]{2}:[0-9]{2}$',
+            'live_status': 'is_live',
+            'title': str,
+            'description': str,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://img\d\.rtve\.es/resources/thumbslive/\d+\.jpg',
+            'timestamp': int,
+            'upload_date': str,
         },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': 'live stream',
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'live stream'},
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.rtve.es/play/videos/directo/deportes/tdp/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'tdp',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'live_status': 'is_live',
+            'title': str,
+            'description': str,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://img2\d\.rtve\.es/resources/thumbslive/\d+\.jpg',
+            'timestamp': int,
+            'upload_date': str,
         },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'live stream'},
+    }, {
+        'url': 'http://www.rtve.es/play/videos/directo/canales-lineales/la-1/',
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
-        video_id = mobj.group('id')
-
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
-        title = remove_end(self._og_search_title(webpage), ' en directo en RTVE.es')
-        title = remove_start(title, 'Estoy viendo ')
 
-        vidplayer_id = self._search_regex(
-            (r'playerId=player([0-9]+)',
-             r'class=["\'].*?\blive_mod\b.*?["\'][^>]+data-assetid=["\'](\d+)',
-             r'data-id=["\'](\d+)'),
-            webpage, 'internal video ID')
+        data_setup = self._search_json(
+            r'<div[^>]+class="[^"]*videoPlayer[^"]*"[^>]*data-setup=\'',
+            webpage, 'data_setup', video_id)
+
+        formats, subtitles = self._extract_png_formats_and_subtitles(data_setup['idAsset'])
 
         return {
             'id': video_id,
-            'title': title,
-            'formats': self._extract_png_formats(vidplayer_id),
+            **self._search_json_ld(webpage, video_id, fatal=False),
+            'title': self._html_extract_title(webpage),
+            'formats': formats,
+            'subtitles': subtitles,
             'is_live': True,
         }
 
 
 class RTVETelevisionIE(InfoExtractor):
     IE_NAME = 'rtve.es:television'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?rtve\.es/television/[^/]+/[^/]+/(?P<id>\d+).shtml'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?rtve\.es/television/[^/?#]+/[^/?#]+/(?P<id>\d+).shtml'
 
     _TEST = {
-        'url': 'http://www.rtve.es/television/20160628/revolucion-del-movil/1364141.shtml',
+        'url': 'https://www.rtve.es/television/20091103/video-inedito-del-8o-programa/299020.shtml',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '3069778',
+            'id': '572515',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Documentos TV - La revolución del móvil',
-            'duration': 3496.948,
+            'title': 'Clase inédita',
+            'duration': 335.817,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://img2\.rtve\.es/v/.*\.png',
+            'series': 'El coro de la cárcel',
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
@@ -332,11 +368,67 @@ class RTVETelevisionIE(InfoExtractor):
         page_id = self._match_id(url)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, page_id)
 
-        alacarta_url = self._search_regex(
-            r'data-location="alacarta_videos"[^<]+url&quot;:&quot;(http://www\.rtve\.es/alacarta.+?)&',
-            webpage, 'alacarta url', default=None)
-        if alacarta_url is None:
-            raise ExtractorError(
-                'The webpage doesn\'t contain any video', expected=True)
+        play_url = self._html_search_meta('contentUrl', webpage)
+        if play_url is None:
+            raise ExtractorError('The webpage doesn\'t contain any video', expected=True)
+
+        return self.url_result(play_url, ie=RTVEALaCartaIE.ie_key())
+
+
+class RTVEProgramIE(RTVEBaseIE):
+    IE_NAME = 'rtve.es:program'
+    IE_DESC = 'RTVE.es programs'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?rtve\.es/play/videos/(?P<id>[\w-]+)/?(?:[?#]|$)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.rtve.es/play/videos/saber-vivir/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '111570',
+            'title': 'Saber vivir - Programa de ciencia y futuro en RTVE Play',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 400,
+    }]
+    _PAGE_SIZE = 60
+
+    def _fetch_page(self, program_id, page_num):
+        return self._download_json(
+            f'https://www.rtve.es/api/programas/{program_id}/videos',
+            program_id, note=f'Downloading page {page_num}',
+            query={
+                'type': 39816,
+                'page': page_num,
+                'size': 60,
+            })
+
+    def _entries(self, page_data):
+        for video in traverse_obj(page_data, ('page', 'items', lambda _, v: url_or_none(v['htmlUrl']))):
+            yield self.url_result(
+                video['htmlUrl'], RTVEALaCartaIE, url_transparent=True,
+                **traverse_obj(video, {
+                    'id': ('id', {str}),
+                    'title': ('longTitle', {str}),
+                    'description': ('shortDescription', {str}),
+                    'duration': ('duration', {float_or_none(scale=1000)}),
+                    'series': (('programInfo', 'title'), {str}, any),
+                    'season_number': ('temporadaOrden', {int_or_none}),
+                    'season_id': ('temporadaId', {str}),
+                    'season': ('temporada', {str}),
+                    'episode_number': ('episode', {int_or_none}),
+                    'episode': ('title', {str}),
+                    'thumbnail': ('thumbnail', {url_or_none}),
+                }),
+            )
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        program_slug = self._match_id(url)
+        program_page = self._download_webpage(url, program_slug)
+
+        program_id = self._html_search_meta('DC.identifier', program_page, 'Program ID', fatal=True)
+
+        first_page = self._fetch_page(program_id, 1)
+        page_count = traverse_obj(first_page, ('page', 'totalPages', {int})) or 1
+
+        entries = InAdvancePagedList(
+            lambda idx: self._entries(self._fetch_page(program_id, idx + 1) if idx else first_page),
+            page_count, self._PAGE_SIZE)
 
-        return self.url_result(alacarta_url, ie=RTVEALaCartaIE.ie_key())
+        return self.playlist_result(entries, program_id, self._html_extract_title(program_page))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtvs.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtvs.py
index 927da57787..fcbc88a9f9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtvs.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtvs.py
@@ -9,7 +9,9 @@ from ..utils import (
 
 
 class RTVSIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?rtvs\.sk/(?:radio|televizia)/archiv(?:/\d+)?/(?P<id>\d+)/?(?:[#?]|$)'
+    IE_NAME = 'stvr'
+    IE_DESC = 'Slovak Television and Radio (formerly RTVS)'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?(?:rtvs|stvr)\.sk/(?:radio|televizia)/archiv(?:/\d+)?/(?P<id>\d+)/?(?:[#?]|$)'
     _TESTS = [{
         # radio archive
         'url': 'http://www.rtvs.sk/radio/archiv/11224/414872',
@@ -19,7 +21,7 @@ class RTVSIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp3',
             'title': 'Ostrov pokladov 1 �asť.mp3',
             'duration': 2854,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://www.rtvs.sk/media/a501/image/file/2/0000/b1R8.rtvs.jpg',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://www.stvr.sk/media/a501/image/file/2/0000/rtvs-00009383.png',
             'display_id': '135331',
         },
     }, {
@@ -30,7 +32,7 @@ class RTVSIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Amaro Džives - Náš deň',
             'description': 'Galave�er pri príležitosti Medzinárodného dňa Rómov.',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://www.rtvs.sk/media/a501/image/file/2/0031/L7Qm.amaro_dzives_png.jpg',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://www.stvr.sk/media/a501/image/file/2/0031/L7Qm.amaro_dzives_png.jpg',
             'timestamp': 1428555900,
             'upload_date': '20150409',
             'duration': 4986,
@@ -47,8 +49,11 @@ class RTVSIE(InfoExtractor):
             'display_id': '307655',
             'duration': 831,
             'upload_date': '20211111',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://www.rtvs.sk/media/a501/image/file/2/0916/robin.jpg',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://www.stvr.sk/media/a501/image/file/2/0916/robin.jpg',
         },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.stvr.sk/radio/archiv/11224/414872',
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rumble.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rumble.py
index 74c7e4f176..757d6994ca 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rumble.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rumble.py
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     UnsupportedError,
     clean_html,
-    determine_ext,
     extract_attributes,
     format_field,
     get_element_by_class,
@@ -36,7 +35,7 @@ class RumbleEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20191020',
             'channel_url': 'https://rumble.com/c/WMAR',
             'channel': 'WMAR',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://sp.rmbl.ws/s8/1/5/M/z/1/5Mz1a.qR4e-small-WMAR-2-News-Latest-Headline.jpg',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://.+\.jpg',
             'duration': 234,
             'uploader': 'WMAR',
             'live_status': 'not_live',
@@ -52,7 +51,7 @@ class RumbleEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20220217',
             'channel_url': 'https://rumble.com/c/CyberTechNews',
             'channel': 'CTNews',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://sp.rmbl.ws/s8/6/7/i/9/h/7i9hd.OvCc.jpg',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://.+\.jpg',
             'duration': 901,
             'uploader': 'CTNews',
             'live_status': 'not_live',
@@ -114,6 +113,22 @@ class RumbleEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'live_status': 'was_live',
         },
         'params': {'skip_download': True},
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://rumble.com/embed/v6pezdb',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'v6pezdb',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '"Es war einmal ein Mädchen" – Ein filmisches Zeitzeugnis aus Leningrad 1944',
+            'uploader': 'RT DE',
+            'channel': 'RT DE',
+            'channel_url': 'https://rumble.com/c/RTDE',
+            'duration': 309,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://1a-1791.com/video/fww1/dc/s8/1/n/z/2/y/nz2yy.qR4e-small-Es-war-einmal-ein-Mdchen-Ei.jpg',
+            'timestamp': 1743703500,
+            'upload_date': '20250403',
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://rumble.com/embed/ufe9n.v5pv5f',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -168,40 +183,42 @@ class RumbleEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             live_status = None
 
         formats = []
-        for ext, ext_info in (video.get('ua') or {}).items():
-            if isinstance(ext_info, dict):
-                for height, video_info in ext_info.items():
+        for format_type, format_info in (video.get('ua') or {}).items():
+            if isinstance(format_info, dict):
+                for height, video_info in format_info.items():
                     if not traverse_obj(video_info, ('meta', 'h', {int_or_none})):
                         video_info.setdefault('meta', {})['h'] = height
-                ext_info = ext_info.values()
+                format_info = format_info.values()
 
-            for video_info in ext_info:
+            for video_info in format_info:
                 meta = video_info.get('meta') or {}
                 if not video_info.get('url'):
                     continue
-                if ext == 'hls':
+                # With default query params returns m3u8 variants which are duplicates, without returns tar files
+                if format_type == 'tar':
+                    continue
+                if format_type == 'hls':
                     if meta.get('live') is True and video.get('live') == 1:
                         live_status = 'post_live'
                     formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
                         video_info['url'], video_id,
                         ext='mp4', m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False, live=live_status == 'is_live'))
                     continue
-                timeline = ext == 'timeline'
-                if timeline:
-                    ext = determine_ext(video_info['url'])
+                is_timeline = format_type == 'timeline'
+                is_audio = format_type == 'audio'
                 formats.append({
-                    'ext': ext,
-                    'acodec': 'none' if timeline else None,
+                    'acodec': 'none' if is_timeline else None,
+                    'vcodec': 'none' if is_audio else None,
                     'url': video_info['url'],
-                    'format_id': join_nonempty(ext, format_field(meta, 'h', '%sp')),
-                    'format_note': 'Timeline' if timeline else None,
-                    'fps': None if timeline else video.get('fps'),
+                    'format_id': join_nonempty(format_type, format_field(meta, 'h', '%sp')),
+                    'format_note': 'Timeline' if is_timeline else None,
+                    'fps': None if is_timeline or is_audio else video.get('fps'),
                     **traverse_obj(meta, {
-                        'tbr': 'bitrate',
-                        'filesize': 'size',
-                        'width': 'w',
-                        'height': 'h',
-                    }, expected_type=lambda x: int(x) or None),
+                        'tbr': ('bitrate', {int_or_none}),
+                        'filesize': ('size', {int_or_none}),
+                        'width': ('w', {int_or_none}),
+                        'height': ('h', {int_or_none}),
+                    }),
                 })
 
         subtitles = {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rutube.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rutube.py
index 20365ac5d1..1e0e983529 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rutube.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rutube.py
@@ -115,7 +115,6 @@ class RutubeIE(RutubeBaseIE):
 
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://rutube.ru/video/3eac3b4561676c17df9132a9a1e62e3e/',
-        'md5': '3d73fdfe5bb81b9aef139e22ef3de26a',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '3eac3b4561676c17df9132a9a1e62e3e',
             'ext': 'mp4',
@@ -128,10 +127,11 @@ class RutubeIE(RutubeBaseIE):
             'upload_date': '20131016',
             'age_limit': 0,
             'view_count': int,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://pic.rutubelist.ru/video/d2/a0/d2a0aec998494a396deafc7ba2c82add.jpg',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://pic\.rutubelist\.ru/video/.+\.(?:jpg|png)',
             'categories': ['�ово�ти и СМИ'],
             'chapters': [],
         },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://rutube.ru/play/embed/a10e53b86e8f349080f718582ce4c661',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -146,7 +146,6 @@ class RutubeIE(RutubeBaseIE):
         'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://rutube.ru/video/private/884fb55f07a97ab673c7d654553e0f48/?p=x2QojCumHTS3rsKHWXN8Lg',
-        'md5': '4fce7b4fcc7b1bcaa3f45eb1e1ad0dd7',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '884fb55f07a97ab673c7d654553e0f48',
             'ext': 'mp4',
@@ -163,6 +162,7 @@ class RutubeIE(RutubeBaseIE):
             'categories': ['Видеоигры'],
             'chapters': [],
         },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://rutube.ru/video/c65b465ad0c98c89f3b25cb03dcc87c6/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ class RutubeIE(RutubeBaseIE):
             'chapters': 'count:4',
             'categories': ['Бизне� и предприниматель�тво'],
             'description': 'md5:252feac1305257d8c1bab215cedde75d',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://pic.rutubelist.ru/video/71/8f/718f27425ea9706073eb80883dd3787b.png',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://pic\.rutubelist\.ru/video/.+\.(?:jpg|png)',
             'duration': 782,
             'age_limit': 0,
             'uploader_id': '23491359',
@@ -181,6 +181,7 @@ class RutubeIE(RutubeBaseIE):
             'title': 'Бизне� � нул�: найм �отрудников. Интервью � директором �троительной компании #1',
             'uploader': 'Ста� Быков',
         },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://rutube.ru/live/video/c58f502c7bb34a8fcdd976b221fca292/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -188,16 +189,17 @@ class RutubeIE(RutubeBaseIE):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'categories': ['Телепередачи'],
             'description': '',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://pic.rutubelist.ru/video/14/19/14190807c0c48b40361aca93ad0867c7.jpg',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://pic\.rutubelist\.ru/video/.+\.(?:jpg|png)',
             'live_status': 'is_live',
             'age_limit': 0,
             'uploader_id': '23460655',
             'timestamp': 1652972968,
             'view_count': int,
             'upload_date': '20220519',
-            'title': r're:Первый канал. Пр�мой �фир \d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2} \d{2}:\d{2}$',
+            'title': str,
             'uploader': 'Первый канал',
         },
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://rutube.ru/play/embed/03a9cb54bac3376af4c5cb0f18444e01/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -211,11 +213,12 @@ class RutubeIE(RutubeBaseIE):
             'duration': 293,
             'uploader': 'MOEX - Мо�ков�ка� биржа',
             'timestamp': 1724946628,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://pic.rutubelist.ru/video/2e/24/2e241fddb459baf0fa54acfca44874f4.jpg',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://pic\.rutubelist\.ru/video/.+\.(?:jpg|png)',
             'view_count': int,
             'uploader_id': '38420507',
             'categories': ['Интервью'],
         },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://rutube.ru/video/5ab908fccfac5bb43ef2b1e4182256b0/',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -223,6 +226,26 @@ class RutubeIE(RutubeBaseIE):
         'url': 'https://rutube.ru/live/video/private/c58f502c7bb34a8fcdd976b221fca292/',
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://novate.ru/blogs/170625/73644/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'b0c96c75a4e5b274721bbced6ed8fb64',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Где в Ро��ии находит�� един�твенна� в �воем роде �кальна� торпедна� батаре�',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'categories': ['�аука'],
+            'chapters': [],
+            'description': 'md5:2ed82e6b81958a43da6fb4d56f949e1f',
+            'duration': 182,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://pic\.rutubelist\.ru/video/.+\.(?:jpg|png)',
+            'timestamp': 1749950158,
+            'upload_date': '20250615',
+            'uploader': 'Novate',
+            'uploader_id': '24044809',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -256,12 +279,10 @@ class RutubeEmbedIE(RutubeBaseIE):
             'chapters': [],
             'description': 'md5:a5acea57bbc3ccdc3cacd1f11a014b5b',
             'view_count': int,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://pic.rutubelist.ru/video/d3/03/d3031f4670a6e6170d88fb3607948418.jpg',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://pic\.rutubelist\.ru/video/.+\.(?:jpg|png)',
             'categories': ['Сериалы'],
         },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://rutube.ru/play/embed/8083783',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rutv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rutv.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 9bd26ad03e..0000000000
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rutv.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,199 +0,0 @@
-import re
-
-from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import ExtractorError, int_or_none, str_to_int
-
-
-class RUTVIE(InfoExtractor):
-    IE_DESC = 'RUTV.RU'
-    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
-                    https?://
-                        (?:test)?player\.(?:rutv\.ru|vgtrk\.com)/
-                        (?P<path>
-                            flash\d+v/container\.swf\?id=|
-                            iframe/(?P<type>swf|video|live)/id/|
-                            index/iframe/cast_id/
-                        )
-                        (?P<id>\d+)
-                    '''
-    _EMBED_URLS = [
-        r'<iframe[^>]+?src=(["\'])(?P<url>https?://(?:test)?player\.(?:rutv\.ru|vgtrk\.com)/(?:iframe/(?:swf|video|live)/id|index/iframe/cast_id)/.+?)\1',
-        r'<meta[^>]+?property=(["\'])og:video\1[^>]+?content=(["\'])(?P<url>https?://(?:test)?player\.(?:rutv\.ru|vgtrk\.com)/flash\d+v/container\.swf\?id=.+?\2)',
-    ]
-
-    _TESTS = [
-        {
-            'url': 'http://player.rutv.ru/flash2v/container.swf?id=774471&sid=kultura&fbv=true&isPlay=true&ssl=false&i=560&acc_video_id=episode_id/972347/video_id/978186/brand_id/31724',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '774471',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Монологи на в�е времена',
-                'description': 'md5:18d8b5e6a41fb1faa53819471852d5d5',
-                'duration': 2906,
-            },
-            'params': {
-                # m3u8 download
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'https://player.vgtrk.com/flash2v/container.swf?id=774016&sid=russiatv&fbv=true&isPlay=true&ssl=false&i=560&acc_video_id=episode_id/972098/video_id/977760/brand_id/57638',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '774016',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Чужой в �емье Сталина',
-                'description': '',
-                'duration': 2539,
-            },
-            'params': {
-                # m3u8 download
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'http://player.rutv.ru/iframe/swf/id/766888/sid/hitech/?acc_video_id=4000',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '766888',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Ве�ти.net: интернет-гиганты начали перет�гивание программных "оде�л"',
-                'description': 'md5:65ddd47f9830c4f42ed6475f8730c995',
-                'duration': 279,
-            },
-            'params': {
-                # m3u8 download
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'http://player.rutv.ru/iframe/video/id/771852/start_zoom/true/showZoomBtn/false/sid/russiatv/?acc_video_id=episode_id/970443/video_id/975648/brand_id/5169',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '771852',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Пр�мой �фир. Жертвы загадочной болезни: �мерть от �таро�ти в 17 лет',
-                'description': 'md5:b81c8c55247a4bd996b43ce17395b2d8',
-                'duration': 3096,
-            },
-            'params': {
-                # m3u8 download
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'http://player.rutv.ru/iframe/live/id/51499/showZoomBtn/false/isPlay/true/sid/sochi2014',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '51499',
-                'ext': 'flv',
-                'title': 'Сочи-2014. Биатлон. Индивидуальна� гонка. Мужчины ',
-                'description': 'md5:9e0ed5c9d2fa1efbfdfed90c9a6d179c',
-            },
-            'skip': 'Translation has finished',
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'http://player.rutv.ru/iframe/live/id/21/showZoomBtn/false/isPlay/true/',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '21',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 're:^Ро��и� 24. Пр�мой �фир [0-9]{4}-[0-9]{2}-[0-9]{2} [0-9]{2}:[0-9]{2}$',
-                'is_live': True,
-            },
-            'params': {
-                # m3u8 download
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'https://testplayer.vgtrk.com/iframe/live/id/19201/showZoomBtn/false/isPlay/true/',
-            'only_matching': True,
-        },
-    ]
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
-        video_id = mobj.group('id')
-        video_path = mobj.group('path')
-
-        if re.match(r'flash\d+v', video_path):
-            video_type = 'video'
-        elif video_path.startswith('iframe'):
-            video_type = mobj.group('type')
-            if video_type == 'swf':
-                video_type = 'video'
-        elif video_path.startswith('index/iframe/cast_id'):
-            video_type = 'live'
-
-        is_live = video_type == 'live'
-
-        json_data = self._download_json(
-            'http://player.vgtrk.com/iframe/data{}/id/{}'.format('live' if is_live else 'video', video_id),
-            video_id, 'Downloading JSON')
-
-        if json_data['errors']:
-            raise ExtractorError('{} said: {}'.format(self.IE_NAME, json_data['errors']), expected=True)
-
-        playlist = json_data['data']['playlist']
-        medialist = playlist['medialist']
-        media = medialist[0]
-
-        if media['errors']:
-            raise ExtractorError('{} said: {}'.format(self.IE_NAME, media['errors']), expected=True)
-
-        view_count = int_or_none(playlist.get('count_views'))
-        priority_transport = playlist['priority_transport']
-
-        thumbnail = media['picture']
-        width = int_or_none(media['width'])
-        height = int_or_none(media['height'])
-        description = media['anons']
-        title = media['title']
-        duration = int_or_none(media.get('duration'))
-
-        formats = []
-        subtitles = {}
-
-        for transport, links in media['sources'].items():
-            for quality, url in links.items():
-                preference = -1 if priority_transport == transport else -2
-                if transport == 'rtmp':
-                    mobj = re.search(r'^(?P<url>rtmp://[^/]+/(?P<app>.+))/(?P<playpath>.+)$', url)
-                    if not mobj:
-                        continue
-                    fmt = {
-                        'url': mobj.group('url'),
-                        'play_path': mobj.group('playpath'),
-                        'app': mobj.group('app'),
-                        'page_url': 'http://player.rutv.ru',
-                        'player_url': 'http://player.rutv.ru/flash3v/osmf.swf?i=22',
-                        'rtmp_live': True,
-                        'ext': 'flv',
-                        'vbr': str_to_int(quality),
-                    }
-                elif transport == 'm3u8':
-                    fmt, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
-                        url, video_id, 'mp4', quality=preference, m3u8_id='hls')
-                    formats.extend(fmt)
-                    self._merge_subtitles(subs, target=subtitles)
-                    continue
-                else:
-                    fmt = {
-                        'url': url,
-                    }
-                fmt.update({
-                    'width': int_or_none(quality, default=height, invscale=width, scale=height),
-                    'height': int_or_none(quality, default=height),
-                    'format_id': f'{transport}-{quality}',
-                    'source_preference': preference,
-                })
-                formats.append(fmt)
-
-        return {
-            'id': video_id,
-            'title': title,
-            'description': description,
-            'thumbnail': thumbnail,
-            'view_count': view_count,
-            'duration': duration,
-            'formats': formats,
-            'subtitles': subtitles,
-            'is_live': is_live,
-            '_format_sort_fields': ('source', ),
-        }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ruutu.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ruutu.py
index 2dddb39f95..be1560b067 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ruutu.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ruutu.py
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ from ..utils import (
 
 
 class RuutuIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _WORKING = False
     _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
                     https?://
                         (?:
@@ -26,112 +27,111 @@ class RuutuIE(InfoExtractor):
                         )
                         (?P<id>\d+)
                     '''
-    _TESTS = [
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.ruutu.fi/video/2058907',
-            'md5': 'ab2093f39be1ca8581963451b3c0234f',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '2058907',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Oletko aina halunnut tietää mitä tapahtuu vain hetki ennen lähetystä? - Nyt se selvisi!',
-                'description': 'md5:cfc6ccf0e57a814360df464a91ff67d6',
-                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-                'duration': 114,
-                'age_limit': 0,
-                'upload_date': '20150508',
-            },
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'http://www.ruutu.fi/video/2058907',
+        'md5': 'ab2093f39be1ca8581963451b3c0234f',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '2058907',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Oletko aina halunnut tietää mitä tapahtuu vain hetki ennen lähetystä? - Nyt se selvisi!',
+            'description': 'md5:cfc6ccf0e57a814360df464a91ff67d6',
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
+            'duration': 114,
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'upload_date': '20150508',
         },
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.ruutu.fi/video/2057306',
-            'md5': '065a10ae4d5b8cfd9d0c3d332465e3d9',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '2057306',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Superpesis: katso koko kausi Ruudussa',
-                'description': 'md5:bfb7336df2a12dc21d18fa696c9f8f23',
-                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-                'duration': 40,
-                'age_limit': 0,
-                'upload_date': '20150507',
-                'series': 'Superpesis',
-                'categories': ['Urheilu'],
-            },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'http://www.ruutu.fi/video/2057306',
+        'md5': '065a10ae4d5b8cfd9d0c3d332465e3d9',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '2057306',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Superpesis: katso koko kausi Ruudussa',
+            'description': 'md5:bfb7336df2a12dc21d18fa696c9f8f23',
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
+            'duration': 40,
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'upload_date': '20150507',
+            'series': 'Superpesis',
+            'categories': ['Urheilu'],
         },
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.supla.fi/supla/2231370',
-            'md5': 'df14e782d49a2c0df03d3be2a54ef949',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '2231370',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Osa 1: Mikael Jungner',
-                'description': 'md5:7d90f358c47542e3072ff65d7b1bcffe',
-                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-                'age_limit': 0,
-                'upload_date': '20151012',
-                'series': 'Läpivalaisu',
-            },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'http://www.supla.fi/supla/2231370',
+        'md5': 'df14e782d49a2c0df03d3be2a54ef949',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '2231370',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Osa 1: Mikael Jungner',
+            'description': 'md5:7d90f358c47542e3072ff65d7b1bcffe',
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'upload_date': '20151012',
+            'series': 'Läpivalaisu',
         },
+    }, {
         # Episode where <SourceFile> is "NOT-USED", but has other
         # downloadable sources available.
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.ruutu.fi/video/3193728',
-            'only_matching': True,
+        'url': 'http://www.ruutu.fi/video/3193728',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # audio podcast
+        'url': 'https://www.supla.fi/supla/3382410',
+        'md5': 'b9d7155fed37b2ebf6021d74c4b8e908',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '3382410',
+            'ext': 'mp3',
+            'title': 'Mikä ihmeen poltergeist?',
+            'description': 'md5:bbb6963df17dfd0ecd9eb9a61bf14b52',
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'upload_date': '20190320',
+            'series': 'Mysteeritarinat',
+            'duration': 1324,
         },
-        {
-            # audio podcast
-            'url': 'https://www.supla.fi/supla/3382410',
-            'md5': 'b9d7155fed37b2ebf6021d74c4b8e908',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '3382410',
-                'ext': 'mp3',
-                'title': 'Mikä ihmeen poltergeist?',
-                'description': 'md5:bbb6963df17dfd0ecd9eb9a61bf14b52',
-                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-                'age_limit': 0,
-                'upload_date': '20190320',
-                'series': 'Mysteeritarinat',
-                'duration': 1324,
-            },
-            'expected_warnings': [
-                'HTTP Error 502: Bad Gateway',
-                'Failed to download m3u8 information',
-            ],
+        'expected_warnings': [
+            'HTTP Error 502: Bad Gateway',
+            'Failed to download m3u8 information',
+        ],
+    }, {
+        'url': 'http://www.supla.fi/audio/2231370',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://static.nelonenmedia.fi/player/misc/embed_player.html?nid=3618790',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # episode
+        'url': 'https://www.ruutu.fi/video/3401964',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '3401964',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Temptation Island Suomi - Kausi 5 - Jakso 17',
+            'description': 'md5:87cf01d5e1e88adf0c8a2937d2bd42ba',
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
+            'duration': 2582,
+            'age_limit': 12,
+            'upload_date': '20190508',
+            'series': 'Temptation Island Suomi',
+            'season_number': 5,
+            'episode_number': 17,
+            'categories': ['Reality ja tositapahtumat', 'Kotimaiset suosikit', 'Romantiikka ja parisuhde'],
         },
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.supla.fi/audio/2231370',
-            'only_matching': True,
+        'params': {
+            'skip_download': True,
         },
-        {
-            'url': 'https://static.nelonenmedia.fi/player/misc/embed_player.html?nid=3618790',
-            'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # premium
+        'url': 'https://www.ruutu.fi/video/3618715',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        # FIXME: Broken IE
+        'url': 'https://www.hs.fi/maailma/art-2000011353059.html',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '4746675',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Yhdysvaltojen Texasin osavaltiota ovat koetelleet tuhoisat tulvat',
         },
-        {
-            # episode
-            'url': 'https://www.ruutu.fi/video/3401964',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '3401964',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Temptation Island Suomi - Kausi 5 - Jakso 17',
-                'description': 'md5:87cf01d5e1e88adf0c8a2937d2bd42ba',
-                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-                'duration': 2582,
-                'age_limit': 12,
-                'upload_date': '20190508',
-                'series': 'Temptation Island Suomi',
-                'season_number': 5,
-                'episode_number': 17,
-                'categories': ['Reality ja tositapahtumat', 'Kotimaiset suosikit', 'Romantiikka ja parisuhde'],
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            # premium
-            'url': 'https://www.ruutu.fi/video/3618715',
-            'only_matching': True,
-        },
-    ]
+    }]
     _API_BASE = 'https://gatling.nelonenmedia.fi'
 
     @classmethod
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sauceplus.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sauceplus.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..75d7022d3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sauceplus.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+from .floatplane import FloatplaneBaseIE
+
+
+class SaucePlusIE(FloatplaneBaseIE):
+    IE_DESC = 'Sauce+'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:(?:www|beta)\.)?sauceplus\.com/post/(?P<id>\w+)'
+    _BASE_URL = 'https://www.sauceplus.com'
+    _HEADERS = {
+        'Origin': _BASE_URL,
+        'Referer': f'{_BASE_URL}/',
+    }
+    _IMPERSONATE_TARGET = True
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.sauceplus.com/post/YbBwIa2A5g',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'eit4Ugu5TL',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'display_id': 'YbBwIa2A5g',
+            'title': 'Scare the Coyote - Episode 3',
+            'description': '',
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpe?g$',
+            'duration': 2975,
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'dislike_count': int,
+            'release_date': '20250627',
+            'release_timestamp': 1750993500,
+            'uploader': 'Scare The Coyote',
+            'uploader_id': '683e0a3269688656a5a49a44',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.sauceplus.com/channel/ScareTheCoyote/home',
+            'channel': 'Scare The Coyote',
+            'channel_id': '683e0a326968866ceba49a45',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.sauceplus.com/channel/ScareTheCoyote/home/main',
+            'availability': 'subscriber_only',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }]
+
+    def _real_initialize(self):
+        if not self._get_cookies(self._BASE_URL).get('__Host-sp-sess'):
+            self.raise_login_required()
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sbs.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sbs.py
index 8d61e22fce..7edb5214ee 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sbs.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sbs.py
@@ -122,6 +122,15 @@ class SBSIE(InfoExtractor):
         if traverse_obj(media, ('partOfSeries', {dict})):
             media['epName'] = traverse_obj(media, ('title', {str}))
 
+        # Need to set different language for forced subs or else they have priority over full subs
+        fixed_subtitles = {}
+        for lang, subs in subtitles.items():
+            for sub in subs:
+                fixed_lang = lang
+                if sub['url'].lower().endswith('_fe.vtt'):
+                    fixed_lang += '-forced'
+                fixed_subtitles.setdefault(fixed_lang, []).append(sub)
+
         return {
             'id': video_id,
             **traverse_obj(media, {
@@ -151,6 +160,6 @@ class SBSIE(InfoExtractor):
                 }),
             }),
             'formats': formats,
-            'subtitles': subtitles,
+            'subtitles': fixed_subtitles,
             'uploader': 'SBSC',
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/senategov.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/senategov.py
index efcdb79d0c..596484d5b7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/senategov.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/senategov.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 
 
 class SenateISVPIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _IE_NAME = 'senate.gov:isvp'
+    IE_NAME = 'senate.gov:isvp'
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?senate\.gov/isvp/?\?(?P<qs>.+)'
     _EMBED_REGEX = [r"<iframe[^>]+src=['\"](?P<url>https?://www\.senate\.gov/isvp/?\?[^'\"]+)['\"]"]
 
@@ -23,13 +23,10 @@ class SenateISVPIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': 'judiciary031715',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'ISVP',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(?:jpg|png)$',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.(?:jpe?g|png)',
             '_old_archive_ids': ['senategov judiciary031715'],
         },
-        'params': {
-            # m3u8 download
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
         'expected_warnings': ['Failed to download m3u8 information'],
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.senate.gov/isvp/?type=live&comm=commerce&filename=commerce011514.mp4&auto_play=false',
@@ -39,10 +36,6 @@ class SenateISVPIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Integrated Senate Video Player',
             '_old_archive_ids': ['senategov commerce011514'],
         },
-        'params': {
-            # m3u8 download
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
         'skip': 'This video is not available.',
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.senate.gov/isvp/?type=arch&comm=intel&filename=intel090613&hc_location=ufi',
@@ -60,7 +53,7 @@ class SenateISVPIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': 'help090920',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'ISVP',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://www.help.senate.gov/assets/images/video-poster.png',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.(?:jpe?g|png)',
             '_old_archive_ids': ['senategov help090920'],
         },
     }, {
@@ -68,6 +61,17 @@ class SenateISVPIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'http://www.senate.gov/isvp?type=live&comm=banking&filename=banking012715',
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        # FIXME: Embed detection
+        'url': 'https://www.hsgac.senate.gov/subcommittees/bmfwra/hearings/match-ready-oversight-of-the-federal-governments-border-management-and-personnel-readiness-efforts-for-the-decade-of-sports/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'govtaff061025',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'ISVP',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.(?:jpe?g|png)',
+            '_old_archive_ids': ['senategov govtaff061025'],
+        },
+    }]
 
     _COMMITTEES = {
         'ag': ('76440', 'https://ag-f.akamaihd.net', '2036803', 'agriculture'),
@@ -137,7 +141,7 @@ class SenateISVPIE(InfoExtractor):
 
 
 class SenateGovIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _IE_NAME = 'senate.gov'
+    IE_NAME = 'senate.gov'
     _SUBDOMAIN_RE = '|'.join(map(re.escape, (
         'agriculture', 'aging', 'appropriations', 'armed-services', 'banking',
         'budget', 'commerce', 'energy', 'epw', 'finance', 'foreign', 'help',
@@ -150,10 +154,10 @@ class SenateGovIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': 'help090920',
             'display_id': 'vaccines-saving-lives-ensuring-confidence-and-protecting-public-health',
             'title': 'Vaccines: Saving Lives, Ensuring Confidence, and Protecting Public Health',
-            'description': 'The U.S. Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor & Pensions',
+            'description': 'Full Committee Hearing on September 9, 2020 at 6:00 AM',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'age_limit': 0,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://www.help.senate.gov/assets/images/sharelogo.jpg',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.(?:jpe?g|png)',
             '_old_archive_ids': ['senategov help090920'],
         },
         'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
@@ -165,7 +169,7 @@ class SenateGovIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Review of the FY2019 Budget Request for the U.S. Army',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'age_limit': 0,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/themes/appropriations/images/video-poster-flash-fit.png',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.(?:jpe?g|png)',
             '_old_archive_ids': ['senategov appropsA051518'],
         },
         'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
@@ -178,7 +182,7 @@ class SenateGovIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': '21st Century Communities: Public Transportation Infrastructure Investment and FAST Act Reauthorization',
             'description': 'The Official website of The United States Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://www.banking.senate.gov/themes/banking/images/sharelogo.jpg',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.(?:jpe?g|png)',
             'age_limit': 0,
             '_old_archive_ids': ['senategov banking041521'],
         },
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/shiey.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/shiey.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4e3a815fc6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/shiey.py
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+import json
+
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from .vimeo import VimeoIE
+from ..utils import extract_attributes
+from ..utils.traversal import find_element, traverse_obj
+
+
+class ShieyIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?shiey\.com/videos/v/(?P<id>[^/?#]+)'
+
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.shiey.com/videos/v/train-journey-to-edge-of-serbia-ep-2',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '1103409448',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Train Journey To Edge of Serbia (Ep. 2)',
+            'uploader': 'shiey',
+            'uploader_url': '',
+            'duration': 1364,
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.+',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
+        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
+        oembed_html = traverse_obj(webpage, (
+            {find_element(attr='data-controller', value='VideoEmbed', html=True)},
+            {extract_attributes}, 'data-config-embed-video', {json.loads}, 'oembedHtml', {str}))
+
+        return self.url_result(VimeoIE._extract_url(url, oembed_html), VimeoIE)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/simplecast.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/simplecast.py
index f6bb1306ad..268280e8ff 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/simplecast.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/simplecast.py
@@ -76,17 +76,18 @@ class SimplecastIE(SimplecastBaseIE):
         'id': 'b6dc49a2-9404-4853-9aa9-9cfc097be876',
         'ext': 'mp3',
         'title': 'Errant Signal - Chris Franklin & New Wave Video Essays',
+        'channel_url': 'https://the-re-bind-io-podcast.simplecast.com',
+        'episode': 'Episode 1',
         'episode_number': 1,
         'episode_id': 'b6dc49a2-9404-4853-9aa9-9cfc097be876',
         'description': 'md5:34752789d3d2702e2d2c975fbd14f357',
+        'season': 'Season 1',
         'season_number': 1,
         'season_id': 'e23df0da-bae4-4531-8bbf-71364a88dc13',
         'series': 'The RE:BIND.io Podcast',
         'duration': 5343,
         'timestamp': 1580979475,
         'upload_date': '20200206',
-        'webpage_url': r're:^https?://the-re-bind-io-podcast\.simplecast\.com/episodes/errant-signal-chris-franklin-new-wave-video-essays',
-        'channel_url': r're:^https?://the-re-bind-io-podcast\.simplecast\.com$',
     }
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://api.simplecast.com/episodes/b6dc49a2-9404-4853-9aa9-9cfc097be876',
@@ -96,6 +97,29 @@ class SimplecastIE(SimplecastBaseIE):
         'url': 'https://player.simplecast.com/b6dc49a2-9404-4853-9aa9-9cfc097be876',
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        # FIXME: Embed detection
+        'url': 'https://poddtoppen.se/podcast/1498417306/the-rebindio-podcast/errant-signal-chris-franklin-new-wave-video-essays',
+        'md5': '8c93be7be54251bf29ee97464eabe61c',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'b6dc49a2-9404-4853-9aa9-9cfc097be876',
+            'ext': 'mp3',
+            'title': 'Errant Signal - Chris Franklin & New Wave Video Essays',
+            'channel_url': 'https://the-re-bind-io-podcast.simplecast.com',
+            'description': 'md5:34752789d3d2702e2d2c975fbd14f357',
+            'display_id': 'errant-signal-chris-franklin-new-wave-video-essays',
+            'duration': 5343,
+            'episode': 'Episode 1',
+            'episode_id': 'b6dc49a2-9404-4853-9aa9-9cfc097be876',
+            'episode_number': 1,
+            'season': 'Season 1',
+            'season_id': 'e23df0da-bae4-4531-8bbf-71364a88dc13',
+            'season_number': 1,
+            'series': 'The RE:BIND.io Podcast',
+            'timestamp': 1580979475,
+            'upload_date': '20200206',
+        },
+    }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         episode_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -106,11 +130,11 @@ class SimplecastIE(SimplecastBaseIE):
 class SimplecastEpisodeIE(SimplecastBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'simplecast:episode'
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?!api\.)[^/]+\.simplecast\.com/episodes/(?P<id>[^/?&#]+)'
-    _TEST = {
+    _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://the-re-bind-io-podcast.simplecast.com/episodes/errant-signal-chris-franklin-new-wave-video-essays',
         'md5': '8c93be7be54251bf29ee97464eabe61c',
         'info_dict': SimplecastIE._COMMON_TEST_INFO,
-    }
+    }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
@@ -124,7 +148,7 @@ class SimplecastPodcastIE(SimplecastBaseIE):
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?!(?:api|cdn|embed|feeds|player)\.)(?P<id>[^/]+)\.simplecast\.com(?!/episodes/[^/?&#]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://the-re-bind-io-podcast.simplecast.com',
-        'playlist_mincount': 33,
+        'playlist_mincount': 32,
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '07d28d26-7522-42eb-8c53-2bdcfc81c43c',
             'title': 'The RE:BIND.io Podcast',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sixplay.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sixplay.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 6037a35116..0000000000
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sixplay.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,119 +0,0 @@
-from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import (
-    determine_ext,
-    int_or_none,
-    parse_qs,
-    qualities,
-    try_get,
-)
-
-
-class SixPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
-    IE_NAME = '6play'
-    _VALID_URL = r'(?:6play:|https?://(?:www\.)?(?P<domain>6play\.fr|rtlplay\.be|play\.rtl\.hr|rtlmost\.hu)/.+?-c_)(?P<id>[0-9]+)'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://www.6play.fr/minute-par-minute-p_9533/le-but-qui-a-marque-lhistoire-du-football-francais-c_12041051',
-        'md5': '31fcd112637baa0c2ab92c4fcd8baf27',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '12041051',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Le but qui a marqué l\'histoire du football français !',
-            'description': 'md5:b59e7e841d646ef1eb42a7868eb6a851',
-        },
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.rtlplay.be/rtl-info-13h-p_8551/les-titres-du-rtlinfo-13h-c_12045869',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://play.rtl.hr/pj-masks-p_9455/epizoda-34-sezona-1-catboyevo-cudo-na-dva-kotaca-c_11984989',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.rtlmost.hu/megtorve-p_14167/megtorve-6-resz-c_12397787',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        domain, video_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
-        service, consumer_name = {
-            '6play.fr': ('6play', 'm6web'),
-            'rtlplay.be': ('rtlbe_rtl_play', 'rtlbe'),
-            'play.rtl.hr': ('rtlhr_rtl_play', 'rtlhr'),
-            'rtlmost.hu': ('rtlhu_rtl_most', 'rtlhu'),
-        }.get(domain, ('6play', 'm6web'))
-
-        data = self._download_json(
-            f'https://pc.middleware.6play.fr/6play/v2/platforms/m6group_web/services/{service}/videos/clip_{video_id}',
-            video_id, headers={
-                'x-customer-name': consumer_name,
-            }, query={
-                'csa': 5,
-                'with': 'clips',
-            })
-
-        clip_data = data['clips'][0]
-        title = clip_data['title']
-
-        urls = []
-        quality_key = qualities(['lq', 'sd', 'hq', 'hd'])
-        formats = []
-        subtitles = {}
-        assets = clip_data.get('assets') or []
-        for asset in assets:
-            asset_url = asset.get('full_physical_path')
-            protocol = asset.get('protocol')
-            if not asset_url or ((protocol == 'primetime' or asset.get('type') == 'usp_hlsfp_h264') and not ('_drmnp.ism/' in asset_url or '_unpnp.ism/' in asset_url)) or asset_url in urls:
-                continue
-            urls.append(asset_url)
-            container = asset.get('video_container')
-            ext = determine_ext(asset_url)
-            if protocol == 'http_subtitle' or ext == 'vtt':
-                subtitles.setdefault('fr', []).append({'url': asset_url})
-                continue
-            if container == 'm3u8' or ext == 'm3u8':
-                if protocol == 'usp':
-                    if parse_qs(asset_url).get('token', [None])[0]:
-                        urlh = self._request_webpage(
-                            asset_url, video_id, fatal=False,
-                            headers=self.geo_verification_headers())
-                        if not urlh:
-                            continue
-                        asset_url = urlh.url
-                    asset_url = asset_url.replace('_drmnp.ism/', '_unpnp.ism/')
-                    for i in range(3, 0, -1):
-                        asset_url = asset_url.replace('_sd1/', f'_sd{i}/')
-                        m3u8_formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-                            asset_url, video_id, 'mp4', 'm3u8_native',
-                            m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False)
-                        formats.extend(m3u8_formats)
-                        formats.extend(self._extract_mpd_formats(
-                            asset_url.replace('.m3u8', '.mpd'),
-                            video_id, mpd_id='dash', fatal=False))
-                        if m3u8_formats:
-                            break
-                else:
-                    formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-                        asset_url, video_id, 'mp4', 'm3u8_native',
-                        m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False))
-            elif container == 'mp4' or ext == 'mp4':
-                quality = asset.get('video_quality')
-                formats.append({
-                    'url': asset_url,
-                    'format_id': quality,
-                    'quality': quality_key(quality),
-                    'ext': ext,
-                })
-
-        def get(getter):
-            for src in (data, clip_data):
-                v = try_get(src, getter, str)
-                if v:
-                    return v
-
-        return {
-            'id': video_id,
-            'title': title,
-            'description': get(lambda x: x['description']),
-            'duration': int_or_none(clip_data.get('duration')),
-            'series': get(lambda x: x['program']['title']),
-            'formats': formats,
-            'subtitles': subtitles,
-        }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/skeb.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/skeb.py
index bc5ec3da7f..33c90a79d8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/skeb.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/skeb.py
@@ -1,140 +1,132 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import ExtractorError, determine_ext, parse_qs, traverse_obj
+from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
+from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
+    clean_html,
+    int_or_none,
+    str_or_none,
+    url_or_none,
+)
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 
 
 class SkebIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://skeb\.jp/@[^/]+/works/(?P<id>\d+)'
-
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://skeb\.jp/@(?P<uploader_id>[^/?#]+)/works/(?P<id>\d+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://skeb.jp/@riiru_wm/works/10',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '466853',
-            'title': '内容��������� by 姫ノ森り�る@一周年',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '10-1',
             'description': 'md5:1ec50901efc3437cfbfe3790468d532d',
-            'uploader': '姫ノ森り�る@一周年',
-            'uploader_id': 'riiru_wm',
-            'age_limit': 0,
-            'tags': [],
-            'url': r're:https://skeb.+',
-            'thumbnail': r're:https://skeb.+',
-            'subtitles': {
-                'jpn': [{
-                    'url': r're:https://skeb.+',
-                    'ext': 'vtt',
-                }],
-            },
-            'width': 720,
-            'height': 405,
             'duration': 313,
-            'fps': 30,
-            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'genres': ['video'],
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+',
+            'uploader': '姫ノ森り�る@����',
+            'uploader_id': 'riiru_wm',
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://skeb.jp/@furukawa_nob/works/3',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '489408',
-            'title': '��も�世話�����... by ��ノブ@音楽�Vlo...',
-            'description': 'md5:5adc2e41d06d33b558bf7b1faeb7b9c2',
-            'uploader': '��ノブ@音楽�Vlog�Vtuber',
-            'uploader_id': 'furukawa_nob',
-            'age_limit': 0,
-            'tags': [
-                'よ���', '大丈夫', '�願�', '���',
-                '是�', 'O', '�ー', '��', '��よ�',
-                'オー�', 'ボイス',
-            ],
-            'url': r're:https://skeb.+',
-            'thumbnail': r're:https://skeb.+',
-            'subtitles': {
-                'jpn': [{
-                    'url': r're:https://skeb.+',
-                    'ext': 'vtt',
-                }],
-            },
-            'duration': 98,
             'ext': 'mp3',
-            'vcodec': 'none',
-            'abr': 128,
+            'title': '3-1',
+            'description': 'md5:6de1f8f876426a6ac321c123848176a8',
+            'duration': 98,
+            'genres': ['voice'],
+            'tags': 'count:11',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+',
+            'uploader': '��ノブ@宮城�動画勢Vtuber',
+            'uploader_id': 'furukawa_nob',
         },
     }, {
-        'url': 'https://skeb.jp/@mollowmollow/works/6',
+        'url': 'https://skeb.jp/@Rizu_panda_cube/works/626',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '6',
-            'title': 'ヒロ。\n\n��キャラク... by 諸々',
-            'description': 'md5:aa6cbf2ba320b50bce219632de195f07',
-            '_type': 'playlist',
-            'entries': [{
-                'id': '486430',
-                'title': 'ヒロ。\n\n��キャラク... by 諸々',
-                'description': 'md5:aa6cbf2ba320b50bce219632de195f07',
-            }, {
-                'id': '486431',
-                'title': 'ヒロ。\n\n��キャラク... by 諸々',
-            }],
+            'id': '626',
+            'description': 'md5:834557b39ca56960c5f77dd6ddabe775',
+            'uploader': 'り�100億%',
+            'uploader_id': 'Rizu_panda_cube',
+            'tags': 'count:57',
+            'genres': ['video'],
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 2,
+        'expected_warnings': ['Skipping unsupported extension'],
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://skeb.jp/@Yossshy_Music/works/13',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'ext': 'wav',
+            'id': '5566495',
+            'title': '13-1',
+            'description': 'md5:1026b8b9ae38c67c2d995970ec196550',
+            'uploader': 'Yossshy',
+            'uploader_id': 'Yossshy_Music',
+            'duration': 336,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+',
+            'tags': 'count:59',
+            'genres': ['music'],
         },
     }]
 
+    def _call_api(self, uploader_id, work_id):
+        return self._download_json(
+            f'https://skeb.jp/api/users/{uploader_id}/works/{work_id}', work_id, headers={
+                'Accept': 'application/json',
+                'Authorization': 'Bearer null',
+            })
+
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        nuxt_data = self._search_nuxt_data(self._download_webpage(url, video_id), video_id)
+        uploader_id, work_id = self._match_valid_url(url).group('uploader_id', 'id')
+        try:
+            works = self._call_api(uploader_id, work_id)
+        except ExtractorError as e:
+            if not isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) or e.cause.status != 429:
+                raise
+            webpage = e.cause.response.read().decode()
+            value = self._search_regex(
+                r'document\.cookie\s*=\s*["\']request_key=([^;"\']+)', webpage, 'request key')
+            self._set_cookie('skeb.jp', 'request_key', value)
+            works = self._call_api(uploader_id, work_id)
 
-        parent = {
-            'id': video_id,
-            'title': nuxt_data.get('title'),
-            'description': nuxt_data.get('description'),
-            'uploader': traverse_obj(nuxt_data, ('creator', 'name')),
-            'uploader_id': traverse_obj(nuxt_data, ('creator', 'screen_name')),
-            'age_limit': 18 if nuxt_data.get('nsfw') else 0,
-            'tags': nuxt_data.get('tag_list'),
+        info = {
+            'uploader_id': uploader_id,
+            **traverse_obj(works, {
+                'age_limit': ('nsfw', {bool}, {lambda x: 18 if x else None}),
+                'description': (('source_body', 'body'), {clean_html}, filter, any),
+                'genres': ('genre', {str}, filter, all, filter),
+                'tags': ('tag_list', ..., {str}, filter, all, filter),
+                'uploader': ('creator', 'name', {str}),
+            }),
         }
 
         entries = []
-        for item in nuxt_data.get('previews') or []:
-            vid_url = item.get('url')
-            given_ext = traverse_obj(item, ('information', 'extension'))
-            preview_ext = determine_ext(vid_url, default_ext=None)
-            if not preview_ext:
-                content_disposition = parse_qs(vid_url)['response-content-disposition'][0]
-                preview_ext = self._search_regex(
-                    r'filename="[^"]+\.([^\.]+?)"', content_disposition,
-                    'preview file extension', fatal=False, group=1)
-            if preview_ext not in ('mp4', 'mp3'):
-                continue
-            if not vid_url or not item.get('id'):
+        for idx, preview in enumerate(traverse_obj(works, ('previews', lambda _, v: url_or_none(v['url']))), 1):
+            ext = traverse_obj(preview, ('information', 'extension', {str}))
+            if ext not in ('mp3', 'mp4', 'wav'):
+                self.report_warning(f'Skipping unsupported extension "{ext}"')
                 continue
-            width, height = traverse_obj(item, ('information', 'width')), traverse_obj(item, ('information', 'height'))
-            if width is not None and height is not None:
-                # the longest side is at most 720px for non-client viewers
-                max_size = max(width, height)
-                width, height = (x * 720 // max_size for x in (width, height))
+
             entries.append({
-                **parent,
-                'id': str(item['id']),
-                'url': vid_url,
-                'thumbnail': item.get('poster_url'),
+                'ext': ext,
+                'title': f'{work_id}-{idx}',
                 'subtitles': {
-                    'jpn': [{
-                        'url': item.get('vtt_url'),
+                    'ja': [{
                         'ext': 'vtt',
+                        'url': preview['vtt_url'],
                     }],
-                } if item.get('vtt_url') else None,
-                'width': width,
-                'height': height,
-                'duration': traverse_obj(item, ('information', 'duration')),
-                'fps': traverse_obj(item, ('information', 'frame_rate')),
-                'ext': preview_ext or given_ext,
-                'vcodec': 'none' if preview_ext == 'mp3' else None,
-                # you'll always get 128kbps MP3 for non-client viewers
-                'abr': 128 if preview_ext == 'mp3' else None,
+                } if url_or_none(preview.get('vtt_url')) else None,
+                'vcodec': 'none' if ext in ('mp3', 'wav') else None,
+                **info,
+                **traverse_obj(preview, {
+                    'id': ('id', {str_or_none}),
+                    'thumbnail': ('poster_url', {url_or_none}),
+                    'url': ('url', {url_or_none}),
+                }),
+                **traverse_obj(preview, ('information', {
+                    'duration': ('duration', {int_or_none}),
+                    'fps': ('frame_rate', {int_or_none}),
+                    'height': ('height', {int_or_none}),
+                    'width': ('width', {int_or_none}),
+                })),
             })
 
-        if not entries:
-            raise ExtractorError('No video/audio attachment found in this commission.', expected=True)
-        elif len(entries) == 1:
-            return entries[0]
-        else:
-            parent.update({
-                '_type': 'playlist',
-                'entries': entries,
-            })
-            return parent
+        return self.playlist_result(entries, work_id, **info)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/skyit.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/skyit.py
index 6e2973232e..fe45be7740 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/skyit.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/skyit.py
@@ -2,16 +2,18 @@ import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
+    clean_html,
     dict_get,
     int_or_none,
     parse_duration,
     unified_timestamp,
+    url_or_none,
+    urljoin,
 )
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 
 
-class SkyItPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
-    IE_NAME = 'player.sky.it'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://player\.sky\.it/player/(?:external|social)\.html\?.*?\bid=(?P<id>\d+)'
+class SkyItBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     _GEO_BYPASS = False
     _DOMAIN = 'sky'
     _PLAYER_TMPL = 'https://player.sky.it/player/external.html?id=%s&domain=%s'
@@ -33,7 +35,6 @@ class SkyItPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
             SkyItPlayerIE.ie_key(), video_id)
 
     def _parse_video(self, video, video_id):
-        title = video['title']
         is_live = video.get('type') == 'live'
         hls_url = video.get(('streaming' if is_live else 'hls') + '_url')
         if not hls_url and video.get('geoblock' if is_live else 'geob'):
@@ -43,7 +44,7 @@ class SkyItPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         return {
             'id': video_id,
-            'title': title,
+            'title': video.get('title'),
             'formats': formats,
             'thumbnail': dict_get(video, ('video_still', 'video_still_medium', 'thumb')),
             'description': video.get('short_desc') or None,
@@ -52,6 +53,11 @@ class SkyItPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'is_live': is_live,
         }
 
+
+class SkyItPlayerIE(SkyItBaseIE):
+    IE_NAME = 'player.sky.it'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://player\.sky\.it/player/(?:external|social)\.html\?.*?\bid=(?P<id>\d+)'
+
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         domain = urllib.parse.parse_qs(urllib.parse.urlparse(
@@ -67,7 +73,7 @@ class SkyItPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
         return self._parse_video(video, video_id)
 
 
-class SkyItVideoIE(SkyItPlayerIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
+class SkyItVideoIE(SkyItBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'video.sky.it'
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:masterchef|video|xfactor)\.sky\.it(?:/[^/]+)*/video/[0-9a-z-]+-(?P<id>\d+)'
     _TESTS = [{
@@ -96,7 +102,7 @@ class SkyItVideoIE(SkyItPlayerIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
         return self._player_url_result(video_id)
 
 
-class SkyItVideoLiveIE(SkyItPlayerIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
+class SkyItVideoLiveIE(SkyItBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'video.sky.it:live'
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://video\.sky\.it/diretta/(?P<id>[^/?&#]+)'
     _TEST = {
@@ -124,7 +130,7 @@ class SkyItVideoLiveIE(SkyItPlayerIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
         return self._parse_video(livestream, asset_id)
 
 
-class SkyItIE(SkyItPlayerIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
+class SkyItIE(SkyItBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'sky.it'
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:sport|tg24)\.sky\.it(?:/[^/]+)*/\d{4}/\d{2}/\d{2}/(?P<id>[^/?&#]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
@@ -207,7 +213,7 @@ class CieloTVItIE(SkyItIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
 
 class TV8ItIE(SkyItVideoIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
     IE_NAME = 'tv8.it'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?tv8\.it/(?:show)?video/[0-9a-z-]+-(?P<id>\d+)'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?tv8\.it/(?:show)?video/(?:[0-9a-z-]+-)?(?P<id>\d+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.tv8.it/video/ogni-mattina-ucciso-asino-di-andrea-lo-cicero-630529',
         'md5': '9ab906a3f75ea342ed928442f9dabd21',
@@ -221,5 +227,95 @@ class TV8ItIE(SkyItVideoIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
             'thumbnail': 'https://videoplatform.sky.it/still/2020/11/18/1605717753954_ogni-mattina-ucciso-asino-di-andrea-lo-cicero_videostill_1.jpg',
         },
         'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.tv8.it/video/964361',
+        'md5': '1e58e807154658a16edc29e45be38107',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '964361',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'GialappaShow - S.4 Ep.2',
+            'description': 'md5:60bb4ff5af18bbeeaedabc1de5f9e1e2',
+            'duration': 8030,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://videoplatform.sky.it/captures/494/2024/11/06/964361/964361_1730888412914_thumb_494.jpg',
+            'timestamp': 1730821499,
+            'upload_date': '20241105',
+        },
     }]
     _DOMAIN = 'mtv8'
+
+
+class TV8ItLiveIE(SkyItBaseIE):
+    IE_NAME = 'tv8.it:live'
+    IE_DESC = 'TV8 Live'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?tv8\.it/streaming'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://tv8.it/streaming',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'tv8',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': str,
+            'description': str,
+            'is_live': True,
+            'live_status': 'is_live',
+        },
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        video_id = 'tv8'
+        livestream = self._download_json(
+            'https://apid.sky.it/vdp/v1/getLivestream', video_id,
+            'Downloading manifest JSON', query={'id': '7'})
+        metadata = self._download_json('https://tv8.it/api/getStreaming', video_id, fatal=False)
+
+        return {
+            **self._parse_video(livestream, video_id),
+            **traverse_obj(metadata, ('info', {
+                'title': ('title', 'text', {str}),
+                'description': ('description', 'html', {clean_html}),
+            })),
+        }
+
+
+class TV8ItPlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
+    IE_NAME = 'tv8.it:playlist'
+    IE_DESC = 'TV8 Playlist'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?tv8\.it/(?!video)[^/#?]+/(?P<id>[^/#?]+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://tv8.it/intrattenimento/tv8-gialappas-night',
+        'playlist_mincount': 32,
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'tv8-gialappas-night',
+            'title': 'Tv8 Gialappa\'s Night',
+            'description': 'md5:c876039d487d9cf40229b768872718ed',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://static\.sky\.it/.+\.(png|jpe?g|webp)',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://tv8.it/sport/uefa-europa-league',
+        'playlist_mincount': 11,
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'uefa-europa-league',
+            'title': 'UEFA Europa League',
+            'description': 'md5:9ab1832b7a8b1705b1f590e13a36bc6a',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://static\.sky\.it/.+\.(png|jpe?g|webp)',
+        },
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, playlist_id)
+        data = self._search_nextjs_data(webpage, playlist_id)['props']['pageProps']['data']
+        entries = [self.url_result(
+            urljoin('https://tv8.it', card['href']), ie=TV8ItIE,
+            **traverse_obj(card, {
+                'description': ('extraData', 'videoDesc', {str}),
+                'id': ('extraData', 'asset_id', {str}),
+                'thumbnail': ('image', 'src', {url_or_none}),
+                'title': ('title', 'typography', 'text', {str}),
+            }))
+            for card in traverse_obj(data, ('lastContent', 'cards', lambda _, v: v['href']))]
+
+        return self.playlist_result(entries, playlist_id, **traverse_obj(data, ('card', 'desktop', {
+            'description': ('description', 'html', {clean_html}),
+            'thumbnail': ('image', 'src', {url_or_none}),
+            'title': ('title', 'text', {str}),
+        })))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/smotrim.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/smotrim.py
index d3f1b695b3..098d369daf 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/smotrim.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/smotrim.py
@@ -1,65 +1,403 @@
+import functools
+import json
+import re
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import ExtractorError
+from ..utils import (
+    OnDemandPagedList,
+    clean_html,
+    determine_ext,
+    extract_attributes,
+    int_or_none,
+    parse_iso8601,
+    str_or_none,
+    unescapeHTML,
+    url_or_none,
+    urljoin,
+)
+from ..utils.traversal import (
+    find_element,
+    find_elements,
+    require,
+    traverse_obj,
+)
+
+
+class SmotrimBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _BASE_URL = 'https://smotrim.ru'
+    _GEO_BYPASS = False
+    _GEO_COUNTRIES = ['RU']
+
+    def _extract_from_smotrim_api(self, typ, item_id):
+        path = f'data{typ.replace("-", "")}/{"uid" if typ == "live" else "id"}'
+        data = self._download_json(
+            f'https://player.smotrim.ru/iframe/{path}/{item_id}/sid/smotrim', item_id)
+        media = traverse_obj(data, ('data', 'playlist', 'medialist', -1, {dict}))
+        if traverse_obj(media, ('locked', {bool})):
+            self.raise_login_required()
+        if error_msg := traverse_obj(media, ('errors', {clean_html})):
+            self.raise_geo_restricted(error_msg, countries=self._GEO_COUNTRIES)
+
+        webpage_url = traverse_obj(data, ('data', 'template', 'share_url', {url_or_none}))
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(webpage_url, item_id)
+        common = {
+            'thumbnail': self._html_search_meta(['og:image', 'twitter:image'], webpage, default=None),
+            **traverse_obj(media, {
+                'id': ('id', {str_or_none}),
+                'title': (('episodeTitle', 'title'), {clean_html}, filter, any),
+                'channel_id': ('channelId', {str_or_none}),
+                'description': ('anons', {clean_html}, filter),
+                'season': ('season', {clean_html}, filter),
+                'series': (('brand_title', 'brandTitle'), {clean_html}, filter, any),
+                'series_id': ('brand_id', {str_or_none}),
+            }),
+        }
+
+        if typ == 'audio':
+            bookmark = self._search_json(
+                r'class="bookmark"[^>]+value\s*=\s*"', webpage,
+                'bookmark', item_id, default={}, transform_source=unescapeHTML)
+
+            metadata = {
+                'vcodec': 'none',
+                **common,
+                **traverse_obj(media, {
+                    'ext': ('audio_url', {determine_ext(default_ext='mp3')}),
+                    'duration': ('duration', {int_or_none}),
+                    'url': ('audio_url', {url_or_none}),
+                }),
+                **traverse_obj(bookmark, {
+                    'title': ('subtitle', {clean_html}),
+                    'timestamp': ('published', {parse_iso8601}),
+                }),
+            }
+        elif typ == 'audio-live':
+            metadata = {
+                'ext': 'mp3',
+                'url': traverse_obj(media, ('source', 'auto', {url_or_none})),
+                'vcodec': 'none',
+                **common,
+            }
+        else:
+            formats, subtitles = [], {}
+            for m3u8_url in traverse_obj(media, (
+                'sources', 'm3u8', {dict.values}, ..., {url_or_none},
+            )):
+                fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
+                    m3u8_url, item_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False)
+                formats.extend(fmts)
+                self._merge_subtitles(subs, target=subtitles)
+
+            metadata = {
+                'formats': formats,
+                'subtitles': subtitles,
+                **self._search_json_ld(webpage, item_id),
+                **common,
+            }
 
+        return {
+            'age_limit': traverse_obj(data, ('data', 'age_restrictions', {int_or_none})),
+            'is_live': typ in ('audio-live', 'live'),
+            'tags': traverse_obj(webpage, (
+                {find_elements(cls='tags-list__link')}, ..., {clean_html}, filter, all, filter)),
+            'webpage_url': webpage_url,
+            **metadata,
+        }
 
-class SmotrimIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://smotrim\.ru/(?P<type>brand|video|article|live)/(?P<id>[0-9]+)'
-    _TESTS = [{  # video
+
+class SmotrimIE(SmotrimBaseIE):
+    IE_NAME = 'smotrim'
+    _VALID_URL = r'(?:https?:)?//(?:(?:player|www)\.)?smotrim\.ru(?:/iframe)?/video(?:/id)?/(?P<id>\d+)'
+    _EMBED_REGEX = [fr'<iframe\b[^>]+\bsrc=["\'](?P<url>{_VALID_URL})']
+    _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://smotrim.ru/video/1539617',
-        'md5': 'b1923a533c8cab09679789d720d0b1c5',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '1539617',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Полиглот. Китай�кий � нул� за 16 ча�ов! Урок №16',
-            'description': '',
+            'title': 'Урок №16',
+            'duration': 2631,
+            'series': 'Полиглот. Китай�кий � нул� за 16 ча�ов!',
+            'series_id': '60562',
+            'tags': 'mincount:6',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://cdn-st\d+\.smotrim\.ru/.+\.(?:jpg|png)',
+            'timestamp': 1466771100,
+            'upload_date': '20160624',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://player.smotrim.ru/iframe/video/id/2988590',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '2988590',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Трейлер',
+            'age_limit': 16,
+            'description': 'md5:6af7e68ecf4ed7b8ff6720d20c4da47b',
+            'duration': 30,
+            'series': 'Мы в разводе',
+            'series_id': '71624',
+            'tags': 'mincount:5',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://cdn-st\d+\.smotrim\.ru/.+\.(?:jpg|png)',
+            'timestamp': 1750670040,
+            'upload_date': '20250623',
+            'view_count': int,
+            'webpage_url': 'https://smotrim.ru/video/2988590',
         },
-        'add_ie': ['RUTV'],
-    }, {  # article (geo-restricted? plays fine from the US and JP)
+    }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://smotrim.ru/article/2813445',
-        'md5': 'e0ac453952afbc6a2742e850b4dc8e77',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '2431846',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': '�ово�ти культуры. Съёмки первой программы "Большие и маленькие"',
-            'description': 'md5:94a4a22472da4252bf5587a4ee441b99',
+            'title': 'Съёмки первой программы "Большие и маленькие"',
+            'description': 'md5:446c9a5d334b995152a813946353f447',
+            'duration': 240,
+            'series': '�ово�ти культуры',
+            'series_id': '19725',
+            'tags': 'mincount:6',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://cdn-st\d+\.smotrim\.ru/.+\.(?:jpg|png)',
+            'timestamp': 1656054443,
+            'upload_date': '20220624',
+            'view_count': int,
+            'webpage_url': 'https://smotrim.ru/video/2431846',
         },
-        'add_ie': ['RUTV'],
-    }, {  # brand, redirect
-        'url': 'https://smotrim.ru/brand/64356',
-        'md5': '740472999ccff81d7f6df79cecd91c18',
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.vesti.ru/article/4642878',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '2354523',
+            'id': '3007209',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Большие и маленькие. Лучшее. 4-й выпу�к',
-            'description': 'md5:84089e834429008371ea41ea3507b989',
+            'title': 'Ино�транные ме��енджеры и�пользуют не только мошенники, но и вербовщики',
+            'description': 'md5:74ab625a0a89b87b2e0ed98d6391b182',
+            'duration': 265,
+            'series': 'Ве�ти. Дежурна� ча�ть',
+            'series_id': '5204',
+            'tags': 'mincount:6',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://cdn-st\d+\.smotrim\.ru/.+\.(?:jpg|png)',
+            'timestamp': 1754756280,
+            'upload_date': '20250809',
+            'view_count': int,
+            'webpage_url': 'https://smotrim.ru/video/3007209',
         },
-        'add_ie': ['RUTV'],
-    }, {  # live
-        'url': 'https://smotrim.ru/live/19201',
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+
+        return self._extract_from_smotrim_api('video', video_id)
+
+
+class SmotrimAudioIE(SmotrimBaseIE):
+    IE_NAME = 'smotrim:audio'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:(?:player|www)\.)?smotrim\.ru(?:/iframe)?/audio(?:/id)?/(?P<id>\d+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://smotrim.ru/audio/2573986',
+        'md5': 'e28d94c20da524e242b2d00caef41a8e',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '2573986',
+            'ext': 'mp3',
+            'title': 'Радио�пектакль',
+            'description': 'md5:4bcaaf7d532bc78f76e478fad944e388',
+            'duration': 3072,
+            'series': 'Мори� Леблан. �р�ен Люпен, джентльмен-грабитель',
+            'series_id': '66461',
+            'tags': 'mincount:7',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://cdn-st\d+\.smotrim\.ru/.+\.(?:jpg|png)',
+            'timestamp': 1624884358,
+            'upload_date': '20210628',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://player.smotrim.ru/iframe/audio/id/2860468',
+        'md5': '5a6bc1fa24c7142958be1ad9cfae58a8',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '2860468',
+            'ext': 'mp3',
+            'title': 'Колобок и музыкальна� игра "Терем-теремок"',
+            'duration': 1501,
+            'series': 'Ве�елый колобок',
+            'series_id': '68880',
+            'tags': 'mincount:4',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://cdn-st\d+\.smotrim\.ru/.+\.(?:jpg|png)',
+            'timestamp': 1755925800,
+            'upload_date': '20250823',
+            'webpage_url': 'https://smotrim.ru/audio/2860468',
+        },
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        audio_id = self._match_id(url)
+
+        return self._extract_from_smotrim_api('audio', audio_id)
+
+
+class SmotrimLiveIE(SmotrimBaseIE):
+    IE_NAME = 'smotrim:live'
+    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x:
+        (?:https?:)?//
+            (?:(?:(?:test)?player|www)\.)?
+            (?:
+                smotrim\.ru|
+                vgtrk\.com
+            )
+            (?:/iframe)?/
+            (?P<type>
+                channel|
+                (?:audio-)?live
+            )
+            (?:/u?id)?/(?P<id>[\da-f-]+)
+    )'''
+    _EMBED_REGEX = [fr'<iframe\b[^>]+\bsrc=["\'](?P<url>{_VALID_URL})']
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://smotrim.ru/channel/76',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '1661',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': str,
+            'channel_id': '76',
+            'description': 'Смотрим пр�мой �фир «Мо�ква 24»',
+            'display_id': '76',
+            'live_status': 'is_live',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://cdn-st\d+\.smotrim\.ru/.+\.(?:jpg|png)',
+            'timestamp': int,
+            'upload_date': str,
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'Livestream'},
+    }, {
+        # Radio
+        'url': 'https://smotrim.ru/channel/81',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '81',
+            'ext': 'mp3',
+            'title': str,
+            'channel_id': '81',
+            'live_status': 'is_live',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://cdn-st\d+\.smotrim\.ru/.+\.(?:jpg|png)',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'Livestream'},
+    }, {
+        # Sometimes geo-restricted to Russia
+        'url': 'https://player.smotrim.ru/iframe/live/uid/381308c7-a066-4c4f-9656-83e2e792a7b4',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '19201',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            # this looks like a TV channel name
-            'title': 'Ро��и� Культура. Пр�мой �фир',
-            'description': '',
+            'title': str,
+            'channel_id': '4',
+            'description': 'Смотрим пр�мой �фир «Ро��и� К»',
+            'display_id': '381308c7-a066-4c4f-9656-83e2e792a7b4',
+            'live_status': 'is_live',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://cdn-st\d+\.smotrim\.ru/.+\.(?:jpg|png)',
+            'timestamp': int,
+            'upload_date': str,
+            'webpage_url': 'https://smotrim.ru/channel/4',
         },
-        'add_ie': ['RUTV'],
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'Livestream'},
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://smotrim.ru/live/19201',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://player.smotrim.ru/iframe/audio-live/id/81',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://testplayer.vgtrk.com/iframe/live/id/19201',
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        video_id, typ = self._match_valid_url(url).group('id', 'type')
-        rutv_type = 'video'
-        if typ not in ('video', 'live'):
-            webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id, f'Resolving {typ} link')
-            # there are two cases matching regex:
-            # 1. "embedUrl" in JSON LD (/brand/)
-            # 2. "src" attribute from iframe (/article/)
-            video_id = self._search_regex(
-                r'"https://player.smotrim.ru/iframe/video/id/(?P<video_id>\d+)/',
-                webpage, 'video_id', default=None)
-            if not video_id:
-                raise ExtractorError('There are no video in this page.', expected=True)
-        elif typ == 'live':
-            rutv_type = 'live'
-
-        return self.url_result(f'https://player.vgtrk.com/iframe/{rutv_type}/id/{video_id}')
+        typ, display_id = self._match_valid_url(url).group('type', 'id')
+
+        if typ == 'live' and re.fullmatch(r'[0-9]+', display_id):
+            url = self._request_webpage(url, display_id).url
+            typ = self._match_valid_url(url).group('type')
+
+        if typ == 'channel':
+            webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
+            src_url = traverse_obj(webpage, ((
+                ({find_element(cls='main-player__frame', html=True)}, {extract_attributes}, 'src'),
+                ({find_element(cls='audio-play-button', html=True)},
+                    {extract_attributes}, 'value', {urllib.parse.unquote}, {json.loads}, 'source'),
+            ), any, {self._proto_relative_url}, {url_or_none}, {require('src URL')}))
+            typ, video_id = self._match_valid_url(src_url).group('type', 'id')
+        else:
+            video_id = display_id
+
+        return {
+            'display_id': display_id,
+            **self._extract_from_smotrim_api(typ, video_id),
+        }
+
+
+class SmotrimPlaylistIE(SmotrimBaseIE):
+    IE_NAME = 'smotrim:playlist'
+    _PAGE_SIZE = 15
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://smotrim\.ru/(?P<type>brand|podcast)/(?P<id>\d+)/?(?P<season>[\w-]+)?'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        # Video
+        'url': 'https://smotrim.ru/brand/64356',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '64356',
+            'title': 'Большие и маленькие',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 55,
+    }, {
+        # Video, season
+        'url': 'https://smotrim.ru/brand/65293/3-sezon',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '65293',
+            'title': 'Спа��ка�',
+            'season': '3 �езон',
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 16,
+    }, {
+        # Audio
+        'url': 'https://smotrim.ru/brand/68880',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '68880',
+            'title': 'Ве�елый колобок',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 156,
+    }, {
+        # Podcast
+        'url': 'https://smotrim.ru/podcast/8021',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '8021',
+            'title': 'Сила звука',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 27,
+    }]
+
+    def _fetch_page(self, endpoint, key, playlist_id, page):
+        page += 1
+        items = self._download_json(
+            f'{self._BASE_URL}/api/{endpoint}', playlist_id,
+            f'Downloading page {page}', query={
+                key: playlist_id,
+                'limit': self._PAGE_SIZE,
+                'page': page,
+            },
+        )
+
+        for link in traverse_obj(items, ('contents', -1, 'list', ..., 'link', {str})):
+            yield self.url_result(urljoin(self._BASE_URL, link))
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        playlist_type, playlist_id, season = self._match_valid_url(url).group('type', 'id', 'season')
+        key = 'rubricId' if playlist_type == 'podcast' else 'brandId'
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, playlist_id)
+        playlist_title = self._html_search_meta(['og:title', 'twitter:title'], webpage, default=None)
+
+        if season:
+            return self.playlist_from_matches(traverse_obj(webpage, (
+                {find_elements(tag='a', attr='href', value=r'/video/\d+', html=True, regex=True)},
+                ..., {extract_attributes}, 'href', {str},
+            )), playlist_id, playlist_title, season=traverse_obj(webpage, (
+                {find_element(cls='seasons__item seasons__item--selected')}, {clean_html},
+            )), ie=SmotrimIE, getter=urljoin(self._BASE_URL))
+
+        if traverse_obj(webpage, (
+            {find_element(cls='brand-main-item__videos')}, {clean_html}, filter,
+        )):
+            endpoint = 'videos'
+        else:
+            endpoint = 'audios'
+
+        return self.playlist_result(OnDemandPagedList(
+            functools.partial(self._fetch_page, endpoint, key, playlist_id), self._PAGE_SIZE), playlist_id, playlist_title)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/soundcloud.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/soundcloud.py
index c70940a606..2cc98c66ce 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/soundcloud.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/soundcloud.py
@@ -26,11 +26,47 @@ from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 class SoundcloudEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:w|player|p)\.soundcloud\.com/player/?.*?\burl=(?P<id>.+)'
     _EMBED_REGEX = [r'<iframe[^>]+src=(["\'])(?P<url>(?:https?://)?(?:w\.)?soundcloud\.com/player.+?)\1']
-    _TEST = {
+    _TESTS = [{
         # from https://www.soundi.fi/uutiset/ennakkokuuntelussa-timo-kaukolammen-station-to-station-to-station-julkaisua-juhlitaan-tanaan-g-livelabissa/
         'url': 'https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?visual=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.soundcloud.com%2Fplaylists%2F922213810&show_artwork=true&maxwidth=640&maxheight=960&dnt=1&secret_token=s-ziYey',
         'only_matching': True,
-    }
+    }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://news.sophos.com/en-us/2023/08/10/s3-ep147-what-if-you-type-in-your-password-during-a-meeting/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '1588847423',
+            'ext': 'm4a',
+            'title': 'S3 Ep147: What if you type in your password during a meeting?',
+            'artists': ['Naked Security'],
+            'description': 'md5:6931a0630b920413c8c904407bf4b3b2',
+            'duration': 942.762,
+            'genres': ['Technology'],
+            'license': 'all-rights-reserved',
+            'repost_count': int,
+            'tags': 'count:4',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://[ai]1\.sndcdn\.com/.+\.(?:jpg|png)',
+            'timestamp': 1691624365,
+            'track': 'S3 Ep147: What if you type in your password during a meeting?',
+            'upload_date': '20230809',
+            'uploader': 'Naked Security',
+            'uploader_id': '61390843',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://soundcloud.com/sophossecurity',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.guitarplayer.com/lessons/november-2023-guitar-player-lesson-audio',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '1695754080',
+            'title': 'A Tribute to Brian Setzer’s Guitar Mastery',
+            'album': 'A Tribute to Brian Setzer’s Guitar Mastery',
+            'album_artists': ['Guitar Player'],
+            'album_type': 'playlist',
+            'description': '',
+            'uploader': 'Guitar Player',
+            'uploader_id': '489924156',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 7,
+    }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         query = parse_qs(url)
@@ -242,7 +278,7 @@ class SoundcloudBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                     format_urls.add(format_url)
                     formats.append({
                         'format_id': 'download',
-                        'ext': urlhandle_detect_ext(urlh, default='mp3'),
+                        'ext': urlhandle_detect_ext(urlh),
                         'filesize': int_or_none(urlh.headers.get('Content-Length')),
                         'url': format_url,
                         'quality': 10,
@@ -407,269 +443,256 @@ class SoundcloudIE(SoundcloudBaseIE):
                     )
                     '''
     IE_NAME = 'soundcloud'
-    _TESTS = [
-        {
-            'url': 'http://soundcloud.com/ethmusic/lostin-powers-she-so-heavy',
-            'md5': 'de9bac153e7427a7333b4b0c1b6a18d2',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '62986583',
-                'ext': 'opus',
-                'title': 'Lostin Powers - She so Heavy (SneakPreview) Adrian Ackers Blueprint 1',
-                'track': 'Lostin Powers - She so Heavy (SneakPreview) Adrian Ackers Blueprint 1',
-                'description': 'No Downloads untill we record the finished version this weekend, i was too pumped n i had to post it , earl is prolly gonna b hella p.o\'d',
-                'uploader': 'E.T. ExTerrestrial Music',
-                'uploader_id': '1571244',
-                'timestamp': 1349920598,
-                'upload_date': '20121011',
-                'duration': 143.216,
-                'license': 'all-rights-reserved',
-                'view_count': int,
-                'like_count': int,
-                'comment_count': int,
-                'repost_count': int,
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i1.sndcdn.com/artworks-000031955188-rwb18x-original.jpg',
-                'uploader_url': 'https://soundcloud.com/ethmusic',
-                'tags': 'count:14',
-            },
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'http://soundcloud.com/ethmusic/lostin-powers-she-so-heavy',
+        'md5': 'de9bac153e7427a7333b4b0c1b6a18d2',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '62986583',
+            'ext': 'opus',
+            'title': 'Lostin Powers - She so Heavy (SneakPreview) Adrian Ackers Blueprint 1',
+            'track': 'Lostin Powers - She so Heavy (SneakPreview) Adrian Ackers Blueprint 1',
+            'description': 'md5:7b6074e00887ad79f59b647c8fb6d5ae',
+            'uploader': 'E.T. ExTerrestrial Music',
+            'uploader_id': '1571244',
+            'timestamp': 1349920598,
+            'upload_date': '20121011',
+            'duration': 143.216,
+            'license': 'all-rights-reserved',
+            'view_count': int,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'repost_count': int,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://[ai]1\.sndcdn\.com/.+\.(?:jpg|png)',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://soundcloud.com/ethmusic',
+            'tags': 'count:14',
         },
-        # geo-restricted
-        {
-            'url': 'https://soundcloud.com/the-concept-band/goldrushed-mastered?in=the-concept-band/sets/the-royal-concept-ep',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '47127627',
-                'ext': 'opus',
-                'title': 'Goldrushed',
-                'track': 'Goldrushed',
-                'description': 'From Stockholm Sweden\r\nPovel / Magnus / Filip / David\r\nwww.theroyalconcept.com',
-                'uploader': 'The Royal Concept',
-                'uploader_id': '9615865',
-                'timestamp': 1337635207,
-                'upload_date': '20120521',
-                'duration': 227.103,
-                'license': 'all-rights-reserved',
-                'view_count': int,
-                'like_count': int,
-                'comment_count': int,
-                'repost_count': int,
-                'uploader_url': 'https://soundcloud.com/the-concept-band',
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i1.sndcdn.com/artworks-v8bFHhXm7Au6-0-original.jpg',
-                'genres': ['Alternative'],
-                'artists': ['The Royal Concept'],
-                'tags': [],
-            },
+    }, {
+        # Geo-restricted
+        'url': 'https://soundcloud.com/the-concept-band/goldrushed-mastered?in=the-concept-band/sets/the-royal-concept-ep',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '47127627',
+            'ext': 'opus',
+            'title': 'Goldrushed',
+            'track': 'Goldrushed',
+            'description': 'md5:c0080b79a3710811d60234f94f391a40',
+            'uploader': 'The Royal Concept',
+            'uploader_id': '9615865',
+            'timestamp': 1337635207,
+            'upload_date': '20120521',
+            'duration': 227.103,
+            'license': 'all-rights-reserved',
+            'view_count': int,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'repost_count': int,
+            'uploader_url': 'https://soundcloud.com/the-concept-band',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://[ai]1\.sndcdn\.com/.+\.(?:jpg|png)',
+            'genres': ['Alternative'],
+            'artists': ['The Royal Concept'],
+            'tags': [],
         },
+    }, {
         # private link
-        {
-            'url': 'https://soundcloud.com/jaimemf/youtube-dl-test-video-a-y-baw/s-8Pjrp',
-            'md5': 'aa0dd32bfea9b0c5ef4f02aacd080604',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '123998367',
-                'ext': 'mp3',
-                'title': 'Youtube - Dl Test Video \'\' Ä↭',
-                'track': 'Youtube - Dl Test Video \'\' Ä↭',
-                'description': 'test chars:  "\'/\\ä↭',
-                'uploader': 'jaimeMF',
-                'uploader_id': '69767071',
-                'timestamp': 1386604920,
-                'upload_date': '20131209',
-                'duration': 9.927,
-                'license': 'all-rights-reserved',
-                'view_count': int,
-                'like_count': int,
-                'comment_count': int,
-                'repost_count': int,
-                'uploader_url': 'https://soundcloud.com/jaimemf',
-                'thumbnail': 'https://a1.sndcdn.com/images/default_avatar_large.png',
-                'genres': ['youtubedl'],
-                'tags': [],
-            },
+        'url': 'https://soundcloud.com/jaimemf/youtube-dl-test-video-a-y-baw/s-8Pjrp',
+        'md5': 'aa0dd32bfea9b0c5ef4f02aacd080604',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '123998367',
+            'ext': 'mp3',
+            'title': 'Youtube - Dl Test Video \'\' Ä↭',
+            'track': 'Youtube - Dl Test Video \'\' Ä↭',
+            'description': 'md5:610b729ee06ac4cedaa28607212948f3',
+            'uploader': 'jaimeMF',
+            'uploader_id': '69767071',
+            'timestamp': 1386604920,
+            'upload_date': '20131209',
+            'duration': 9.927,
+            'license': 'all-rights-reserved',
+            'view_count': int,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'repost_count': int,
+            'uploader_url': 'https://soundcloud.com/jaimemf',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://[ai]1\.sndcdn\.com/.+\.(?:jpg|png)',
+            'genres': ['youtubedl'],
+            'tags': [],
         },
+    }, {
         # private link (alt format)
-        {
-            'url': 'https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/123998367?secret_token=s-8Pjrp',
-            'md5': 'aa0dd32bfea9b0c5ef4f02aacd080604',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '123998367',
-                'ext': 'mp3',
-                'title': 'Youtube - Dl Test Video \'\' Ä↭',
-                'track': 'Youtube - Dl Test Video \'\' Ä↭',
-                'description': 'test chars:  "\'/\\ä↭',
-                'uploader': 'jaimeMF',
-                'uploader_id': '69767071',
-                'timestamp': 1386604920,
-                'upload_date': '20131209',
-                'duration': 9.927,
-                'license': 'all-rights-reserved',
-                'view_count': int,
-                'like_count': int,
-                'comment_count': int,
-                'repost_count': int,
-                'uploader_url': 'https://soundcloud.com/jaimemf',
-                'thumbnail': 'https://a1.sndcdn.com/images/default_avatar_large.png',
-                'genres': ['youtubedl'],
-                'tags': [],
-            },
+        'url': 'https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/123998367?secret_token=s-8Pjrp',
+        'md5': 'aa0dd32bfea9b0c5ef4f02aacd080604',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '123998367',
+            'ext': 'mp3',
+            'title': 'Youtube - Dl Test Video \'\' Ä↭',
+            'track': 'Youtube - Dl Test Video \'\' Ä↭',
+            'description': 'md5:610b729ee06ac4cedaa28607212948f3',
+            'uploader': 'jaimeMF',
+            'uploader_id': '69767071',
+            'timestamp': 1386604920,
+            'upload_date': '20131209',
+            'duration': 9.927,
+            'license': 'all-rights-reserved',
+            'view_count': int,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'repost_count': int,
+            'uploader_url': 'https://soundcloud.com/jaimemf',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://[ai]1\.sndcdn\.com/.+\.(?:jpg|png)',
+            'genres': ['youtubedl'],
+            'tags': [],
         },
+    }, {
         # downloadable song
-        {
-            'url': 'https://soundcloud.com/the80m/the-following',
-            'md5': 'ecb87d7705d5f53e6c02a63760573c75',  # wav: '9ffcddb08c87d74fb5808a3c183a1d04'
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '343609555',
-                'ext': 'opus',  # wav original available with auth
-                'title': 'The Following',
-                'track': 'The Following',
-                'description': '',
-                'uploader': '80M',
-                'uploader_id': '312384765',
-                'uploader_url': 'https://soundcloud.com/the80m',
-                'upload_date': '20170922',
-                'timestamp': 1506120436,
-                'duration': 397.228,
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i1.sndcdn.com/artworks-000243916348-ktoo7d-original.jpg',
-                'license': 'all-rights-reserved',
-                'like_count': int,
-                'comment_count': int,
-                'repost_count': int,
-                'view_count': int,
-                'genres': ['Dance & EDM'],
-                'artists': ['80M'],
-                'tags': ['80M', 'EDM', 'Dance', 'Music'],
-            },
-            'expected_warnings': ['Original download format is only available for registered users'],
+        'url': 'https://soundcloud.com/the80m/the-following',
+        'md5': 'ecb87d7705d5f53e6c02a63760573c75',  # wav: '9ffcddb08c87d74fb5808a3c183a1d04'
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '343609555',
+            'ext': 'opus',  # wav original available with auth
+            'title': 'The Following',
+            'track': 'The Following',
+            'description': '',
+            'uploader': '80M',
+            'uploader_id': '312384765',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://soundcloud.com/the80m',
+            'upload_date': '20170922',
+            'timestamp': 1506120436,
+            'duration': 397.228,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://[ai]1\.sndcdn\.com/.+\.(?:jpg|png)',
+            'license': 'all-rights-reserved',
+            'like_count': int,
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'repost_count': int,
+            'view_count': int,
+            'genres': ['Dance & EDM'],
+            'artists': ['80M'],
+            'tags': 'count:4',
         },
+        'expected_warnings': ['Original download format is only available for registered users'],
+    }, {
         # private link, downloadable format
         # tags with spaces (e.g. "Uplifting Trance", "Ori Uplift")
-        {
-            'url': 'https://soundcloud.com/oriuplift/uponly-238-no-talking-wav/s-AyZUd',
-            'md5': '2e1530d0e9986a833a67cb34fc90ece0',  # wav: '64a60b16e617d41d0bef032b7f55441e'
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '340344461',
-                'ext': 'opus',  # wav original available with auth
-                'title': 'Uplifting Only 238 [No Talking] (incl. Alex Feed Guestmix) (Aug 31, 2017) [wav]',
-                'track': 'Uplifting Only 238 [No Talking] (incl. Alex Feed Guestmix) (Aug 31, 2017) [wav]',
-                'description': 'md5:fa20ee0fca76a3d6df8c7e57f3715366',
-                'uploader': 'Ori Uplift Music',
-                'uploader_id': '12563093',
-                'timestamp': 1504206263,
-                'upload_date': '20170831',
-                'duration': 7449.096,
-                'license': 'all-rights-reserved',
-                'view_count': int,
-                'like_count': int,
-                'comment_count': int,
-                'repost_count': int,
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i1.sndcdn.com/artworks-000240712245-kedn4p-original.jpg',
-                'uploader_url': 'https://soundcloud.com/oriuplift',
-                'genres': ['Trance'],
-                'artists': ['Ori Uplift'],
-                'tags': ['Orchestral', 'Emotional', 'Uplifting Trance', 'Trance', 'Ori Uplift', 'UpOnly'],
-            },
-            'expected_warnings': ['Original download format is only available for registered users'],
+        'url': 'https://soundcloud.com/oriuplift/uponly-238-no-talking-wav/s-AyZUd',
+        'md5': '2e1530d0e9986a833a67cb34fc90ece0',  # wav: '64a60b16e617d41d0bef032b7f55441e'
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '340344461',
+            'ext': 'opus',  # wav original available with auth
+            'title': 'Uplifting Only 238 [No Talking] (incl. Alex Feed Guestmix) (Aug 31, 2017) [wav]',
+            'track': 'Uplifting Only 238 [No Talking] (incl. Alex Feed Guestmix) (Aug 31, 2017) [wav]',
+            'description': 'md5:fa20ee0fca76a3d6df8c7e57f3715366',
+            'uploader': 'Ori Uplift Music',
+            'uploader_id': '12563093',
+            'timestamp': 1504206263,
+            'upload_date': '20170831',
+            'duration': 7449.096,
+            'license': 'all-rights-reserved',
+            'view_count': int,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'repost_count': int,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://[ai]1\.sndcdn\.com/.+\.(?:jpg|png)',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://soundcloud.com/oriuplift',
+            'genres': ['Trance'],
+            'artists': ['Ori Uplift'],
+            'tags': 'count:6',
         },
+        'expected_warnings': ['Original download format is only available for registered users'],
+    }, {
         # no album art, use avatar pic for thumbnail
-        {
-            'url': 'https://soundcloud.com/garyvee/sideways-prod-mad-real',
-            'md5': '59c7872bc44e5d99b7211891664760c2',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '309699954',
-                'ext': 'mp3',
-                'title': 'Sideways (Prod. Mad Real)',
-                'track': 'Sideways (Prod. Mad Real)',
-                'description': 'md5:d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e',
-                'uploader': 'garyvee',
-                'uploader_id': '2366352',
-                'timestamp': 1488152409,
-                'upload_date': '20170226',
-                'duration': 207.012,
-                'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.jpg',
-                'license': 'all-rights-reserved',
-                'view_count': int,
-                'like_count': int,
-                'comment_count': int,
-                'repost_count': int,
-                'uploader_url': 'https://soundcloud.com/garyvee',
-                'artists': ['MadReal'],
-                'tags': [],
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
+        'url': 'https://soundcloud.com/garyvee/sideways-prod-mad-real',
+        'md5': '59c7872bc44e5d99b7211891664760c2',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '309699954',
+            'ext': 'mp3',
+            'title': 'Sideways (Prod. Mad Real)',
+            'track': 'Sideways (Prod. Mad Real)',
+            'description': 'md5:d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e',
+            'uploader': 'garyvee',
+            'uploader_id': '2366352',
+            'timestamp': 1488152409,
+            'upload_date': '20170226',
+            'duration': 207.012,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://[ai]1\.sndcdn\.com/.+\.(?:jpg|png)',
+            'license': 'all-rights-reserved',
+            'view_count': int,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'repost_count': int,
+            'uploader_url': 'https://soundcloud.com/garyvee',
+            'artists': ['MadReal'],
+            'tags': [],
         },
-        {
-            'url': 'https://soundcloud.com/giovannisarani/mezzo-valzer',
-            'md5': '8227c3473a4264df6b02ad7e5b7527ac',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '583011102',
-                'ext': 'opus',
-                'title': 'Mezzo Valzer',
-                'track': 'Mezzo Valzer',
-                'description': 'md5:f4d5f39d52e0ccc2b4f665326428901a',
-                'uploader': 'Giovanni Sarani',
-                'uploader_id': '3352531',
-                'timestamp': 1551394171,
-                'upload_date': '20190228',
-                'duration': 180.157,
-                'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.jpg',
-                'license': 'all-rights-reserved',
-                'view_count': int,
-                'like_count': int,
-                'comment_count': int,
-                'repost_count': int,
-                'genres': ['Piano'],
-                'uploader_url': 'https://soundcloud.com/giovannisarani',
-                'tags': 'count:10',
-            },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://soundcloud.com/giovannisarani/mezzo-valzer',
+        'md5': '8227c3473a4264df6b02ad7e5b7527ac',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '583011102',
+            'ext': 'm4a',
+            'title': 'Mezzo Valzer',
+            'track': 'Mezzo Valzer',
+            'description': 'md5:f4d5f39d52e0ccc2b4f665326428901a',
+            'uploader': 'Giovanni Sarani',
+            'uploader_id': '3352531',
+            'timestamp': 1551394171,
+            'upload_date': '20190228',
+            'duration': 180.134,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://[ai]1\.sndcdn\.com/.+\.(?:jpg|png)',
+            'license': 'all-rights-reserved',
+            'view_count': int,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'repost_count': int,
+            'genres': ['Piano'],
+            'uploader_url': 'https://soundcloud.com/giovannisarani',
+            'tags': 'count:10',
         },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }, {
         # .png "original" artwork, 160kbps m4a HLS format
-        {
-            'url': 'https://soundcloud.com/skorxh/audio-dealer',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '2011421339',
-                'ext': 'm4a',
-                'title': 'audio dealer',
-                'description': '',
-                'uploader': '$KORCH',
-                'uploader_id': '150292288',
-                'uploader_url': 'https://soundcloud.com/skorxh',
-                'comment_count': int,
-                'view_count': int,
-                'like_count': int,
-                'repost_count': int,
-                'duration': 213.469,
-                'tags': [],
-                'artists': ['$KORXH'],
-                'track': 'audio dealer',
-                'timestamp': 1737143201,
-                'upload_date': '20250117',
-                'license': 'all-rights-reserved',
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i1.sndcdn.com/artworks-a1wKGMYNreDLTMrT-fGjRiw-original.png',
-                'thumbnails': [
-                    {'id': 'mini', 'url': 'https://i1.sndcdn.com/artworks-a1wKGMYNreDLTMrT-fGjRiw-mini.jpg'},
-                    {'id': 'tiny', 'url': 'https://i1.sndcdn.com/artworks-a1wKGMYNreDLTMrT-fGjRiw-tiny.jpg'},
-                    {'id': 'small', 'url': 'https://i1.sndcdn.com/artworks-a1wKGMYNreDLTMrT-fGjRiw-small.jpg'},
-                    {'id': 'badge', 'url': 'https://i1.sndcdn.com/artworks-a1wKGMYNreDLTMrT-fGjRiw-badge.jpg'},
-                    {'id': 't67x67', 'url': 'https://i1.sndcdn.com/artworks-a1wKGMYNreDLTMrT-fGjRiw-t67x67.jpg'},
-                    {'id': 'large', 'url': 'https://i1.sndcdn.com/artworks-a1wKGMYNreDLTMrT-fGjRiw-large.jpg'},
-                    {'id': 't300x300', 'url': 'https://i1.sndcdn.com/artworks-a1wKGMYNreDLTMrT-fGjRiw-t300x300.jpg'},
-                    {'id': 'crop', 'url': 'https://i1.sndcdn.com/artworks-a1wKGMYNreDLTMrT-fGjRiw-crop.jpg'},
-                    {'id': 't500x500', 'url': 'https://i1.sndcdn.com/artworks-a1wKGMYNreDLTMrT-fGjRiw-t500x500.jpg'},
-                    {'id': 'original', 'url': 'https://i1.sndcdn.com/artworks-a1wKGMYNreDLTMrT-fGjRiw-original.png'},
-                ],
-            },
-            'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8', 'format': 'hls_aac_160k'},
-        },
-        {
-            # AAC HQ format available (account with active subscription needed)
-            'url': 'https://soundcloud.com/wandw/the-chainsmokers-ft-daya-dont-let-me-down-ww-remix-1',
-            'only_matching': True,
-        },
-        {
-            # Go+ (account with active subscription needed)
-            'url': 'https://soundcloud.com/taylorswiftofficial/look-what-you-made-me-do',
-            'only_matching': True,
+        'url': 'https://soundcloud.com/skorxh/audio-dealer',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '2011421339',
+            'ext': 'm4a',
+            'title': 'audio dealer',
+            'description': '',
+            'uploader': '$KORCH',
+            'uploader_id': '150292288',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://soundcloud.com/skorxh',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'view_count': int,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'repost_count': int,
+            'duration': 213.469,
+            'tags': [],
+            'artists': ['$KORXH'],
+            'track': 'audio dealer',
+            'timestamp': 1737143201,
+            'upload_date': '20250117',
+            'license': 'all-rights-reserved',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://[ai]1\.sndcdn\.com/.+\.(?:jpg|png)',
+            'thumbnails': [
+                {'id': 'mini', 'url': 'https://i1.sndcdn.com/artworks-a1wKGMYNreDLTMrT-fGjRiw-mini.jpg'},
+                {'id': 'tiny', 'url': 'https://i1.sndcdn.com/artworks-a1wKGMYNreDLTMrT-fGjRiw-tiny.jpg'},
+                {'id': 'small', 'url': 'https://i1.sndcdn.com/artworks-a1wKGMYNreDLTMrT-fGjRiw-small.jpg'},
+                {'id': 'badge', 'url': 'https://i1.sndcdn.com/artworks-a1wKGMYNreDLTMrT-fGjRiw-badge.jpg'},
+                {'id': 't67x67', 'url': 'https://i1.sndcdn.com/artworks-a1wKGMYNreDLTMrT-fGjRiw-t67x67.jpg'},
+                {'id': 'large', 'url': 'https://i1.sndcdn.com/artworks-a1wKGMYNreDLTMrT-fGjRiw-large.jpg'},
+                {'id': 't300x300', 'url': 'https://i1.sndcdn.com/artworks-a1wKGMYNreDLTMrT-fGjRiw-t300x300.jpg'},
+                {'id': 'crop', 'url': 'https://i1.sndcdn.com/artworks-a1wKGMYNreDLTMrT-fGjRiw-crop.jpg'},
+                {'id': 't500x500', 'url': 'https://i1.sndcdn.com/artworks-a1wKGMYNreDLTMrT-fGjRiw-t500x500.jpg'},
+                {'id': 'original', 'url': 'https://i1.sndcdn.com/artworks-a1wKGMYNreDLTMrT-fGjRiw-original.png'},
+            ],
         },
-    ]
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8', 'format': 'hls_aac_160k'},
+    }, {
+        # AAC HQ format available (account with active subscription needed)
+        'url': 'https://soundcloud.com/wandw/the-chainsmokers-ft-daya-dont-let-me-down-ww-remix-1',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # Go+ (account with active subscription needed)
+        'url': 'https://soundcloud.com/taylorswiftofficial/look-what-you-made-me-do',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
@@ -697,7 +720,7 @@ class SoundcloudIE(SoundcloudBaseIE):
             try:
                 return self._extract_info_dict(info, full_title, token)
             except ExtractorError as e:
-                if not isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) or not e.cause.status == 429:
+                if not isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) or e.cause.status != 429:
                     raise
                 self.report_warning(
                     'You have reached the API rate limit, which is ~600 requests per '
@@ -907,7 +930,7 @@ class SoundcloudUserIE(SoundcloudPagedPlaylistBaseIE):
             'id': '7098329',
             'title': 'Grynpyret (Spotlight)',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 1,
+        'playlist_mincount': 0,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://soundcloud.com/one-thousand-and-one/comments',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -998,7 +1021,7 @@ class SoundcloudRelatedIE(SoundcloudPagedPlaylistBaseIE):
             'id': '1084577272',
             'title': 'Sexapil - Pingers 5 (Recommended)',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 50,
+        'playlist_mincount': 49,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://soundcloud.com/wajang/sexapil-pingers-5/albums',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -1045,7 +1068,7 @@ class SoundcloudPlaylistIE(SoundcloudPlaylistBaseIE):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '4110309',
             'title': 'TILT Brass - Bowery Poetry Club, August \'03 [Non-Site SCR 02]',
-            'description': 're:.*?TILT Brass - Bowery Poetry Club',
+            'description': 'md5:e4373f7177fe3db292a8552b4ec41bc6',
             'uploader': 'Non-Site Records',
             'uploader_id': '33660914',
             'album_artists': ['Non-Site Records'],
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/southpark.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/southpark.py
index 3d661a86ac..159ba5a4bb 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/southpark.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/southpark.py
@@ -1,58 +1,94 @@
-from .mtv import MTVServicesInfoExtractor
+from .mtv import MTVServicesBaseIE
 
 
-class SouthParkIE(MTVServicesInfoExtractor):
+class SouthParkIE(MTVServicesBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'southpark.cc.com'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?(?P<url>southpark(?:\.cc|studios)\.com/((?:video-)?clips|(?:full-)?episodes|collections)/(?P<id>.+?)(\?|#|$))'
-
-    _FEED_URL = 'http://feeds.mtvnservices.com/od/feed/intl-mrss-player-feed'
-
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?southpark(?:\.cc|studios)\.com/(?:video-clips|episodes|collections)/(?P<id>[^?#]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://southpark.cc.com/video-clips/d7wr06/south-park-you-all-agreed-to-counseling',
         'info_dict': {
+            'id': '31929ad5-8269-11eb-8774-70df2f866ace',
             'ext': 'mp4',
+            'display_id': 'd7wr06/south-park-you-all-agreed-to-counseling',
             'title': 'You All Agreed to Counseling',
-            'description': 'Kenny, Cartman, Stan, and Kyle visit Mr. Mackey and ask for his help getting Mrs. Nelson to come back. Mr. Mackey reveals the only way to get things back to normal is to get the teachers vaccinated.',
+            'description': 'md5:01f78fb306c7042f3f05f3c78edfc212',
+            'duration': 134.552,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://images\.paramount\.tech/uri/mgid:arc:imageassetref:',
+            'series': 'South Park',
+            'season': 'Season 24',
+            'season_number': 24,
+            'episode': 'Episode 2',
+            'episode_number': 2,
             'timestamp': 1615352400,
             'upload_date': '20210310',
+            'release_timestamp': 1615352400,
+            'release_date': '20210310',
         },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
-        'url': 'http://southpark.cc.com/collections/7758/fan-favorites/1',
+        'url': 'https://southpark.cc.com/episodes/940f8z/south-park-cartman-gets-an-anal-probe-season-1-ep-1',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '5fb8887e-ecfd-11e0-aca6-0026b9414f30',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'display_id': '940f8z/south-park-cartman-gets-an-anal-probe-season-1-ep-1',
+            'title': 'Cartman Gets An Anal Probe',
+            'description': 'md5:964e1968c468545752feef102b140300',
+            'channel': 'Comedy Central',
+            'duration': 1319.0,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://images\.paramount\.tech/uri/mgid:arc:imageassetref:',
+            'series': 'South Park',
+            'season': 'Season 1',
+            'season_number': 1,
+            'episode': 'Episode 1',
+            'episode_number': 1,
+            'timestamp': 871473600,
+            'upload_date': '19970813',
+            'release_timestamp': 871473600,
+            'release_date': '19970813',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://southpark.cc.com/collections/dejukt/south-park-best-of-mr-mackey/tphx9j',
         'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.southparkstudios.com/episodes/h4o269/south-park-stunning-and-brave-season-19-ep-1',
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
-    def _get_feed_query(self, uri):
-        return {
-            'accountOverride': 'intl.mtvi.com',
-            'arcEp': 'shared.southpark.global',
-            'ep': '90877963',
-            'imageEp': 'shared.southpark.global',
-            'mgid': uri,
-        }
-
 
-class SouthParkEsIE(SouthParkIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
+class SouthParkEsIE(MTVServicesBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'southpark.cc.com:español'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?(?P<url>southpark\.cc\.com/es/episodios/(?P<id>.+?)(\?|#|$))'
-    _LANG = 'es'
-
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?southpark\.cc\.com/es/episodios/(?P<id>[^?#]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'http://southpark.cc.com/es/episodios/s01e01-cartman-consigue-una-sonda-anal#source=351c1323-0b96-402d-a8b9-40d01b2e9bde&position=1&sort=!airdate',
+        'url': 'https://southpark.cc.com/es/episodios/er4a32/south-park-aumento-de-peso-4000-temporada-1-ep-2',
         'info_dict': {
-            'title': 'Cartman Consigue Una Sonda Anal',
-            'description': 'Cartman Consigue Una Sonda Anal',
+            'id': '5fb94f0c-ecfd-11e0-aca6-0026b9414f30',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'display_id': 'er4a32/south-park-aumento-de-peso-4000-temporada-1-ep-2',
+            'title': 'Aumento de peso 4000',
+            'description': 'md5:a939b4819ea74c245a0cde180de418c0',
+            'channel': 'Comedy Central',
+            'duration': 1320.0,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://images\.paramount\.tech/uri/mgid:arc:imageassetref:',
+            'series': 'South Park',
+            'season': 'Season 1',
+            'season_number': 1,
+            'episode': 'Episode 2',
+            'episode_number': 2,
+            'timestamp': 872078400,
+            'upload_date': '19970820',
+            'release_timestamp': 872078400,
+            'release_date': '19970820',
         },
-        'playlist_count': 4,
-        'skip': 'Geo-restricted',
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }]
 
 
-class SouthParkDeIE(SouthParkIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
+class SouthParkDeIE(MTVServicesBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'southpark.de'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?(?P<url>southpark\.de/(?:(en/(videoclip|collections|episodes|video-clips))|(videoclip|collections|folgen))/(?P<id>(?P<unique_id>.+?)/.+?)(?:\?|#|$))'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?southpark\.de/(?:en/)?(?:videoclip|collections|episodes|video-clips|folgen)/(?P<id>[^?#]+)'
+    _GEO_COUNTRIES = ['DE']
+    _GEO_BYPASS = True
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.southpark.de/videoclip/rsribv/south-park-rueckzug-zum-gummibonbon-wald',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -66,123 +102,253 @@ class SouthParkDeIE(SouthParkIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
         # clip
         'url': 'https://www.southpark.de/en/video-clips/ct46op/south-park-tooth-fairy-cartman',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'e99d45ea-ed00-11e0-aca6-0026b9414f30',
             'ext': 'mp4',
+            'id': 'e99d45ea-ed00-11e0-aca6-0026b9414f30',
+            'display_id': 'ct46op/south-park-tooth-fairy-cartman',
             'title': 'Tooth Fairy Cartman',
-            'description': 'md5:db02e23818b4dc9cb5f0c5a7e8833a68',
+            'description': 'Cartman steals Butters\' tooth and gets four dollars for it.',
+            'duration': 93.26,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://images\.paramount\.tech/uri/mgid:arc:imageassetref:',
+            'series': 'South Park',
+            'season': 'Season 4',
+            'season_number': 4,
+            'episode': 'Episode 1',
+            'episode_number': 1,
+            'timestamp': 954990360,
+            'upload_date': '20000406',
+            'release_timestamp': 954990360,
+            'release_date': '20000406',
         },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
         # episode
         'url': 'https://www.southpark.de/en/episodes/yy0vjs/south-park-the-pandemic-special-season-24-ep-1',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'f5fbd823-04bc-11eb-9b1b-0e40cf2fc285',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'South Park',
+            'id': '230a4f02-f583-11ea-834d-70df2f866ace',
+            'display_id': 'yy0vjs/south-park-the-pandemic-special-season-24-ep-1',
+            'title': 'The Pandemic Special',
             'description': 'md5:ae0d875eff169dcbed16b21531857ac1',
+            'channel': 'Comedy Central',
+            'duration': 2724.0,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://images\.paramount\.tech/uri/mgid:arc:imageassetref:',
+            'series': 'South Park',
+            'season': 'Season 24',
+            'season_number': 24,
+            'episode': 'Episode 1',
+            'episode_number': 1,
+            'timestamp': 1601932260,
+            'upload_date': '20201005',
+            'release_timestamp': 1601932270,
+            'release_date': '20201005',
         },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
         # clip
         'url': 'https://www.southpark.de/videoclip/ct46op/south-park-zahnfee-cartman',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'e99d45ea-ed00-11e0-aca6-0026b9414f30',
             'ext': 'mp4',
+            'id': 'e99d45ea-ed00-11e0-aca6-0026b9414f30',
+            'display_id': 'ct46op/south-park-zahnfee-cartman',
             'title': 'Zahnfee Cartman',
             'description': 'md5:b917eec991d388811d911fd1377671ac',
+            'duration': 93.26,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://images\.paramount\.tech/uri/mgid:arc:imageassetref:',
+            'series': 'South Park',
+            'season': 'Season 4',
+            'season_number': 4,
+            'episode': 'Episode 1',
+            'episode_number': 1,
+            'timestamp': 954990360,
+            'upload_date': '20000406',
+            'release_timestamp': 954990360,
+            'release_date': '20000406',
         },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
         # episode
-        'url': 'https://www.southpark.de/folgen/242csn/south-park-her-mit-dem-hirn-staffel-1-ep-7',
+        'url': 'https://www.southpark.de/folgen/4r4367/south-park-katerstimmung-staffel-12-ep-3',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '607115f3-496f-40c3-8647-2b0bcff486c0',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'md5:South Park | Pink Eye | E 0107 | HDSS0107X deu | Version: 634312 | Comedy Central S1',
+            'id': '68c79aa4-ecfd-11e0-aca6-0026b9414f30',
+            'display_id': '4r4367/south-park-katerstimmung-staffel-12-ep-3',
+            'title': 'Katerstimmung',
+            'description': 'md5:94e0e2cd568ffa635e0725518bb4b180',
+            'channel': 'Comedy Central',
+            'duration': 1320.0,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://images\.paramount\.tech/uri/mgid:arc:imageassetref:',
+            'series': 'South Park',
+            'season': 'Season 12',
+            'season_number': 12,
+            'episode': 'Episode 3',
+            'episode_number': 3,
+            'timestamp': 1206504000,
+            'upload_date': '20080326',
+            'release_timestamp': 1206504000,
+            'release_date': '20080326',
         },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }]
 
-    def _get_feed_url(self, uri, url=None):
-        video_id = self._id_from_uri(uri)
-        config = self._download_json(
-            f'http://media.mtvnservices.com/pmt/e1/access/index.html?uri={uri}&configtype=edge&ref={url}', video_id)
-        return self._remove_template_parameter(config['feedWithQueryParams'])
-
-    def _get_feed_query(self, uri):
-        return
 
-
-class SouthParkLatIE(SouthParkIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
+class SouthParkLatIE(MTVServicesBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'southpark.lat'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?southpark\.lat/(?:en/)?(?:video-?clips?|collections|episod(?:e|io)s)/(?P<id>[^/?#&]+)'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?southpark\.lat/(?:en/)?(?:video-?clips?|collections|episod(?:e|io)s)/(?P<id>[^?#]+)'
+    _GEO_COUNTRIES = ['MX']
+    _GEO_BYPASS = True
     _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://www.southpark.lat/en/video-clips/ct46op/south-park-tooth-fairy-cartman',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.southpark.lat/episodios/9h0qbg/south-park-orgia-gatuna-temporada-3-ep-7',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.southpark.lat/en/collections/29ve08/south-park-heating-up/lydbrc',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        # clip
         'url': 'https://www.southpark.lat/en/video-clips/ct46op/south-park-tooth-fairy-cartman',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'e99d45ea-ed00-11e0-aca6-0026b9414f30',
             'ext': 'mp4',
+            'id': 'e99d45ea-ed00-11e0-aca6-0026b9414f30',
+            'display_id': 'ct46op/south-park-tooth-fairy-cartman',
             'title': 'Tooth Fairy Cartman',
-            'description': 'md5:db02e23818b4dc9cb5f0c5a7e8833a68',
+            'description': 'Cartman steals Butters\' tooth and gets four dollars for it.',
+            'duration': 93.26,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://images\.paramount\.tech/uri/mgid:arc:imageassetref:',
+            'series': 'South Park',
+            'season': 'Season 4',
+            'season_number': 4,
+            'episode': 'Episode 1',
+            'episode_number': 1,
+            'timestamp': 954990360,
+            'upload_date': '20000406',
+            'release_timestamp': 954990360,
+            'release_date': '20000406',
         },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
-        # episode
         'url': 'https://www.southpark.lat/episodios/9h0qbg/south-park-orgia-gatuna-temporada-3-ep-7',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'f5fbd823-04bc-11eb-9b1b-0e40cf2fc285',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'South Park',
-            'description': 'md5:ae0d875eff169dcbed16b21531857ac1',
+            'id': '600d273a-ecfd-11e0-aca6-0026b9414f30',
+            'display_id': '9h0qbg/south-park-orgia-gatuna-temporada-3-ep-7',
+            'title': 'Orgía Gatuna ',
+            'description': 'md5:73c6648413f5977026abb792a25c65d5',
+            'channel': 'Comedy Central',
+            'duration': 1319.0,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://images\.paramount\.tech/uri/mgid:arc:imageassetref:',
+            'series': 'South Park',
+            'season': 'Season 3',
+            'season_number': 3,
+            'episode': 'Episode 7',
+            'episode_number': 7,
+            'timestamp': 931924800,
+            'upload_date': '19990714',
+            'release_timestamp': 931924800,
+            'release_date': '19990714',
         },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.southpark.lat/en/collections/29ve08/south-park-heating-up/lydbrc',
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
-    def _get_feed_url(self, uri, url=None):
-        video_id = self._id_from_uri(uri)
-        config = self._download_json(
-            f'http://media.mtvnservices.com/pmt/e1/access/index.html?uri={uri}&configtype=edge&ref={url}',
-            video_id)
-        return self._remove_template_parameter(config['feedWithQueryParams'])
-
-    def _get_feed_query(self, uri):
-        return
 
+class SouthParkDkIE(MTVServicesBaseIE):
+    IE_NAME = 'southparkstudios.nu'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?southparkstudios\.nu/(?:video-clips|episodes|collections)/(?P<id>[^?#]+)'
+    _GEO_COUNTRIES = ['DK']
+    _GEO_BYPASS = True
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.southparkstudios.nu/episodes/y3uvvc/south-park-grounded-vindaloop-season-18-ep-7',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'id': 'f60690a7-21a7-4ee7-8834-d7099a8707ab',
+            'display_id': 'y3uvvc/south-park-grounded-vindaloop-season-18-ep-7',
+            'title': 'Grounded Vindaloop',
+            'description': 'Butters is convinced he\'s living in a virtual reality.',
+            'channel': 'Comedy Central',
+            'duration': 1319.0,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://images\.paramount\.tech/uri/mgid:arc:imageassetref:',
+            'series': 'South Park',
+            'season': 'Season 18',
+            'season_number': 18,
+            'episode': 'Episode 7',
+            'episode_number': 7,
+            'timestamp': 1415847600,
+            'upload_date': '20141113',
+            'release_timestamp': 1415768400,
+            'release_date': '20141112',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.southparkstudios.nu/collections/8dk7kr/south-park-best-of-south-park/sd5ean',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.southparkstudios.nu/video-clips/k42mrf/south-park-kick-the-baby',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]
 
-class SouthParkNlIE(SouthParkIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
-    IE_NAME = 'southpark.nl'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?(?P<url>southpark\.nl/(?:clips|(?:full-)?episodes|collections)/(?P<id>.+?)(\?|#|$))'
-    _FEED_URL = 'http://www.southpark.nl/feeds/video-player/mrss/'
 
+class SouthParkComBrIE(MTVServicesBaseIE):
+    IE_NAME = 'southparkstudios.com.br'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?southparkstudios\.com\.br/(?:en/)?(?:video-clips|episodios|collections|episodes)/(?P<id>[^?#]+)'
+    _GEO_COUNTRIES = ['BR']
+    _GEO_BYPASS = True
     _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'http://www.southpark.nl/full-episodes/s18e06-freemium-isnt-free',
+        'url': 'https://www.southparkstudios.com.br/video-clips/3vifo0/south-park-welcome-to-mar-a-lago7',
         'info_dict': {
-            'title': 'Freemium Isn\'t Free',
-            'description': 'Stan is addicted to the new Terrance and Phillip mobile game.',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'id': 'ccc3e952-7352-11f0-b405-16fff45bc035',
+            'display_id': '3vifo0/south-park-welcome-to-mar-a-lago7',
+            'title': 'Welcome to Mar-a-Lago',
+            'description': 'The President welcomes Mr. Mackey to Mar-a-Lago, a magical place where anything can happen.',
+            'duration': 139.223,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://images\.paramount\.tech/uri/mgid:arc:imageassetref:',
+            'series': 'South Park',
+            'season': 'Season 27',
+            'season_number': 27,
+            'episode': 'Episode 2',
+            'episode_number': 2,
+            'timestamp': 1754546400,
+            'upload_date': '20250807',
+            'release_timestamp': 1754546400,
+            'release_date': '20250807',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 3,
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.southparkstudios.com.br/episodios/940f8z/south-park-cartman-ganha-uma-sonda-anal-temporada-1-ep-1',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.southparkstudios.com.br/collections/8dk7kr/south-park-best-of-south-park/sd5ean',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.southparkstudios.com.br/en/episodes/5v0oap/south-park-south-park-the-25th-anniversary-concert-ep-1',
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
 
-class SouthParkDkIE(SouthParkIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
-    IE_NAME = 'southparkstudios.dk'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?(?P<url>southparkstudios\.(?:dk|nu)/(?:clips|full-episodes|collections)/(?P<id>.+?)(\?|#|$))'
-    _FEED_URL = 'http://www.southparkstudios.dk/feeds/video-player/mrss/'
-
+class SouthParkCoUkIE(MTVServicesBaseIE):
+    IE_NAME = 'southparkstudios.co.uk'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?southparkstudios\.co\.uk/(?:video-clips|collections|episodes)/(?P<id>[^?#]+)'
+    _GEO_COUNTRIES = ['UK']
+    _GEO_BYPASS = True
     _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'http://www.southparkstudios.dk/full-episodes/s18e07-grounded-vindaloop',
+        'url': 'https://www.southparkstudios.co.uk/video-clips/8kabfr/south-park-respectclydesauthority',
         'info_dict': {
-            'title': 'Grounded Vindaloop',
-            'description': 'Butters is convinced he\'s living in a virtual reality.',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'id': 'f6d9af23-734e-11f0-b405-16fff45bc035',
+            'display_id': '8kabfr/south-park-respectclydesauthority',
+            'title': '#RespectClydesAuthority',
+            'description': 'After learning about Clyde\'s Podcast, Cartman needs to see it for himself.',
+            'duration': 45.045,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://images\.paramount\.tech/uri/mgid:arc:imageassetref:',
+            'series': 'South Park',
+            'season': 'Season 27',
+            'season_number': 27,
+            'episode': 'Episode 2',
+            'episode_number': 2,
+            'timestamp': 1754546400,
+            'upload_date': '20250807',
+            'release_timestamp': 1754546400,
+            'release_date': '20250807',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 3,
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.southparkstudios.dk/collections/2476/superhero-showdown/1',
+        'url': 'https://www.southparkstudios.co.uk/episodes/e1yoxn/south-park-imaginationland-season-11-ep-10',
         'only_matching': True,
     }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.southparkstudios.nu/collections/2476/superhero-showdown/1',
+        'url': 'https://www.southparkstudios.co.uk/collections/8dk7kr/south-park-best-of-south-park/sd5ean',
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/spike.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/spike.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 5c1c78d8fc..0000000000
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/spike.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-from .mtv import MTVServicesInfoExtractor
-
-
-class BellatorIE(MTVServicesInfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?bellator\.com/[^/]+/[\da-z]{6}(?:[/?#&]|$)'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'http://www.bellator.com/fight/atwr7k/bellator-158-michael-page-vs-evangelista-cyborg',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'title': 'Michael Page vs. Evangelista Cyborg',
-            'description': 'md5:0d917fc00ffd72dd92814963fc6cbb05',
-        },
-        'playlist_count': 3,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.bellator.com/video-clips/bw6k7n/bellator-158-foundations-michael-venom-page',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-
-    _FEED_URL = 'http://www.bellator.com/feeds/mrss/'
-    _GEO_COUNTRIES = ['US']
-
-
-class ParamountNetworkIE(MTVServicesInfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?paramountnetwork\.com/[^/]+/[\da-z]{6}(?:[/?#&]|$)'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'http://www.paramountnetwork.com/episodes/j830qm/lip-sync-battle-joel-mchale-vs-jim-rash-season-2-ep-13',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '37ace3a8-1df6-48be-85b8-38df8229e241',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Lip Sync Battle|April 28, 2016|2|209|Joel McHale Vs. Jim Rash|Act 1',
-            'description': 'md5:a739ca8f978a7802f67f8016d27ce114',
-        },
-        'params': {
-            # m3u8 download
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
-    }]
-
-    _FEED_URL = 'http://feeds.mtvnservices.com/od/feed/intl-mrss-player-feed'
-    _GEO_COUNTRIES = ['US']
-
-    def _get_feed_query(self, uri):
-        return {
-            'arcEp': 'paramountnetwork.com',
-            'imageEp': 'paramountnetwork.com',
-            'mgid': uri,
-        }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sportbox.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sportbox.py
index ccbb0e8ccf..16a0790037 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sportbox.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sportbox.py
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ from ..utils import (
 
 
 class SportBoxIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _WORKING = False
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:news\.sportbox|matchtv)\.ru/vdl/player(?:/[^/]+/|\?.*?\bn?id=)(?P<id>\d+)'
     _EMBED_REGEX = [r'<iframe[^>]+src="(?P<url>https?://(?:news\.sportbox|matchtv)\.ru/vdl/player[^"]+)"']
     _TESTS = [{
@@ -17,7 +18,7 @@ class SportBoxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'В �оворо��ий�ке прошел дет�кий турнир «Поле �лавы боевой»',
             'description': 'В �оворо��ий�ке прошел дет�кий турнир «Поле �лавы боевой»',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
             'duration': 292,
             'view_count': int,
             'timestamp': 1426237001,
@@ -40,6 +41,15 @@ class SportBoxIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'https://matchtv.ru/vdl/player/media/109158',
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'http://www.vestifinance.ru/articles/25753',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '25753',
+            'title': 'Пр�мые тран�л�ции � Форума-вы�тавки "Го�заказ-2013"',
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 3,
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
+    }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sportdeutschland.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sportdeutschland.py
index 2d6acb8768..0b7d90a071 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sportdeutschland.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sportdeutschland.py
@@ -8,67 +8,86 @@ from ..utils import (
 
 
 class SportDeutschlandIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://sportdeutschland\.tv/(?P<id>(?:[^/]+/)?[^?#/&]+)'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:player\.)?sportdeutschland\.tv/(?P<id>(?:[^/?#]+/)?[^?#/&]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://sportdeutschland.tv/blauweissbuchholztanzsport/buchholzer-formationswochenende-2023-samstag-1-bundesliga-landesliga',
+        # Single-part video, direct link
+        'url': 'https://sportdeutschland.tv/rostock-griffins/gfl2-rostock-griffins-vs-elmshorn-fighting-pirates',
+        'md5': '35c11a19395c938cdd076b93bda54cde',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '9839a5c7-0dbb-48a8-ab63-3b408adc7b54',
+            'id': '9f27a97d-1544-4d0b-aa03-48d92d17a03a',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Buchholzer Formationswochenende 2023 - Samstag - 1. Bundesliga / Landesliga',
-            'display_id': 'blauweissbuchholztanzsport/buchholzer-formationswochenende-2023-samstag-1-bundesliga-landesliga',
-            'description': 'md5:a288c794a5ee69e200d8f12982f81a87',
+            'title': 'GFL2: Rostock Griffins vs. Elmshorn Fighting Pirates',
+            'display_id': 'rostock-griffins/gfl2-rostock-griffins-vs-elmshorn-fighting-pirates',
+            'channel': 'Rostock Griffins',
+            'channel_url': 'https://sportdeutschland.tv/rostock-griffins',
             'live_status': 'was_live',
-            'channel': 'Blau-Weiss Buchholz Tanzsport',
-            'channel_url': 'https://sportdeutschland.tv/blauweissbuchholztanzsport',
-            'channel_id': '93ec33c9-48be-43b6-b404-e016b64fdfa3',
-            'duration': 32447,
-            'upload_date': '20230114',
-            'timestamp': 1673733618,
+            'description': 'md5:60cb00067e55dafa27b0933a43d72862',
+            'channel_id': '9635f21c-3f67-4584-9ce4-796e9a47276b',
+            'timestamp': 1749913117,
+            'upload_date': '20250614',
+            'duration': 12287.0,
         },
     }, {
-        'url': 'https://sportdeutschland.tv/deutscherbadmintonverband/bwf-tour-1-runde-feld-1-yonex-gainward-german-open-2022-0',
+        # Single-part video, embedded player link
+        'url': 'https://player.sportdeutschland.tv/9e9619c4-7d77-43c4-926d-49fb57dc06dc',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '95c80c52-6b9a-4ae9-9197-984145adfced',
+            'id': '9f27a97d-1544-4d0b-aa03-48d92d17a03a',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'BWF Tour: 1. Runde Feld 1 - YONEX GAINWARD German Open 2022',
-            'display_id': 'deutscherbadmintonverband/bwf-tour-1-runde-feld-1-yonex-gainward-german-open-2022-0',
-            'description': 'md5:2afb5996ceb9ac0b2ac81f563d3a883e',
+            'title': 'GFL2: Rostock Griffins vs. Elmshorn Fighting Pirates',
+            'display_id': '9e9619c4-7d77-43c4-926d-49fb57dc06dc',
+            'channel': 'Rostock Griffins',
+            'channel_url': 'https://sportdeutschland.tv/rostock-griffins',
             'live_status': 'was_live',
-            'channel': 'Deutscher Badminton Verband',
-            'channel_url': 'https://sportdeutschland.tv/deutscherbadmintonverband',
-            'channel_id': '93ca5866-2551-49fc-8424-6db35af58920',
-            'duration': 41097,
-            'upload_date': '20220309',
-            'timestamp': 1646860727.0,
+            'description': 'md5:60cb00067e55dafa27b0933a43d72862',
+            'channel_id': '9635f21c-3f67-4584-9ce4-796e9a47276b',
+            'timestamp': 1749913117,
+            'upload_date': '20250614',
+            'duration': 12287.0,
         },
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
-        'url': 'https://sportdeutschland.tv/ggcbremen/formationswochenende-latein-2023',
+        # Multi-part video
+        'url': 'https://sportdeutschland.tv/rhine-ruhr-2025-fisu-world-university-games/volleyball-w-japan-vs-brasilien-halbfinale-2',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '9889785e-55b0-4d97-a72a-ce9a9f157cce',
-            'title': 'Formationswochenende Latein 2023 - Samstag',
-            'display_id': 'ggcbremen/formationswochenende-latein-2023',
-            'description': 'md5:6e4060d40ff6a8f8eeb471b51a8f08b2',
+            'id': '9f63d737-2444-4e3a-a1ea-840df73fd481',
+            'display_id': 'rhine-ruhr-2025-fisu-world-university-games/volleyball-w-japan-vs-brasilien-halbfinale-2',
+            'title': 'Volleyball w: Japan vs. Braslien - Halbfinale 2',
+            'description': 'md5:0a17da15e48a687e6019639c3452572b',
+            'channel': 'Rhine-Ruhr 2025 FISU World University Games',
+            'channel_id': '9f5216be-a49d-470b-9a30-4fe9df993334',
+            'channel_url': 'https://sportdeutschland.tv/rhine-ruhr-2025-fisu-world-university-games',
             'live_status': 'was_live',
-            'channel': 'Grün-Gold-Club Bremen e.V.',
-            'channel_id': '9888f04e-bb46-4c7f-be47-df960a4167bb',
-            'channel_url': 'https://sportdeutschland.tv/ggcbremen',
         },
-        'playlist_count': 3,
+        'playlist_count': 2,
         'playlist': [{
             'info_dict': {
-                'id': '988e1fea-9d44-4fab-8c72-3085fb667547',
+                'id': '9f725a94-d43e-40ff-859d-13da3081bb04',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
-                'channel_url': 'https://sportdeutschland.tv/ggcbremen',
-                'channel_id': '9888f04e-bb46-4c7f-be47-df960a4167bb',
-                'channel': 'Grün-Gold-Club Bremen e.V.',
-                'duration': 86,
-                'title': 'Formationswochenende Latein 2023 - Samstag Part 1',
-                'upload_date': '20230225',
-                'timestamp': 1677349909,
+                'title': 'Volleyball w: Japan vs. Braslien - Halbfinale 2 Part 1',
+                'channel': 'Rhine-Ruhr 2025 FISU World University Games',
+                'channel_id': '9f5216be-a49d-470b-9a30-4fe9df993334',
+                'channel_url': 'https://sportdeutschland.tv/rhine-ruhr-2025-fisu-world-university-games',
+                'duration': 14773.0,
+                'timestamp': 1753085197,
+                'upload_date': '20250721',
+                'live_status': 'was_live',
+            },
+        }, {
+            'info_dict': {
+                'id': '9f725a94-370e-4477-89ac-1751098e3217',
+                'ext': 'mp4',
+                'title': 'Volleyball w: Japan vs. Braslien - Halbfinale 2 Part 2',
+                'channel': 'Rhine-Ruhr 2025 FISU World University Games',
+                'channel_id': '9f5216be-a49d-470b-9a30-4fe9df993334',
+                'channel_url': 'https://sportdeutschland.tv/rhine-ruhr-2025-fisu-world-university-games',
+                'duration': 14773.0,
+                'timestamp': 1753128421,
+                'upload_date': '20250721',
                 'live_status': 'was_live',
             },
         }],
     }, {
+        # Livestream
         'url': 'https://sportdeutschland.tv/dtb/gymnastik-international-tag-1',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '95d71b8a-370a-4b87-ad16-94680da18528',
@@ -87,8 +106,9 @@ class SportDeutschlandIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _process_video(self, asset_id, video):
         is_live = video['type'] == 'mux_live'
         token = self._download_json(
-            f'https://api.sportdeutschland.tv/api/frontend/asset-token/{asset_id}',
-            video['id'], query={'type': video['type'], 'playback_id': video['src']})['token']
+            f'https://api.sportdeutschland.tv/api/web/personal/asset-token/{asset_id}',
+            video['id'], query={'type': video['type'], 'playback_id': video['src']},
+            headers={'Referer': 'https://sportdeutschland.tv/'})['token']
         formats, subtitles = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
             f'https://stream.mux.com/{video["src"]}.m3u8?token={token}', video['id'], live=is_live)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/spotify.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/spotify.py
deleted file mode 100644
index de67a61148..0000000000
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/spotify.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,167 +0,0 @@
-import functools
-import json
-import re
-
-from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import (
-    OnDemandPagedList,
-    clean_podcast_url,
-    float_or_none,
-    int_or_none,
-    strip_or_none,
-    traverse_obj,
-    try_get,
-    unified_strdate,
-)
-
-
-class SpotifyBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _WORKING = False
-    _ACCESS_TOKEN = None
-    _OPERATION_HASHES = {
-        'Episode': '8276d4423d709ae9b68ec1b74cc047ba0f7479059a37820be730f125189ac2bf',
-        'MinimalShow': '13ee079672fad3f858ea45a55eb109553b4fb0969ed793185b2e34cbb6ee7cc0',
-        'ShowEpisodes': 'e0e5ce27bd7748d2c59b4d44ba245a8992a05be75d6fabc3b20753fc8857444d',
-    }
-    _VALID_URL_TEMPL = r'https?://open\.spotify\.com/(?:embed-podcast/|embed/|)%s/(?P<id>[^/?&#]+)'
-    _EMBED_REGEX = [r'<iframe[^>]+src="(?P<url>https?://open\.spotify.com/embed/[^"]+)"']
-
-    def _real_initialize(self):
-        self._ACCESS_TOKEN = self._download_json(
-            'https://open.spotify.com/get_access_token', None)['accessToken']
-
-    def _call_api(self, operation, video_id, variables, **kwargs):
-        return self._download_json(
-            'https://api-partner.spotify.com/pathfinder/v1/query', video_id, query={
-                'operationName': 'query' + operation,
-                'variables': json.dumps(variables),
-                'extensions': json.dumps({
-                    'persistedQuery': {
-                        'sha256Hash': self._OPERATION_HASHES[operation],
-                    },
-                }),
-            }, headers={'authorization': 'Bearer ' + self._ACCESS_TOKEN},
-            **kwargs)['data']
-
-    def _extract_episode(self, episode, series):
-        episode_id = episode['id']
-        title = episode['name'].strip()
-
-        formats = []
-        audio_preview = episode.get('audioPreview') or {}
-        audio_preview_url = audio_preview.get('url')
-        if audio_preview_url:
-            f = {
-                'url': audio_preview_url.replace('://p.scdn.co/mp3-preview/', '://anon-podcast.scdn.co/'),
-                'vcodec': 'none',
-            }
-            audio_preview_format = audio_preview.get('format')
-            if audio_preview_format:
-                f['format_id'] = audio_preview_format
-                mobj = re.match(r'([0-9A-Z]{3})_(?:[A-Z]+_)?(\d+)', audio_preview_format)
-                if mobj:
-                    f.update({
-                        'abr': int(mobj.group(2)),
-                        'ext': mobj.group(1).lower(),
-                    })
-            formats.append(f)
-
-        for item in (try_get(episode, lambda x: x['audio']['items']) or []):
-            item_url = item.get('url')
-            if not (item_url and item.get('externallyHosted')):
-                continue
-            formats.append({
-                'url': clean_podcast_url(item_url),
-                'vcodec': 'none',
-            })
-
-        thumbnails = []
-        for source in (try_get(episode, lambda x: x['coverArt']['sources']) or []):
-            source_url = source.get('url')
-            if not source_url:
-                continue
-            thumbnails.append({
-                'url': source_url,
-                'width': int_or_none(source.get('width')),
-                'height': int_or_none(source.get('height')),
-            })
-
-        return {
-            'id': episode_id,
-            'title': title,
-            'formats': formats,
-            'thumbnails': thumbnails,
-            'description': strip_or_none(episode.get('description')),
-            'duration': float_or_none(try_get(
-                episode, lambda x: x['duration']['totalMilliseconds']), 1000),
-            'release_date': unified_strdate(try_get(
-                episode, lambda x: x['releaseDate']['isoString'])),
-            'series': series,
-        }
-
-
-class SpotifyIE(SpotifyBaseIE):
-    IE_NAME = 'spotify'
-    IE_DESC = 'Spotify episodes'
-    _VALID_URL = SpotifyBaseIE._VALID_URL_TEMPL % 'episode'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://open.spotify.com/episode/4Z7GAJ50bgctf6uclHlWKo',
-        'md5': '74010a1e3fa4d9e1ab3aa7ad14e42d3b',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '4Z7GAJ50bgctf6uclHlWKo',
-            'ext': 'mp3',
-            'title': 'From the archive: Why time management is ruining our lives',
-            'description': 'md5:b120d9c4ff4135b42aa9b6d9cde86935',
-            'duration': 2083.605,
-            'release_date': '20201217',
-            'series': "The Guardian's Audio Long Reads",
-        },
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://open.spotify.com/embed/episode/4TvCsKKs2thXmarHigWvXE?si=7eatS8AbQb6RxqO2raIuWA',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        episode_id = self._match_id(url)
-        episode = self._call_api('Episode', episode_id, {
-            'uri': 'spotify:episode:' + episode_id,
-        })['episode']
-        return self._extract_episode(
-            episode, try_get(episode, lambda x: x['podcast']['name']))
-
-
-class SpotifyShowIE(SpotifyBaseIE):
-    IE_NAME = 'spotify:show'
-    IE_DESC = 'Spotify shows'
-    _VALID_URL = SpotifyBaseIE._VALID_URL_TEMPL % 'show'
-    _TEST = {
-        'url': 'https://open.spotify.com/show/4PM9Ke6l66IRNpottHKV9M',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '4PM9Ke6l66IRNpottHKV9M',
-            'title': 'The Story from the Guardian',
-            'description': 'The Story podcast is dedicated to our finest audio documentaries, investigations and long form stories',
-        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 36,
-    }
-    _PER_PAGE = 100
-
-    def _fetch_page(self, show_id, page=0):
-        return self._call_api('ShowEpisodes', show_id, {
-            'limit': 100,
-            'offset': page * self._PER_PAGE,
-            'uri': f'spotify:show:{show_id}',
-        }, note=f'Downloading page {page + 1} JSON metadata')['podcast']
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        show_id = self._match_id(url)
-        first_page = self._fetch_page(show_id)
-
-        def _entries(page):
-            podcast = self._fetch_page(show_id, page) if page else first_page
-            yield from map(
-                functools.partial(self._extract_episode, series=podcast.get('name')),
-                traverse_obj(podcast, ('episodes', 'items', ..., 'episode')))
-
-        return self.playlist_result(
-            OnDemandPagedList(_entries, self._PER_PAGE),
-            show_id, first_page.get('name'), first_page.get('description'))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/springboardplatform.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/springboardplatform.py
index cd3261d554..9a37dd6752 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/springboardplatform.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/springboardplatform.py
@@ -30,11 +30,12 @@ class SpringboardPlatformIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Redman "BUD like YOU" "Usher Good Kisser" REMIX',
             'description': 'Redman "BUD like YOU" "Usher Good Kisser" REMIX',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
             'timestamp': 1409132328,
             'upload_date': '20140827',
             'duration': 193,
         },
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
     }, {
         'url': 'http://cms.springboardplatform.com/embed_iframe/159/video/981017/rab007/rapbasement.com/1/1',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -45,6 +46,15 @@ class SpringboardPlatformIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'http://cms.springboardplatform.com/xml_feeds_advanced/index/159/rss3/981017/0/0/1/',
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.kidzworld.com/article/30935-trolls-the-beat-goes-on-interview-skylar-astin-and-amanda-leighton',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '1731611',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Official Trailer | TROLLS: THE BEAT GOES ON!',
+        },
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
+    }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sprout.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sprout.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 444a6c270f..0000000000
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sprout.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
-from .adobepass import AdobePassIE
-from ..utils import (
-    int_or_none,
-    smuggle_url,
-    update_url_query,
-)
-
-
-class SproutIE(AdobePassIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?(?:sproutonline|universalkids)\.com/(?:watch|(?:[^/]+/)*videos)/(?P<id>[^/?#]+)'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://www.universalkids.com/shows/remy-and-boo/season/1/videos/robot-bike-race',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'bm0foJFaTKqb',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Robot Bike Race',
-            'description': 'md5:436b1d97117cc437f54c383f4debc66d',
-            'timestamp': 1606148940,
-            'upload_date': '20201123',
-            'uploader': 'NBCU-MPAT',
-        },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.sproutonline.com/watch/cowboy-adventure',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.universalkids.com/watch/robot-bike-race',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-    _GEO_COUNTRIES = ['US']
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        display_id = self._match_id(url)
-        mpx_metadata = self._download_json(
-            # http://nbcuunikidsprod.apps.nbcuni.com/networks/universalkids/content/videos/
-            'https://www.universalkids.com/_api/videos/' + display_id,
-            display_id)['mpxMetadata']
-        media_pid = mpx_metadata['mediaPid']
-        theplatform_url = 'https://link.theplatform.com/s/HNK2IC/' + media_pid
-        query = {
-            'mbr': 'true',
-            'manifest': 'm3u',
-        }
-        if mpx_metadata.get('entitlement') == 'auth':
-            query['auth'] = self._extract_mvpd_auth(url, media_pid, 'sprout', 'sprout')
-        theplatform_url = smuggle_url(
-            update_url_query(theplatform_url, query), {
-                'force_smil_url': True,
-                'geo_countries': self._GEO_COUNTRIES,
-            })
-        return {
-            '_type': 'url_transparent',
-            'id': media_pid,
-            'url': theplatform_url,
-            'series': mpx_metadata.get('seriesName'),
-            'season_number': int_or_none(mpx_metadata.get('seasonNumber')),
-            'episode_number': int_or_none(mpx_metadata.get('episodeNumber')),
-            'ie_key': 'ThePlatform',
-        }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sproutvideo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sproutvideo.py
index c0923594e5..ff9dc7dee2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sproutvideo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sproutvideo.py
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ class SproutVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 703,
             'thumbnail': r're:https?://images\.sproutvideo\.com/.+\.jpg',
         },
+        'skip': 'Account Disabled',
     }, {
         # http formats 'sd' and 'hd' are available
         'url': 'https://videos.sproutvideo.com/embed/119cd6bc1a18e6cd98/30751a1761ae5b90',
@@ -100,8 +101,15 @@ class SproutVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
             url, video_id, headers=traverse_obj(smuggled_data, {'Referer': 'referer'}))
         data = self._search_json(
-            r'var\s+dat\s*=\s*["\']', webpage, 'data', video_id, contains_pattern=r'[A-Za-z0-9+/=]+',
-            end_pattern=r'["\'];', transform_source=lambda x: base64.b64decode(x).decode())
+            r'(?:var|const|let)\s+(?:dat|(?:player|video)Info|)\s*=\s*["\']', webpage, 'player info',
+            video_id, contains_pattern=r'[A-Za-z0-9+/=]+', end_pattern=r'["\'];',
+            transform_source=lambda x: base64.b64decode(x).decode())
+
+        # SproutVideo may send player info for 'SMPTE Color Monitor Test' [a791d7b71b12ecc52e]
+        # e.g. if the user-agent we used with the webpage request is too old
+        video_uid = data['videoUid']
+        if video_id != video_uid:
+            raise ExtractorError(f'{self.IE_NAME} sent the wrong video data ({video_uid})')
 
         formats, subtitles = [], {}
         headers = {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/srmediathek.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/srmediathek.py
index fc63d9b1a5..d6cab6ae70 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/srmediathek.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/srmediathek.py
@@ -1,57 +1,102 @@
 from .ard import ARDMediathekBaseIE
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
-    get_element_by_attribute,
+    clean_html,
+    extract_attributes,
+    parse_duration,
+    parse_qs,
+    unified_strdate,
+)
+from ..utils.traversal import (
+    find_element,
+    require,
+    traverse_obj,
 )
 
 
 class SRMediathekIE(ARDMediathekBaseIE):
-    _WORKING = False
     IE_NAME = 'sr:mediathek'
     IE_DESC = 'Saarländischer Rundfunk'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://sr-mediathek(?:\.sr-online)?\.de/index\.php\?.*?&id=(?P<id>[0-9]+)'
 
+    _CLS_COMMON = 'teaser__image__caption__text teaser__image__caption__text--'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?sr-mediathek\.de/index\.php\?.*?&id=(?P<id>\d+)'
     _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'http://sr-mediathek.sr-online.de/index.php?seite=7&id=28455',
+        'url': 'https://www.sr-mediathek.de/index.php?seite=7&id=141317',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '28455',
+            'id': '141317',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'sportarena (26.10.2014)',
-            'description': 'Ringen: KSV Köllerbach gegen Aachen-Walheim; Frauen-Fußball: 1. FC Saarbrücken gegen Sindelfingen; Motorsport: Rallye in Losheim; dazu: Interview mit Timo Bernhard; Turnen: TG Saar; Reitsport: Deutscher Voltigier-Pokal; Badminton: Interview mit Michael Fuchs ',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
+            'title': 'Kärnten, da will ich hin!',
+            'channel': 'SR Fernsehen',
+            'description': 'md5:7732e71e803379a499732864a572a456',
+            'duration': 1788.0,
+            'release_date': '20250525',
+            'series': 'da will ich hin!',
+            'series_id': 'DWIH',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
         },
-        'skip': 'no longer available',
     }, {
-        'url': 'http://sr-mediathek.sr-online.de/index.php?seite=7&id=37682',
+        'url': 'https://www.sr-mediathek.de/index.php?seite=7&id=153853',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '37682',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Love, Cakes and Rock\'n\'Roll',
-            'description': 'md5:18bf9763631c7d326c22603681e1123d',
-        },
-        'params': {
-            # m3u8 download
-            'skip_download': True,
+            'id': '153853',
+            'ext': 'mp3',
+            'title': 'Kappes, Klöße, Kokosmilch: Bruschetta mit Nduja',
+            'channel': 'SR 3',
+            'description': 'md5:3935798de3562b10c4070b408a15e225',
+            'duration': 139.0,
+            'release_date': '20250523',
+            'series': 'Kappes, Klöße, Kokosmilch',
+            'series_id': 'SR3_KKK_A',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
         },
     }, {
-        'url': 'http://sr-mediathek.de/index.php?seite=7&id=7480',
-        'only_matching': True,
+        'url': 'https://www.sr-mediathek.de/index.php?seite=7&id=31406&pnr=&tbl=pf',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '31406',
+            'ext': 'mp3',
+            'title': 'Das Leben schwer nehmen, ist einfach zu anstrengend',
+            'channel': 'SR 1',
+            'description': 'md5:3e03fd556af831ad984d0add7175fb0c',
+            'duration': 1769.0,
+            'release_date': '20230717',
+            'series': 'Abendrot',
+            'series_id': 'SR1_AB_P',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
+        description = self._og_search_description(webpage)
 
-        if '>Der gew&uuml;nschte Beitrag ist leider nicht mehr verf&uuml;gbar.<' in webpage:
+        if description == 'Der gewünschte Beitrag ist leider nicht mehr vorhanden.':
             raise ExtractorError(f'Video {video_id} is no longer available', expected=True)
 
-        media_collection_url = self._search_regex(
-            r'data-mediacollection-ardplayer="([^"]+)"', webpage, 'media collection url')
-        info = self._extract_media_info(media_collection_url, webpage, video_id)
-        info.update({
+        player_url = traverse_obj(webpage, (
+            {find_element(tag='div', id=f'player{video_id}', html=True)},
+            {extract_attributes}, 'data-mediacollection-ardplayer',
+            {self._proto_relative_url}, {require('player URL')}))
+        article = traverse_obj(webpage, (
+            {find_element(cls='article__content')},
+            {find_element(tag='p')}, {clean_html}))
+
+        return {
+            **self._extract_media_info(player_url, webpage, video_id),
             'id': video_id,
-            'title': get_element_by_attribute('class', 'ardplayer-title', webpage),
-            'description': self._og_search_description(webpage),
+            'title': traverse_obj(webpage, (
+                {find_element(cls='ardplayer-title')}, {clean_html})),
+            'channel': traverse_obj(webpage, (
+                {find_element(cls=f'{self._CLS_COMMON}subheadline')},
+                {lambda x: x.split('|')[0]}, {clean_html})),
+            'description': description,
+            'duration': parse_duration(self._search_regex(
+                r'(\d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2})', article, 'duration')),
+            'release_date': unified_strdate(self._search_regex(
+                r'(\d{2}\.\d{2}\.\d{4})', article, 'release_date')),
+            'series': traverse_obj(webpage, (
+                {find_element(cls=f'{self._CLS_COMMON}headline')}, {clean_html})),
+            'series_id': traverse_obj(webpage, (
+                {find_element(cls='teaser__link', html=True)},
+                {extract_attributes}, 'href', {parse_qs}, 'sen', ..., {str}, any)),
             'thumbnail': self._og_search_thumbnail(webpage),
-        })
-        return info
+        }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/stacommu.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/stacommu.py
index 8300185183..e6866f1517 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/stacommu.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/stacommu.py
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ from .wrestleuniverse import WrestleUniverseBaseIE
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     traverse_obj,
+    url_basename,
     url_or_none,
 )
 
@@ -65,9 +66,19 @@ class StacommuBaseIE(WrestleUniverseBaseIE):
         hls_info, decrypt = self._call_encrypted_api(
             video_id, ':watchArchive', 'stream information', data={'method': 1})
 
+        formats = self._get_formats(hls_info, ('hls', 'urls', ..., {url_or_none}), video_id)
+        for f in formats:
+            # bitrates are exaggerated in PPV playlists, so avoid wrong/huge filesize_approx values
+            if f.get('tbr'):
+                f['tbr'] = int(f['tbr'] / 2.5)
+            # prefer variants with the same basename as the master playlist to avoid partial streams
+            f['format_id'] = url_basename(f['url']).partition('.')[0]
+            if not f['format_id'].startswith(url_basename(f['manifest_url']).partition('.')[0]):
+                f['preference'] = -10
+
         return {
             'id': video_id,
-            'formats': self._get_formats(hls_info, ('hls', 'urls', ..., {url_or_none}), video_id),
+            'formats': formats,
             'hls_aes': self._extract_hls_key(hls_info, 'hls', decrypt),
             **traverse_obj(video_info, {
                 'title': ('displayName', {str}),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/startrek.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/startrek.py
index c591871731..802702d44e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/startrek.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/startrek.py
@@ -1,76 +1,76 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import int_or_none, urljoin
+from .youtube import YoutubeIE
+from ..utils import (
+    clean_html,
+    parse_iso8601,
+    update_url,
+    url_or_none,
+)
+from ..utils.traversal import subs_list_to_dict, traverse_obj
 
 
 class StarTrekIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _WORKING = False
-    _VALID_URL = r'(?P<base>https?://(?:intl|www)\.startrek\.com)/videos/(?P<id>[^/]+)'
+    IE_NAME = 'startrek'
+    IE_DESC = 'STAR TREK'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?startrek\.com(?:/en-(?:ca|un))?/videos/(?P<id>[^/?#]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://intl.startrek.com/videos/watch-welcoming-jess-bush-to-the-ready-room',
-        'md5': '491df5035c9d4dc7f63c79caaf9c839e',
+        'url': 'https://www.startrek.com/en-un/videos/official-trailer-star-trek-lower-decks-season-4',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'watch-welcoming-jess-bush-to-the-ready-room',
+            'id': 'official-trailer-star-trek-lower-decks-season-4',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'WATCH: Welcoming Jess Bush to The Ready Room',
-            'duration': 1888,
-            'timestamp': 1655388000,
-            'upload_date': '20220616',
-            'description': 'md5:1ffee884e3920afbdd6dd04e926a1221',
-            'thumbnail': r're:https://(?:intl|www)\.startrek\.com/sites/default/files/styles/video_1920x1080/public/images/2022-06/pp_14794_rr_thumb_107_yt_16x9\.jpg(?:\?.+)?',
-            'subtitles': {'en-US': [{
-                'url': r're:https://(?:intl|www)\.startrek\.com/sites/default/files/video/captions/2022-06/TRR_SNW_107_v4\.vtt',
-            }, {
-                'url': 'https://media.startrek.com/2022/06/16/2043801155561/1069981_hls/trr_snw_107_v4-c4bfc25d/stream_vtt.m3u8',
-            }]},
+            'title': 'Official Trailer | Star Trek: Lower Decks - Season 4',
+            'alt_title': 'md5:dd7e3191aaaf9e95db16fc3abd5ef68b',
+            'categories': ['TRAILERS'],
+            'description': 'md5:563d7856ddab99bee7a5e50f45531757',
+            'release_date': '20230722',
+            'release_timestamp': 1690033200,
+            'series': 'Star Trek: Lower Decks',
+            'series_id': 'star-trek-lower-decks',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.(?:jpg|png)',
         },
     }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.startrek.com/videos/watch-ethan-peck-and-gia-sandhu-beam-down-to-the-ready-room',
-        'md5': 'f5ad74fbb86e91e0882fc0a333178d1d',
+        'url': 'https://www.startrek.com/en-ca/videos/my-first-contact-senator-cory-booker',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'watch-ethan-peck-and-gia-sandhu-beam-down-to-the-ready-room',
+            'id': 'my-first-contact-senator-cory-booker',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'WATCH: Ethan Peck and Gia Sandhu Beam Down to The Ready Room',
-            'duration': 1986,
-            'timestamp': 1654221600,
-            'upload_date': '20220603',
-            'description': 'md5:b3aa0edacfe119386567362dec8ed51b',
-            'thumbnail': r're:https://www\.startrek\.com/sites/default/files/styles/video_1920x1080/public/images/2022-06/pp_14792_rr_thumb_105_yt_16x9_1.jpg(?:\?.+)?',
-            'subtitles': {'en-US': [{
-                'url': r're:https://(?:intl|www)\.startrek\.com/sites/default/files/video/captions/2022-06/TRR_SNW_105_v5\.vtt',
-            }]},
+            'title': 'My First Contact: Senator Cory Booker',
+            'alt_title': 'md5:fe74a8bdb0afab421c6e159a7680db4d',
+            'categories': ['MY FIRST CONTACT'],
+            'description': 'md5:a3992ab3b3e0395925d71156bbc018ce',
+            'release_date': '20250401',
+            'release_timestamp': 1743512400,
+            'series': 'Star Trek: The Original Series',
+            'series_id': 'star-trek-the-original-series',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.(?:jpg|png)',
         },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        urlbase, video_id = self._match_valid_url(url).group('base', 'id')
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
 
-        player = self._search_regex(
-            r'(<\s*div\s+id\s*=\s*"cvp-player-[^<]+<\s*/div\s*>)', webpage, 'player')
+        page_props = self._search_nextjs_data(webpage, video_id)['props']['pageProps']
+        video_data = page_props['video']['data']
+        if youtube_id := video_data.get('youtube_video_id'):
+            return self.url_result(youtube_id, YoutubeIE)
 
-        hls = self._html_search_regex(r'\bdata-hls\s*=\s*"([^"]+)"', player, 'HLS URL')
-        formats, subtitles = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(hls, video_id, 'mp4')
-
-        captions = self._html_search_regex(
-            r'\bdata-captions-url\s*=\s*"([^"]+)"', player, 'captions URL', fatal=False)
-        if captions:
-            subtitles.setdefault('en-US', [])[:0] = [{'url': urljoin(urlbase, captions)}]
-
-        # NB: Most of the data in the json_ld is undesirable
-        json_ld = self._search_json_ld(webpage, video_id, fatal=False)
+        series_id = traverse_obj(video_data, (
+            'series_and_movies', ..., 'series_or_movie', 'slug', {str}, any))
 
         return {
             'id': video_id,
-            'title': self._html_search_regex(
-                r'\bdata-title\s*=\s*"([^"]+)"', player, 'title', json_ld.get('title')),
-            'description': self._html_search_regex(
-                r'(?s)<\s*div\s+class\s*=\s*"header-body"\s*>(.+?)<\s*/div\s*>',
-                webpage, 'description', fatal=False),
-            'duration': int_or_none(self._html_search_regex(
-                r'\bdata-duration\s*=\s*"(\d+)"', player, 'duration', fatal=False)),
-            'formats': formats,
-            'subtitles': subtitles,
-            'thumbnail': urljoin(urlbase, self._html_search_regex(
-                r'\bdata-poster-url\s*=\s*"([^"]+)"', player, 'thumbnail', fatal=False)),
-            'timestamp': json_ld.get('timestamp'),
+            'series': traverse_obj(page_props, (
+                'queried', 'header', 'tab3', 'slices', ..., 'items',
+                lambda _, v: v['link']['slug'] == series_id, 'link_copy', {str}, any)),
+            'series_id': series_id,
+            **traverse_obj(video_data, {
+                'title': ('title', ..., 'text', {clean_html}, any),
+                'alt_title': ('subhead', ..., 'text', {clean_html}, any),
+                'categories': ('category', 'data', 'category_name', {str.upper}, filter, all),
+                'description': ('slices', ..., 'primary', 'content', ..., 'text', {clean_html}, any),
+                'release_timestamp': ('published', {parse_iso8601}),
+                'subtitles': ({'url': 'legacy_subtitle_file'}, all, {subs_list_to_dict(lang='en')}),
+                'thumbnail': ('poster_frame', 'url', {url_or_none}, {update_url(query=None)}),
+                'url': ('legacy_video_url', {url_or_none}),
+            }),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/steam.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/steam.py
index b7f8ac3ae7..71d94815e7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/steam.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/steam.py
@@ -1,142 +1,175 @@
-import re
+import json
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
+from .youtube import YoutubeIE
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
+    clean_html,
     extract_attributes,
-    get_element_by_class,
+    join_nonempty,
+    js_to_json,
     str_or_none,
+    url_or_none,
+)
+from ..utils.traversal import (
+    find_element,
+    find_elements,
+    traverse_obj,
+    trim_str,
 )
 
 
 class SteamIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
-        https?://(?:store\.steampowered|steamcommunity)\.com/
-            (?:agecheck/)?
-            (?P<urltype>video|app)/ #If the page is only for videos or for a game
-            (?P<gameID>\d+)/?
-            (?P<videoID>\d*)(?P<extra>\??) # For urltype == video we sometimes get the videoID
-        |
-        https?://(?:www\.)?steamcommunity\.com/sharedfiles/filedetails/\?id=(?P<fileID>[0-9]+)
-    '''
-    _VIDEO_PAGE_TEMPLATE = 'http://store.steampowered.com/video/%s/'
-    _AGECHECK_TEMPLATE = 'http://store.steampowered.com/agecheck/video/%s/?snr=1_agecheck_agecheck__age-gate&ageDay=1&ageMonth=January&ageYear=1970'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://store\.steampowered\.com(?:/agecheck)?/app/(?P<id>\d+)/?(?:[^?/#]+/?)?(?:[?#]|$)'
     _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'http://store.steampowered.com/video/105600/',
-        'playlist': [
-            {
-                'md5': '695242613303ffa2a4c44c9374ddc067',
-                'info_dict': {
-                    'id': '256785003',
-                    'ext': 'mp4',
-                    'title': 'Terraria video 256785003',
-                    'thumbnail': r're:^https://cdn\.[^\.]+\.steamstatic\.com',
-                },
-            },
-            {
-                'md5': '6a294ee0c4b1f47f5bb76a65e31e3592',
-                'info_dict': {
-                    'id': '2040428',
-                    'ext': 'mp4',
-                    'title': 'Terraria video 2040428',
-                    'thumbnail': r're:^https://cdn\.[^\.]+\.steamstatic\.com',
-                },
-            },
-        ],
+        'url': 'https://store.steampowered.com/app/105600',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '105600',
             'title': 'Terraria',
         },
-        'params': {
-            'playlistend': 2,
-        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 3,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://store.steampowered.com/app/271590/Grand_Theft_Auto_V/',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '271590',
-            'title': 'Grand Theft Auto V',
+            'title': 'Grand Theft Auto V Legacy',
         },
-        'playlist_count': 23,
+        'playlist_mincount': 26,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        m = self._match_valid_url(url)
-        file_id = m.group('fileID')
-        if file_id:
-            video_url = url
-            playlist_id = file_id
-        else:
-            game_id = m.group('gameID')
-            playlist_id = game_id
-            video_url = self._VIDEO_PAGE_TEMPLATE % playlist_id
-
-        self._set_cookie('steampowered.com', 'wants_mature_content', '1')
-        self._set_cookie('steampowered.com', 'birthtime', '944006401')
-        self._set_cookie('steampowered.com', 'lastagecheckage', '1-0-2000')
-
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(video_url, playlist_id)
-
-        if re.search('<div[^>]+>Please enter your birth date to continue:</div>', webpage) is not None:
-            video_url = self._AGECHECK_TEMPLATE % playlist_id
-            self.report_age_confirmation()
-            webpage = self._download_webpage(video_url, playlist_id)
-
-        videos = re.findall(r'(<div[^>]+id=[\'"]highlight_movie_(\d+)[\'"][^>]+>)', webpage)
+        app_id = self._match_id(url)
+
+        self._set_cookie('store.steampowered.com', 'wants_mature_content', '1')
+        self._set_cookie('store.steampowered.com', 'birthtime', '946652401')
+        self._set_cookie('store.steampowered.com', 'lastagecheckage', '1-January-2000')
+
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, app_id)
+        app_name = traverse_obj(webpage, ({find_element(cls='apphub_AppName')}, {clean_html}))
+
         entries = []
-        playlist_title = get_element_by_class('apphub_AppName', webpage)
-        for movie, movie_id in videos:
-            if not movie:
-                continue
-            movie = extract_attributes(movie)
-            if not movie_id:
-                continue
-            entry = {
-                'id': movie_id,
-                'title': f'{playlist_title} video {movie_id}',
-            }
+        for data_prop in traverse_obj(webpage, (
+            {find_elements(cls='highlight_player_item highlight_movie', html=True)},
+            ..., {extract_attributes}, 'data-props', {json.loads}, {dict},
+        )):
             formats = []
-            if movie:
-                entry['thumbnail'] = movie.get('data-poster')
-                for quality in ('', '-hd'):
-                    for ext in ('webm', 'mp4'):
-                        video_url = movie.get(f'data-{ext}{quality}-source')
-                        if video_url:
-                            formats.append({
-                                'format_id': ext + quality,
-                                'url': video_url,
-                            })
-            entry['formats'] = formats
-            entries.append(entry)
-        embedded_videos = re.findall(r'(<iframe[^>]+>)', webpage)
-        for evideos in embedded_videos:
-            evideos = extract_attributes(evideos).get('src')
-            video_id = self._search_regex(r'youtube\.com/embed/([0-9A-Za-z_-]{11})', evideos, 'youtube_video_id', default=None)
-            if video_id:
-                entries.append({
-                    '_type': 'url_transparent',
-                    'id': video_id,
-                    'url': video_id,
-                    'ie_key': 'Youtube',
-                })
-        if not entries:
-            raise ExtractorError('Could not find any videos')
-
-        return self.playlist_result(entries, playlist_id, playlist_title)
+            if hls_manifest := traverse_obj(data_prop, ('hlsManifest', {url_or_none})):
+                formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
+                    hls_manifest, app_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False))
+            for dash_manifest in traverse_obj(data_prop, ('dashManifests', ..., {url_or_none})):
+                formats.extend(self._extract_mpd_formats(
+                    dash_manifest, app_id, mpd_id='dash', fatal=False))
+
+            movie_id = traverse_obj(data_prop, ('id', {trim_str(start='highlight_movie_')}))
+            entries.append({
+                'id': movie_id,
+                'title': join_nonempty(app_name, 'video', movie_id, delim=' '),
+                'formats': formats,
+                'series': app_name,
+                'series_id': app_id,
+                'thumbnail': traverse_obj(data_prop, ('screenshot', {url_or_none})),
+            })
+
+        return self.playlist_result(entries, app_id, app_name)
+
+
+class SteamCommunityIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?steamcommunity\.com/sharedfiles/filedetails(?:/?\?(?:[^#]+&)?id=|/)(?P<id>\d+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://steamcommunity.com/sharedfiles/filedetails/2717708756',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '39Sp2mB1Ly8',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Gmod Stamina System + Customisable HUD',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'categories': ['Gaming'],
+            'channel': 'Zworld Gmod',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UCER1FWFSdMMiTKBnnEDBPaw',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCER1FWFSdMMiTKBnnEDBPaw',
+            'chapters': 'count:3',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'description': 'md5:0ba8d8e550231211fa03fac920e5b0bf',
+            'duration': 162,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'media_type': 'video',
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'tags': 'count:20',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/vi/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1641955348,
+            'upload_date': '20220112',
+            'uploader': 'Zworld Gmod',
+            'uploader_id': '@gmod-addons',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@gmod-addons',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'add_ie': ['Youtube'],
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://steamcommunity.com/sharedfiles/filedetails/?id=3544291945',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '5JZZlsAdsvI',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Memories',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'categories': ['Gaming'],
+            'channel': 'Bombass Team',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UCIJgtNyCV53IeSkzg3FWSFA',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCIJgtNyCV53IeSkzg3FWSFA',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'description': 'md5:1b8a103a5d67a3c48d07c065de7e2c63',
+            'duration': 83,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'media_type': 'video',
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'tags': 'count:10',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/vi/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1754427291,
+            'upload_date': '20250805',
+            'uploader': 'Bombass Team',
+            'uploader_id': '@BombassTeam',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@BombassTeam',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'add_ie': ['Youtube'],
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        file_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, file_id)
+
+        flashvars = self._search_json(
+            r'var\s+rgMovieFlashvars\s*=', webpage, 'flashvars',
+            file_id, default={}, transform_source=js_to_json)
+        youtube_id = (
+            traverse_obj(flashvars, (..., 'YOUTUBE_VIDEO_ID', {str}, any))
+            or traverse_obj(webpage, (
+                {find_element(cls='movieFrame modal', html=True)}, {extract_attributes}, 'id', {str})))
+        if not youtube_id:
+            raise ExtractorError('No video found', expected=True)
+
+        return self.url_result(youtube_id, YoutubeIE)
 
 
 class SteamCommunityBroadcastIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://steamcommunity\.(?:com)/broadcast/watch/(?P<id>\d+)'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?steamcommunity\.com/broadcast/watch/(?P<id>\d+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://steamcommunity.com/broadcast/watch/76561199073851486',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '76561199073851486',
-            'title': r're:Steam Community :: pepperm!nt :: Broadcast 2022-06-26 \d{2}:\d{2}',
             'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': str,
             'uploader_id': '1113585758',
             'uploader': 'pepperm!nt',
             'live_status': 'is_live',
         },
-        'skip': 'Stream has ended',
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'Livestream'},
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/streaks.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/streaks.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..60123d67b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/streaks.py
@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+import json
+import urllib.parse
+
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
+from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
+    filter_dict,
+    float_or_none,
+    join_nonempty,
+    mimetype2ext,
+    parse_iso8601,
+    unsmuggle_url,
+    update_url_query,
+    url_or_none,
+)
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
+
+
+class StreaksBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _API_URL_TEMPLATE = 'https://{}.api.streaks.jp/v1/projects/{}/medias/{}{}'
+    _GEO_BYPASS = False
+    _GEO_COUNTRIES = ['JP']
+
+    def _extract_from_streaks_api(self, project_id, media_id, headers=None, query=None, ssai=False):
+        try:
+            response = self._download_json(
+                self._API_URL_TEMPLATE.format('playback', project_id, media_id, ''),
+                media_id, 'Downloading STREAKS playback API JSON', headers={
+                    'Accept': 'application/json',
+                    'Origin': 'https://players.streaks.jp',
+                    **self.geo_verification_headers(),
+                    **(headers or {}),
+                })
+        except ExtractorError as e:
+            if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status in (403, 404):
+                error = self._parse_json(e.cause.response.read().decode(), media_id, fatal=False)
+                message = traverse_obj(error, ('message', {str}))
+                code = traverse_obj(error, ('code', {str}))
+                error_id = traverse_obj(error, ('id', {int}))
+                if code == 'REQUEST_FAILED':
+                    if error_id == 124:
+                        self.raise_geo_restricted(countries=self._GEO_COUNTRIES)
+                    elif error_id == 126:
+                        raise ExtractorError('Access is denied (possibly due to invalid/missing API key)')
+                if code == 'MEDIA_NOT_FOUND':
+                    raise ExtractorError(join_nonempty(code, message, delim=': '), expected=True)
+                if code or message:
+                    raise ExtractorError(join_nonempty(code, error_id, message, delim=': '))
+            raise
+
+        streaks_id = response['id']
+        live_status = {
+            'clip': 'was_live',
+            'file': 'not_live',
+            'linear': 'is_live',
+            'live': 'is_live',
+        }.get(response.get('type'))
+
+        formats, subtitles = [], {}
+        drm_formats = False
+
+        for source in traverse_obj(response, ('sources', lambda _, v: v['src'])):
+            if source.get('key_systems'):
+                drm_formats = True
+                continue
+
+            src_url = source['src']
+            is_live = live_status == 'is_live'
+            ext = mimetype2ext(source.get('type'))
+            if ext != 'm3u8':
+                self.report_warning(f'Unsupported stream type: {ext}')
+                continue
+
+            if is_live and ssai:
+                session_params = traverse_obj(self._download_json(
+                    self._API_URL_TEMPLATE.format('ssai', project_id, streaks_id, '/ssai/session'),
+                    media_id, 'Downloading session parameters',
+                    headers={'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'Accept': 'application/json'},
+                    data=json.dumps({'id': source['id']}).encode(),
+                ), (0, 'query', {urllib.parse.parse_qs}))
+                src_url = update_url_query(src_url, session_params)
+
+            fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
+                src_url, media_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False, live=is_live, query=query)
+            formats.extend(fmts)
+            self._merge_subtitles(subs, target=subtitles)
+
+        if not formats and drm_formats:
+            self.report_drm(media_id)
+        self._remove_duplicate_formats(formats)
+
+        for subs in traverse_obj(response, (
+            'tracks', lambda _, v: v['kind'] in ('captions', 'subtitles') and url_or_none(v['src']),
+        )):
+            lang = traverse_obj(subs, ('srclang', {str.lower})) or 'ja'
+            subtitles.setdefault(lang, []).append({'url': subs['src']})
+
+        return {
+            'id': streaks_id,
+            'display_id': media_id,
+            'formats': formats,
+            'live_status': live_status,
+            'subtitles': subtitles,
+            'uploader_id': project_id,
+            **traverse_obj(response, {
+                'title': ('name', {str}),
+                'description': ('description', {str}, filter),
+                'duration': ('duration', {float_or_none}),
+                'modified_timestamp': ('updated_at', {parse_iso8601}),
+                'tags': ('tags', ..., {str}),
+                'thumbnails': (('poster', 'thumbnail'), 'src', {'url': {url_or_none}}),
+                'timestamp': ('created_at', {parse_iso8601}),
+            }),
+        }
+
+
+class StreaksIE(StreaksBaseIE):
+    _VALID_URL = [
+        r'https?://players\.streaks\.jp/(?P<project_id>[\w-]+)/[\da-f]+/index\.html\?(?:[^#]+&)?m=(?P<id>(?:ref:)?[\w-]+)',
+        r'https?://playback\.api\.streaks\.jp/v1/projects/(?P<project_id>[\w-]+)/medias/(?P<id>(?:ref:)?[\w-]+)',
+    ]
+    _EMBED_REGEX = [rf'<iframe\s+[^>]*\bsrc\s*=\s*["\'](?P<url>{_VALID_URL[0]})']
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://players.streaks.jp/tipness/08155cd19dc14c12bebefb69b92eafcc/index.html?m=dbdf2df35b4d483ebaeeaeb38c594647',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'dbdf2df35b4d483ebaeeaeb38c594647',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '3shunenCM_edit.mp4',
+            'display_id': 'dbdf2df35b4d483ebaeeaeb38c594647',
+            'duration': 47.533,
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'modified_date': '20230726',
+            'modified_timestamp': 1690356180,
+            'timestamp': 1690355996,
+            'upload_date': '20230726',
+            'uploader_id': 'tipness',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://players.streaks.jp/ktv-web/0298e8964c164ab384c07ef6e08c444b/index.html?m=ref:mycoffeetime_250317',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'dccdc079e3fd41f88b0c8435e2d453ab',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '������時間_250317',
+            'display_id': 'ref:mycoffeetime_250317',
+            'duration': 122.99,
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'modified_date': '20250310',
+            'modified_timestamp': 1741586302,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
+            'timestamp': 1741585839,
+            'upload_date': '20250310',
+            'uploader_id': 'ktv-web',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://playback.api.streaks.jp/v1/projects/ktv-web/medias/b5411938e1e5435dac71edf829dd4813',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'b5411938e1e5435dac71edf829dd4813',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'KANTELE_SYUSEi_0630',
+            'display_id': 'b5411938e1e5435dac71edf829dd4813',
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'modified_date': '20250122',
+            'modified_timestamp': 1737522999,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
+            'timestamp': 1735205137,
+            'upload_date': '20241226',
+            'uploader_id': 'ktv-web',
+        },
+    }, {
+        # TVer Olympics: website already down, but api remains accessible
+        'url': 'https://playback.api.streaks.jp/v1/projects/tver-olympic/medias/ref:sp_240806_1748_dvr',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'c10f7345adb648cf804d7578ab93b2e3',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'サッカー 男� 準決�_dvr',
+            'display_id': 'ref:sp_240806_1748_dvr',
+            'duration': 12960.0,
+            'live_status': 'was_live',
+            'modified_date': '20240805',
+            'modified_timestamp': 1722896263,
+            'timestamp': 1722777618,
+            'upload_date': '20240804',
+            'uploader_id': 'tver-olympic',
+        },
+    }, {
+        # TBS FREE: 24-hour stream
+        'url': 'https://playback.api.streaks.jp/v1/projects/tbs/medias/ref:simul-02',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'c4e83a7b48f4409a96adacec674b4e22',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': str,
+            'display_id': 'ref:simul-02',
+            'live_status': 'is_live',
+            'modified_date': '20241031',
+            'modified_timestamp': 1730339858,
+            'timestamp': 1705466840,
+            'upload_date': '20240117',
+            'uploader_id': 'tbs',
+        },
+    }, {
+        # DRM protected
+        'url': 'https://players.streaks.jp/sp-jbc/a12d7ee0f40c49d6a0a2bff520639677/index.html?m=5f89c62f37ee4a68be8e6e3b1396c7d8',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://event.play.jp/playnext2023/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '2d975178293140dc8074a7fc536a7604',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'PLAY NEXTキームービー（本番）',
+            'uploader_id': 'play',
+            'duration': 17.05,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
+            'timestamp': 1668387517,
+            'upload_date': '20221114',
+            'modified_timestamp': 1739411523,
+            'modified_date': '20250213',
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://wowshop.jp/Page/special/cooking_goods/?bid=wowshop&srsltid=AfmBOor_phUNoPEE_UCPiGGSCMrJE5T2US397smvsbrSdLqUxwON0el4',
+        'playlist_mincount': 2,
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '?bid=wowshop&srsltid=AfmBOor_phUNoPEE_UCPiGGSCMrJE5T2US397smvsbrSdLqUxwON0el4',
+            'title': 'ワンランク上�料��具����り�“�����を食��｜wowshop',
+            'description': 'md5:914b5cb8624fc69274c7fb7b2342958f',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://wowshop.jp/Page/special/cooking_goods/images/ogp.jpg',
+        },
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        url, smuggled_data = unsmuggle_url(url, {})
+        project_id, media_id = self._match_valid_url(url).group('project_id', 'id')
+
+        return self._extract_from_streaks_api(
+            project_id, media_id, headers=filter_dict({
+                'X-Streaks-Api-Key': smuggled_data.get('api_key'),
+            }))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/substack.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/substack.py
index b70d40f2ca..efda234fd3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/substack.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/substack.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 
 
 class SubstackIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?P<username>[\w-]+)\.substack\.com/p/(?P<id>[\w-]+)'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://[\w-]+\.substack\.com/p/(?P<id>[\w-]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://haleynahman.substack.com/p/i-made-a-vlog?s=r',
         'md5': 'f27e4fc6252001d48d479f45e65cdfd5',
@@ -63,6 +63,29 @@ class SubstackIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_id': '61579',
         },
     }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.mollymovieclub.com/p/interstellar',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '53602801',
+            'ext': 'mpga',
+            'title': 'Interstellar',
+            'description': 'Listen now | Episode One',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpeg',
+            'uploader': 'Molly Movie Club',
+            'uploader_id': '839621',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.blockedandreported.org/p/episode-117-lets-talk-about-depp',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '57962052',
+            'ext': 'mpga',
+            'title': 'md5:855b2756f0ee10f6723fa00b16266f8d',
+            'description': 'The takes the takes the takes',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpeg',
+            'uploader': 'Blocked and Reported',
+            'uploader_id': '500230',
+        },
+    }]
 
     @classmethod
     def _extract_embed_urls(cls, url, webpage):
@@ -93,7 +116,7 @@ class SubstackIE(InfoExtractor):
         return formats, subtitles
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        display_id, username = self._match_valid_url(url).group('id', 'username')
+        display_id = self._match_id(url)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
 
         webpage_info = self._parse_json(self._search_json(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/svt.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/svt.py
index b5df2e1a18..da82691ca2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/svt.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/svt.py
@@ -6,10 +6,13 @@ from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
     dict_get,
     int_or_none,
-    traverse_obj,
     try_get,
     unified_timestamp,
 )
+from ..utils.traversal import (
+    require,
+    traverse_obj,
+)
 
 
 class SVTBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -85,7 +88,7 @@ class SVTBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': video_id,
             'title': title,
             'formats': formats,
-            'subtitles': subtitles,
+            'subtitles': self._fixup_subtitles(subtitles),
             'duration': duration,
             'timestamp': timestamp,
             'age_limit': age_limit,
@@ -96,41 +99,19 @@ class SVTBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             'is_live': is_live,
         }
 
-
-class SVTIE(SVTBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?svt\.se/wd\?(?:.*?&)?widgetId=(?P<widget_id>\d+)&.*?\barticleId=(?P<id>\d+)'
-    _EMBED_REGEX = [rf'(?:<iframe src|href)="(?P<url>{_VALID_URL}[^"]*)"']
-    _TEST = {
-        'url': 'http://www.svt.se/wd?widgetId=23991&sectionId=541&articleId=2900353&type=embed&contextSectionId=123&autostart=false',
-        'md5': '33e9a5d8f646523ce0868ecfb0eed77d',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '2900353',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Stjärnorna skojar till det - under SVT-intervjun',
-            'duration': 27,
-            'age_limit': 0,
-        },
-    }
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
-        widget_id = mobj.group('widget_id')
-        article_id = mobj.group('id')
-
-        info = self._download_json(
-            f'http://www.svt.se/wd?widgetId={widget_id}&articleId={article_id}&format=json&type=embed&output=json',
-            article_id)
-
-        info_dict = self._extract_video(info['video'], article_id)
-        info_dict['title'] = info['context']['title']
-        return info_dict
-
-
-class SVTPlayBaseIE(SVTBaseIE):
-    _SVTPLAY_RE = r'root\s*\[\s*(["\'])_*svtplay\1\s*\]\s*=\s*(?P<json>{.+?})\s*;\s*\n'
+    @staticmethod
+    def _fixup_subtitles(subtitles):
+        # See: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14020
+        fixed_subtitles = {}
+        for lang, subs in subtitles.items():
+            for sub in subs:
+                fixed_lang = f'{lang}-forced' if 'text-open' in sub['url'] else lang
+                fixed_subtitles.setdefault(fixed_lang, []).append(sub)
+        return fixed_subtitles
 
 
-class SVTPlayIE(SVTPlayBaseIE):
+class SVTPlayIE(SVTBaseIE):
+    IE_NAME = 'svt:play'
     IE_DESC = 'SVT Play and Öppet arkiv'
     _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
                     (?:
@@ -144,6 +125,26 @@ class SVTPlayIE(SVTPlayBaseIE):
                     )
                     '''
     _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.svtplay.se/video/eXYgwZb/sverige-och-kriget/1-utbrottet',
+        'md5': '2382036fd6f8c994856c323fe51c426e',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'ePBvGRq',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '1. Utbrottet',
+            'description': 'md5:02291cc3159dbc9aa95d564e77a8a92b',
+            'series': 'Sverige och kriget',
+            'episode': '1. Utbrottet',
+            'timestamp': 1746921600,
+            'upload_date': '20250511',
+            'duration': 3585,
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://(?:.*[\.-]jpg|www.svtstatic.se/image/.*)$',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'subtitles': {'sv': 'count:3', 'sv-forced': 'count:3'},
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'skip_download': 'm3u8',
+        },
+    }, {
         'url': 'https://www.svtplay.se/video/30479064',
         'md5': '2382036fd6f8c994856c323fe51c426e',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -173,6 +174,7 @@ class SVTPlayIE(SVTPlayBaseIE):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': '1. Farlig kryssning',
             'timestamp': 1491019200,
+            'description': 'md5:8f350bc605677a5ead36a19a62fd9a34',
             'upload_date': '20170401',
             'duration': 2566,
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://(?:.*[\.-]jpg|www.svtstatic.se/image/.*)$',
@@ -186,19 +188,21 @@ class SVTPlayIE(SVTPlayBaseIE):
         'params': {
             'skip_download': 'm3u8',
         },
+        'expected_warnings': [r'Failed to download (?:MPD|m3u8)'],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.svtplay.se/video/jz2rYz7/anders-hansen-moter/james-fallon?info=visa',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'jvXAGVb',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'James Fallon',
-            'timestamp': 1673917200,
-            'upload_date': '20230117',
+            'description': r're:James Fallon är hjärnforskaren .{532} att upptäcka psykopati tidigt\?$',
+            'timestamp': 1743379200,
+            'upload_date': '20250331',
             'duration': 1081,
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://(?:.*[\.-]jpg|www.svtstatic.se/image/.*)$',
             'age_limit': 0,
             'episode': 'James Fallon',
-            'series': 'Anders Hansen möter...',
+            'series': 'Anders Hansen möter',
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': 'dash',
@@ -233,96 +237,75 @@ class SVTPlayIE(SVTPlayBaseIE):
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
-    def _extract_by_video_id(self, video_id, webpage=None):
+    def _extract_by_video_id(self, video_id):
         data = self._download_json(
             f'https://api.svt.se/videoplayer-api/video/{video_id}',
             video_id, headers=self.geo_verification_headers())
         info_dict = self._extract_video(data, video_id)
+
         if not info_dict.get('title'):
-            title = dict_get(info_dict, ('episode', 'series'))
-            if not title and webpage:
-                title = re.sub(
-                    r'\s*\|\s*.+?$', '', self._og_search_title(webpage))
-            if not title:
-                title = video_id
-            info_dict['title'] = title
+            info_dict['title'] = traverse_obj(info_dict, 'episode', 'series')
+
         return info_dict
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
         video_id = mobj.group('id')
         svt_id = mobj.group('svt_id') or mobj.group('modal_id')
-
         if svt_id:
             return self._extract_by_video_id(svt_id)
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
 
-        data = self._parse_json(
-            self._search_regex(
-                self._SVTPLAY_RE, webpage, 'embedded data', default='{}',
-                group='json'),
-            video_id, fatal=False)
-
-        thumbnail = self._og_search_thumbnail(webpage)
-
-        if data:
-            video_info = try_get(
-                data, lambda x: x['context']['dispatcher']['stores']['VideoTitlePageStore']['data']['video'],
-                dict)
-            if video_info:
-                info_dict = self._extract_video(video_info, video_id)
-                info_dict.update({
-                    'title': data['context']['dispatcher']['stores']['MetaStore']['title'],
-                    'thumbnail': thumbnail,
-                })
-                return info_dict
-
-            svt_id = try_get(
-                data, lambda x: x['statistics']['dataLake']['content']['id'],
-                str)
-
+        data = traverse_obj(self._search_nextjs_data(webpage, video_id), (
+            'props', 'urqlState', ..., 'data', {json.loads},
+            'detailsPageByPath', {dict}, any, {require('video data')}))
+        details = traverse_obj(data, (
+            'modules', lambda _, v: v['details']['smartStart']['item']['videos'], 'details', any))
+        svt_id = traverse_obj(details, (
+            'smartStart', 'item', 'videos',
+            # There can be 'AudioDescribed' and 'SignInterpreted' variants; try 'Default' or else get first
+            (lambda _, v: v['accessibility'] == 'Default', 0),
+            'svtId', {str}, any))
         if not svt_id:
-            nextjs_data = self._search_nextjs_data(webpage, video_id, fatal=False)
-            svt_id = traverse_obj(nextjs_data, (
-                'props', 'urqlState', ..., 'data', {json.loads}, 'detailsPageByPath',
-                'video', 'svtId', {str}), get_all=False)
+            svt_id = traverse_obj(data, ('video', 'svtId', {str}, {require('SVT ID')}))
 
-        if not svt_id:
-            svt_id = self._search_regex(
-                (r'<video[^>]+data-video-id=["\']([\da-zA-Z-]+)',
-                 r'<[^>]+\bdata-rt=["\']top-area-play-button["\'][^>]+\bhref=["\'][^"\']*video/[\w-]+/[^"\']*\b(?:modalId|id)=([\w-]+)'),
-                webpage, 'video id')
+        info_dict = self._extract_by_video_id(svt_id)
 
-        info_dict = self._extract_by_video_id(svt_id, webpage)
-        info_dict['thumbnail'] = thumbnail
+        if not info_dict.get('title'):
+            info_dict['title'] = re.sub(r'\s*\|\s*.+?$', '', self._og_search_title(webpage))
+        if not info_dict.get('thumbnail'):
+            info_dict['thumbnail'] = self._og_search_thumbnail(webpage)
+        if not info_dict.get('description'):
+            info_dict['description'] = traverse_obj(details, ('description', {str}))
 
         return info_dict
 
 
-class SVTSeriesIE(SVTPlayBaseIE):
+class SVTSeriesIE(SVTBaseIE):
+    IE_NAME = 'svt:play:series'
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?svtplay\.se/(?P<id>[^/?&#]+)(?:.+?\btab=(?P<season_slug>[^&#]+))?'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.svtplay.se/rederiet',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '14445680',
+            'id': 'jpmQYgn',
             'title': 'Rederiet',
-            'description': 'md5:d9fdfff17f5d8f73468176ecd2836039',
+            'description': 'md5:f71122f7cf2e52b643e75915e04cb83d',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 318,
     }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.svtplay.se/rederiet?tab=season-2-14445680',
+        'url': 'https://www.svtplay.se/rederiet?tab=season-2-jpmQYgn',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'season-2-14445680',
+            'id': 'season-2-jpmQYgn',
             'title': 'Rederiet - Säsong 2',
-            'description': 'md5:d9fdfff17f5d8f73468176ecd2836039',
+            'description': 'md5:f71122f7cf2e52b643e75915e04cb83d',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 12,
     }]
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if SVTIE.suitable(url) or SVTPlayIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
+        return False if SVTPlayIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         series_slug, season_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
@@ -386,6 +369,7 @@ class SVTSeriesIE(SVTPlayBaseIE):
 
 
 class SVTPageIE(SVTBaseIE):
+    IE_NAME = 'svt:page'
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?svt\.se/(?:[^/?#]+/)*(?P<id>[^/?&#]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/skane/viktor-18-forlorade-armar-och-ben-i-sepsis-vill-ateruppta-karaten-och-bli-svetsare',
@@ -463,7 +447,7 @@ class SVTPageIE(SVTBaseIE):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if SVTIE.suitable(url) or SVTPlayIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
+        return False if SVTPlayIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -471,8 +455,7 @@ class SVTPageIE(SVTBaseIE):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
         title = self._og_search_title(webpage)
 
-        urql_state = self._search_json(
-            r'window\.svt\.(?:nyh\.)?urqlState\s*=', webpage, 'json data', display_id)
+        urql_state = self._search_json(r'urqlState\s*[=:]', webpage, 'json data', display_id)
 
         data = traverse_obj(urql_state, (..., 'data', {str}, {json.loads}), get_all=False) or {}
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/syfy.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/syfy.py
deleted file mode 100644
index a32b50080f..0000000000
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/syfy.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-from .adobepass import AdobePassIE
-from ..utils import (
-    smuggle_url,
-    update_url_query,
-)
-
-
-class SyfyIE(AdobePassIE):
-    _WORKING = False
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?syfy\.com/(?:[^/]+/)?videos/(?P<id>[^/?#]+)'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'http://www.syfy.com/theinternetruinedmylife/videos/the-internet-ruined-my-life-season-1-trailer',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '2968097',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'The Internet Ruined My Life: Season 1 Trailer',
-            'description': 'One tweet, one post, one click, can destroy everything.',
-            'uploader': 'NBCU-MPAT',
-            'upload_date': '20170113',
-            'timestamp': 1484345640,
-        },
-        'params': {
-            # m3u8 download
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
-        'add_ie': ['ThePlatform'],
-        'skip': 'Redirects to main page',
-    }]
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        display_id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
-        syfy_mpx = next(iter(self._parse_json(self._search_regex(
-            r'jQuery\.extend\(Drupal\.settings\s*,\s*({.+?})\);', webpage, 'drupal settings'),
-            display_id)['syfy']['syfy_mpx'].values()))
-        video_id = syfy_mpx['mpxGUID']
-        title = syfy_mpx['episodeTitle']
-        query = {
-            'mbr': 'true',
-            'manifest': 'm3u',
-        }
-        if syfy_mpx.get('entitlement') == 'auth':
-            resource = self._get_mvpd_resource(
-                'syfy', title, video_id,
-                syfy_mpx.get('mpxRating', 'TV-14'))
-            query['auth'] = self._extract_mvpd_auth(
-                url, video_id, 'syfy', resource)
-
-        return {
-            '_type': 'url_transparent',
-            'ie_key': 'ThePlatform',
-            'url': smuggle_url(update_url_query(
-                self._proto_relative_url(syfy_mpx['releaseURL']), query),
-                {'force_smil_url': True}),
-            'title': title,
-            'id': video_id,
-            'display_id': display_id,
-        }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/taptap.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/taptap.py
index e4c31da4e2..f5900194f1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/taptap.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/taptap.py
@@ -191,12 +191,12 @@ class TapTapAppIE(TapTapBaseIE):
     }]
 
 
-class TapTapIntlBase(TapTapBaseIE):
+class TapTapIntlBaseIE(TapTapBaseIE):
     _X_UA = 'V=1&PN=WebAppIntl2&LANG=zh_TW&VN_CODE=115&VN=0.1.0&LOC=CN&PLT=PC&DS=Android&UID={uuid}&CURR=&DT=PC&OS=Windows&OSV=NT%208.0.0'
     _VIDEO_API = 'https://www.taptap.io/webapiv2/video-resource/v1/multi-get'
 
 
-class TapTapAppIntlIE(TapTapIntlBase):
+class TapTapAppIntlIE(TapTapIntlBaseIE):
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://www\.taptap\.io/app/(?P<id>\d+)'
     _INFO_API = 'https://www.taptap.io/webapiv2/i/app/v5/detail'
     _DATA_PATH = 'app'
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ class TapTapAppIntlIE(TapTapIntlBase):
     }]
 
 
-class TapTapPostIntlIE(TapTapIntlBase):
+class TapTapPostIntlIE(TapTapIntlBaseIE):
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://www\.taptap\.io/post/(?P<id>\d+)'
     _INFO_API = 'https://www.taptap.io/webapiv2/creation/post/v1/detail'
     _INFO_QUERY_KEY = 'id_str'
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tbs.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tbs.py
index 9b9aa50d37..f8891671f1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tbs.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tbs.py
@@ -5,41 +5,110 @@ from .turner import TurnerBaseIE
 from ..utils import (
     float_or_none,
     int_or_none,
+    make_archive_id,
     strip_or_none,
 )
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 
 
 class TBSIE(TurnerBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?(?P<site>tbs|tntdrama)\.com(?P<path>/(?:movies|watchtnt|watchtbs|shows/[^/]+/(?:clips|season-\d+/episode-\d+))/(?P<id>[^/?#]+))'
+    _SITE_INFO = {
+        'tbs': ('TBS', 'eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiJ9.eyJzdWIiOiJkZTA0NTYxZS1iMTFhLTRlYTgtYTg5NC01NjI3MGM1NmM2MWIiLCJuYmYiOjE1MzcxODkzOTAsImlzcyI6ImF1dGguYWRvYmUuY29tIiwiaWF0IjoxNTM3MTg5MzkwfQ.Z7ny66kaqNDdCHf9Y9KsV12LrBxrLkGGxlYe2XGm6qsw2T-k1OCKC1TMzeqiZP735292MMRAQkcJDKrMIzNbAuf9nCdIcv4kE1E2nqUnjPMBduC1bHffZp8zlllyrN2ElDwM8Vhwv_5nElLRwWGEt0Kaq6KJAMZA__WDxKWC18T-wVtsOZWXQpDqO7nByhfj2t-Z8c3TUNVsA_wHgNXlkzJCZ16F2b7yGLT5ZhLPupOScd3MXC5iPh19HSVIok22h8_F_noTmGzmMnIRQi6bWYWK2zC7TQ_MsYHfv7V6EaG5m1RKZTV6JAwwoJQF_9ByzarLV1DGwZxD9-eQdqswvg'),
+        'tntdrama': ('TNT', 'eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiJ9.eyJzdWIiOiIwOTMxYTU4OS1jZjEzLTRmNjMtYTJmYy03MzhjMjE1NWU5NjEiLCJuYmYiOjE1MzcxOTA4MjcsImlzcyI6ImF1dGguYWRvYmUuY29tIiwiaWF0IjoxNTM3MTkwODI3fQ.AucKvtws7oekTXi80_zX4-BlgJD9GLvlOI9FlBCjdlx7Pa3eJ0AqbogynKMiatMbnLOTMHGjd7tTiq422unmZjBz70dhePAe9BbW0dIo7oQ57vZ-VBYw_tWYRPmON61MwAbLVlqROD3n_zURs85S8TlkQx9aNx9x_riGGELjd8l05CVa_pOluNhYvuIFn6wmrASOKI1hNEblBDWh468UWP571-fe4zzi0rlYeeHd-cjvtWvOB3bQsWrUVbK4pRmqvzEH59j0vNF-ihJF9HncmUicYONe47Mib3elfMok23v4dB1_UAlQY_oawfNcynmEnJQCcqFmbHdEwTW6gMiYsA'),
+        'trutv': ('truTV', 'eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiJ9.eyJzdWIiOiJhYzQyOTkwMi0xMDYzLTQyNTQtYWJlYS1iZTY2ODM4MTVmZGIiLCJuYmYiOjE1MzcxOTA4NjgsImlzcyI6ImF1dGguYWRvYmUuY29tIiwiaWF0IjoxNTM3MTkwODY4fQ.ewXl5LDMDvvx3nDXV4jCdSwUq_sOluKoOVsIjznAo6Zo4zrGe9rjlZ9DOmQKW66g6VRMexJsJ5vM1EkY8TC5-YcQw_BclK1FPGO1rH3Wf7tX_l0b1BVbSJQKIj9UgqDp_QbGcBXz24kN4So3U22mhs6di9PYyyfG68ccKL2iRprcVKWCslIHwUF-T7FaEqb0K57auilxeW1PONG2m-lIAcZ62DUwqXDWvw0CRoWI08aVVqkkhnXaSsQfLs5Ph1Pfh9Oq3g_epUm9Ss45mq6XM7gbOb5omTcKLADRKK-PJVB_JXnZnlsXbG0ttKE1cTKJ738qu7j4aipYTf-W0nKF5Q'),
+    }
+    _VALID_URL = fr'''(?x)
+        https?://(?:www\.)?(?P<site>{"|".join(map(re.escape, _SITE_INFO))})\.com
+        (?P<path>/(?:
+            (?P<watch>watch(?:tnt|tbs|trutv))|
+            movies|shows/[^/?#]+/(?:clips|season-\d+/episode-\d+)
+        )/(?P<id>[^/?#]+))
+    '''
     _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'http://www.tntdrama.com/shows/the-alienist/clips/monster',
+        'url': 'https://www.tbs.com/shows/american-dad/season-6/episode-12/you-debt-your-life',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '984bdcd8db0cc00dc699927f2a411c8c6e0e48f3',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'You Debt Your Life',
+            'description': 'md5:f211cfeb9187fd3cdb53eb0e8930d499',
+            'duration': 1231.0,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://images\.tbs\.com/tbs/.+\.(?:jpe?g|png)',
+            'chapters': 'count:4',
+            'season': 'Season 6',
+            'season_number': 6,
+            'episode': 'Episode 12',
+            'episode_number': 12,
+            'timestamp': 1478276239,
+            'upload_date': '20161104',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.tntdrama.com/shows/the-librarians-the-next-chapter/season-1/episode-10/and-going-medieval',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '8d384cde33b89f3a43ce5329de42903ed5099887',
+            'id': 'e487b31b663a8001864f62fd20907782f7b8ccb8',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Monster',
-            'description': 'Get a first look at the theatrical trailer for TNT’s highly anticipated new psychological thriller The Alienist, which premieres January 22 on TNT.',
-            'timestamp': 1508175329,
-            'upload_date': '20171016',
+            'title': 'And Going Medieval',
+            'description': 'md5:5aed0ae23a6cf148a02fe3c1be8359fa',
+            'duration': 2528.0,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://images\.tntdrama\.com/tnt/.+\.(?:jpe?g|png)',
+            'chapters': 'count:7',
+            'season': 'Season 1',
+            'season_number': 1,
+            'episode': 'Episode 10',
+            'episode_number': 10,
+            'timestamp': 1743107520,
+            'upload_date': '20250327',
         },
-        'params': {
-            # m3u8 download
-            'skip_download': True,
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.trutv.com/shows/the-carbonaro-effect/season-1/episode-1/got-the-bug-out',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'b457dd7458fd9e64b596355950b13a1ca799dc39',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Got the Bug Out',
+            'description': 'md5:9eeddf6248f73517b0e5969b8a43c025',
+            'duration': 1283.0,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://images\.trutv\.com/tru/.+\.(?:jpe?g|png)',
+            'chapters': 'count:4',
+            'season': 'Season 1',
+            'season_number': 1,
+            'episode': 'Episode 1',
+            'episode_number': 1,
+            'timestamp': 1570040829,
+            'upload_date': '20191002',
+            '_old_archive_ids': ['trutv b457dd7458fd9e64b596355950b13a1ca799dc39'],
         },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }, {
+        'url': 'http://www.tntdrama.com/shows/the-alienist/clips/monster',
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.tbs.com/shows/search-party/season-1/episode-1/explicit-the-mysterious-disappearance-of-the-girl-no-one-knew',
         'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.tntdrama.com/movies/star-wars-a-new-hope',
         'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.trutv.com/shows/impractical-jokers/season-9/episode-1/you-dirty-dog',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.trutv.com/watchtrutv/east',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.tbs.com/watchtbs/east',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.tntdrama.com/watchtnt/east',
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        site, path, display_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
+        site, path, display_id, watch = self._match_valid_url(url).group('site', 'path', 'id', 'watch')
+        is_live = bool(watch)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
-        drupal_settings = self._parse_json(self._search_regex(
-            r'<script[^>]+?data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json"[^>]*?>({.+?})</script>',
-            webpage, 'drupal setting'), display_id)
-        is_live = 'watchtnt' in path or 'watchtbs' in path
+        drupal_settings = self._search_json(
+            r'<script\b[^>]+\bdata-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json"[^>]*>',
+            webpage, 'drupal settings', display_id)
         video_data = next(v for v in drupal_settings['turner_playlist'] if is_live or v.get('url') == path)
 
         media_id = video_data['mediaID']
@@ -47,10 +116,14 @@ class TBSIE(TurnerBaseIE):
         tokenizer_query = urllib.parse.parse_qs(urllib.parse.urlparse(
             drupal_settings['ngtv_token_url']).query)
 
+        auth_info = traverse_obj(drupal_settings, ('top2', {dict})) or {}
+        site_name = auth_info.get('siteName') or self._SITE_INFO[site][0]
+        software_statement = auth_info.get('softwareStatement') or self._SITE_INFO[site][1]
+
         info = self._extract_ngtv_info(
-            media_id, tokenizer_query, {
+            media_id, tokenizer_query, software_statement, {
                 'url': url,
-                'site_name': site[:3].upper(),
+                'site_name': site_name,
                 'auth_required': video_data.get('authRequired') == '1' or is_live,
                 'is_live': is_live,
             })
@@ -83,4 +156,6 @@ class TBSIE(TurnerBaseIE):
             'thumbnails': thumbnails,
             'is_live': is_live,
         })
+        if site == 'trutv':
+            info['_old_archive_ids'] = [make_archive_id(site, media_id)]
         return info
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tbsjp.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tbsjp.py
index 0d521f1061..2f3ef01545 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tbsjp.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tbsjp.py
@@ -1,104 +1,107 @@
-from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
+from .streaks import StreaksBaseIE
 from ..utils import (
-    ExtractorError,
     clean_html,
     int_or_none,
     str_or_none,
     unified_timestamp,
-    urljoin,
+    url_or_none,
 )
-from ..utils.traversal import find_element, traverse_obj
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 
 
-class TBSJPEpisodeIE(InfoExtractor):
+class TBSJPBaseIE(StreaksBaseIE):
+    def _search_window_app_json(self, webpage, name, item_id, **kwargs):
+        return self._search_json(r'window\.app\s*=', webpage, f'{name} info', item_id, **kwargs)
+
+
+class TBSJPEpisodeIE(TBSJPBaseIE):
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://cu\.tbs\.co\.jp/episode/(?P<id>[\d_]+)'
-    _GEO_BYPASS = False
     _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://cu.tbs.co.jp/episode/23613_2044134_1000049010',
-        'skip': 'streams geo-restricted, Japan only. Also, will likely expire eventually',
+        'url': 'https://cu.tbs.co.jp/episode/14694_2094162_1000123656',
+        'skip': 'geo-blocked to japan + 7-day expiry',
         'info_dict': {
-            'title': 'VIVANT 第三話 誤�金完��!絶体絶命��撃開始',
-            'id': '23613_2044134_1000049010',
+            'title': 'クロ�ゃん���起��ら����り��������岸�亡����父親���ら死�淵��る����説 ��',
+            'id': '14694_2094162_1000123656',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'upload_date': '20230728',
-            'duration': 3517,
-            'release_timestamp': 1691118230,
-            'episode': '第三話 誤�金完��!絶体絶命��撃開始',
-            'release_date': '20230804',
-            'categories': 'count:11',
-            'episode_number': 3,
-            'timestamp': 1690522538,
-            'description': 'md5:2b796341af1ef772034133174ba4a895',
-            'series': 'VIVANT',
+            'display_id': 'ref:14694_2094162_1000123656',
+            'description': 'md5:1a82fcdeb5e2e82190544bb72721c46e',
+            'uploader': 'TBS',
+            'uploader_id': 'tbs',
+            'duration': 2752,
+            'thumbnail': 'md5:d8855c8c292683c95a84cafdb42300bc',
+            'categories': ['エンタメ', '水曜日�ダウンタウン', 'ダウンタウン', '浜田雅功', '�本人志', '水ダウ', '動画', '�ラエティ'],
+            'cast': ['浜田 雅功', '藤本 ��', 'ビビる 大木', '�原 ジュニア', '横澤 ��', '��や', '��', '�部 潤'],
+            'genres': ['variety'],
+            'series': '水曜日�ダウンタウン',
+            'series_id': '14694',
+            'episode': 'クロ�ゃん���起��ら����り��������岸�亡����父親���ら死�淵��る����説 ��',
+            'episode_number': 341,
+            'episode_id': '14694_2094162_1000123656',
+            'timestamp': 1753778992,
+            'upload_date': '20250729',
+            'release_timestamp': 1753880402,
+            'release_date': '20250730',
+            'modified_timestamp': 1753880741,
+            'modified_date': '20250730',
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
         },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
-        meta = self._search_json(r'window\.app\s*=', webpage, 'episode info', video_id, fatal=False)
+        meta = self._search_window_app_json(webpage, 'episode', video_id, fatal=False)
         episode = traverse_obj(meta, ('falcorCache', 'catalog', 'episode', video_id, 'value'))
 
-        tf_path = self._search_regex(
-            r'<script[^>]+src=["\'](/assets/tf\.[^"\']+\.js)["\']', webpage, 'stream API config')
-        tf_js = self._download_webpage(urljoin(url, tf_path), video_id, note='Downloading stream API config')
-        video_url = self._search_regex(r'videoPlaybackUrl:\s*[\'"]([^\'"]+)[\'"]', tf_js, 'stream API url')
-        api_key = self._search_regex(r'api_key:\s*[\'"]([^\'"]+)[\'"]', tf_js, 'stream API key')
-
-        try:
-            source_meta = self._download_json(f'{video_url}ref:{video_id}', video_id,
-                                              headers={'X-Streaks-Api-Key': api_key},
-                                              note='Downloading stream metadata')
-        except ExtractorError as e:
-            if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 403:
-                self.raise_geo_restricted(countries=['JP'])
-            raise
-
-        formats, subtitles = [], {}
-        for src in traverse_obj(source_meta, ('sources', ..., 'src')):
-            fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(src, video_id, fatal=False)
-            formats.extend(fmts)
-            self._merge_subtitles(subs, target=subtitles)
-
         return {
-            'title': traverse_obj(webpage, ({find_element(tag='h3')}, {clean_html})),
-            'id': video_id,
+            **self._extract_from_streaks_api(
+                'tbs', f'ref:{video_id}', headers={'Origin': 'https://cu.tbs.co.jp'}),
             **traverse_obj(episode, {
-                'categories': ('keywords', {list}),
-                'id': ('content_id', {str}),
-                'description': ('description', 0, 'value'),
-                'timestamp': ('created_at', {unified_timestamp}),
-                'release_timestamp': ('pub_date', {unified_timestamp}),
+                'title': ('title', ..., 'value', {str}, any),
+                'cast': (
+                    'credit', ..., 'name', ..., 'value', {clean_html}, any,
+                    {lambda x: x.split(',')}, ..., {str.strip}, filter, all, filter),
+                'categories': ('keywords', ..., {str}, filter, all, filter),
+                'description': ('description', ..., 'value', {clean_html}, any),
                 'duration': ('tv_episode_info', 'duration', {int_or_none}),
+                'episode': ('title', lambda _, v: not v.get('is_phonetic'), 'value', {str}, any),
+                'episode_id': ('content_id', {str}),
                 'episode_number': ('tv_episode_info', 'episode_number', {int_or_none}),
-                'episode': ('title', lambda _, v: not v.get('is_phonetic'), 'value'),
-                'series': ('custom_data', 'program_name'),
-            }, get_all=False),
-            'formats': formats,
-            'subtitles': subtitles,
+                'genres': ('genre', ..., {str}, filter, all, filter),
+                'release_timestamp': ('pub_date', {unified_timestamp}),
+                'series': ('custom_data', 'program_name', {str}),
+                'tags': ('tags', ..., {str}, filter, all, filter),
+                'thumbnail': ('artwork', ..., 'url', {url_or_none}, any),
+                'timestamp': ('created_at', {unified_timestamp}),
+                'uploader': ('tv_show_info', 'networks', ..., {str}, any),
+            }),
+            **traverse_obj(episode, ('tv_episode_info', {
+                'duration': ('duration', {int_or_none}),
+                'episode_number': ('episode_number', {int_or_none}),
+                'series_id': ('show_content_id', {str}),
+            })),
+            'id': video_id,
         }
 
 
-class TBSJPProgramIE(InfoExtractor):
+class TBSJPProgramIE(TBSJPBaseIE):
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://cu\.tbs\.co\.jp/program/(?P<id>\d+)'
     _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://cu.tbs.co.jp/program/23601',
-        'playlist_mincount': 4,
+        'url': 'https://cu.tbs.co.jp/program/14694',
+        'playlist_mincount': 1,
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '23601',
-            'categories': ['エンタメ', 'ミライカプセル', '会社', '��', '�ラエティ', '動画'],
-            'description': '幼少期�夢�大人��������長�������？\n�����夢�今後���よ��広�������？\n��話題�会社���人�「夢��長�を��',
-            'series': 'ミライカプセル　-I have a dream-',
-            'title': 'ミライカプセル　-I have a dream-',
+            'id': '14694',
+            'title': '水曜日�ダウンタウン',
+            'description': 'md5:cf1d46c76c2755d7f87512498718b837',
+            'categories': ['エンタメ', '水曜日�ダウンタウン', 'ダウンタウン', '浜田雅功', '�本人志', '水ダウ', '動画', '�ラエティ'],
+            'series': '水曜日�ダウンタウン',
         },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         programme_id = self._match_id(url)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, programme_id)
-        meta = self._search_json(r'window\.app\s*=', webpage, 'programme info', programme_id)
-
+        meta = self._search_window_app_json(webpage, 'programme', programme_id)
         programme = traverse_obj(meta, ('falcorCache', 'catalog', 'program', programme_id, 'false', 'value'))
 
         return {
@@ -116,7 +119,7 @@ class TBSJPProgramIE(InfoExtractor):
         }
 
 
-class TBSJPPlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
+class TBSJPPlaylistIE(TBSJPBaseIE):
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://cu\.tbs\.co\.jp/playlist/(?P<id>[\da-f]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://cu.tbs.co.jp/playlist/184f9970e7ba48e4915f1b252c55015e',
@@ -129,8 +132,8 @@ class TBSJPPlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
-        page = self._download_webpage(url, playlist_id)
-        meta = self._search_json(r'window\.app\s*=', page, 'playlist info', playlist_id)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, playlist_id)
+        meta = self._search_window_app_json(webpage, 'playlist', playlist_id)
         playlist = traverse_obj(meta, ('falcorCache', 'playList', playlist_id))
 
         def entries():
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/teamcoco.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/teamcoco.py
index a94ff9b332..ae8fd7a442 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/teamcoco.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/teamcoco.py
@@ -156,6 +156,7 @@ class TeamcocoIE(TeamcocoBaseIE):
 
 
 class ConanClassicIE(TeamcocoBaseIE):
+    _WORKING = False
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:(?:www\.)?conanclassic|conan25\.teamcoco)\.com/(?P<id>([^/]+/)*[^/?#]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://conanclassic.com/video/ice-cube-kevin-hart-conan-share-lyft',
@@ -263,7 +264,7 @@ class ConanClassicIE(TeamcocoBaseIE):
             info.update(self._extract_ngtv_info(media_id, {
                 'accessToken': token,
                 'accessTokenType': 'jws',
-            }))
+            }, None))  # TODO: the None arg needs to be the AdobePass software_statement
         else:
             formats, subtitles = self._get_formats_and_subtitles(
                 traverse_obj(response, ('data', 'findRecordVideoMetadata')), video_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ted.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ted.py
index 8544c8bed5..1191cd3af4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ted.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ted.py
@@ -32,12 +32,12 @@ class TedTalkIE(TedBaseIE):
             'title': 'How to break down barriers and not accept limits',
             'description': 'md5:000707cece219d1e165b11550d612331',
             'view_count': int,
-            'tags': ['personal growth', 'equality', 'activism', 'motivation', 'social change', 'sports'],
+            'tags': 'count:6',
             'uploader': 'Candace Parker',
-            'duration': 676.0,
+            'duration': 679,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://pi\.tedcdn\.com/.+\.jpg',
             'upload_date': '20220114',
             'release_date': '20211201',
-            'thumbnail': r're:http.*\.jpg',
         },
     }]
 
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ class TedSeriesIE(TedBaseIE):
             'id': '8_2',
             'title': 'The Way We Work Season 2',
             'series': 'The Way We Work',
-            'description': 'md5:59469256e533e1a48c4aa926a382234c',
+            'description': 'md5:36678fe045f6ad7f39da80ea9370cbcd',
             'season_number': 2,
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 8,
@@ -213,7 +213,6 @@ class TedPlaylistIE(TedBaseIE):
 class TedEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://embed(?:-ssl)?\.ted\.com/'
     _EMBED_REGEX = [rf'<iframe[^>]+?src=(["\'])(?P<url>{_VALID_URL}.+?)\1']
-
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://embed.ted.com/talks/janet_stovall_how_to_get_serious_about_diversity_and_inclusion_in_the_workplace',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -222,14 +221,31 @@ class TedEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'How to get serious about diversity and inclusion in the workplace',
             'description': 'md5:0978aafe396e05341f8ecc795d22189d',
             'view_count': int,
-            'tags': list,
             'uploader': 'Janet Stovall',
-            'duration': 664.0,
+            'duration': 654,
+            'tags': 'count:10',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://pi\.tedcdn\.com/.+\.jpg',
             'upload_date': '20180822',
             'release_date': '20180719',
-            'thumbnail': r're:http.*\.jpg',
         },
     }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://ideas.ted.com/6-ways-to-give-that-arent-about-money/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '123235',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'It\'s time for infectious generosity. Here\'s how',
+            'description': 'md5:0f972eb2b53ad7d1385fb65f519657b4',
+            'duration': 1172,
+            'release_date': '20231128',
+            'tags': 'count:9',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://pi\.tedcdn\.com/.+\.jpg',
+            'upload_date': '20240109',
+            'uploader': 'Chris Anderson',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         return self.url_result(re.sub(r'://embed(-ssl)?', '://www', url), TedTalkIE.ie_key())
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/telecinco.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/telecinco.py
index 9ef621446d..bdcae3b774 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/telecinco.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/telecinco.py
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class TelecincoBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                 error_code = traverse_obj(
                     self._webpage_read_content(error.cause.response, caronte['cerbero'], video_id, fatal=False),
                     ({json.loads}, 'code', {int}))
-                if error_code == 4038:
+                if error_code in (4036, 4038, 40313):
                     self.raise_geo_restricted(countries=['ES'])
             raise
 
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ class TelecincoIE(TelecincoBaseIE):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id, impersonate=True)
         article = self._search_json(
             r'window\.\$REACTBASE_STATE\.article(?:_multisite)?\s*=',
             webpage, 'article', display_id)['article']
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tenplay.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tenplay.py
index cc7bc3b2fc..bf5dddde42 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tenplay.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tenplay.py
@@ -2,37 +2,44 @@ import itertools
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..networking import HEADRequest
-from ..utils import int_or_none, traverse_obj, url_or_none, urljoin
+from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
+    int_or_none,
+    update_url_query,
+    url_or_none,
+    urljoin,
+)
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 
 
 class TenPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?10play\.com\.au/(?:[^/]+/)+(?P<id>tpv\d{6}[a-z]{5})'
+    IE_NAME = '10play'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?10(?:play)?\.com\.au/(?:[^/?#]+/)+(?P<id>tpv\d{6}[a-z]{5})'
     _NETRC_MACHINE = '10play'
     _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://10play.com.au/neighbours/web-extras/season-41/heres-a-first-look-at-mischa-bartons-neighbours-debut/tpv230911hyxnz',
+        # Geo-restricted to Australia
+        'url': 'https://10.com.au/australian-survivor/web-extras/season-10-brains-v-brawn-ii/myless-journey/tpv250414jdmtf',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '6336940246112',
+            'id': '7440980000013868',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Here\'s A First Look At Mischa Barton\'s Neighbours Debut',
-            'alt_title': 'Here\'s A First Look At Mischa Barton\'s Neighbours Debut',
-            'description': 'Neighbours Premieres Monday, September 18 At 4:30pm On 10 And 10 Play And 6:30pm On 10 Peach',
-            'duration': 74,
-            'season': 'Season 41',
-            'season_number': 41,
-            'series': 'Neighbours',
-            'thumbnail': r're:https://.*\.jpg',
+            'title': 'Myles\'s Journey',
+            'alt_title': 'Myles\'s Journey',
+            'description': 'Relive Myles\'s epic Brains V Brawn II journey to reach the game\'s final two',
             'uploader': 'Channel 10',
-            'age_limit': 15,
-            'timestamp': 1694386800,
-            'upload_date': '20230910',
             'uploader_id': '2199827728001',
+            'age_limit': 15,
+            'duration': 249,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://.+/.+\.jpg',
+            'series': 'Australian Survivor',
+            'season': 'Season 10',
+            'season_number': 10,
+            'timestamp': 1744629420,
+            'upload_date': '20250414',
         },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
-        'skip': 'Only available in Australia',
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
-        'url': 'https://10play.com.au/neighbours/episodes/season-42/episode-9107/tpv240902nzqyp',
+        # Geo-restricted to Australia
+        'url': 'https://10.com.au/neighbours/episodes/season-42/episode-9107/tpv240902nzqyp',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '9000000000091177',
             'ext': 'mp4',
@@ -45,17 +52,39 @@ class TenPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
             'season': 'Season 42',
             'season_number': 42,
             'series': 'Neighbours',
-            'thumbnail': r're:https://.*\.jpg',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://.+/.+\.jpg',
             'age_limit': 15,
             'timestamp': 1725517860,
             'upload_date': '20240905',
             'uploader': 'Channel 10',
             'uploader_id': '2199827728001',
         },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }, {
+        # Geo-restricted to Australia; upgrading the m3u8 quality fails and we need the fallback
+        'url': 'https://10.com.au/tiny-chef-show/episodes/season-1/episode-2/tpv240228pofvt',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '9000000000084116',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'uploader': 'Channel 10',
+            'uploader_id': '2199827728001',
+            'duration': 1297,
+            'title': 'The Tiny Chef Show - S1 Ep. 2',
+            'alt_title': 'S1 Ep. 2 - Popcorn/banana',
+            'description': 'md5:d4758b52b5375dfaa67a78261dcb5763',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'series': 'The Tiny Chef Show',
+            'season_number': 1,
+            'episode_number': 2,
+            'timestamp': 1747957740,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://.+/.+\.jpg',
+            'upload_date': '20250522',
+            'season': 'Season 1',
+            'episode': 'Episode 2',
         },
-        'skip': 'Only available in Australia',
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to download m3u8 information: HTTP Error 502'],
+        'skip': 'video unavailable',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://10play.com.au/how-to-stay-married/web-extras/season-1/terrys-talks-ep-1-embracing-change/tpv190915ylupc',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -75,19 +104,27 @@ class TenPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         content_id = self._match_id(url)
         data = self._download_json(
-            'https://10play.com.au/api/v1/videos/' + content_id, content_id)
+            'https://10.com.au/api/v1/videos/' + content_id, content_id)
 
         video_data = self._download_json(
             f'https://vod.ten.com.au/api/videos/bcquery?command=find_videos_by_id&video_id={data["altId"]}',
             content_id, 'Downloading video JSON')
+        # Dash URL 404s, changing the m3u8 format works
         m3u8_url = self._request_webpage(
-            HEADRequest(video_data['items'][0]['HLSURL']),
+            HEADRequest(update_url_query(video_data['items'][0]['dashManifestUrl'], {
+                'manifest': 'm3u',
+            })),
             content_id, 'Checking stream URL').url
         if '10play-not-in-oz' in m3u8_url:
             self.raise_geo_restricted(countries=['AU'])
+        if '10play_unsupported' in m3u8_url:
+            raise ExtractorError('Unable to extract stream')
         # Attempt to get a higher quality stream
-        m3u8_url = m3u8_url.replace(',150,75,55,0000', ',300,150,75,55,0000')
-        formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(m3u8_url, content_id, 'mp4')
+        formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
+            m3u8_url.replace(',150,75,55,0000', ',500,300,150,75,55,0000'),
+            content_id, 'mp4', fatal=False)
+        if not formats:
+            formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(m3u8_url, content_id, 'mp4')
 
         return {
             'id': content_id,
@@ -112,21 +149,25 @@ class TenPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
 
 
 class TenPlaySeasonIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?10play\.com\.au/(?P<show>[^/?#]+)/episodes/(?P<season>[^/?#]+)/?(?:$|[?#])'
+    IE_NAME = '10play:season'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?10(?:play)?\.com\.au/(?P<show>[^/?#]+)/episodes/(?P<season>[^/?#]+)/?(?:$|[?#])'
     _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://10play.com.au/masterchef/episodes/season-14',
+        'url': 'https://10.com.au/masterchef/episodes/season-15',
         'info_dict': {
-            'title': 'Season 14',
-            'id': 'MjMyOTIy',
+            'title': 'Season 15',
+            'id': 'MTQ2NjMxOQ==',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 64,
+        'playlist_mincount': 50,
     }, {
-        'url': 'https://10play.com.au/the-bold-and-the-beautiful-fast-tracked/episodes/season-2022',
+        'url': 'https://10.com.au/the-bold-and-the-beautiful-fast-tracked/episodes/season-2024',
         'info_dict': {
-            'title': 'Season 2022',
+            'title': 'Season 2024',
             'id': 'Mjc0OTIw',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 256,
+        'playlist_mincount': 159,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://10play.com.au/the-bold-and-the-beautiful-fast-tracked/episodes/season-2024',
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _entries(self, load_more_url, display_id=None):
@@ -147,7 +188,7 @@ class TenPlaySeasonIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         show, season = self._match_valid_url(url).group('show', 'season')
         season_info = self._download_json(
-            f'https://10play.com.au/api/shows/{show}/episodes/{season}', f'{show}/{season}')
+            f'https://10.com.au/api/shows/{show}/episodes/{season}', f'{show}/{season}')
 
         episodes_carousel = traverse_obj(season_info, (
             'content', 0, 'components', (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tfo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tfo.py
index 0d1b252175..1884ab2e8e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tfo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tfo.py
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ from ..utils import ExtractorError, clean_html, int_or_none
 
 
 class TFOIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _WORKING = False
     _GEO_COUNTRIES = ['CA']
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?tfo\.org/(?:en|fr)/(?:[^/]+/){2}(?P<id>\d+)'
     _TEST = {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/thehighwire.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/thehighwire.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8b596143f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/thehighwire.py
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..utils import (
+    clean_html,
+    extract_attributes,
+    url_or_none,
+)
+from ..utils.traversal import (
+    find_element,
+    require,
+    traverse_obj,
+)
+
+
+class TheHighWireIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?thehighwire\.com/ark-videos/(?P<id>[^/?#]+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://thehighwire.com/ark-videos/the-deposition-of-stanley-plotkin/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'the-deposition-of-stanley-plotkin',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'THE DEPOSITION OF STANLEY PLOTKIN',
+            'description': 'md5:6d0be4f1181daaa10430fd8b945a5e54',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://static\.arkengine\.com/video/.+\.jpg',
+        },
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        display_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
+
+        embed_url = traverse_obj(webpage, (
+            {find_element(cls='ark-video-embed', html=True)},
+            {extract_attributes}, 'src', {url_or_none}, {require('embed URL')}))
+        embed_page = self._download_webpage(embed_url, display_id)
+
+        return {
+            'id': display_id,
+            **traverse_obj(webpage, {
+                'title': ({find_element(cls='section-header')}, {clean_html}),
+                'description': ({find_element(cls='episode-description__copy')}, {clean_html}),
+            }),
+            **self._parse_html5_media_entries(embed_url, embed_page, display_id, m3u8_id='hls')[0],
+        }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/theplatform.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/theplatform.py
index b73bea18fd..0f8cdfed99 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/theplatform.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/theplatform.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import re
 import time
 
 from .adobepass import AdobePassIE
-from .once import OnceIE
 from ..networking import HEADRequest, Request
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
@@ -13,11 +12,13 @@ from ..utils import (
     float_or_none,
     int_or_none,
     mimetype2ext,
+    parse_age_limit,
     parse_qs,
     traverse_obj,
     unsmuggle_url,
     update_url,
     update_url_query,
+    url_or_none,
     urlhandle_detect_ext,
     xpath_with_ns,
 )
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ default_ns = 'http://www.w3.org/2005/SMIL21/Language'
 _x = lambda p: xpath_with_ns(p, {'smil': default_ns})
 
 
-class ThePlatformBaseIE(OnceIE):
+class ThePlatformBaseIE(AdobePassIE):
     _TP_TLD = 'com'
 
     def _extract_theplatform_smil(self, smil_url, video_id, note='Downloading SMIL data'):
@@ -54,82 +55,70 @@ class ThePlatformBaseIE(OnceIE):
 
         formats = []
         for _format in smil_formats:
-            if OnceIE.suitable(_format['url']):
-                formats.extend(self._extract_once_formats(_format['url']))
-            else:
-                media_url = _format['url']
-                if determine_ext(media_url) == 'm3u8':
-                    hdnea2 = self._get_cookies(media_url).get('hdnea2')
-                    if hdnea2:
-                        _format['url'] = update_url_query(media_url, {'hdnea3': hdnea2.value})
+            media_url = _format['url']
+            if determine_ext(media_url) == 'm3u8':
+                hdnea2 = self._get_cookies(media_url).get('hdnea2')
+                if hdnea2:
+                    _format['url'] = update_url_query(media_url, {'hdnea3': hdnea2.value})
 
-                formats.append(_format)
+            formats.append(_format)
 
         return formats, subtitles
 
-    def _download_theplatform_metadata(self, path, video_id):
-        info_url = f'http://link.theplatform.{self._TP_TLD}/s/{path}?format=preview'
-        return self._download_json(info_url, video_id)
+    def _download_theplatform_metadata(self, path, video_id, fatal=True):
+        return self._download_json(
+            f'https://link.theplatform.{self._TP_TLD}/s/{path}', video_id,
+            fatal=fatal, query={'format': 'preview'}) or {}
 
-    def _parse_theplatform_metadata(self, info):
-        subtitles = {}
-        captions = info.get('captions')
-        if isinstance(captions, list):
-            for caption in captions:
-                lang, src, mime = caption.get('lang', 'en'), caption.get('src'), caption.get('type')
-                subtitles.setdefault(lang, []).append({
-                    'ext': mimetype2ext(mime),
-                    'url': src,
-                })
-
-        duration = info.get('duration')
-        tp_chapters = info.get('chapters', [])
-        chapters = []
-        if tp_chapters:
-            def _add_chapter(start_time, end_time):
-                start_time = float_or_none(start_time, 1000)
-                end_time = float_or_none(end_time, 1000)
-                if start_time is None or end_time is None:
-                    return
-                chapters.append({
-                    'start_time': start_time,
-                    'end_time': end_time,
-                })
-
-            for chapter in tp_chapters[:-1]:
-                _add_chapter(chapter.get('startTime'), chapter.get('endTime'))
-            _add_chapter(tp_chapters[-1].get('startTime'), tp_chapters[-1].get('endTime') or duration)
-
-        def extract_site_specific_field(field):
-            # A number of sites have custom-prefixed keys, e.g. 'cbc$seasonNumber'
-            return traverse_obj(info, lambda k, v: v and k.endswith(f'${field}'), get_all=False)
-
-        return {
-            'title': info['title'],
-            'subtitles': subtitles,
-            'description': info['description'],
-            'thumbnail': info['defaultThumbnailUrl'],
-            'duration': float_or_none(duration, 1000),
-            'timestamp': int_or_none(info.get('pubDate'), 1000) or None,
-            'uploader': info.get('billingCode'),
-            'chapters': chapters,
-            'creator': traverse_obj(info, ('author', {str})) or None,
-            'categories': traverse_obj(info, (
-                'categories', lambda _, v: v.get('label') in ('category', None), 'name', {str})) or None,
-            'tags': traverse_obj(info, ('keywords', {lambda x: re.split(r'[;,]\s?', x) if x else None})),
-            'location': extract_site_specific_field('region'),
-            'series': extract_site_specific_field('show') or extract_site_specific_field('seriesTitle'),
-            'season_number': int_or_none(extract_site_specific_field('seasonNumber')),
-            'episode_number': int_or_none(extract_site_specific_field('episodeNumber')),
-            'media_type': extract_site_specific_field('programmingType') or extract_site_specific_field('type'),
-        }
+    @staticmethod
+    def _parse_theplatform_metadata(tp_metadata):
+        def site_specific_filter(*fields):
+            return lambda k, v: v and k.endswith(tuple(f'${f}' for f in fields))
+
+        info = traverse_obj(tp_metadata, {
+            'title': ('title', {str}),
+            'episode': ('title', {str}),
+            'description': ('description', {str}),
+            'thumbnail': ('defaultThumbnailUrl', {url_or_none}),
+            'duration': ('duration', {float_or_none(scale=1000)}),
+            'timestamp': ('pubDate', {float_or_none(scale=1000)}),
+            'uploader': ('billingCode', {str}),
+            'creators': ('author', {str}, filter, all, filter),
+            'categories': (
+                'categories', lambda _, v: v.get('label') in ['category', None],
+                'name', {str}, filter, all, filter),
+            'tags': ('keywords', {str}, filter, {lambda x: re.split(r'[;,]\s?', x)}, filter),
+            'age_limit': ('ratings', ..., 'rating', {parse_age_limit}, any),
+            'season_number': (site_specific_filter('seasonNumber'), {int_or_none}, any),
+            'episode_number': (site_specific_filter('episodeNumber', 'airOrder'), {int_or_none}, any),
+            'series': (site_specific_filter('show', 'seriesTitle', 'seriesShortTitle'), (None, ...), {str}, any),
+            'location': (site_specific_filter('region'), {str}, any),
+            'media_type': (site_specific_filter('programmingType', 'type'), {str}, any),
+        })
+
+        chapters = traverse_obj(tp_metadata, ('chapters', ..., {
+            'start_time': ('startTime', {float_or_none(scale=1000)}),
+            'end_time': ('endTime', {float_or_none(scale=1000)}),
+        }))
+        # Ignore pointless single chapters from short videos that span the entire video's duration
+        if len(chapters) > 1 or traverse_obj(chapters, (0, 'end_time')):
+            info['chapters'] = chapters
+
+        info['subtitles'] = {}
+        for caption in traverse_obj(tp_metadata, ('captions', lambda _, v: url_or_none(v['src']))):
+            info['subtitles'].setdefault(caption.get('lang') or 'en', []).append({
+                'url': caption['src'],
+                'ext': mimetype2ext(caption.get('type')),
+            })
+
+        return info
 
     def _extract_theplatform_metadata(self, path, video_id):
         info = self._download_theplatform_metadata(path, video_id)
         return self._parse_theplatform_metadata(info)
 
 
-class ThePlatformIE(ThePlatformBaseIE, AdobePassIE):
+class ThePlatformIE(ThePlatformBaseIE):
     _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
         (?:https?://(?:link|player)\.theplatform\.com/[sp]/(?P<provider_id>[^/]+)/
            (?:(?:(?:[^/]+/)+select/)?(?P<media>media/(?:guid/\d+/)?)?|(?P<config>(?:[^/\?]+/(?:swf|config)|onsite)/select/))?
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tiktok.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tiktok.py
index 19336252b1..e165effd4e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tiktok.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tiktok.py
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ from ..utils import (
     srt_subtitles_timecode,
     str_or_none,
     traverse_obj,
+    truncate_string,
     try_call,
     try_get,
     url_or_none,
@@ -64,7 +65,7 @@ class TikTokBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     @functools.cached_property
     def _DEVICE_ID(self):
-        return self._KNOWN_DEVICE_ID or str(random.randint(7250000000000000000, 7351147085025500000))
+        return self._KNOWN_DEVICE_ID or str(random.randint(7250000000000000000, 7325099899999994577))
 
     @functools.cached_property
     def _API_HOSTNAME(self):
@@ -444,7 +445,7 @@ class TikTokBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         return {
             'id': aweme_id,
             **traverse_obj(aweme_detail, {
-                'title': ('desc', {str}),
+                'title': ('desc', {truncate_string(left=72)}),
                 'description': ('desc', {str}),
                 'timestamp': ('create_time', {int_or_none}),
             }),
@@ -595,7 +596,7 @@ class TikTokBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'duration': ('duration', {int_or_none}),
             })),
             **traverse_obj(aweme_detail, {
-                'title': ('desc', {str}),
+                'title': ('desc', {truncate_string(left=72)}),
                 'description': ('desc', {str}),
                 # audio-only slideshows have a video duration of 0 and an actual audio duration
                 'duration': ('video', 'duration', {int_or_none}, filter),
@@ -656,7 +657,7 @@ class TikTokIE(TikTokBaseIE):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '6742501081818877190',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'md5:5e2a23877420bb85ce6521dbee39ba94',
+            'title': 'Tag 1 Friend reverse this Video and look what happens 🤩😱 @skyandtami ...',
             'description': 'md5:5e2a23877420bb85ce6521dbee39ba94',
             'duration': 27,
             'height': 1024,
@@ -860,7 +861,7 @@ class TikTokIE(TikTokBaseIE):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '7253412088251534594',
             'ext': 'm4a',
-            'title': '� ред флаг про�тите #перепи�ка #щитпо�т #тревожныйтипприв�занно�ти #рекомендации ',
+            'title': '� ред флаг про�тите #перепи�ка #щитпо�т #тревожныйтипприв�занно�ти #р...',
             'description': '� ред флаг про�тите #перепи�ка #щитпо�т #тревожныйтипприв�занно�ти #рекомендации ',
             'uploader': 'hara_yoimiya',
             'uploader_id': '6582536342634676230',
@@ -920,6 +921,8 @@ class TikTokUserIE(TikTokBaseIE):
             'id': 'MS4wLjABAAAAepiJKgwWhulvCpSuUVsp7sgVVsFJbbNaLeQ6OQ0oAJERGDUIXhb2yxxHZedsItgT',
             'title': 'corgibobaa',
         },
+        'expected_warnings': ['TikTok API keeps sending the same page'],
+        'params': {'extractor_retries': 10},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/@6820838815978423302',
         'playlist_mincount': 5,
@@ -927,6 +930,8 @@ class TikTokUserIE(TikTokBaseIE):
             'id': 'MS4wLjABAAAA0tF1nBwQVVMyrGu3CqttkNgM68Do1OXUFuCY0CRQk8fEtSVDj89HqoqvbSTmUP2W',
             'title': '6820838815978423302',
         },
+        'expected_warnings': ['TikTok API keeps sending the same page'],
+        'params': {'extractor_retries': 10},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/@meme',
         'playlist_mincount': 593,
@@ -934,14 +939,17 @@ class TikTokUserIE(TikTokBaseIE):
             'id': 'MS4wLjABAAAAiKfaDWeCsT3IHwY77zqWGtVRIy9v4ws1HbVi7auP1Vx7dJysU_hc5yRiGywojRD6',
             'title': 'meme',
         },
+        'expected_warnings': ['TikTok API keeps sending the same page'],
+        'params': {'extractor_retries': 10},
     }, {
         'url': 'tiktokuser:MS4wLjABAAAAM3R2BtjzVT-uAtstkl2iugMzC6AtnpkojJbjiOdDDrdsTiTR75-8lyWJCY5VvDrZ',
         'playlist_mincount': 31,
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'MS4wLjABAAAAM3R2BtjzVT-uAtstkl2iugMzC6AtnpkojJbjiOdDDrdsTiTR75-8lyWJCY5VvDrZ',
         },
+        'expected_warnings': ['TikTok API keeps sending the same page'],
+        'params': {'extractor_retries': 10},
     }]
-    _USER_AGENT = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:115.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/115.0'
     _API_BASE_URL = 'https://www.tiktok.com/api/creator/item_list/'
 
     def _build_web_query(self, sec_uid, cursor):
@@ -979,15 +987,29 @@ class TikTokUserIE(TikTokBaseIE):
             'webcast_language': 'en',
         }
 
-    def _entries(self, sec_uid, user_name):
+    def _entries(self, sec_uid, user_name, fail_early=False):
         display_id = user_name or sec_uid
         seen_ids = set()
 
         cursor = int(time.time() * 1E3)
         for page in itertools.count(1):
-            response = self._download_json(
-                self._API_BASE_URL, display_id, f'Downloading page {page}',
-                query=self._build_web_query(sec_uid, cursor), headers={'User-Agent': self._USER_AGENT})
+            for retry in self.RetryManager():
+                response = self._download_json(
+                    self._API_BASE_URL, display_id, f'Downloading page {page}',
+                    query=self._build_web_query(sec_uid, cursor))
+
+                # Avoid infinite loop caused by bad device_id
+                # See: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/14031
+                current_batch = sorted(traverse_obj(response, ('itemList', ..., 'id', {str})))
+                if current_batch and current_batch == sorted(seen_ids):
+                    message = 'TikTok API keeps sending the same page'
+                    if self._KNOWN_DEVICE_ID:
+                        raise ExtractorError(
+                            f'{message}. Try again with a different device_id', expected=True)
+                    # The user didn't pass a device_id so we can reset it and retry
+                    del self._DEVICE_ID
+                    retry.error = ExtractorError(
+                        f'{message}. Taking measures to avoid an infinite loop', expected=True)
 
             for video in traverse_obj(response, ('itemList', lambda _, v: v['id'])):
                 video_id = video['id']
@@ -1007,42 +1029,60 @@ class TikTokUserIE(TikTokBaseIE):
                 cursor = old_cursor - 7 * 86_400_000
             # In case 'hasMorePrevious' is wrong, break if we have gone back before TikTok existed
             if cursor < 1472706000000 or not traverse_obj(response, 'hasMorePrevious'):
-                break
+                return
+
+            # This code path is ideally only reached when one of the following is true:
+            # 1. TikTok profile is private and webpage detection was bypassed due to a tiktokuser:sec_uid URL
+            # 2. TikTok profile is *not* private but all of their videos are private
+            if fail_early and not seen_ids:
+                self.raise_login_required(
+                    'This user\'s account is likely either private or all of their videos are private. '
+                    'Log into an account that has access')
 
-    def _get_sec_uid(self, user_url, user_name, msg):
+    def _extract_sec_uid_from_embed(self, user_name):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            user_url, user_name, fatal=False, headers={'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0'},
-            note=f'Downloading {msg} webpage', errnote=f'Unable to download {msg} webpage') or ''
-        return (traverse_obj(self._get_universal_data(webpage, user_name),
-                             ('webapp.user-detail', 'userInfo', 'user', 'secUid', {str}))
-                or traverse_obj(self._get_sigi_state(webpage, user_name),
-                                ('LiveRoom', 'liveRoomUserInfo', 'user', 'secUid', {str}),
-                                ('UserModule', 'users', ..., 'secUid', {str}, any)))
+            f'https://www.tiktok.com/embed/@{user_name}', user_name,
+            'Downloading user embed page', errnote=False, fatal=False)
+        if not webpage:
+            self.report_warning('This user\'s account is either private or has embedding disabled')
+            return None
+
+        data = traverse_obj(self._search_json(
+            r'<script[^>]+\bid=[\'"]__FRONTITY_CONNECT_STATE__[\'"][^>]*>',
+            webpage, 'data', user_name, default={}),
+            ('source', 'data', f'/embed/@{user_name}', {dict}))
+
+        for aweme_id in traverse_obj(data, ('videoList', ..., 'id', {str})):
+            webpage_url = self._create_url(user_name, aweme_id)
+            video_data, _ = self._extract_web_data_and_status(webpage_url, aweme_id, fatal=False)
+            sec_uid = self._parse_aweme_video_web(
+                video_data, webpage_url, aweme_id, extract_flat=True).get('channel_id')
+            if sec_uid:
+                return sec_uid
+
+        return None
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         user_name, sec_uid = self._match_id(url), None
-        if mobj := re.fullmatch(r'MS4wLjABAAAA[\w-]{64}', user_name):
-            user_name, sec_uid = None, mobj.group(0)
+        if re.fullmatch(r'MS4wLjABAAAA[\w-]{64}', user_name):
+            user_name, sec_uid = None, user_name
+            fail_early = True
         else:
-            sec_uid = (self._get_sec_uid(self._UPLOADER_URL_FORMAT % user_name, user_name, 'user')
-                       or self._get_sec_uid(self._UPLOADER_URL_FORMAT % f'{user_name}/live', user_name, 'live'))
-
-        if not sec_uid:
             webpage = self._download_webpage(
-                f'https://www.tiktok.com/embed/@{user_name}', user_name,
-                note='Downloading user embed page', fatal=False) or ''
-            data = traverse_obj(self._search_json(
-                r'<script[^>]+\bid=[\'"]__FRONTITY_CONNECT_STATE__[\'"][^>]*>',
-                webpage, 'data', user_name, default={}),
-                ('source', 'data', f'/embed/@{user_name}', {dict}))
-
-            for aweme_id in traverse_obj(data, ('videoList', ..., 'id', {str})):
-                webpage_url = self._create_url(user_name, aweme_id)
-                video_data, _ = self._extract_web_data_and_status(webpage_url, aweme_id, fatal=False)
-                sec_uid = self._parse_aweme_video_web(
-                    video_data, webpage_url, aweme_id, extract_flat=True).get('channel_id')
-                if sec_uid:
-                    break
+                self._UPLOADER_URL_FORMAT % user_name, user_name,
+                'Downloading user webpage', 'Unable to download user webpage',
+                fatal=False, headers={'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0'}) or ''
+            detail = traverse_obj(
+                self._get_universal_data(webpage, user_name), ('webapp.user-detail', {dict})) or {}
+            if detail.get('statusCode') == 10222:
+                self.raise_login_required(
+                    'This user\'s account is private. Log into an account that has access')
+            sec_uid = traverse_obj(detail, ('userInfo', 'user', 'secUid', {str}))
+            if sec_uid:
+                fail_early = not traverse_obj(detail, ('userInfo', 'itemList', ...))
+            else:
+                sec_uid = self._extract_sec_uid_from_embed(user_name)
+                fail_early = False
 
         if not sec_uid:
             raise ExtractorError(
@@ -1050,7 +1090,7 @@ class TikTokUserIE(TikTokBaseIE):
                 'from a video posted by this user, try using "tiktokuser:channel_id" as the '
                 'input URL (replacing `channel_id` with its actual value)', expected=True)
 
-        return self.playlist_result(self._entries(sec_uid, user_name), sec_uid, user_name)
+        return self.playlist_result(self._entries(sec_uid, user_name, fail_early), sec_uid, user_name)
 
 
 class TikTokBaseListIE(TikTokBaseIE):  # XXX: Conventionally, base classes should end with BaseIE/InfoExtractor
@@ -1478,19 +1518,22 @@ class TikTokLiveIE(TikTokBaseIE):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         uploader, room_id = self._match_valid_url(url).group('uploader', 'id')
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            url, uploader or room_id, headers={'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0'}, fatal=not room_id)
+        if not room_id:
+            webpage = self._download_webpage(
+                format_field(uploader, None, self._UPLOADER_URL_FORMAT), uploader)
+            room_id = traverse_obj(
+                self._get_universal_data(webpage, uploader),
+                ('webapp.user-detail', 'userInfo', 'user', 'roomId', {str}))
 
-        if webpage:
+        if not uploader or not room_id:
+            webpage = self._download_webpage(url, uploader or room_id, fatal=not room_id)
             data = self._get_sigi_state(webpage, uploader or room_id)
-            room_id = (
-                traverse_obj(data, ((
-                    ('LiveRoom', 'liveRoomUserInfo', 'user'),
-                    ('UserModule', 'users', ...)), 'roomId', {str}, any))
-                or self._search_regex(r'snssdk\d*://live\?room_id=(\d+)', webpage, 'room ID', default=room_id))
-            uploader = uploader or traverse_obj(
-                data, ('LiveRoom', 'liveRoomUserInfo', 'user', 'uniqueId'),
-                ('UserModule', 'users', ..., 'uniqueId'), get_all=False, expected_type=str)
+            room_id = room_id or traverse_obj(data, ((
+                ('LiveRoom', 'liveRoomUserInfo', 'user'),
+                ('UserModule', 'users', ...)), 'roomId', {str}, any))
+            uploader = uploader or traverse_obj(data, ((
+                ('LiveRoom', 'liveRoomUserInfo', 'user'),
+                ('UserModule', 'users', ...)), 'uniqueId', {str}, any))
 
         if not room_id:
             raise UserNotLive(video_id=uploader)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/toutiao.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/toutiao.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b2a5aa2362
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/toutiao.py
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+import json
+import urllib.parse
+
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..utils import (
+    float_or_none,
+    int_or_none,
+    str_or_none,
+    try_call,
+    url_or_none,
+)
+from ..utils.traversal import find_element, traverse_obj
+
+
+class ToutiaoIE(InfoExtractor):
+    IE_NAME = 'toutiao'
+    IE_DESC = '今日头�'
+
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://www\.toutiao\.com/video/(?P<id>\d+)/?(?:[?#]|$)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.toutiao.com/video/7505382061495176511/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '7505382061495176511',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '新疆多地现�明飞行物，目击者称和月亮一样亮，几秒内�然加速消失，气象部门回应',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'duration': 9.753,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'release_date': '20250517',
+            'release_timestamp': 1747483344,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://p\d+-sign\.toutiaoimg\.com/.+$',
+            'uploader': '�目新闻',
+            'uploader_id': 'MS4wLjABAAAAeateBb9Su8I3MJOZozmvyzWktmba5LMlliRDz1KffnM',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.toutiao.com/video/7479446610359878153/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '7479446610359878153',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '�伙竟然利用两���制作��力�震器，简直太有创�了�',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'duration': 118.374,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'release_date': '20250308',
+            'release_timestamp': 1741444368,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://p\d+-sign\.toutiaoimg\.com/.+$',
+            'uploader': '�莉创��明',
+            'uploader_id': 'MS4wLjABAAAA4f7d4mwtApALtHIiq-QM20dwXqe32NUz0DeWF7wbHKw',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+    }]
+
+    def _real_initialize(self):
+        if self._get_cookies('https://www.toutiao.com').get('ttwid'):
+            return
+
+        urlh = self._request_webpage(
+            'https://ttwid.bytedance.com/ttwid/union/register/', None,
+            'Fetching ttwid', 'Unable to fetch ttwid', headers={
+                'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+            }, data=json.dumps({
+                'aid': 24,
+                'needFid': False,
+                'region': 'cn',
+                'service': 'www.toutiao.com',
+                'union': True,
+            }).encode(),
+        )
+
+        if ttwid := try_call(lambda: self._get_cookies(urlh.url)['ttwid'].value):
+            self._set_cookie('.toutiao.com', 'ttwid', ttwid)
+            return
+
+        self.raise_login_required()
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
+        video_data = traverse_obj(webpage, (
+            {find_element(tag='script', id='RENDER_DATA')},
+            {urllib.parse.unquote}, {json.loads}, 'data', 'initialVideo',
+        ))
+
+        formats = []
+        for video in traverse_obj(video_data, (
+            'videoPlayInfo', 'video_list', lambda _, v: v['main_url'],
+        )):
+            formats.append({
+                'url': video['main_url'],
+                **traverse_obj(video, ('video_meta', {
+                    'acodec': ('audio_profile', {str}),
+                    'asr': ('audio_sample_rate', {int_or_none}),
+                    'audio_channels': ('audio_channels', {float_or_none}, {int_or_none}),
+                    'ext': ('vtype', {str}),
+                    'filesize': ('size', {int_or_none}),
+                    'format_id': ('definition', {str}),
+                    'fps': ('fps', {int_or_none}),
+                    'height': ('vheight', {int_or_none}),
+                    'tbr': ('real_bitrate', {float_or_none(scale=1000)}),
+                    'vcodec': ('codec_type', {str}),
+                    'width': ('vwidth', {int_or_none}),
+                })),
+            })
+
+        return {
+            'id': video_id,
+            'formats': formats,
+            **traverse_obj(video_data, {
+                'comment_count': ('commentCount', {int_or_none}),
+                'duration': ('videoPlayInfo', 'video_duration', {float_or_none}),
+                'like_count': ('repinCount', {int_or_none}),
+                'release_timestamp': ('publishTime', {int_or_none}),
+                'thumbnail': (('poster', 'coverUrl'), {url_or_none}, any),
+                'title': ('title', {str}),
+                'uploader': ('userInfo', 'name', {str}),
+                'uploader_id': ('userInfo', 'userId', {str_or_none}),
+                'view_count': ('playCount', {int_or_none}),
+                'webpage_url': ('detailUrl', {url_or_none}),
+            }),
+        }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/trutv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/trutv.py
deleted file mode 100644
index cbfe67af25..0000000000
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/trutv.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,70 +0,0 @@
-from .turner import TurnerBaseIE
-from ..utils import (
-    int_or_none,
-    parse_iso8601,
-)
-
-
-class TruTVIE(TurnerBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?trutv\.com/(?:shows|full-episodes)/(?P<series_slug>[0-9A-Za-z-]+)/(?:videos/(?P<clip_slug>[0-9A-Za-z-]+)|(?P<id>\d+))'
-    _TEST = {
-        'url': 'https://www.trutv.com/shows/the-carbonaro-effect/videos/sunlight-activated-flower.html',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'f16c03beec1e84cd7d1a51f11d8fcc29124cc7f1',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Sunlight-Activated Flower',
-            'description': "A customer is stunned when he sees Michael's sunlight-activated flower.",
-        },
-        'params': {
-            # m3u8 download
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
-    }
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        series_slug, clip_slug, video_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
-
-        if video_id:
-            path = 'episode'
-            display_id = video_id
-        else:
-            path = 'series/clip'
-            display_id = clip_slug
-
-        data = self._download_json(
-            f'https://api.trutv.com/v2/web/{path}/{series_slug}/{display_id}',
-            display_id)
-        video_data = data['episode'] if video_id else data['info']
-        media_id = video_data['mediaId']
-        title = video_data['title'].strip()
-
-        info = self._extract_ngtv_info(
-            media_id, {}, {
-                'url': url,
-                'site_name': 'truTV',
-                'auth_required': video_data.get('isAuthRequired'),
-            })
-
-        thumbnails = []
-        for image in video_data.get('images', []):
-            image_url = image.get('srcUrl')
-            if not image_url:
-                continue
-            thumbnails.append({
-                'url': image_url,
-                'width': int_or_none(image.get('width')),
-                'height': int_or_none(image.get('height')),
-            })
-
-        info.update({
-            'id': media_id,
-            'display_id': display_id,
-            'title': title,
-            'description': video_data.get('description'),
-            'thumbnails': thumbnails,
-            'timestamp': parse_iso8601(video_data.get('publicationDate')),
-            'series': video_data.get('showTitle'),
-            'season_number': int_or_none(video_data.get('seasonNum')),
-            'episode_number': int_or_none(video_data.get('episodeNum')),
-        })
-        return info
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tunein.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tunein.py
index 05bb2a9fab..b5743e8e82 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tunein.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tunein.py
@@ -1,234 +1,335 @@
+import functools
 import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     OnDemandPagedList,
-    determine_ext,
+    UnsupportedError,
+    clean_html,
+    int_or_none,
+    join_nonempty,
     parse_iso8601,
-    traverse_obj,
+    update_url_query,
+    url_or_none,
 )
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 
 
 class TuneInBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL_BASE = r'https?://(?:www\.)?tunein\.com'
-
-    def _extract_metadata(self, webpage, content_id):
-        return self._search_json(r'window.INITIAL_STATE=', webpage, 'hydration', content_id, fatal=False)
+    def _call_api(self, item_id, endpoint=None, note='Downloading JSON metadata', fatal=False, query=None):
+        return self._download_json(
+            join_nonempty('https://api.tunein.com/profiles', item_id, endpoint, delim='/'),
+            item_id, note=note, fatal=fatal, query=query) or {}
 
     def _extract_formats_and_subtitles(self, content_id):
         streams = self._download_json(
-            f'https://opml.radiotime.com/Tune.ashx?render=json&formats=mp3,aac,ogg,flash,hls&id={content_id}',
-            content_id)['body']
+            'https://opml.radiotime.com/Tune.ashx', content_id, query={
+                'formats': 'mp3,aac,ogg,flash,hls',
+                'id': content_id,
+                'render': 'json',
+            })
 
         formats, subtitles = [], {}
-        for stream in streams:
+        for stream in traverse_obj(streams, ('body', lambda _, v: url_or_none(v['url']))):
             if stream.get('media_type') == 'hls':
                 fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(stream['url'], content_id, fatal=False)
                 formats.extend(fmts)
                 self._merge_subtitles(subs, target=subtitles)
-            elif determine_ext(stream['url']) == 'pls':
-                playlist_content = self._download_webpage(stream['url'], content_id)
-                formats.append({
-                    'url': self._search_regex(r'File1=(.*)', playlist_content, 'url', fatal=False),
-                    'abr': stream.get('bitrate'),
-                    'ext': stream.get('media_type'),
-                })
             else:
-                formats.append({
-                    'url': stream['url'],
-                    'abr': stream.get('bitrate'),
-                    'ext': stream.get('media_type'),
-                })
+                formats.append(traverse_obj(stream, {
+                    'abr': ('bitrate', {int_or_none}),
+                    'ext': ('media_type', {str}),
+                    'url': ('url', {self._proto_relative_url}),
+                }))
 
         return formats, subtitles
 
 
 class TuneInStationIE(TuneInBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = TuneInBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE + r'(?:/radio/[^?#]+-|/embed/player/)(?P<id>s\d+)'
-    _EMBED_REGEX = [r'<iframe[^>]+src=["\'](?P<url>(?:https?://)?tunein\.com/embed/player/s\d+)']
-
+    IE_NAME = 'tunein:station'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://tunein\.com/radio/[^/?#]+(?P<id>s\d+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://tunein.com/radio/Jazz24-885-s34682/',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 's34682',
-            'title': 're:^Jazz24',
-            'description': 'md5:d6d0b89063fd68d529fa7058ee98619b',
-            'thumbnail': 're:^https?://[^?&]+/s34682',
-            'location': 'Seattle-Tacoma, US',
             'ext': 'mp3',
+            'title': str,
+            'alt_title': 'World Class Jazz',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'description': 'md5:d6d0b89063fd68d529fa7058ee98619b',
+            'location': r're:Seattle-Tacoma, (?:US|WA)',
             'live_status': 'is_live',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+',
         },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://tunein.com/embed/player/s6404/',
-        'only_matching': True,
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'Livestream'},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-Radio-1-988-s24939/',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 's24939',
-            'title': 're:^BBC Radio 1',
-            'description': 'md5:f3f75f7423398d87119043c26e7bfb84',
-            'thumbnail': 're:^https?://[^?&]+/s24939',
+            'ext': 'm4a',
+            'title': str,
+            'alt_title': 'The biggest new pop and all-day vibes',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'description': 'md5:ee2c56794844610d045f8caf5ff34d0c',
             'location': 'London, UK',
-            'ext': 'mp3',
             'live_status': 'is_live',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+',
         },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'Livestream'},
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         station_id = self._match_id(url)
-
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, station_id)
-        metadata = self._extract_metadata(webpage, station_id)
-
         formats, subtitles = self._extract_formats_and_subtitles(station_id)
+
         return {
             'id': station_id,
-            'title': traverse_obj(metadata, ('profiles', station_id, 'title')),
-            'description': traverse_obj(metadata, ('profiles', station_id, 'description')),
-            'thumbnail': traverse_obj(metadata, ('profiles', station_id, 'image')),
-            'timestamp': parse_iso8601(
-                traverse_obj(metadata, ('profiles', station_id, 'actions', 'play', 'publishTime'))),
-            'location': traverse_obj(
-                metadata, ('profiles', station_id, 'metadata', 'properties', 'location', 'displayName'),
-                ('profiles', station_id, 'properties', 'location', 'displayName')),
             'formats': formats,
             'subtitles': subtitles,
-            'is_live': traverse_obj(metadata, ('profiles', station_id, 'actions', 'play', 'isLive')),
+            **traverse_obj(self._call_api(station_id), ('Item', {
+                'title': ('Title', {clean_html}),
+                'alt_title': ('Subtitle', {clean_html}, filter),
+                'channel_follower_count': ('Actions', 'Follow', 'FollowerCount', {int_or_none}),
+                'description': ('Description', {clean_html}, filter),
+                'is_live': ('Actions', 'Play', 'IsLive', {bool}),
+                'location': ('Properties', 'Location', 'DisplayName', {str}),
+                'thumbnail': ('Image', {url_or_none}),
+            })),
         }
 
 
 class TuneInPodcastIE(TuneInBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = TuneInBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE + r'/(?:podcasts/[^?#]+-|embed/player/)(?P<id>p\d+)/?(?:#|$)'
-    _EMBED_REGEX = [r'<iframe[^>]+src=["\'](?P<url>(?:https?://)?tunein\.com/embed/player/p\d+)']
-
+    IE_NAME = 'tunein:podcast:program'
+    _PAGE_SIZE = 20
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://tunein\.com/podcasts(?:/[^/?#]+){1,2}(?P<id>p\d+)'
     _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://tunein.com/podcasts/Technology-Podcasts/Artificial-Intelligence-p1153019',
+        'url': 'https://tunein.com/podcasts/Technology-Podcasts/Artificial-Intelligence-p1153019/',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'p1153019',
             'title': 'Lex Fridman Podcast',
-            'description': 'md5:bedc4e5f1c94f7dec6e4317b5654b00d',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 200,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://tunein.com/embed/player/p191660/',
-        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://tunein.com/podcasts/World-News/BBC-News-p14/',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'p14',
             'title': 'BBC News',
-            'description': 'md5:1218e575eeaff75f48ed978261fa2068',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 200,
+        'playlist_mincount': 35,
     }]
 
-    _PAGE_SIZE = 30
+    @classmethod
+    def suitable(cls, url):
+        return False if TuneInPodcastEpisodeIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        podcast_id = self._match_id(url)
-
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, podcast_id, fatal=False)
-        metadata = self._extract_metadata(webpage, podcast_id)
+    def _fetch_page(self, url, podcast_id, page=0):
+        items = self._call_api(
+            podcast_id, 'contents', f'Downloading page {page + 1}', query={
+                'filter': 't:free',
+                'limit': self._PAGE_SIZE,
+                'offset': page * self._PAGE_SIZE,
+            },
+        )['Items']
 
-        def page_func(page_num):
-            api_response = self._download_json(
-                f'https://api.tunein.com/profiles/{podcast_id}/contents', podcast_id,
-                note=f'Downloading page {page_num + 1}', query={
-                    'filter': 't:free',
-                    'offset': page_num * self._PAGE_SIZE,
-                    'limit': self._PAGE_SIZE,
-                })
+        for item in traverse_obj(items, (..., 'GuideId', {str}, filter)):
+            yield self.url_result(update_url_query(url, {'topicId': item[1:]}))
 
-            return [
-                self.url_result(
-                    f'https://tunein.com/podcasts/{podcast_id}?topicId={episode["GuideId"][1:]}',
-                    TuneInPodcastEpisodeIE, title=episode.get('Title'))
-                for episode in api_response['Items']]
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        podcast_id = self._match_id(url)
 
-        entries = OnDemandPagedList(page_func, self._PAGE_SIZE)
-        return self.playlist_result(
-            entries, playlist_id=podcast_id, title=traverse_obj(metadata, ('profiles', podcast_id, 'title')),
-            description=traverse_obj(metadata, ('profiles', podcast_id, 'description')))
+        return self.playlist_result(OnDemandPagedList(
+            functools.partial(self._fetch_page, url, podcast_id), self._PAGE_SIZE),
+            podcast_id, traverse_obj(self._call_api(podcast_id), ('Item', 'Title', {str})))
 
 
 class TuneInPodcastEpisodeIE(TuneInBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = TuneInBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE + r'/podcasts/(?:[^?&]+-)?(?P<podcast_id>p\d+)/?\?topicId=(?P<id>\w\d+)'
-
+    IE_NAME = 'tunein:podcast'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://tunein\.com/podcasts(?:/[^/?#]+){1,2}(?P<series_id>p\d+)/?\?(?:[^#]+&)?(?i:topicid)=(?P<id>\d+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://tunein.com/podcasts/Technology-Podcasts/Artificial-Intelligence-p1153019/?topicId=236404354',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 't236404354',
-            'title': '#351 \u2013 MrBeast: Future of YouTube, Twitter, TikTok, and Instagram',
-            'description': 'md5:e1734db6f525e472c0c290d124a2ad77',
-            'thumbnail': 're:^https?://[^?&]+/p1153019',
+            'ext': 'mp3',
+            'title': '#351 – MrBeast: Future of YouTube, Twitter, TikTok, and Instagram',
+            'alt_title': 'Technology Podcasts >',
+            'cast': 'count:1',
+            'description': 'md5:1029895354ef073ff00f20b82eb6eb71',
+            'display_id': '236404354',
+            'duration': 8330,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+',
             'timestamp': 1673458571,
             'upload_date': '20230111',
-            'series_id': 'p1153019',
             'series': 'Lex Fridman Podcast',
+            'series_id': 'p1153019',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://tunein.com/podcasts/The-BOB--TOM-Show-Free-Podcast-p20069/?topicId=174556405',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 't174556405',
             'ext': 'mp3',
+            'title': 'B&T Extra: Ohhh Yeah, It\'s Sexy Time',
+            'alt_title': 'Westwood One >',
+            'cast': 'count:2',
+            'description': 'md5:6828234f410ab88c85655495c5fcfa88',
+            'display_id': '174556405',
+            'duration': 1203,
+            'series': 'The BOB & TOM Show Free Podcast',
+            'series_id': 'p20069',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+',
+            'timestamp': 1661799600,
+            'upload_date': '20220829',
         },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        podcast_id, episode_id = self._match_valid_url(url).group('podcast_id', 'id')
-        episode_id = f't{episode_id}'
-
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, episode_id)
-        metadata = self._extract_metadata(webpage, episode_id)
-
+        series_id, display_id = self._match_valid_url(url).group('series_id', 'id')
+        episode_id = f't{display_id}'
         formats, subtitles = self._extract_formats_and_subtitles(episode_id)
+
         return {
             'id': episode_id,
-            'title': traverse_obj(metadata, ('profiles', episode_id, 'title')),
-            'description': traverse_obj(metadata, ('profiles', episode_id, 'description')),
-            'thumbnail': traverse_obj(metadata, ('profiles', episode_id, 'image')),
-            'timestamp': parse_iso8601(
-                traverse_obj(metadata, ('profiles', episode_id, 'actions', 'play', 'publishTime'))),
-            'series_id': podcast_id,
-            'series': traverse_obj(metadata, ('profiles', podcast_id, 'title')),
+            'display_id': display_id,
             'formats': formats,
+            'series': traverse_obj(self._call_api(series_id), ('Item', 'Title', {clean_html})),
+            'series_id': series_id,
             'subtitles': subtitles,
+            **traverse_obj(self._call_api(episode_id), ('Item', {
+                'title': ('Title', {clean_html}),
+                'alt_title': ('Subtitle', {clean_html}, filter),
+                'cast': (
+                    'Properties', 'ParentProgram', 'Hosts', {clean_html},
+                    {lambda x: x.split(';')}, ..., {str.strip}, filter, all, filter),
+                'description': ('Description', {clean_html}, filter),
+                'duration': ('Actions', 'Play', 'Duration', {int_or_none}),
+                'thumbnail': ('Image', {url_or_none}),
+                'timestamp': ('Actions', 'Play', 'PublishTime', {parse_iso8601}),
+            })),
         }
 
 
+class TuneInEmbedIE(TuneInBaseIE):
+    IE_NAME = 'tunein:embed'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://tunein\.com/embed/player/(?P<id>[^/?#]+)'
+    _EMBED_REGEX = [r'<iframe\b[^>]+\bsrc=["\'](?P<url>(?:https?:)?//tunein\.com/embed/player/[^/?#"\']+)']
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://tunein.com/embed/player/s6404/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 's6404',
+            'ext': 'mp3',
+            'title': str,
+            'alt_title': 'South Africa\'s News and Information Leader',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'is_live',
+            'location': 'Johannesburg, South Africa',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'Livestream'},
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://tunein.com/embed/player/t236404354/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 't236404354',
+            'ext': 'mp3',
+            'title': '#351 – MrBeast: Future of YouTube, Twitter, TikTok, and Instagram',
+            'alt_title': 'Technology Podcasts >',
+            'cast': 'count:1',
+            'description': 'md5:1029895354ef073ff00f20b82eb6eb71',
+            'display_id': '236404354',
+            'duration': 8330,
+            'series': 'Lex Fridman Podcast',
+            'series_id': 'p1153019',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+',
+            'timestamp': 1673458571,
+            'upload_date': '20230111',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://tunein.com/embed/player/p191660/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'p191660',
+            'title': 'SBS Tamil',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 195,
+    }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.martiniinthemorning.com/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 's55412',
+            'ext': 'mp3',
+            'title': str,
+            'alt_title': 'Now that\'s music!',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'description': 'md5:41588a3e2cf34b3eafc6c33522fa611a',
+            'live_status': 'is_live',
+            'location': 'US',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'Livestream'},
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        embed_id = self._match_id(url)
+        kind = {
+            'p': 'program',
+            's': 'station',
+            't': 'topic',
+        }.get(embed_id[:1])
+
+        return self.url_result(
+            f'https://tunein.com/{kind}/?{kind}id={embed_id[1:]}')
+
+
 class TuneInShortenerIE(InfoExtractor):
     IE_NAME = 'tunein:shortener'
     IE_DESC = False  # Do not list
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://tun\.in/(?P<id>[A-Za-z0-9]+)'
-
-    _TEST = {
-        # test redirection
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://tun\.in/(?P<id>[^/?#]+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'http://tun.in/ser7s',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 's34682',
-            'title': 're:^Jazz24',
-            'description': 'md5:d6d0b89063fd68d529fa7058ee98619b',
-            'thumbnail': 're:^https?://[^?&]+/s34682',
-            'location': 'Seattle-Tacoma, US',
+            'title': str,
             'ext': 'mp3',
+            'alt_title': 'World Class Jazz',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'description': 'md5:d6d0b89063fd68d529fa7058ee98619b',
+            'location': r're:Seattle-Tacoma, (?:US|WA)',
             'live_status': 'is_live',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'Livestream'},
+    }, {
+        'url': 'http://tun.in/tqeeFw',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 't236404354',
+            'title': str,
+            'ext': 'mp3',
+            'alt_title': 'Technology Podcasts >',
+            'cast': 'count:1',
+            'description': 'md5:1029895354ef073ff00f20b82eb6eb71',
+            'display_id': '236404354',
+            'duration': 8330,
+            'series': 'Lex Fridman Podcast',
+            'series_id': 'p1153019',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+',
+            'timestamp': 1673458571,
+            'upload_date': '20230111',
         },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,  # live stream
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'Livestream'},
+    }, {
+        'url': 'http://tun.in/pei6i',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'p14',
+            'title': 'BBC News',
         },
-    }
+        'playlist_mincount': 35,
+    }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         redirect_id = self._match_id(url)
         # The server doesn't support HEAD requests
-        urlh = self._request_webpage(
-            url, redirect_id, note='Downloading redirect page')
-
-        url = urlh.url
-        url_parsed = urllib.parse.urlparse(url)
-        if url_parsed.port == 443:
-            url = url_parsed._replace(netloc=url_parsed.hostname).url
-
-        self.to_screen(f'Following redirect: {url}')
-        return self.url_result(url)
+        urlh = self._request_webpage(url, redirect_id, 'Downloading redirect page')
+        # Need to strip port from URL
+        parsed = urllib.parse.urlparse(urlh.url)
+        new_url = parsed._replace(netloc=parsed.hostname).geturl()
+        # Prevent infinite loop in case redirect fails
+        if self.suitable(new_url):
+            raise UnsupportedError(new_url)
+        return self.url_result(new_url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/turner.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/turner.py
index 8b79a8ba9a..a1a7fd6906 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/turner.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/turner.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class TurnerBaseIE(AdobePassIE):
     def _extract_timestamp(self, video_data):
         return int_or_none(xpath_attr(video_data, 'dateCreated', 'uts'))
 
-    def _add_akamai_spe_token(self, tokenizer_src, video_url, content_id, ap_data, custom_tokenizer_query=None):
+    def _add_akamai_spe_token(self, tokenizer_src, video_url, content_id, ap_data, software_statement, custom_tokenizer_query=None):
         secure_path = self._search_regex(r'https?://[^/]+(.+/)', video_url, 'secure path') + '*'
         token = self._AKAMAI_SPE_TOKEN_CACHE.get(secure_path)
         if not token:
@@ -34,7 +34,8 @@ class TurnerBaseIE(AdobePassIE):
             else:
                 query['videoId'] = content_id
             if ap_data.get('auth_required'):
-                query['accessToken'] = self._extract_mvpd_auth(ap_data['url'], content_id, ap_data['site_name'], ap_data['site_name'])
+                query['accessToken'] = self._extract_mvpd_auth(
+                    ap_data['url'], content_id, ap_data['site_name'], ap_data['site_name'], software_statement)
             auth = self._download_xml(
                 tokenizer_src, content_id, query=query)
             error_msg = xpath_text(auth, 'error/msg')
@@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ class TurnerBaseIE(AdobePassIE):
             self._AKAMAI_SPE_TOKEN_CACHE[secure_path] = token
         return video_url + '?hdnea=' + token
 
-    def _extract_cvp_info(self, data_src, video_id, path_data={}, ap_data={}, fatal=False):
+    def _extract_cvp_info(self, data_src, video_id, software_statement, path_data={}, ap_data={}, fatal=False):
         video_data = self._download_xml(
             data_src, video_id,
             transform_source=lambda s: fix_xml_ampersands(s).strip(),
@@ -101,7 +102,7 @@ class TurnerBaseIE(AdobePassIE):
                 video_url = self._add_akamai_spe_token(
                     secure_path_data['tokenizer_src'],
                     secure_path_data['media_src'] + video_url,
-                    content_id, ap_data)
+                    content_id, ap_data, software_statement)
             elif not re.match('https?://', video_url):
                 base_path_data = path_data.get(ext, path_data.get('default', {}))
                 media_src = base_path_data.get('media_src')
@@ -215,10 +216,12 @@ class TurnerBaseIE(AdobePassIE):
             'is_live': is_live,
         }
 
-    def _extract_ngtv_info(self, media_id, tokenizer_query, ap_data=None):
+    def _extract_ngtv_info(self, media_id, tokenizer_query, software_statement, ap_data=None):
+        if not isinstance(ap_data, dict):
+            ap_data = {}
         is_live = ap_data.get('is_live')
         streams_data = self._download_json(
-            f'http://medium.ngtv.io/media/{media_id}/tv',
+            f'https://medium.ngtv.io/media/{media_id}/tv',
             media_id)['media']['tv']
         duration = None
         chapters = []
@@ -230,8 +233,8 @@ class TurnerBaseIE(AdobePassIE):
                 continue
             if stream_data.get('playlistProtection') == 'spe':
                 m3u8_url = self._add_akamai_spe_token(
-                    'http://token.ngtv.io/token/token_spe',
-                    m3u8_url, media_id, ap_data or {}, tokenizer_query)
+                    'https://token.ngtv.io/token/token_spe',
+                    m3u8_url, media_id, ap_data, software_statement, tokenizer_query)
             formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
                 m3u8_url, media_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls', live=is_live, fatal=False))
 
@@ -248,6 +251,11 @@ class TurnerBaseIE(AdobePassIE):
                         'end_time': start_time + chapter_duration,
                     })
 
+        if is_live:
+            for f in formats:
+                # Prevent ffmpeg from adding its own http headers or else we get HTTP Error 403
+                f['downloader_options'] = {'ffmpeg_args': ['-seekable', '0', '-icy', '0']}
+
         return {
             'formats': formats,
             'chapters': chapters,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tv2dk.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tv2dk.py
index 9cd7606b0a..bad120f7b4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tv2dk.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tv2dk.py
@@ -2,12 +2,13 @@ import json
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
+from .jwplatform import JWPlatformIE
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
-    extract_attributes,
     js_to_json,
     url_or_none,
 )
+from ..utils.traversal import find_element, traverse_obj
 
 
 class TV2DKIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -21,35 +22,46 @@ class TV2DKIE(InfoExtractor):
                             tv2fyn|
                             tv2east|
                             tv2lorry|
-                            tv2nord
+                            tv2nord|
+                            tv2kosmopol
                         )\.dk/
-                        (:[^/]+/)*
+                        (?:[^/?#]+/)*
                         (?P<id>[^/?\#&]+)
                     '''
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.tvsyd.dk/nyheder/28-10-2019/1930/1930-28-okt-2019?autoplay=1#player',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '0_52jmwa0p',
+            'id': 'sPp5z21q',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': '19:30 - 28. okt. 2019',
-            'timestamp': 1572290248,
+            'description': '',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://cdn.jwplayer.com/v2/media/sPp5z21q/poster.jpg?width=720',
+            'timestamp': 1572287400,
             'upload_date': '20191028',
-            'uploader_id': 'tvsyd',
-            'duration': 1347,
-            'view_count': int,
         },
-        'add_ie': ['Kaltura'],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.tv2lorry.dk/gadekamp/gadekamp-6-hoejhuse-i-koebenhavn',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '1_7iwll9n0',
+            'id': 'oD9cyq0m',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'upload_date': '20211027',
             'title': 'Gadekamp #6 - Højhuse i København',
-            'uploader_id': 'tv2lorry',
-            'timestamp': 1635345229,
+            'description': '',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://cdn.jwplayer.com/v2/media/oD9cyq0m/poster.jpg?width=720',
+            'timestamp': 1635348600,
+            'upload_date': '20211027',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.tvsyd.dk/haderslev/x-factor-brodre-fulde-af-selvtillid-er-igen-hjemme-hos-mor-vores-diagnoser-har-vaeret-en-fordel',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'x-factor-brodre-fulde-af-selvtillid-er-igen-hjemme-hos-mor-vores-diagnoser-har-vaeret-en-fordel',
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 2,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.tv2ostjylland.dk/aarhus/dom-kan-fa-alvorlige-konsekvenser',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'dom-kan-fa-alvorlige-konsekvenser',
         },
-        'add_ie': ['Kaltura'],
+        'playlist_count': 3,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.tv2ostjylland.dk/artikel/minister-gaar-ind-i-sag-om-diabetes-teknologi',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -71,40 +83,22 @@ class TV2DKIE(InfoExtractor):
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.tv2nord.dk/artikel/dybt-uacceptabelt',
         'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.tv2kosmopol.dk/metropolen/chaufforer-beordres-til-at-kore-videre-i-ulovlige-busser-med-rode-advarselslamper',
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
-
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
+        search_space = traverse_obj(webpage, {find_element(tag='article')}) or webpage
 
-        entries = []
+        player_ids = traverse_obj(
+            re.findall(r'x-data="(?:video_player|simple_player)\(({[^"]+})', search_space),
+            (..., {js_to_json}, {json.loads}, ('jwpMediaId', 'videoId'), {str}))
 
-        def add_entry(partner_id, kaltura_id):
-            entries.append(self.url_result(
-                f'kaltura:{partner_id}:{kaltura_id}', 'Kaltura',
-                video_id=kaltura_id))
-
-        for video_el in re.findall(r'(?s)<[^>]+\bdata-entryid\s*=[^>]*>', webpage):
-            video = extract_attributes(video_el)
-            kaltura_id = video.get('data-entryid')
-            if not kaltura_id:
-                continue
-            partner_id = video.get('data-partnerid')
-            if not partner_id:
-                continue
-            add_entry(partner_id, kaltura_id)
-        if not entries:
-            kaltura_id = self._search_regex(
-                (r'entry_id\s*:\s*["\']([0-9a-z_]+)',
-                 r'\\u002FentryId\\u002F(\w+)\\u002F'), webpage, 'kaltura id')
-            partner_id = self._search_regex(
-                (r'\\u002Fp\\u002F(\d+)\\u002F', r'/p/(\d+)/'), webpage,
-                'partner id')
-            add_entry(partner_id, kaltura_id)
-        if len(entries) == 1:
-            return entries[0]
-        return self.playlist_result(entries)
+        return self.playlist_from_matches(
+            player_ids, video_id, getter=lambda x: f'jwplatform:{x}', ie=JWPlatformIE)
 
 
 class TV2DKBornholmPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tv5unis.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tv5unis.py
index 88fd334822..fe7fd0325b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tv5unis.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tv5unis.py
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ class TV5UnisBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
 
 class TV5UnisVideoIE(TV5UnisBaseIE):
+    _WORKING = False
     IE_NAME = 'tv5unis:video'
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?tv5unis\.ca/videos/[^/]+/(?P<id>\d+)'
     _TEST = {
@@ -71,6 +72,7 @@ class TV5UnisVideoIE(TV5UnisBaseIE):
 
 
 class TV5UnisIE(TV5UnisBaseIE):
+    _WORKING = False
     IE_NAME = 'tv5unis'
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?tv5unis\.ca/videos/(?P<id>[^/]+)(?:/saisons/(?P<season_number>\d+)/episodes/(?P<episode_number>\d+))?/?(?:[?#&]|$)'
     _TESTS = [{
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvc.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvc.py
index 7c8c922a61..d1a4650d20 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvc.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvc.py
@@ -8,17 +8,29 @@ from ..utils import (
 class TVCIE(InfoExtractor):
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?tvc\.ru/video/iframe/id/(?P<id>\d+)'
     _EMBED_REGEX = [r'<iframe[^>]+?src=(["\'])(?P<url>(?:http:)?//(?:www\.)?tvc\.ru/video/iframe/id/[^"]+)\1']
-    _TEST = {
+    _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'http://www.tvc.ru/video/iframe/id/74622/isPlay/false/id_stat/channel/?acc_video_id=/channel/brand/id/17/show/episodes/episode_id/39702',
-        'md5': 'bbc5ff531d1e90e856f60fc4b3afd708',
+        'md5': 'aa6fb3cf384e18a0ad3b30ee2898beba',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '74622',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Событи�. "Событи�". Эфир от 22.05.2015 14:30',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
+            'title': 'TVC video #74622',
             'duration': 1122,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://cdn\.tvc\.ru/pictures/.+\.jpg',
+        },
+    }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        # FIXME: Embed detection
+        'url': 'https://krizis-centr.ru/informatsiya/smi-o-tsentre/liniya-zashchity-bitye-zhjony-tv-tsentr',
+        'md5': '43b8eee579a5cd2b85c9ed5b73d1c671',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '123378',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'TVC video #123378',
+            'duration': 1526,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://cdn\.tvc\.ru/pictures/.+\.jpg',
         },
-    }
+    }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tver.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tver.py
index f3daf89469..ffcc6a76b7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tver.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tver.py
@@ -1,31 +1,78 @@
-from .common import InfoExtractor
+import datetime as dt
+
+from .streaks import StreaksBaseIE
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
+    GeoRestrictedError,
+    int_or_none,
     join_nonempty,
+    make_archive_id,
     smuggle_url,
     str_or_none,
     strip_or_none,
-    traverse_obj,
+    time_seconds,
     update_url_query,
 )
+from ..utils.traversal import require, traverse_obj
 
 
-class TVerIE(InfoExtractor):
+class TVerIE(StreaksBaseIE):
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?tver\.jp/(?:(?P<type>lp|corner|series|episodes?|feature)/)+(?P<id>[a-zA-Z0-9]+)'
+    _GEO_COUNTRIES = ['JP']
+    _GEO_BYPASS = False
     _TESTS = [{
-        'skip': 'videos are only available for 7 days',
-        'url': 'https://tver.jp/episodes/ep83nf3w4p',
+        # via Streaks backend
+        'url': 'https://tver.jp/episodes/epc1hdugbk',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'epc1hdugbk',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'display_id': 'ref:baeebeac-a2a6-4dbf-9eb3-c40d59b40068',
+            'title': '神回��見���� #2 壮烈�車大騎馬戦（木曜スペシャル）',
+            'alt_title': '神回��見���� #2 壮烈�車大騎馬戦（木曜スペシャル） 日テレ',
+            'description': 'md5:2726f742d5e3886edeaf72fb6d740fef',
+            'uploader_id': 'tver-ntv',
+            'channel': '日テレ',
+            'duration': 1158.024,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://statics.tver.jp/images/content/thumbnail/episode/xlarge/epc1hdugbk.jpg?v=16',
+            'series': '神回��見����',
+            'episode': '#2 壮烈�車大騎馬戦（木曜スペシャル）',
+            'episode_number': 2,
+            'timestamp': 1736486036,
+            'upload_date': '20250110',
+            'modified_timestamp': 1736870264,
+            'modified_date': '20250114',
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'release_timestamp': 1651453200,
+            'release_date': '20220502',
+            '_old_archive_ids': ['brightcovenew ref:baeebeac-a2a6-4dbf-9eb3-c40d59b40068'],
+            'series_id': 'sru35hwdd2',
+            'season_id': 'ss2lcn4af6',
+        },
+    }, {
+        # via Brightcove backend (deprecated)
+        'url': 'https://tver.jp/episodes/epc1hdugbk',
         'info_dict': {
-            'title': '家事ヤロウ!!! 売り場席巻��ーズSP＆財�直見×森泉親��脱�京暮ら�密��',
-            'description': 'md5:dc2c06b6acc23f1e7c730c513737719b',
-            'series': '家事ヤロウ!!!',
-            'episode': '売り場席巻��ーズSP＆財�直見×森泉親��脱�京暮ら�密��',
-            'alt_title': '売り場席巻��ーズSP＆財�直見×森泉親��脱�京暮ら�密��',
-            'channel': 'テレビ�日',
-            'id': 'ep83nf3w4p',
+            'id': 'ref:baeebeac-a2a6-4dbf-9eb3-c40d59b40068',
             'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '神回��見���� #2 壮烈�車大騎馬戦（木曜スペシャル）',
+            'alt_title': '神回��見���� #2 壮烈�車大騎馬戦（木曜スペシャル） 日テレ',
+            'description': 'md5:2726f742d5e3886edeaf72fb6d740fef',
+            'uploader_id': '4394098882001',
+            'channel': '日テレ',
+            'duration': 1158.101,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://statics.tver.jp/images/content/thumbnail/episode/xlarge/epc1hdugbk.jpg?v=16',
+            'tags': [],
+            'series': '神回��見����',
+            'episode': '#2 壮烈�車大騎馬戦（木曜スペシャル）',
+            'episode_number': 2,
+            'timestamp': 1651388531,
+            'upload_date': '20220501',
+            'release_timestamp': 1651453200,
+            'release_date': '20220502',
+            'series_id': 'sru35hwdd2',
+            'season_id': 'ss2lcn4af6',
         },
-        'add_ie': ['BrightcoveNew'],
+        'params': {'extractor_args': {'tver': {'backend': ['brightcove']}}},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://tver.jp/corner/f0103888',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -38,26 +85,7 @@ class TVerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': 'srtxft431v',
             'title': '�探�コナン',
         },
-        'playlist': [
-            {
-                'md5': '779ffd97493ed59b0a6277ea726b389e',
-                'info_dict': {
-                    'id': 'ref:conan-1137-241005',
-                    'ext': 'mp4',
-                    'title': '�探�コナン #1137「行列店�味変�秘密�',
-                    'uploader_id': '5330942432001',
-                    'tags': [],
-                    'channel': '読売テレビ',
-                    'series': '�探�コナン',
-                    'description': 'md5:601fccc1d2430d942a2c8068c4b33eb5',
-                    'episode': '#1137「行列店�味変�秘密�',
-                    'duration': 1469.077,
-                    'timestamp': 1728030405,
-                    'upload_date': '20241004',
-                    'alt_title': '�探�コナン #1137「行列店�味変�秘密� 読売テレビ 10月5日(土)放�分',
-                    'thumbnail': r're:https://.+\.jpg',
-                },
-            }],
+        'playlist_mincount': 21,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://tver.jp/series/sru35hwdd2',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -70,8 +98,13 @@ class TVerIE(InfoExtractor):
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
     BRIGHTCOVE_URL_TEMPLATE = 'http://players.brightcove.net/%s/default_default/index.html?videoId=%s'
-    _HEADERS = {'x-tver-platform-type': 'web'}
+    _HEADERS = {
+        'x-tver-platform-type': 'web',
+        'Origin': 'https://tver.jp',
+        'Referer': 'https://tver.jp/',
+    }
     _PLATFORM_QUERY = {}
+    _STREAKS_API_INFO = {}
 
     def _real_initialize(self):
         session_info = self._download_json(
@@ -81,6 +114,9 @@ class TVerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'platform_uid': 'platform_uid',
             'platform_token': 'platform_token',
         }))
+        self._STREAKS_API_INFO = self._download_json(
+            'https://player.tver.jp/player/streaks_info_v2.json', None,
+            'Downloading STREAKS API info', 'Unable to download STREAKS API info')
 
     def _call_platform_api(self, path, video_id, note=None, fatal=True, query=None):
         return self._download_json(
@@ -103,6 +139,9 @@ class TVerIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id, video_type = self._match_valid_url(url).group('id', 'type')
+        backend = self._configuration_arg('backend', ['streaks'])[0]
+        if backend not in ('brightcove', 'streaks'):
+            raise ExtractorError(f'Invalid backend value: {backend}', expected=True)
 
         if video_type == 'series':
             series_info = self._call_platform_api(
@@ -129,12 +168,6 @@ class TVerIE(InfoExtractor):
         video_info = self._download_json(
             f'https://statics.tver.jp/content/episode/{video_id}.json', video_id, 'Downloading video info',
             query={'v': version}, headers={'Referer': 'https://tver.jp/'})
-        p_id = video_info['video']['accountID']
-        r_id = traverse_obj(video_info, ('video', ('videoRefID', 'videoID')), get_all=False)
-        if not r_id:
-            raise ExtractorError('Failed to extract reference ID for Brightcove')
-        if not r_id.isdigit():
-            r_id = f'ref:{r_id}'
 
         episode = strip_or_none(episode_content.get('title'))
         series = str_or_none(episode_content.get('seriesTitle'))
@@ -161,17 +194,66 @@ class TVerIE(InfoExtractor):
             ]
         ]
 
-        return {
-            '_type': 'url_transparent',
+        metadata = {
             'title': title,
             'series': series,
             'episode': episode,
             # an another title which is considered "full title" for some viewers
             'alt_title': join_nonempty(title, provider, onair_label, delim=' '),
             'channel': provider,
-            'description': str_or_none(video_info.get('description')),
             'thumbnails': thumbnails,
-            'url': smuggle_url(
-                self.BRIGHTCOVE_URL_TEMPLATE % (p_id, r_id), {'geo_countries': ['JP']}),
-            'ie_key': 'BrightcoveNew',
+            **traverse_obj(video_info, {
+                'description': ('description', {str}),
+                'release_timestamp': ('viewStatus', 'startAt', {int_or_none}),
+                'episode_number': ('no', {int_or_none}),
+                'series_id': ('seriesID', {str}),
+                'season_id': ('seasonID', {str}),
+            }),
+        }
+
+        brightcove_id = traverse_obj(video_info, ('video', ('videoRefID', 'videoID'), {str}, any))
+        if brightcove_id and not brightcove_id.isdecimal():
+            brightcove_id = f'ref:{brightcove_id}'
+
+        streaks_id = traverse_obj(video_info, ('streaks', 'videoRefID', {str}))
+        if streaks_id and not streaks_id.startswith('ref:'):
+            streaks_id = f'ref:{streaks_id}'
+
+        # Deprecated Brightcove extraction reachable w/extractor-arg or fallback; errors are expected
+        if backend == 'brightcove' or not streaks_id:
+            if backend != 'brightcove':
+                self.report_warning(
+                    'No STREAKS ID found; falling back to Brightcove extraction', video_id=video_id)
+            if not brightcove_id:
+                raise ExtractorError('Unable to extract brightcove reference ID', expected=True)
+            account_id = traverse_obj(video_info, (
+                'video', 'accountID', {str}, {require('brightcove account ID', expected=True)}))
+            return {
+                **metadata,
+                '_type': 'url_transparent',
+                'url': smuggle_url(
+                    self.BRIGHTCOVE_URL_TEMPLATE % (account_id, brightcove_id),
+                    {'geo_countries': self._GEO_COUNTRIES}),
+                'ie_key': 'BrightcoveNew',
+            }
+
+        project_id = video_info['streaks']['projectID']
+        key_idx = dt.datetime.fromtimestamp(time_seconds(hours=9), dt.timezone.utc).month % 6 or 6
+
+        try:
+            streaks_info = self._extract_from_streaks_api(project_id, streaks_id, {
+                'Origin': 'https://tver.jp',
+                'Referer': 'https://tver.jp/',
+                'X-Streaks-Api-Key': self._STREAKS_API_INFO[project_id]['api_key'][f'key0{key_idx}'],
+            })
+        except GeoRestrictedError as e:
+            # Catch and re-raise with metadata_available to support --ignore-no-formats-error
+            self.raise_geo_restricted(e.orig_msg, countries=self._GEO_COUNTRIES, metadata_available=True)
+            streaks_info = {}
+
+        return {
+            **streaks_info,
+            **metadata,
+            'id': video_id,
+            '_old_archive_ids': [make_archive_id('BrightcoveNew', brightcove_id)] if brightcove_id else None,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvland.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvland.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 481d5eb19e..0000000000
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvland.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-from .mtv import MTVServicesInfoExtractor
-
-# TODO: Remove - Reason not used anymore - Service moved to youtube
-
-
-class TVLandIE(MTVServicesInfoExtractor):
-    IE_NAME = 'tvland.com'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?tvland\.com/(?:video-clips|(?:full-)?episodes)/(?P<id>[^/?#.]+)'
-    _FEED_URL = 'http://www.tvland.com/feeds/mrss/'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        # Geo-restricted. Without a proxy metadata are still there. With a
-        # proxy it redirects to http://m.tvland.com/app/
-        'url': 'https://www.tvland.com/episodes/s04pzf/everybody-loves-raymond-the-dog-season-1-ep-19',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'description': 'md5:84928e7a8ad6649371fbf5da5e1ad75a',
-            'title': 'The Dog',
-        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 5,
-        'skip': '404 Not found',
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.tvland.com/video-clips/4n87f2/younger-a-first-look-at-younger-season-6',
-        'md5': 'e2c6389401cf485df26c79c247b08713',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '891f7d3c-5b5b-4753-b879-b7ba1a601757',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Younger|April 30, 2019|6|NO-EPISODE#|A First Look at Younger Season 6',
-            'description': 'md5:595ea74578d3a888ae878dfd1c7d4ab2',
-            'upload_date': '20190430',
-            'timestamp': 1556658000,
-        },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.tvland.com/full-episodes/iu0hz6/younger-a-kiss-is-just-a-kiss-season-3-ep-301',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvopengr.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvopengr.py
index e208e57f2f..3bb5114f88 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvopengr.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvopengr.py
@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@ class TVOpenGrWatchIE(TVOpenGrBaseIE):
 
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.ethnos.gr/watch/101009/nikoskaprabelosdenexoymekanenanasthenhsemethmethmetallaxhomikron',
-        'md5': '8728570e3a72e0f8d9475ba94859fdc1',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '101009',
             'title': 'md5:51f68773dcb6c70498cd326f45fefdf0',
             'display_id': 'nikoskaprabelosdenexoymekanenanasthenhsemethmethmetallaxhomikron',
             'description': 'md5:78fff49f18fb3effe41b070e5c7685d6',
+            'duration': 246.0,
             'thumbnail': 'https://opentv-static.siliconweb.com/imgHandler/1920/d573ba71-ec5f-43c6-b4cb-d181f327d3a8.jpg',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'upload_date': '20220109',
@@ -35,12 +35,12 @@ class TVOpenGrWatchIE(TVOpenGrBaseIE):
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.tvopen.gr/watch/100979/se28099agapaomenalla7cepeisodio267cmhthrargiapashskakias',
-        'md5': '38f98a1be0c577db4ea2d1b1c0770c48',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '100979',
             'title': 'md5:e021f3001e16088ee40fa79b20df305b',
             'display_id': 'se28099agapaomenalla7cepeisodio267cmhthrargiapashskakias',
             'description': 'md5:ba17db53954134eb8d625d199e2919fb',
+            'duration': 2420.0,
             'thumbnail': 'https://opentv-static.siliconweb.com/imgHandler/1920/9bb71cf1-21da-43a9-9d65-367950fde4e3.jpg',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'upload_date': '20220108',
@@ -98,18 +98,32 @@ class TVOpenGrEmbedIE(TVOpenGrBaseIE):
 
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://cdn.ethnos.gr/embed/100963',
-        'md5': '2da147881f45571d81662d94d086628b',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '100963',
             'display_id': 'koronoiosapotoysdieythyntestonsxoleionselftestgiaosoysdenbrhkan',
             'title': 'md5:2c71876fadf0cda6043da0da5fca2936',
             'description': 'md5:17482b4432e5ed30eccd93b05d6ea509',
+            'duration': 118.0,
             'thumbnail': 'https://opentv-static.siliconweb.com/imgHandler/1920/5804e07f-799a-4247-a696-33842c94ca37.jpg',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'upload_date': '20220108',
             'timestamp': 1641600000,
         },
     }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.ethnos.gr/World/article/190604/hparosiaxekinoynoisynomiliessthgeneyhmethskiatoypolemoypanoapothnoykrania',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '101119',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Οι κα�ποί των διαπ�αγματε�σεων ΗΠΑ-Ρωσίας | ��α Ελλάδος 7:00 > Ρεπο�τάζ',
+            'description': 'Ξεκινο�ν οι διαπ�αγματε�σεις ανάμεσα σε Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες και Ρωσία για την Ουκ�ανία.',
+            'display_id': 'oikarpoitondiapragmateyseonhparosias',
+            'duration': 421.0,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://opentv-static\.siliconweb\.com/imgHandler/.+\.jpg',
+            'timestamp': 1641772800,
+            'upload_date': '20220110',
+        },
+    }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvp.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvp.py
index da3082907e..416cbab3c5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvp.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvp.py
@@ -513,7 +513,7 @@ class TVPVODBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
 class TVPVODVideoIE(TVPVODBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'tvp:vod'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://vod\.tvp\.pl/(?P<category>[a-z\d-]+,\d+)/[a-z\d-]+(?<!-odcinki)(?:-odcinki,\d+/odcinek-\d+,S\d+E\d+)?,(?P<id>\d+)/?(?:[?#]|$)'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://vod\.tvp\.pl/(?P<category>[a-z\d-]+,\d+)/[a-z\d-]+(?<!-odcinki)(?:-odcinki,\d+/odcinek--?\d+,S-?\d+E-?\d+)?,(?P<id>\d+)/?(?:[?#]|$)'
 
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://vod.tvp.pl/dla-dzieci,24/laboratorium-alchemika-odcinki,309338/odcinek-24,S01E24,311357',
@@ -568,6 +568,9 @@ class TVPVODVideoIE(TVPVODBaseIE):
             'live_status': 'is_live',
             'thumbnail': 're:https?://.+',
         },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://vod.tvp.pl/informacje-i-publicystyka,205/konskie-2025-debata-przedwyborcza-odcinki,2028435/odcinek--1,S01E-1,2028419',
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvw.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvw.py
index 1c060cd7a0..74d9b6424b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvw.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvw.py
@@ -1,13 +1,24 @@
 import json
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import clean_html, remove_end, unified_timestamp, url_or_none
-from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
+from ..utils import (
+    clean_html,
+    extract_attributes,
+    parse_qs,
+    remove_end,
+    require,
+    unified_timestamp,
+    url_or_none,
+)
+from ..utils.traversal import find_element, find_elements, traverse_obj
 
 
 class TvwIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?tvw\.org/video/(?P<id>[^/?#]+)'
-
+    IE_NAME = 'tvw'
+    _VALID_URL = [
+        r'https?://(?:www\.)?tvw\.org/video/(?P<id>[^/?#]+)',
+        r'https?://(?:www\.)?tvw\.org/watch/?\?(?:[^#]+&)?eventID=(?P<id>\d+)',
+    ]
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://tvw.org/video/billy-frank-jr-statue-maquette-unveiling-ceremony-2024011211/',
         'md5': '9ceb94fe2bb7fd726f74f16356825703',
@@ -67,6 +78,20 @@ class TvwIE(InfoExtractor):
             'display_id': 'washington-to-washington-a-new-space-race-2022041111',
             'categories': ['Washington to Washington', 'General Interest'],
         },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://tvw.org/watch?eventID=2025041235',
+        'md5': '7d697c02f110b37d6a47622ea608ca90',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '2025041235',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Legislative Review - Medicaid Postpartum Bill Sparks Debate & Senate Approves Automatic Voter Registration',
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(?:jpe?g|png)$',
+            'description': 'md5:37d0f3a9187ae520aac261b3959eaee6',
+            'timestamp': 1745006400,
+            'upload_date': '20250418',
+            'location': 'Hayner Media Center',
+            'categories': ['Legislative Review'],
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -115,3 +140,78 @@ class TvwIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'is_live': ('eventStatus', {lambda x: x == 'live'}),
             }),
         }
+
+
+class TvwNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
+    IE_NAME = 'tvw:news'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?tvw\.org/\d{4}/\d{2}/(?P<id>[^/?#]+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://tvw.org/2024/01/the-impact-issues-to-watch-in-the-2024-legislative-session/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'the-impact-issues-to-watch-in-the-2024-legislative-session',
+            'title': 'The Impact - Issues to Watch in the 2024 Legislative Session',
+            'description': 'md5:65f0b33ec8f18ff1cd401c5547aa5441',
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 6,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://tvw.org/2024/06/the-impact-water-rights-and-the-skookumchuck-dam-debate/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'the-impact-water-rights-and-the-skookumchuck-dam-debate',
+            'title': 'The Impact - Water Rights and the Skookumchuck Dam Debate',
+            'description': 'md5:185f3a2350ef81e3fa159ac3e040a94b',
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 1,
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, playlist_id)
+
+        video_ids = traverse_obj(webpage, (
+            {find_elements(cls='invintus-player', html=True)}, ..., {extract_attributes}, 'data-eventid'))
+
+        return self.playlist_from_matches(
+            video_ids, playlist_id,
+            playlist_title=remove_end(self._og_search_title(webpage, default=None), ' - TVW'),
+            playlist_description=self._og_search_description(webpage, default=None),
+            getter=lambda x: f'https://tvw.org/watch?eventID={x}', ie=TvwIE)
+
+
+class TvwTvChannelsIE(InfoExtractor):
+    IE_NAME = 'tvw:tvchannels'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?tvw\.org/tvchannels/(?P<id>[^/?#]+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://tvw.org/tvchannels/air/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'air',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': r're:TVW Cable Channel Live Stream',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/.+\.(?:jpe?g|png)$',
+            'live_status': 'is_live',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://tvw.org/tvchannels/tvw2/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'tvw2',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': r're:TVW-2 Broadcast Channel',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/.+\.(?:jpe?g|png)$',
+            'live_status': 'is_live',
+        },
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
+
+        m3u8_url = traverse_obj(webpage, (
+            {find_element(id='invintus-persistent-stream-frame', html=True)}, {extract_attributes},
+            'src', {parse_qs}, 'encoder', 0, {json.loads}, 'live247URI', {url_or_none}, {require('stream url')}))
+
+        return {
+            'id': video_id,
+            'formats': self._extract_m3u8_formats(m3u8_url, video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls', live=True),
+            'title': remove_end(self._og_search_title(webpage, default=None), ' - TVW'),
+            'thumbnail': self._og_search_thumbnail(webpage, default=None),
+            'is_live': True,
+        }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/twentymin.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/twentymin.py
index a08c591d9b..cc8ef078da 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/twentymin.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/twentymin.py
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ from ..utils import (
 
 
 class TwentyMinutenIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _WORKING = False
     IE_NAME = '20min'
     _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
                     https?://
@@ -24,7 +25,7 @@ class TwentyMinutenIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': '469148',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': '85 000 Franken für 15 perfekte Minuten',
-            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.jpg$',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.20min.ch/videoplayer/videoplayer.html?params=client@twentyDE|videoId@523629',
@@ -33,7 +34,7 @@ class TwentyMinutenIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'So kommen Sie bei Eis und Schnee sicher an',
             'description': 'md5:117c212f64b25e3d95747e5276863f7d',
-            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.jpg$',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
@@ -42,6 +43,16 @@ class TwentyMinutenIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'http://www.20min.ch/videotv/?cid=44&vid=468738',
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        # FIXME: Update _VALID_URL
+        'url': 'https://www.20min.ch/story/so-kommen-sie-bei-eis-und-schnee-sicher-an-557858045456',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '523629',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'So kommen Sie bei Eis und Schnee sicher an',
+            'description': 'md5:117c212f64b25e3d95747e5276863f7d',
+        },
+    }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/twitcasting.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/twitcasting.py
index bf9c6348cb..ebc2963b0f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/twitcasting.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/twitcasting.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import base64
+import hashlib
 import itertools
 import re
 
@@ -14,12 +15,14 @@ from ..utils import (
     parse_duration,
     qualities,
     str_to_int,
-    traverse_obj,
     try_get,
     unified_timestamp,
+    update_url_query,
+    url_or_none,
     urlencode_postdata,
     urljoin,
 )
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 
 
 class TwitCastingIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -138,13 +141,7 @@ class TwitCastingIE(InfoExtractor):
             r'data-toggle="true"[^>]+datetime="([^"]+)"',
             webpage, 'datetime', None))
 
-        stream_server_data = self._download_json(
-            f'https://twitcasting.tv/streamserver.php?target={uploader_id}&mode=client', video_id,
-            'Downloading live info', fatal=False)
-
         is_live = any(f'data-{x}' in webpage for x in ['is-onlive="true"', 'live-type="live"', 'status="online"'])
-        if not traverse_obj(stream_server_data, 'llfmp4') and is_live:
-            self.raise_login_required(method='cookies')
 
         base_dict = {
             'title': title,
@@ -165,30 +162,43 @@ class TwitCastingIE(InfoExtractor):
                 return [data_movie_url]
 
         m3u8_urls = (try_get(webpage, find_dmu, list)
-                     or traverse_obj(video_js_data, (..., 'source', 'url'))
-                     or ([f'https://twitcasting.tv/{uploader_id}/metastream.m3u8'] if is_live else None))
-        if not m3u8_urls:
-            raise ExtractorError('Failed to get m3u8 playlist')
+                     or traverse_obj(video_js_data, (..., 'source', 'url')))
 
         if is_live:
-            m3u8_url = m3u8_urls[0]
-            formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-                m3u8_url, video_id, ext='mp4', m3u8_id='hls',
-                live=True, headers=self._M3U8_HEADERS)
+            stream_data = self._download_json(
+                'https://twitcasting.tv/streamserver.php',
+                video_id, 'Downloading live info', query={
+                    'target': uploader_id,
+                    'mode': 'client',
+                    'player': 'pc_web',
+                })
 
-            if traverse_obj(stream_server_data, ('hls', 'source')):
-                formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-                    m3u8_url, video_id, ext='mp4', m3u8_id='source',
-                    live=True, query={'mode': 'source'},
-                    note='Downloading source quality m3u8',
-                    headers=self._M3U8_HEADERS, fatal=False))
+            password_params = {
+                'word': hashlib.md5(video_password.encode()).hexdigest(),
+            } if video_password else None
+
+            formats = []
+            # low: 640x360, medium: 1280x720, high: 1920x1080
+            qq = qualities(['low', 'medium', 'high'])
+            for quality, m3u8_url in traverse_obj(stream_data, (
+                'tc-hls', 'streams', {dict.items}, lambda _, v: url_or_none(v[1]),
+            )):
+                formats.append({
+                    'url': update_url_query(m3u8_url, password_params),
+                    'format_id': f'hls-{quality}',
+                    'ext': 'mp4',
+                    'quality': qq(quality),
+                    'protocol': 'm3u8',
+                    'http_headers': self._M3U8_HEADERS,
+                })
 
             if websockets:
                 qq = qualities(['base', 'mobilesource', 'main'])
-                streams = traverse_obj(stream_server_data, ('llfmp4', 'streams')) or {}
-                for mode, ws_url in streams.items():
+                for mode, ws_url in traverse_obj(stream_data, (
+                    'llfmp4', 'streams', {dict.items}, lambda _, v: url_or_none(v[1]),
+                )):
                     formats.append({
-                        'url': ws_url,
+                        'url': update_url_query(ws_url, password_params),
                         'format_id': f'ws-{mode}',
                         'ext': 'mp4',
                         'quality': qq(mode),
@@ -197,10 +207,15 @@ class TwitCastingIE(InfoExtractor):
                         'protocol': 'websocket_frag',
                     })
 
+            if not formats:
+                self.raise_login_required()
+
             infodict = {
                 'formats': formats,
                 '_format_sort_fields': ('source', ),
             }
+        elif not m3u8_urls:
+            raise ExtractorError('Failed to get m3u8 playlist')
         elif len(m3u8_urls) == 1:
             formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
                 m3u8_urls[0], video_id, 'mp4', headers=self._M3U8_HEADERS)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/twitch.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/twitch.py
index 44b19ad135..503d0a7a65 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/twitch.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/twitch.py
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import re
 import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     UserNotLive,
@@ -14,19 +15,20 @@ from ..utils import (
     dict_get,
     float_or_none,
     int_or_none,
+    join_nonempty,
     make_archive_id,
     parse_duration,
     parse_iso8601,
     parse_qs,
     qualities,
     str_or_none,
-    traverse_obj,
     try_get,
     unified_timestamp,
     update_url_query,
     url_or_none,
     urljoin,
 )
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj, value
 
 
 class TwitchBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -42,10 +44,10 @@ class TwitchBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         'CollectionSideBar': '27111f1b382effad0b6def325caef1909c733fe6a4fbabf54f8d491ef2cf2f14',
         'FilterableVideoTower_Videos': 'a937f1d22e269e39a03b509f65a7490f9fc247d7f83d6ac1421523e3b68042cb',
         'ClipsCards__User': 'b73ad2bfaecfd30a9e6c28fada15bd97032c83ec77a0440766a56fe0bd632777',
+        'ShareClipRenderStatus': 'e0a46b287d760c6890a39d1ccd736af5ec9479a267d02c710e9ac33326b651d2',
         'ChannelCollectionsContent': '447aec6a0cc1e8d0a8d7732d47eb0762c336a2294fdb009e9c9d854e49d484b9',
         'StreamMetadata': 'a647c2a13599e5991e175155f798ca7f1ecddde73f7f341f39009c14dbf59962',
         'ComscoreStreamingQuery': 'e1edae8122517d013405f237ffcc124515dc6ded82480a88daef69c83b53ac01',
-        'VideoAccessToken_Clip': '36b89d2507fce29e5ca551df756d27c1cfe079e2609642b4390aa4c35796eb11',
         'VideoPreviewOverlay': '3006e77e51b128d838fa4e835723ca4dc9a05c5efd4466c1085215c6e437e65c',
         'VideoMetadata': '49b5b8f268cdeb259d75b58dcb0c1a748e3b575003448a2333dc5cdafd49adad',
         'VideoPlayer_ChapterSelectButtonVideo': '8d2793384aac3773beab5e59bd5d6f585aedb923d292800119e03d40cd0f9b41',
@@ -186,24 +188,47 @@ class TwitchBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             'url': thumbnail,
         }] if thumbnail else None
 
-    def _extract_twitch_m3u8_formats(self, path, video_id, token, signature):
-        formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-            f'{self._USHER_BASE}/{path}/{video_id}.m3u8', video_id, 'mp4', query={
-                'allow_source': 'true',
-                'allow_audio_only': 'true',
-                'allow_spectre': 'true',
-                'p': random.randint(1000000, 10000000),
-                'platform': 'web',
-                'player': 'twitchweb',
-                'supported_codecs': 'av1,h265,h264',
-                'playlist_include_framerate': 'true',
-                'sig': signature,
-                'token': token,
-            })
+    def _extract_twitch_m3u8_formats(self, path, video_id, token, signature, live_from_start=False):
+        try:
+            formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
+                f'{self._USHER_BASE}/{path}/{video_id}.m3u8', video_id, 'mp4', query={
+                    'allow_source': 'true',
+                    'allow_audio_only': 'true',
+                    'allow_spectre': 'true',
+                    'p': random.randint(1000000, 10000000),
+                    'platform': 'web',
+                    'player': 'twitchweb',
+                    'supported_codecs': 'av1,h265,h264',
+                    'playlist_include_framerate': 'true',
+                    'sig': signature,
+                    'token': token,
+                })
+        except ExtractorError as e:
+            if (
+                not isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError)
+                or e.cause.status != 403
+                or e.cause.response.get_header('content-type') != 'application/json'
+            ):
+                raise
+
+            error_info = traverse_obj(e.cause.response.read(), ({json.loads}, 0, {dict})) or {}
+            if error_info.get('error_code') in ('vod_manifest_restricted', 'unauthorized_entitlements'):
+                common_msg = 'access to this subscriber-only content'
+                if self._get_cookies('https://gql.twitch.tv').get('auth-token'):
+                    raise ExtractorError(f'Your account does not have {common_msg}', expected=True)
+                self.raise_login_required(f'You must be logged into an account that has {common_msg}')
+
+            if error_msg := join_nonempty('error_code', 'error', from_dict=error_info, delim=': '):
+                raise ExtractorError(error_msg, expected=True)
+            raise
+
         for fmt in formats:
             if fmt.get('vcodec') and fmt['vcodec'].startswith('av01'):
                 # mpegts does not yet have proper support for av1
-                fmt['downloader_options'] = {'ffmpeg_args_out': ['-f', 'mp4']}
+                fmt.setdefault('downloader_options', {}).update({'ffmpeg_args_out': ['-f', 'mp4']})
+            if live_from_start:
+                fmt.setdefault('downloader_options', {}).update({'ffmpeg_args': ['-live_start_index', '0']})
+                fmt['is_from_start'] = True
 
         return formats
 
@@ -549,7 +574,8 @@ class TwitchVodIE(TwitchBaseIE):
         access_token = self._download_access_token(vod_id, 'video', 'id')
 
         formats = self._extract_twitch_m3u8_formats(
-            'vod', vod_id, access_token['value'], access_token['signature'])
+            'vod', vod_id, access_token['value'], access_token['signature'],
+            live_from_start=self.get_param('live_from_start'))
         formats.extend(self._extract_storyboard(vod_id, video.get('storyboard'), info.get('duration')))
 
         self._prefer_source(formats)
@@ -632,6 +658,10 @@ class TwitchPlaylistBaseIE(TwitchBaseIE):
     _PAGE_LIMIT = 100
 
     def _entries(self, channel_name, *args):
+        """
+        Subclasses must define _make_variables() and _extract_entry(),
+        as well as set _OPERATION_NAME, _ENTRY_KIND, _EDGE_KIND, and _NODE_KIND
+        """
         cursor = None
         variables_common = self._make_variables(channel_name, *args)
         entries_key = f'{self._ENTRY_KIND}s'
@@ -671,7 +701,22 @@ class TwitchPlaylistBaseIE(TwitchBaseIE):
                 break
 
 
-class TwitchVideosIE(TwitchPlaylistBaseIE):
+class TwitchVideosBaseIE(TwitchPlaylistBaseIE):
+    _OPERATION_NAME = 'FilterableVideoTower_Videos'
+    _ENTRY_KIND = 'video'
+    _EDGE_KIND = 'VideoEdge'
+    _NODE_KIND = 'Video'
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _make_variables(channel_name, broadcast_type, sort):
+        return {
+            'channelOwnerLogin': channel_name,
+            'broadcastType': broadcast_type,
+            'videoSort': sort.upper(),
+        }
+
+
+class TwitchVideosIE(TwitchVideosBaseIE):
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:(?:www|go|m)\.)?twitch\.tv/(?P<id>[^/]+)/(?:videos|profile)'
 
     _TESTS = [{
@@ -750,11 +795,6 @@ class TwitchVideosIE(TwitchPlaylistBaseIE):
         'views': 'Popular',
     }
 
-    _OPERATION_NAME = 'FilterableVideoTower_Videos'
-    _ENTRY_KIND = 'video'
-    _EDGE_KIND = 'VideoEdge'
-    _NODE_KIND = 'Video'
-
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
         return (False
@@ -763,14 +803,6 @@ class TwitchVideosIE(TwitchPlaylistBaseIE):
                     TwitchVideosCollectionsIE))
                 else super().suitable(url))
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def _make_variables(channel_name, broadcast_type, sort):
-        return {
-            'channelOwnerLogin': channel_name,
-            'broadcastType': broadcast_type,
-            'videoSort': sort.upper(),
-        }
-
     @staticmethod
     def _extract_entry(node):
         return _make_video_result(node)
@@ -918,7 +950,7 @@ class TwitchVideosCollectionsIE(TwitchPlaylistBaseIE):
             playlist_title=f'{channel_name} - Collections')
 
 
-class TwitchStreamIE(TwitchBaseIE):
+class TwitchStreamIE(TwitchVideosBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'twitch:stream'
     _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
                     https?://
@@ -981,6 +1013,7 @@ class TwitchStreamIE(TwitchBaseIE):
             'skip_download': 'Livestream',
         },
     }]
+    _PAGE_LIMIT = 1
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
@@ -994,6 +1027,20 @@ class TwitchStreamIE(TwitchBaseIE):
                     TwitchClipsIE))
                 else super().suitable(url))
 
+    @staticmethod
+    def _extract_entry(node):
+        if not isinstance(node, dict) or not node.get('id'):
+            return None
+        video_id = node['id']
+        return {
+            '_type': 'url',
+            'ie_key': TwitchVodIE.ie_key(),
+            'id': 'v' + video_id,
+            'url': f'https://www.twitch.tv/videos/{video_id}',
+            'title': node.get('title'),
+            'timestamp': unified_timestamp(node.get('publishedAt')) or 0,
+        }
+
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         channel_name = self._match_id(url).lower()
 
@@ -1028,6 +1075,16 @@ class TwitchStreamIE(TwitchBaseIE):
         if not stream:
             raise UserNotLive(video_id=channel_name)
 
+        timestamp = unified_timestamp(stream.get('createdAt'))
+
+        if self.get_param('live_from_start'):
+            self.to_screen(f'{channel_name}: Extracting VOD to download live from start')
+            entry = next(self._entries(channel_name, None, 'time'), None)
+            if entry and entry.pop('timestamp') >= (timestamp or float('inf')):
+                return entry
+            self.report_warning(
+                'Unable to extract the VOD associated with this livestream', video_id=channel_name)
+
         access_token = self._download_access_token(
             channel_name, 'stream', 'channelName')
 
@@ -1037,7 +1094,6 @@ class TwitchStreamIE(TwitchBaseIE):
         self._prefer_source(formats)
 
         view_count = stream.get('viewers')
-        timestamp = unified_timestamp(stream.get('createdAt'))
 
         sq_user = try_get(gql, lambda x: x[1]['data']['user'], dict) or {}
         uploader = sq_user.get('displayName')
@@ -1083,17 +1139,45 @@ class TwitchClipsIE(TwitchBaseIE):
         'url': 'https://clips.twitch.tv/FaintLightGullWholeWheat',
         'md5': '761769e1eafce0ffebfb4089cb3847cd',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '42850523',
+            'id': '396245304',
             'display_id': 'FaintLightGullWholeWheat',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'EA Play 2016 Live from the Novo Theatre',
+            'duration': 32,
+            'view_count': int,
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg',
             'timestamp': 1465767393,
             'upload_date': '20160612',
-            'creator': 'EA',
+            'creators': ['EA'],
+            'channel': 'EA',
+            'channel_id': '25163635',
+            'channel_is_verified': False,
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
             'uploader': 'stereotype_',
             'uploader_id': '43566419',
         },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.twitch.tv/xqc/clip/CulturedAmazingKuduDatSheffy-TiZ_-ixAGYR3y2Uy',
+        'md5': 'e90fe616b36e722a8cfa562547c543f0',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '3207364882',
+            'display_id': 'CulturedAmazingKuduDatSheffy-TiZ_-ixAGYR3y2Uy',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'A day in the life of xQc',
+            'duration': 60,
+            'view_count': int,
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg',
+            'timestamp': 1742869615,
+            'upload_date': '20250325',
+            'creators': ['xQc'],
+            'channel': 'xQc',
+            'channel_id': '71092938',
+            'channel_is_verified': True,
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'uploader': 'okSTFUdude',
+            'uploader_id': '744085721',
+            'categories': ['Just Chatting'],
+        },
     }, {
         # multiple formats
         'url': 'https://clips.twitch.tv/rflegendary/UninterestedBeeDAESuppy',
@@ -1116,16 +1200,14 @@ class TwitchClipsIE(TwitchBaseIE):
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        slug = self._match_id(url)
 
         clip = self._download_gql(
-            video_id, [{
-                'operationName': 'VideoAccessToken_Clip',
-                'variables': {
-                    'slug': video_id,
-                },
+            slug, [{
+                'operationName': 'ShareClipRenderStatus',
+                'variables': {'slug': slug},
             }],
-            'Downloading clip access token GraphQL')[0]['data']['clip']
+            'Downloading clip GraphQL')[0]['data']['clip']
 
         if not clip:
             raise ExtractorError(
@@ -1135,81 +1217,71 @@ class TwitchClipsIE(TwitchBaseIE):
             'sig': clip['playbackAccessToken']['signature'],
             'token': clip['playbackAccessToken']['value'],
         }
-
-        data = self._download_base_gql(
-            video_id, {
-                'query': '''{
-  clip(slug: "%s") {
-    broadcaster {
-      displayName
-    }
-    createdAt
-    curator {
-      displayName
-      id
-    }
-    durationSeconds
-    id
-    tiny: thumbnailURL(width: 86, height: 45)
-    small: thumbnailURL(width: 260, height: 147)
-    medium: thumbnailURL(width: 480, height: 272)
-    title
-    videoQualities {
-      frameRate
-      quality
-      sourceURL
-    }
-    viewCount
-  }
-}''' % video_id}, 'Downloading clip GraphQL', fatal=False)  # noqa: UP031
-
-        if data:
-            clip = try_get(data, lambda x: x['data']['clip'], dict) or clip
+        asset_default = traverse_obj(clip, ('assets', 0, {dict})) or {}
+        asset_portrait = traverse_obj(clip, ('assets', 1, {dict})) or {}
 
         formats = []
-        for option in clip.get('videoQualities', []):
-            if not isinstance(option, dict):
-                continue
-            source = url_or_none(option.get('sourceURL'))
-            if not source:
-                continue
+        default_aspect_ratio = float_or_none(asset_default.get('aspectRatio'))
+        formats.extend(traverse_obj(asset_default, ('videoQualities', lambda _, v: url_or_none(v['sourceURL']), {
+            'url': ('sourceURL', {update_url_query(query=access_query)}),
+            'format_id': ('quality', {str}),
+            'height': ('quality', {int_or_none}),
+            'fps': ('frameRate', {float_or_none}),
+            'aspect_ratio': {value(default_aspect_ratio)},
+        })))
+        portrait_aspect_ratio = float_or_none(asset_portrait.get('aspectRatio'))
+        for source in traverse_obj(asset_portrait, ('videoQualities', lambda _, v: url_or_none(v['sourceURL']))):
             formats.append({
-                'url': update_url_query(source, access_query),
-                'format_id': option.get('quality'),
-                'height': int_or_none(option.get('quality')),
-                'fps': int_or_none(option.get('frameRate')),
+                'url': update_url_query(source['sourceURL'], access_query),
+                'format_id': join_nonempty('portrait', source.get('quality')),
+                'height': int_or_none(source.get('quality')),
+                'fps': float_or_none(source.get('frameRate')),
+                'aspect_ratio': portrait_aspect_ratio,
+                'quality': -2,
             })
 
         thumbnails = []
-        for thumbnail_id in ('tiny', 'small', 'medium'):
-            thumbnail_url = clip.get(thumbnail_id)
-            if not thumbnail_url:
-                continue
-            thumb = {
-                'id': thumbnail_id,
-                'url': thumbnail_url,
-            }
-            mobj = re.search(r'-(\d+)x(\d+)\.', thumbnail_url)
-            if mobj:
-                thumb.update({
-                    'height': int(mobj.group(2)),
-                    'width': int(mobj.group(1)),
-                })
-            thumbnails.append(thumb)
+        thumb_asset_default_url = url_or_none(asset_default.get('thumbnailURL'))
+        if thumb_asset_default_url:
+            thumbnails.append({
+                'id': 'default',
+                'url': thumb_asset_default_url,
+                'preference': 0,
+            })
+        if thumb_asset_portrait_url := url_or_none(asset_portrait.get('thumbnailURL')):
+            thumbnails.append({
+                'id': 'portrait',
+                'url': thumb_asset_portrait_url,
+                'preference': -1,
+            })
+        thumb_default_url = url_or_none(clip.get('thumbnailURL'))
+        if thumb_default_url and thumb_default_url != thumb_asset_default_url:
+            thumbnails.append({
+                'id': 'small',
+                'url': thumb_default_url,
+                'preference': -2,
+            })
 
         old_id = self._search_regex(r'%7C(\d+)(?:-\d+)?.mp4', formats[-1]['url'], 'old id', default=None)
 
         return {
-            'id': clip.get('id') or video_id,
+            'id': clip.get('id') or slug,
             '_old_archive_ids': [make_archive_id(self, old_id)] if old_id else None,
-            'display_id': video_id,
-            'title': clip.get('title'),
+            'display_id': slug,
             'formats': formats,
-            'duration': int_or_none(clip.get('durationSeconds')),
-            'view_count': int_or_none(clip.get('viewCount')),
-            'timestamp': unified_timestamp(clip.get('createdAt')),
             'thumbnails': thumbnails,
-            'creator': try_get(clip, lambda x: x['broadcaster']['displayName'], str),
-            'uploader': try_get(clip, lambda x: x['curator']['displayName'], str),
-            'uploader_id': try_get(clip, lambda x: x['curator']['id'], str),
+            **traverse_obj(clip, {
+                'title': ('title', {str}),
+                'duration': ('durationSeconds', {int_or_none}),
+                'view_count': ('viewCount', {int_or_none}),
+                'timestamp': ('createdAt', {parse_iso8601}),
+                'creators': ('broadcaster', 'displayName', {str}, filter, all),
+                'channel': ('broadcaster', 'displayName', {str}),
+                'channel_id': ('broadcaster', 'id', {str}),
+                'channel_follower_count': ('broadcaster', 'followers', 'totalCount', {int_or_none}),
+                'channel_is_verified': ('broadcaster', 'isPartner', {bool}),
+                'uploader': ('curator', 'displayName', {str}),
+                'uploader_id': ('curator', 'id', {str}),
+                'categories': ('game', 'displayName', {str}, filter, all, filter),
+            }),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/twitter.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/twitter.py
index f3695cc061..65182b971b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/twitter.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/twitter.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ from ..utils import (
     remove_end,
     str_or_none,
     strip_or_none,
-    traverse_obj,
+    truncate_string,
     try_call,
     try_get,
     unified_timestamp,
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ from ..utils import (
     url_or_none,
     xpath_text,
 )
+from ..utils.traversal import require, traverse_obj
 
 
 class TwitterBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -358,6 +359,7 @@ class TwitterCardIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'display_id': '560070183650213889',
                 'uploader_url': 'https://twitter.com/Twitter',
             },
+            'skip': 'This content is no longer available.',
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://twitter.com/i/cards/tfw/v1/623160978427936768',
@@ -365,7 +367,7 @@ class TwitterCardIE(InfoExtractor):
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': '623160978427936768',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': "NASA - Fly over Pluto's icy Norgay Mountains and Sputnik Plain in this @NASANewHorizons #PlutoFlyby video.",
+                'title': "NASA - Fly over Pluto's icy Norgay Mountains and Sputnik Plain in this @NASA...",
                 'description': "Fly over Pluto's icy Norgay Mountains and Sputnik Plain in this @NASANewHorizons #PlutoFlyby video. https://t.co/BJYgOjSeGA",
                 'uploader': 'NASA',
                 'uploader_id': 'NASA',
@@ -377,12 +379,14 @@ class TwitterCardIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'like_count': int,
                 'repost_count': int,
                 'tags': ['PlutoFlyby'],
+                'channel_id': '11348282',
+                '_old_archive_ids': ['twitter 623160978427936768'],
             },
             'params': {'format': '[protocol=https]'},
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://twitter.com/i/cards/tfw/v1/654001591733886977',
-            'md5': 'b6d9683dd3f48e340ded81c0e917ad46',
+            'md5': 'fb08fbd69595cbd8818f0b2f2a94474d',
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': 'dq4Oj5quskI',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
@@ -390,12 +394,12 @@ class TwitterCardIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'description': 'md5:a831e97fa384863d6e26ce48d1c43376',
                 'upload_date': '20111013',
                 'uploader': 'OMG! UBUNTU!',
-                'uploader_id': 'omgubuntu',
+                'uploader_id': '@omgubuntu',
                 'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCIiSwcm9xiFb3Y4wjzR41eQ',
                 'channel_id': 'UCIiSwcm9xiFb3Y4wjzR41eQ',
                 'channel_follower_count': int,
                 'chapters': 'count:8',
-                'uploader_url': 'http://www.youtube.com/user/omgubuntu',
+                'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@omgubuntu',
                 'duration': 138,
                 'categories': ['Film & Animation'],
                 'age_limit': 0,
@@ -407,6 +411,9 @@ class TwitterCardIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'tags': 'count:12',
                 'channel': 'OMG! UBUNTU!',
                 'playable_in_embed': True,
+                'heatmap': 'count:100',
+                'timestamp': 1318500227,
+                'live_status': 'not_live',
             },
             'add_ie': ['Youtube'],
         },
@@ -548,13 +555,14 @@ class TwitterIE(TwitterBaseIE):
             'age_limit': 0,
             '_old_archive_ids': ['twitter 700207533655363584'],
         },
+        'skip': 'Tweet has been deleted',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://twitter.com/captainamerica/status/719944021058060289',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '717462543795523584',
             'display_id': '719944021058060289',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Captain America - @King0fNerd Are you sure you made the right choice? Find out in theaters.',
+            'title': 'Captain America - @King0fNerd Are you sure you made the right choice? Find out in theat...',
             'description': '@King0fNerd Are you sure you made the right choice? Find out in theaters. https://t.co/GpgYi9xMJI',
             'channel_id': '701615052',
             'uploader_id': 'CaptainAmerica',
@@ -591,7 +599,7 @@ class TwitterIE(TwitterBaseIE):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '852077943283097602',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'عالم الأخبار - كلمة تاريخية بجلسة الجناسي التاريخية.. النائب خالد مؤنس العتيبي للمعارضين : اتقوا الله .. الظلم ظلمات يوم القيامة',
+            'title': 'عالم الأخبار - كلمة تاريخية بجلسة الجناسي التاريخية.. النائب خالد مؤنس العتيبي للمعا...',
             'description': 'كلمة تاريخية بجلسة الجناسي التاريخية.. النائب خالد مؤنس العتيبي للمعارضين : اتقوا الله .. الظلم ظلمات يوم القيامة   https://t.co/xg6OhpyKfN',
             'channel_id': '2526757026',
             'uploader': 'عالم الأخبار',
@@ -615,7 +623,7 @@ class TwitterIE(TwitterBaseIE):
             'id': '910030238373089285',
             'display_id': '910031516746514432',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Préfet de Guadeloupe - [Direct] #Maria Le centre se trouve actuellement au sud de Basse-Terre. Restez confinés. Réfugiez-vous dans la pièce la + sûre.',
+            'title': 'Préfet de Guadeloupe - [Direct] #Maria Le centre se trouve actuellement au sud de Basse-Terr...',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg',
             'description': '[Direct] #Maria Le centre se trouve actuellement au sud de Basse-Terre. Restez confinés. Réfugiez-vous dans la pièce la + sûre. https://t.co/mwx01Rs4lo',
             'channel_id': '2319432498',
@@ -707,7 +715,7 @@ class TwitterIE(TwitterBaseIE):
             'id': '1349774757969989634',
             'display_id': '1349794411333394432',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'md5:d1c4941658e4caaa6cb579260d85dcba',
+            'title': "Brooklyn Nets - WATCH: Sean Marks' full media session after our acquisition of 8-time...",
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg',
             'description': 'md5:71ead15ec44cee55071547d6447c6a3e',
             'channel_id': '18552281',
@@ -733,7 +741,7 @@ class TwitterIE(TwitterBaseIE):
             'id': '1577855447914409984',
             'display_id': '1577855540407197696',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'md5:466a3a8b049b5f5a13164ce915484b51',
+            'title': 'Oshtru - gm ✨� now I can post image and video. nice update.',
             'description': 'md5:b9c3699335447391d11753ab21c70a74',
             'upload_date': '20221006',
             'channel_id': '143077138',
@@ -755,10 +763,10 @@ class TwitterIE(TwitterBaseIE):
         'url': 'https://twitter.com/UltimaShadowX/status/1577719286659006464',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '1577719286659006464',
-            'title': 'Ultima Reload - Test',
+            'title': 'Ultima - Test',
             'description': 'Test https://t.co/Y3KEZD7Dad',
             'channel_id': '168922496',
-            'uploader': 'Ultima Reload',
+            'uploader': 'Ultima',
             'uploader_id': 'UltimaShadowX',
             'uploader_url': 'https://twitter.com/UltimaShadowX',
             'upload_date': '20221005',
@@ -777,7 +785,7 @@ class TwitterIE(TwitterBaseIE):
             'id': '1575559336759263233',
             'display_id': '1575560063510810624',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'md5:eec26382babd0f7c18f041db8ae1c9c9',
+            'title': 'Max Olson - Absolutely heartbreaking footage captured by our surge probe of catas...',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg',
             'description': 'md5:95aea692fda36a12081b9629b02daa92',
             'channel_id': '1094109584',
@@ -901,18 +909,18 @@ class TwitterIE(TwitterBaseIE):
         'playlist_mincount': 2,
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '1600649710662213632',
-            'title': 'md5:be05989b0722e114103ed3851a0ffae2',
+            'title': "Jocelyn Laidlaw - How Kirstie Alley's tragic death inspired me to share more about my c...",
             'timestamp': 1670459604.0,
             'description': 'md5:591c19ce66fadc2359725d5cd0d1052c',
             'comment_count': int,
-            'uploader_id': 'CTVJLaidlaw',
+            'uploader_id': 'JocelynVLaidlaw',
             'channel_id': '80082014',
             'repost_count': int,
             'tags': ['colorectalcancer', 'cancerjourney', 'imnotaquitter'],
             'upload_date': '20221208',
             'age_limit': 0,
             'uploader': 'Jocelyn Laidlaw',
-            'uploader_url': 'https://twitter.com/CTVJLaidlaw',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://twitter.com/JocelynVLaidlaw',
             'like_count': int,
         },
     }, {
@@ -921,17 +929,17 @@ class TwitterIE(TwitterBaseIE):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '1600649511827013632',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'md5:7662a0a27ce6faa3e5b160340f3cfab1',
+            'title': "Jocelyn Laidlaw - How Kirstie Alley's tragic death inspired me to share more about my c... #1",
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.+\.jpg',
             'timestamp': 1670459604.0,
             'channel_id': '80082014',
-            'uploader_id': 'CTVJLaidlaw',
+            'uploader_id': 'JocelynVLaidlaw',
             'uploader': 'Jocelyn Laidlaw',
             'repost_count': int,
             'comment_count': int,
             'tags': ['colorectalcancer', 'cancerjourney', 'imnotaquitter'],
             'duration': 102.226,
-            'uploader_url': 'https://twitter.com/CTVJLaidlaw',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://twitter.com/JocelynVLaidlaw',
             'display_id': '1600649710662213632',
             'like_count': int,
             'description': 'md5:591c19ce66fadc2359725d5cd0d1052c',
@@ -990,6 +998,7 @@ class TwitterIE(TwitterBaseIE):
             '_old_archive_ids': ['twitter 1599108751385972737'],
         },
         'params': {'noplaylist': True},
+        'skip': 'Tweet is limited',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://twitter.com/MunTheShinobi/status/1600009574919962625',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -1001,10 +1010,10 @@ class TwitterIE(TwitterBaseIE):
             'description': 'This is a genius ad by Apple. \U0001f525\U0001f525\U0001f525\U0001f525\U0001f525 https://t.co/cNsA0MoOml',
             'thumbnail': 'https://pbs.twimg.com/ext_tw_video_thumb/1600009362759733248/pu/img/XVhFQivj75H_YxxV.jpg?name=orig',
             'age_limit': 0,
-            'uploader': 'Mün',
+            'uploader': 'Boy Called Mün',
             'repost_count': int,
             'upload_date': '20221206',
-            'title': 'Mün - This is a genius ad by Apple. \U0001f525\U0001f525\U0001f525\U0001f525\U0001f525',
+            'title': 'Boy Called Mün - This is a genius ad by Apple. \U0001f525\U0001f525\U0001f525\U0001f525\U0001f525',
             'comment_count': int,
             'like_count': int,
             'tags': [],
@@ -1042,7 +1051,7 @@ class TwitterIE(TwitterBaseIE):
             'id': '1694928337846538240',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'display_id': '1695424220702888009',
-            'title': 'md5:e8daa9527bc2b947121395494f786d9d',
+            'title': 'Benny Johnson - Donald Trump driving through the urban, poor neighborhoods of Atlanta...',
             'description': 'md5:004f2d37fd58737724ec75bc7e679938',
             'channel_id': '15212187',
             'uploader': 'Benny Johnson',
@@ -1066,7 +1075,7 @@ class TwitterIE(TwitterBaseIE):
             'id': '1694928337846538240',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'display_id': '1695424220702888009',
-            'title': 'md5:e8daa9527bc2b947121395494f786d9d',
+            'title': 'Benny Johnson - Donald Trump driving through the urban, poor neighborhoods of Atlanta...',
             'description': 'md5:004f2d37fd58737724ec75bc7e679938',
             'channel_id': '15212187',
             'uploader': 'Benny Johnson',
@@ -1101,6 +1110,7 @@ class TwitterIE(TwitterBaseIE):
             'view_count': int,
         },
         'add_ie': ['TwitterBroadcast'],
+        'skip': 'Broadcast no longer exists',
     }, {
         # Animated gif and quote tweet video
         'url': 'https://twitter.com/BAKKOOONN/status/1696256659889565950',
@@ -1129,7 +1139,7 @@ class TwitterIE(TwitterBaseIE):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '1724883339285544960',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'md5:cc56716f9ed0b368de2ba54c478e493c',
+            'title': 'Robert F. Kennedy Jr - A beautifully crafted short film by Mikki Willis about my independent...',
             'description': 'md5:9dc14f5b0f1311fc7caf591ae253a164',
             'display_id': '1724884212803834154',
             'channel_id': '337808606',
@@ -1150,7 +1160,7 @@ class TwitterIE(TwitterBaseIE):
     }, {
         # x.com
         'url': 'https://x.com/historyinmemes/status/1790637656616943991',
-        'md5': 'daca3952ba0defe2cfafb1276d4c1ea5',
+        'md5': '4549eda363fecfe37439c455923cba2c',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '1790637589910654976',
             'ext': 'mp4',
@@ -1211,20 +1221,10 @@ class TwitterIE(TwitterBaseIE):
     }]
 
     _MEDIA_ID_RE = re.compile(r'_video/(\d+)/')
-
-    @property
-    def _GRAPHQL_ENDPOINT(self):
-        if self.is_logged_in:
-            return 'zZXycP0V6H7m-2r0mOnFcA/TweetDetail'
-        return '2ICDjqPd81tulZcYrtpTuQ/TweetResultByRestId'
+    _GRAPHQL_ENDPOINT = '2ICDjqPd81tulZcYrtpTuQ/TweetResultByRestId'
 
     def _graphql_to_legacy(self, data, twid):
-        result = traverse_obj(data, (
-            'threaded_conversation_with_injections_v2', 'instructions', 0, 'entries',
-            lambda _, v: v['entryId'] == f'tweet-{twid}', 'content', 'itemContent',
-            'tweet_results', 'result', ('tweet', None), {dict},
-        ), default={}, get_all=False) if self.is_logged_in else traverse_obj(
-            data, ('tweetResult', 'result', {dict}), default={})
+        result = traverse_obj(data, ('tweetResult', 'result', {dict})) or {}
 
         typename = result.get('__typename')
         if typename not in ('Tweet', 'TweetWithVisibilityResults', 'TweetTombstone', 'TweetUnavailable', None):
@@ -1268,37 +1268,6 @@ class TwitterIE(TwitterBaseIE):
 
     def _build_graphql_query(self, media_id):
         return {
-            'variables': {
-                'focalTweetId': media_id,
-                'includePromotedContent': True,
-                'with_rux_injections': False,
-                'withBirdwatchNotes': True,
-                'withCommunity': True,
-                'withDownvotePerspective': False,
-                'withQuickPromoteEligibilityTweetFields': True,
-                'withReactionsMetadata': False,
-                'withReactionsPerspective': False,
-                'withSuperFollowsTweetFields': True,
-                'withSuperFollowsUserFields': True,
-                'withV2Timeline': True,
-                'withVoice': True,
-            },
-            'features': {
-                'graphql_is_translatable_rweb_tweet_is_translatable_enabled': False,
-                'interactive_text_enabled': True,
-                'responsive_web_edit_tweet_api_enabled': True,
-                'responsive_web_enhance_cards_enabled': True,
-                'responsive_web_graphql_timeline_navigation_enabled': False,
-                'responsive_web_text_conversations_enabled': False,
-                'responsive_web_uc_gql_enabled': True,
-                'standardized_nudges_misinfo': True,
-                'tweet_with_visibility_results_prefer_gql_limited_actions_policy_enabled': False,
-                'tweetypie_unmention_optimization_enabled': True,
-                'unified_cards_ad_metadata_container_dynamic_card_content_query_enabled': True,
-                'verified_phone_label_enabled': False,
-                'vibe_api_enabled': True,
-            },
-        } if self.is_logged_in else {
             'variables': {
                 'tweetId': media_id,
                 'withCommunity': False,
@@ -1373,7 +1342,7 @@ class TwitterIE(TwitterBaseIE):
                     'tweet_mode': 'extended',
                 })
         except ExtractorError as e:
-            if not isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) or not e.cause.status == 429:
+            if not isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) or e.cause.status != 429:
                 raise
             self.report_warning('Rate-limit exceeded; falling back to syndication endpoint')
             status = self._call_syndication_api(twid)
@@ -1390,7 +1359,7 @@ class TwitterIE(TwitterBaseIE):
         title = description = traverse_obj(
             status, (('full_text', 'text'), {lambda x: x.replace('\n', ' ')}), get_all=False) or ''
         # strip  'https -_t.co_BJYgOjSeGA' junk from filenames
-        title = re.sub(r'\s+(https?://[^ ]+)', '', title)
+        title = truncate_string(re.sub(r'\s+(https?://[^ ]+)', '', title), left=72)
         user = status.get('user') or {}
         uploader = user.get('name')
         if uploader:
@@ -1627,8 +1596,8 @@ class TwitterAmplifyIE(TwitterBaseIE):
 
 class TwitterBroadcastIE(TwitterBaseIE, PeriscopeBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'twitter:broadcast'
-    _VALID_URL = TwitterBaseIE._BASE_REGEX + r'i/broadcasts/(?P<id>[0-9a-zA-Z]{13})'
 
+    _VALID_URL = TwitterBaseIE._BASE_REGEX + r'i/(?P<type>broadcasts|events)/(?P<id>\w+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         # untitled Periscope video
         'url': 'https://twitter.com/i/broadcasts/1yNGaQLWpejGj',
@@ -1636,6 +1605,7 @@ class TwitterBroadcastIE(TwitterBaseIE, PeriscopeBaseIE):
             'id': '1yNGaQLWpejGj',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Andrea May Sahouri - Periscope Broadcast',
+            'display_id': '1yNGaQLWpejGj',
             'uploader': 'Andrea May Sahouri',
             'uploader_id': 'andreamsahouri',
             'uploader_url': 'https://twitter.com/andreamsahouri',
@@ -1643,6 +1613,8 @@ class TwitterBroadcastIE(TwitterBaseIE, PeriscopeBaseIE):
             'upload_date': '20200601',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://[^?#]+\.jpg\?token=',
             'view_count': int,
+            'concurrent_view_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'was_live',
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://twitter.com/i/broadcasts/1ZkKzeyrPbaxv',
@@ -1650,6 +1622,7 @@ class TwitterBroadcastIE(TwitterBaseIE, PeriscopeBaseIE):
             'id': '1ZkKzeyrPbaxv',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Starship | SN10 | High-Altitude Flight Test',
+            'display_id': '1ZkKzeyrPbaxv',
             'uploader': 'SpaceX',
             'uploader_id': 'SpaceX',
             'uploader_url': 'https://twitter.com/SpaceX',
@@ -1657,6 +1630,8 @@ class TwitterBroadcastIE(TwitterBaseIE, PeriscopeBaseIE):
             'upload_date': '20210303',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://[^?#]+\.jpg\?token=',
             'view_count': int,
+            'concurrent_view_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'was_live',
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://twitter.com/i/broadcasts/1OyKAVQrgzwGb',
@@ -1664,6 +1639,7 @@ class TwitterBroadcastIE(TwitterBaseIE, PeriscopeBaseIE):
             'id': '1OyKAVQrgzwGb',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Starship Flight Test',
+            'display_id': '1OyKAVQrgzwGb',
             'uploader': 'SpaceX',
             'uploader_id': 'SpaceX',
             'uploader_url': 'https://twitter.com/SpaceX',
@@ -1671,21 +1647,58 @@ class TwitterBroadcastIE(TwitterBaseIE, PeriscopeBaseIE):
             'upload_date': '20230420',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://[^?#]+\.jpg\?token=',
             'view_count': int,
+            'concurrent_view_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'was_live',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://x.com/i/events/1910629646300762112',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '1LyxBWDRNqyKN',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '#ガンニ�ル ウォッ�パーティー',
+            'concurrent_view_count': int,
+            'display_id': '1910629646300762112',
+            'live_status': 'was_live',
+            'release_date': '20250423',
+            'release_timestamp': 1745409000,
+            'tags': ['ガンニ�ル'],
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://[^?#]+\.jpg\?token=',
+            'timestamp': 1745403328,
+            'upload_date': '20250423',
+            'uploader': 'ディズニープラス公�',
+            'uploader_id': 'DisneyPlusJP',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://twitter.com/DisneyPlusJP',
+            'view_count': int,
         },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        broadcast_id = self._match_id(url)
+        broadcast_type, display_id = self._match_valid_url(url).group('type', 'id')
+
+        if broadcast_type == 'events':
+            timeline = self._call_api(
+                f'live_event/1/{display_id}/timeline.json', display_id)
+            broadcast_id = traverse_obj(timeline, (
+                'twitter_objects', 'broadcasts', ..., ('id', 'broadcast_id'),
+                {str}, any, {require('broadcast ID')}))
+        else:
+            broadcast_id = display_id
+
         broadcast = self._call_api(
             'broadcasts/show.json', broadcast_id,
             {'ids': broadcast_id})['broadcasts'][broadcast_id]
         if not broadcast:
             raise ExtractorError('Broadcast no longer exists', expected=True)
         info = self._parse_broadcast_data(broadcast, broadcast_id)
-        info['title'] = broadcast.get('status') or info.get('title')
-        info['uploader_id'] = broadcast.get('twitter_username') or info.get('uploader_id')
-        info['uploader_url'] = format_field(broadcast, 'twitter_username', 'https://twitter.com/%s', default=None)
+        info.update({
+            'display_id': display_id,
+            'title': broadcast.get('status') or info.get('title'),
+            'uploader_id': broadcast.get('twitter_username') or info.get('uploader_id'),
+            'uploader_url': format_field(
+                broadcast, 'twitter_username', 'https://twitter.com/%s', default=None),
+        })
         if info['live_status'] == 'is_upcoming':
+            self.raise_no_formats('This live broadcast has not yet started', expected=True)
             return info
 
         media_key = broadcast['media_key']
@@ -1707,21 +1720,22 @@ class TwitterSpacesIE(TwitterBaseIE):
     _VALID_URL = TwitterBaseIE._BASE_REGEX + r'i/spaces/(?P<id>[0-9a-zA-Z]{13})'
 
     _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://twitter.com/i/spaces/1RDxlgyvNXzJL',
+        'url': 'https://twitter.com/i/spaces/1OwxWwQOPlNxQ',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '1RDxlgyvNXzJL',
+            'id': '1OwxWwQOPlNxQ',
             'ext': 'm4a',
-            'title': 'King Carlo e la mossa Kansas City per fare il Grande Centro',
-            'description': 'Twitter Space participated by annarita digiorgio, Signor Ernesto, Raffaello Colosimo, Simone M. Sepe',
-            'uploader': r're:Lucio Di Gaetano.*?',
-            'uploader_id': 'luciodigaetano',
+            'title': 'Everybody in: @mtbarra & @elonmusk discuss the future of EV charging',
+            'description': 'Twitter Space participated by Elon Musk',
             'live_status': 'was_live',
-            'timestamp': 1659877956,
-            'upload_date': '20220807',
-            'release_timestamp': 1659904215,
-            'release_date': '20220807',
+            'release_date': '20230608',
+            'release_timestamp': 1686256230,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://pbs\.twimg\.com/profile_images/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1686254250,
+            'upload_date': '20230608',
+            'uploader': 'Mary Barra',
+            'uploader_id': 'mtbarra',
         },
-        'skip': 'No longer available',
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
         # post_live/TimedOut but downloadable
         'url': 'https://twitter.com/i/spaces/1vAxRAVQWONJl',
@@ -1733,9 +1747,10 @@ class TwitterSpacesIE(TwitterBaseIE):
             'uploader': 'Google Cloud',
             'uploader_id': 'googlecloud',
             'live_status': 'post_live',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://pbs\.twimg\.com/profile_images/.+',
             'timestamp': 1681409554,
             'upload_date': '20230413',
-            'release_timestamp': 1681839000,
+            'release_timestamp': 1681839082,
             'release_date': '20230418',
             'protocol': 'm3u8',  # ffmpeg is forced
             'container': 'm4a_dash',  # audio-only format fixup is applied
@@ -1752,6 +1767,9 @@ class TwitterSpacesIE(TwitterBaseIE):
             'uploader': '�根��る',
             'uploader_id': 'tomeru_ikinone',
             'live_status': 'was_live',
+            'release_date': '20230601',
+            'release_timestamp': 1685617200,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://pbs\.twimg\.com/profile_images/.+',
             'timestamp': 1685617198,
             'upload_date': '20230601',
             'protocol': 'm3u8',  # ffmpeg is forced
@@ -1769,9 +1787,10 @@ class TwitterSpacesIE(TwitterBaseIE):
             'uploader': 'Candace Owens',
             'uploader_id': 'RealCandaceO',
             'live_status': 'was_live',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://pbs\.twimg\.com/profile_images/.+',
             'timestamp': 1723931351,
             'upload_date': '20240817',
-            'release_timestamp': 1723932000,
+            'release_timestamp': 1723932056,
             'release_date': '20240817',
             'protocol': 'm3u8_native',  # not ffmpeg, detected as video space
         },
@@ -1851,18 +1870,21 @@ class TwitterSpacesIE(TwitterBaseIE):
 
         return {
             'id': space_id,
-            'title': metadata.get('title'),
             'description': f'Twitter Space participated by {participants}',
-            'uploader': traverse_obj(
-                metadata, ('creator_results', 'result', 'legacy', 'name')),
-            'uploader_id': traverse_obj(
-                metadata, ('creator_results', 'result', 'legacy', 'screen_name')),
-            'live_status': live_status,
-            'release_timestamp': try_call(
-                lambda: int_or_none(metadata['scheduled_start'], scale=1000)),
-            'timestamp': int_or_none(metadata.get('created_at'), scale=1000),
             'formats': formats,
             'http_headers': headers,
+            'live_status': live_status,
+            **traverse_obj(metadata, {
+                'title': ('title', {str}),
+                # started_at is None when stream is_upcoming so fallback to scheduled_start for --wait-for-video
+                'release_timestamp': (('started_at', 'scheduled_start'), {int_or_none(scale=1000)}, any),
+                'timestamp': ('created_at', {int_or_none(scale=1000)}),
+            }),
+            **traverse_obj(metadata, ('creator_results', 'result', 'legacy', {
+                'uploader': ('name', {str}),
+                'uploader_id': ('screen_name', {str_or_none}),
+                'thumbnail': ('profile_image_url_https', {lambda x: x.replace('_normal', '_400x400')}, {url_or_none}),
+            })),
         }
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/txxx.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/txxx.py
index 488c13b1ac..c0b7161bd2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/txxx.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/txxx.py
@@ -343,22 +343,6 @@ class TxxxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'https://tn.voyeurhit.com/contents/videos_sources/332000/332875/screenshots/1.jpg',
         },
     }]
-    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://pornzog.com/video/9125519/michelle-malone-dreamgirls-wild-wet-3/',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '5119660',
-            'display_id': '5119660',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Michelle Malone - Dreamgirls - Wild Wet 3',
-            'uploader': 'FallenAngel12',
-            'duration': 402,
-            'view_count': int,
-            'like_count': int,
-            'dislike_count': int,
-            'age_limit': 18,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://hctn.nv7s.com/contents/videos_sources/5119000/5119660/screenshots/1.jpg',
-        },
-    }]
 
     def _call_api(self, url, video_id, fatal=False, **kwargs):
         content = self._download_json(url, video_id, fatal=fatal, **kwargs)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/udn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/udn.py
index 9970e4ff50..cf116bf4e8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/udn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/udn.py
@@ -22,11 +22,7 @@ class UDNEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': '生物�師男變女 全校挺"�自己"',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
         },
-        'params': {
-            # m3u8 download
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
-        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse JSON Expecting value'],
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://video.udn.com/embed/news/300040',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -35,6 +31,18 @@ class UDNEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'https://video.udn.com/play/news/303776',
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        # FIXME: Update _VALID_URL
+        'url': 'https://video.udn.com/news/1308561',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '1308561',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '影�丹娜絲颱風暴風圈擴大 上�8:30發布海警',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://cdn\.udn\.com/img/.+\.jpg',
+        },
+        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse JSON'],
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/umg.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/umg.py
index b509fda883..c5eec7255b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/umg.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/umg.py
@@ -1,98 +1,53 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import (
-    int_or_none,
-    parse_filesize,
-    parse_iso8601,
-)
+from ..utils import clean_html
+from ..utils.traversal import find_element, traverse_obj
 
 
 class UMGDeIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _WORKING = False
     IE_NAME = 'umg:de'
     IE_DESC = 'Universal Music Deutschland'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?universal-music\.de/[^/]+/videos/[^/?#]+-(?P<id>\d+)'
-    _TEST = {
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?universal-music\.de/[^/?#]+/videos/(?P<slug>[^/?#]+-(?P<id>\d+))'
+    _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.universal-music.de/sido/videos/jedes-wort-ist-gold-wert-457803',
-        'md5': 'ebd90f48c80dcc82f77251eb1902634f',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '457803',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Jedes Wort ist Gold wert',
+            'artists': ['Sido'],
+            'description': 'md5:df2dbffcff1a74e0a7c9bef4b497aeec',
+            'display_id': 'jedes-wort-ist-gold-wert-457803',
+            'duration': 210.0,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://images\.universal-music\.de/img/assets/.+\.jpg',
             'timestamp': 1513591800,
             'upload_date': '20171218',
+            'view_count': int,
         },
-    }
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.universal-music.de/alexander-eder/videos/der-doktor-hat-gesagt-609533',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '609533',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Der Doktor hat gesagt',
+            'artists': ['Alexander Eder'],
+            'display_id': 'der-doktor-hat-gesagt-609533',
+            'duration': 146.0,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://images\.universal-music\.de/img/assets/.+\.jpg',
+            'timestamp': 1742982100,
+            'upload_date': '20250326',
+        },
+    }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        video_data = self._download_json(
-            'https://graphql.universal-music.de/',
-            video_id, query={
-                'query': '''{
-  universalMusic(channel:16) {
-    video(id:%s) {
-      headline
-      formats {
-        formatId
-        url
-        type
-        width
-        height
-        mimeType
-        fileSize
-      }
-      duration
-      createdDate
-    }
-  }
-}''' % video_id})['data']['universalMusic']['video']  # noqa: UP031
-
-        title = video_data['headline']
-        hls_url_template = 'http://mediadelivery.universal-music-services.de/vod/mp4:autofill/storage/' + '/'.join(list(video_id)) + '/content/%s/file/playlist.m3u8'
-
-        thumbnails = []
-        formats = []
-
-        def add_m3u8_format(format_id):
-            formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-                hls_url_template % format_id, video_id, 'mp4',
-                'm3u8_native', m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False))
-
-        for f in video_data.get('formats', []):
-            f_url = f.get('url')
-            mime_type = f.get('mimeType')
-            if not f_url or mime_type == 'application/mxf':
-                continue
-            fmt = {
-                'url': f_url,
-                'width': int_or_none(f.get('width')),
-                'height': int_or_none(f.get('height')),
-                'filesize': parse_filesize(f.get('fileSize')),
-            }
-            f_type = f.get('type')
-            if f_type == 'Image':
-                thumbnails.append(fmt)
-            elif f_type == 'Video':
-                format_id = f.get('formatId')
-                if format_id:
-                    fmt['format_id'] = format_id
-                    if mime_type == 'video/mp4':
-                        add_m3u8_format(format_id)
-                urlh = self._request_webpage(f_url, video_id, fatal=False)
-                if urlh:
-                    first_byte = urlh.read(1)
-                    if first_byte not in (b'F', b'\x00'):
-                        continue
-                    formats.append(fmt)
-        if not formats:
-            for format_id in (867, 836, 940):
-                add_m3u8_format(format_id)
+        display_id, video_id = self._match_valid_url(url).group('slug', 'id')
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
 
         return {
+            **self._search_json_ld(webpage, display_id),
             'id': video_id,
-            'title': title,
-            'duration': int_or_none(video_data.get('duration')),
-            'timestamp': parse_iso8601(video_data.get('createdDate'), ' '),
-            'thumbnails': thumbnails,
-            'formats': formats,
+            'artists': traverse_obj(self._html_search_meta('umg-artist-screenname', webpage), (filter, all)),
+            # The JSON LD description duplicates the title
+            'description': traverse_obj(webpage, ({find_element(cls='_3Y0Lj')}, {clean_html})),
+            'display_id': display_id,
+            'formats': self._extract_m3u8_formats(
+                'https://hls.universal-music.de/get', display_id, 'mp4', query={'id': video_id}),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/unitednations.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/unitednations.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f9283fd6c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/unitednations.py
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from .kaltura import KalturaIE
+
+
+class UnitedNationsWebTvIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://webtv\.un\.org/(?:ar|zh|en|fr|ru|es)/asset/\w+/(?P<id>\w+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1o/k1o7stmi6p',
+        'md5': 'b2f8b3030063298ae841b4b7ddc01477',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '1_o7stmi6p',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'António Guterres (Secretary-General) on Israel and Iran - Security Council, 9939th meeting',
+            'thumbnail': 'http://cfvod.kaltura.com/p/2503451/sp/250345100/thumbnail/entry_id/1_o7stmi6p/version/100021',
+            'uploader_id': 'evgeniia.alisova@un.org',
+            'upload_date': '20250620',
+            'timestamp': 1750430976,
+            'duration': 234,
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
+
+        partner_id = self._html_search_regex(
+            r'partnerId:\s*(\d+)', webpage, 'partner_id')
+        entry_id = self._html_search_regex(
+            r'const\s+kentryID\s*=\s*["\'](\w+)["\']', webpage, 'kentry_id')
+
+        return self.url_result(f'kaltura:{partner_id}:{entry_id}', KalturaIE)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/unsupported.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/unsupported.py
index e8d6ae1289..333c7e9a2b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/unsupported.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/unsupported.py
@@ -30,13 +30,13 @@ class KnownDRMIE(UnsupportedInfoExtractor):
         r'play\.hbomax\.com',
         r'channel(?:4|5)\.com',
         r'peacocktv\.com',
-        r'(?:[\w\.]+\.)?disneyplus\.com',
-        r'open\.spotify\.com/(?:track|playlist|album|artist)',
+        r'(?:[\w.]+\.)?disneyplus\.com',
+        r'open\.spotify\.com',
         r'tvnz\.co\.nz',
         r'oneplus\.ch',
         r'artstation\.com/learning/courses',
         r'philo\.com',
-        r'(?:[\w\.]+\.)?mech-plus\.com',
+        r'(?:[\w.]+\.)?mech-plus\.com',
         r'aha\.video',
         r'mubi\.com',
         r'vootkids\.com',
@@ -51,6 +51,21 @@ class KnownDRMIE(UnsupportedInfoExtractor):
         r'(?:watch|front)\.njpwworld\.com',
         r'qub\.ca/vrai',
         r'(?:beta\.)?crunchyroll\.com',
+        r'viki\.com',
+        r'deezer\.com',
+        r'b-ch\.com',
+        r'ctv\.ca',
+        r'noovo\.ca',
+        r'tsn\.ca',
+        r'paramountplus\.com',
+        r'(?:m\.)?(?:sony)?crackle\.com',
+        r'cw(?:tv(?:pr)?|seed)\.com',
+        r'6play\.fr',
+        r'rtlplay\.be',
+        r'play\.rtl\.hr',
+        r'rtlmost\.hu',
+        r'plus\.rtl\.de(?!/podcast/)',
+        r'mediasetinfinity\.es',
     )
 
     _TESTS = [{
@@ -72,10 +87,7 @@ class KnownDRMIE(UnsupportedInfoExtractor):
         'url': r'https://www.disneyplus.com',
         'only_matching': True,
     }, {
-        'url': 'https://open.spotify.com/artist/',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://open.spotify.com/track/',
+        'url': 'https://open.spotify.com',
         'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         # https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/4122
@@ -160,6 +172,60 @@ class KnownDRMIE(UnsupportedInfoExtractor):
     }, {
         'url': 'https://beta.crunchyroll.com/pt-br/watch/G8WUN8VKP/the-ruler-of-conspiracy',
         'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.viki.com/videos/1175236v-choosing-spouse-by-lottery-episode-1',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'http://www.deezer.com/playlist/176747451',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.b-ch.com/titles/8203/001',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.ctv.ca/shows/masterchef-53506/the-audition-battles-s15e1',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.noovo.ca/emissions/lamour-est-dans-le-pre/prets-pour-lamour-s10e1',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.tsn.ca/video/relaxed-oilers-look-to-put-emotional-game-2-loss-in-the-rearview%7E3148747',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.paramountplus.com',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.crackle.com',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://m.sonycrackle.com',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.cwtv.com',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.cwseed.com',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://cwtvpr.com',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.6play.fr',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.rtlplay.be',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://play.rtl.hr',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.rtlmost.hu',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://plus.rtl.de/video-tv/',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.mediasetinfinity.es/',
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -198,6 +264,7 @@ class KnownPiracyIE(UnsupportedInfoExtractor):
         r'91porn\.com',
         r'einthusan\.(?:tv|com|ca)',
         r'yourupload\.com',
+        r'xanimu\.com',
     )
 
     _TESTS = [{
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vbox7.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vbox7.py
index f5d0502fb7..5e28975e44 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vbox7.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vbox7.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class Vbox7IE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Бори�ов: Прите�нен �ъм за бъдещето на Българи�',
             'description': 'По думите му е опа�но �траната ни да бъде об�вена за "�игурна"',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
             'timestamp': 1470982814,
             'upload_date': '20160812',
             'uploader': 'zdraveibulgaria',
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ class Vbox7IE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20130207',
             'duration': 83,
         },
-        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to download m3u8 information'],
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
     }, {
         'url': 'http://vbox7.com/emb/external.php?vid=a240d20f9c&autoplay=1',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -56,6 +56,21 @@ class Vbox7IE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'http://i49.vbox7.com/player/ext.swf?vid=0946fff23c&autoplay=1',
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://nova.bg/news/view/2016/08/16/156543/%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BC-%D0%BE%D1%82-%D0%B2%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2-%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0-%D1%86%D1%8F%D0%BB-%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8-%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7-%D0%B2-%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '5a4d12166d',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '�� КОСЪМ ОТ ВЗРИВ: Отцепиха ц�л квартал заради изтичане на газ в Пловдив',
+            'description': 'Инцидентът е �танал на бензино�танци�',
+            'duration': 200,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
+            'timestamp': 1471353501,
+            'upload_date': '20160816',
+            'uploader': 'novinitenanova',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+    }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vesti.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vesti.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 844041a61a..0000000000
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vesti.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,119 +0,0 @@
-import re
-
-from .common import InfoExtractor
-from .rutv import RUTVIE
-from ..utils import ExtractorError
-
-
-class VestiIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _WORKING = False
-    IE_DESC = 'Ве�ти.Ru'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:.+?\.)?vesti\.ru/(?P<id>.+)'
-
-    _TESTS = [
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.vesti.ru/videos?vid=575582&cid=1',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '765035',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Ве�ти.net: биткоины в Ро��ии не �вл�ют�� законными',
-                'description': 'md5:d4bb3859dc1177b28a94c5014c35a36b',
-                'duration': 302,
-            },
-            'params': {
-                # m3u8 download
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=1349233',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '773865',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Уча�тники митинга штурмуют Донецкую обла�тную админи�трацию',
-                'description': 'md5:1a160e98b3195379b4c849f2f4958009',
-                'duration': 210,
-            },
-            'params': {
-                # m3u8 download
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.vesti.ru/only_video.html?vid=576180',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '766048',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'СШ� заморозило, Британию затопило',
-                'description': 'md5:f0ed0695ec05aed27c56a70a58dc4cc1',
-                'duration': 87,
-            },
-            'params': {
-                # m3u8 download
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'http://hitech.vesti.ru/news/view/id/4000',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '766888',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Ве�ти.net: интернет-гиганты начали перет�гивание программных "оде�л"',
-                'description': 'md5:65ddd47f9830c4f42ed6475f8730c995',
-                'duration': 279,
-            },
-            'params': {
-                # m3u8 download
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'http://sochi2014.vesti.ru/video/index/video_id/766403',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '766403',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'XXII зимние Олимпий�кие игры. Ро��ий�кие хоккеи�ты �тартовали на Олимпиаде � победы',
-                'description': 'md5:55805dfd35763a890ff50fa9e35e31b3',
-                'duration': 271,
-            },
-            'params': {
-                # m3u8 download
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-            'skip': 'Blocked outside Russia',
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'http://sochi2014.vesti.ru/live/play/live_id/301',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '51499',
-                'ext': 'flv',
-                'title': 'Сочи-2014. Биатлон. Индивидуальна� гонка. Мужчины ',
-                'description': 'md5:9e0ed5c9d2fa1efbfdfed90c9a6d179c',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                # rtmp download
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-            'skip': 'Translation has finished',
-        },
-    ]
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
-        video_id = mobj.group('id')
-
-        page = self._download_webpage(url, video_id, 'Downloading page')
-
-        mobj = re.search(
-            r'<meta[^>]+?property="og:video"[^>]+?content="http://www\.vesti\.ru/i/flvplayer_videoHost\.swf\?vid=(?P<id>\d+)',
-            page)
-        if mobj:
-            video_id = mobj.group('id')
-            page = self._download_webpage(f'http://www.vesti.ru/only_video.html?vid={video_id}', video_id,
-                                          'Downloading video page')
-
-        rutv_url = RUTVIE._extract_url(page)
-        if rutv_url:
-            return self.url_result(rutv_url, 'RUTV')
-
-        raise ExtractorError('No video found', expected=True)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vh1.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vh1.py
index 53d5a7108e..4a462ce7cb 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vh1.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vh1.py
@@ -1,33 +1,50 @@
-from .mtv import MTVServicesInfoExtractor
+from .mtv import MTVServicesBaseIE
 
-# TODO: Remove - Reason: Outdated Site
 
-
-class VH1IE(MTVServicesInfoExtractor):
+class VH1IE(MTVServicesBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'vh1.com'
-    _FEED_URL = 'http://www.vh1.com/feeds/mrss/'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?vh1\.com/(?:video-clips|episodes)/(?P<id>[\da-z]{6})'
     _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://www.vh1.com/episodes/0aqivv/nick-cannon-presents-wild-n-out-foushee-season-16-ep-12',
+        'url': 'https://www.vh1.com/episodes/d06ta1/barely-famous-barely-famous-season-1-ep-1',
         'info_dict': {
-            'title': 'Fousheé',
-            'description': 'Fousheé joins Team Evolutions fight against Nick and Team Revolution in Baby Daddy, Baby Mama; Kick Em Out the Classroom; Backseat of My Ride and Wildstyle; and Fousheé performs.',
+            'id': '4af4cf2c-a854-11e4-9596-0026b9414f30',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'display_id': 'd06ta1',
+            'title': 'Barely Famous',
+            'description': 'md5:6da5c9d88012eba0a80fc731c99b5fed',
+            'channel': 'VH1',
+            'duration': 1280.0,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://images\.paramount\.tech/uri/mgid:arc:imageassetref:',
+            'series': 'Barely Famous',
+            'season': 'Season 1',
+            'season_number': 1,
+            'episode': 'Episode 1',
+            'episode_number': 1,
+            'timestamp': 1426680000,
+            'upload_date': '20150318',
+            'release_timestamp': 1426680000,
+            'release_date': '20150318',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 4,
-        'skip': '404 Not found',
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
-        # Clip
-        'url': 'https://www.vh1.com/video-clips/e0sja0/nick-cannon-presents-wild-n-out-foushee-clap-for-him',
+        'url': 'https://www.vh1.com/video-clips/ryzt2n/love-hip-hop-miami-love-hip-hop-miami-season-5-recap',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'a07563f7-a37b-4e7f-af68-85855c2c7cc3',
+            'id': '59e62974-4a5c-4417-91c3-5044cb2f4ce2',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Fousheé - "clap for him"',
-            'description': 'Singer Fousheé hits the Wild N Out: In the Dark stage with a performance of the tongue-in-cheek track "clap for him" from her 2021 album "time machine."',
-            'upload_date': '20210826',
-        },
-        'params': {
-            # m3u8 download
-            'skip_download': True,
+            'display_id': 'ryzt2n',
+            'title': 'Love & Hip Hop Miami - Season 5 Recap',
+            'description': 'md5:4e49c65d0007bfc8d06db555a6b76ef0',
+            'duration': 792.083,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://images\.paramount\.tech/uri/mgid:arc:imageassetref:',
+            'series': 'Love & Hip Hop Miami',
+            'season': 'Season 6',
+            'season_number': 6,
+            'episode': 'Episode 0',
+            'episode_number': 0,
+            'timestamp': 1732597200,
+            'upload_date': '20241126',
+            'release_timestamp': 1732597200,
+            'release_date': '20241126',
         },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }]
-
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?vh1\.com/(?:video-clips|episodes)/(?P<id>[^/?#.]+)'
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vice.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vice.py
index 3739a37e4f..5ede30deb1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vice.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vice.py
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ class ViceBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
 
 class ViceIE(ViceBaseIE, AdobePassIE):
+    _WORKING = False
     IE_NAME = 'vice'
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:(?:video|vms)\.vice|(?:www\.)?vice(?:land|tv))\.com/(?P<locale>[^/]+)/(?:video/[^/]+|embed)/(?P<id>[\da-f]{24})'
     _EMBED_REGEX = [r'<iframe\b[^>]+\bsrc=["\'](?P<url>(?:https?:)?//video\.vice\.com/[^/]+/embed/[\da-f]{24})']
@@ -99,6 +100,7 @@ class ViceIE(ViceBaseIE, AdobePassIE):
         'url': 'https://www.viceland.com/en_us/video/thursday-march-1-2018/5a8f2d7ff1cdb332dd446ec1',
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
+    _SOFTWARE_STATEMENT = 'eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiJ9.eyJzdWIiOiIwMTVjODBlZC04ZDcxLTQ4ZGEtOTZkZi00NzU5NjIwNzJlYTQiLCJuYmYiOjE2NjgwMTM0ODQsImlzcyI6ImF1dGguYWRvYmUuY29tIiwiaWF0IjoxNjY4MDEzNDg0fQ.CjhUnTrlh-bmYnEFHyC2Y4it5Y_Zfza1x66O4-ki5gBR7JT6aUunYI_YflXomQPACriMpObkITFz4grVaDwdd8Xp9hrQ2R0SwRBdaklkdy1_j68RqSP5PnexJIa0q_ThtOwfRBd5uGcb33nMJ9Qs92W4kVXuca0Ta-i7SJyWgXUaPDlRDdgyCL3hKj5wuM7qUIwrd9A5CMm-j3dMIBCDgw7X6TwRK65eUQe6gTWqcvL2yONHHTpmIfeOTUxGwwKFr29COOTBowm0VJ6HE08xjXCShP08Neusu-JsgkjzhkEbiDE2531EKgfAki_7WCd2JUZVsAsCusv4a1maokk6NA'
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         locale, video_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
@@ -116,7 +118,7 @@ class ViceIE(ViceBaseIE, AdobePassIE):
             resource = self._get_mvpd_resource(
                 'VICELAND', title, video_id, rating)
             query['tvetoken'] = self._extract_mvpd_auth(
-                url, video_id, 'VICELAND', resource)
+                url, video_id, 'VICELAND', resource, self._SOFTWARE_STATEMENT)
 
         # signature generation algorithm is reverse engineered from signatureGenerator in
         # webpack:///../shared/~/vice-player/dist/js/vice-player.js in
@@ -181,6 +183,7 @@ class ViceIE(ViceBaseIE, AdobePassIE):
 
 
 class ViceShowIE(ViceBaseIE):
+    _WORKING = False
     IE_NAME = 'vice:show'
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:video\.vice|(?:www\.)?vice(?:land|tv))\.com/(?P<locale>[^/]+)/show/(?P<id>[^/?#&]+)'
     _PAGE_SIZE = 25
@@ -221,6 +224,7 @@ class ViceShowIE(ViceBaseIE):
 
 
 class ViceArticleIE(ViceBaseIE):
+    _WORKING = False
     IE_NAME = 'vice:article'
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?vice\.com/(?P<locale>[^/]+)/article/(?:[0-9a-z]{6}/)?(?P<id>[^?#]+)'
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/viddler.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/viddler.py
index 60ebfbd122..78de8a424d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/viddler.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/viddler.py
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ from ..utils import (
 
 
 class ViddlerIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _WORKING = False
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?viddler\.com/(?:v|embed|player)/(?P<id>[a-z0-9]+)(?:.+?\bsecret=(\d+))?'
     _EMBED_REGEX = [r'<(?:iframe[^>]+?src|param[^>]+?value)=(["\'])(?P<url>(?:https?:)?//(?:www\.)?viddler\.com/(?:embed|player)/.+?)\1']
 
@@ -21,11 +22,12 @@ class ViddlerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1335371429,
             'upload_date': '20120425',
             'duration': 100.89,
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
             'view_count': int,
             'comment_count': int,
             'categories': ['video content', 'high quality video', 'video made easy', 'how to produce video with limited resources', 'viddler'],
         },
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.viddler.com/v/4d03aad9/',
         'md5': 'f12c5a7fa839c47a79363bfdf69404fb',
@@ -53,6 +55,7 @@ class ViddlerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'view_count': int,
             'comment_count': int,
         },
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
     }, {
         # secret protected
         'url': 'http://www.viddler.com/v/890c0985?secret=34051570',
@@ -71,6 +74,15 @@ class ViddlerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'skip_download': True,
         },
     }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://deadspin.com/i-cant-stop-watching-john-wall-chop-the-nuggets-with-th-1681801597/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '4d03aad9',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'WALL-TO-GORTAT',
+        },
+        'skip': 'Site no longer embeds Viddler',
+    }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id, secret = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/videa.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/videa.py
index 8dc7ebd15e..210bb10b08 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/videa.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/videa.py
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class VideaIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': '8YfIAjxwWGwT8HVQ',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Az őrült kígyász 285 kígyót enged szabadon',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://videa\.hu/static/still/.+',
             'duration': 21,
             'age_limit': 0,
         },
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ class VideaIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': 'jAHDWfWSJH5XuFhH',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Supercars előzés',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://videa\.hu/static/still/.+',
             'duration': 64,
             'age_limit': 0,
         },
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ class VideaIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': '8YfIAjxwWGwT8HVQ',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Az őrült kígyász 285 kígyót enged szabadon',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://videa\.hu/static/still/.+',
             'duration': 21,
             'age_limit': 0,
         },
@@ -76,6 +76,25 @@ class VideaIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'https://videakid.hu/player/v/8YfIAjxwWGwT8HVQ?autoplay=1',
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.kapucziner.hu/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '95yhJCdK2dX1T5Nh',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Nemzetközi díjat kapott a győri kávémanufaktúra',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'duration': 207,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://videa\.hu/static/still/.+',
+        },
+    }, {
+        # FIXME: No video formats found
+        'url': 'https://hirtv.hu/hirtv_kesleltetett',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'IDRqF7W9X0GXHGj1',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Hír TV - 60 perccel késleltetett adás',
+        },
+    }]
     _STATIC_SECRET = 'xHb0ZvME5q8CBcoQi6AngerDu3FGO9fkUlwPmLVY_RTzj2hJIS4NasXWKy1td7p'
 
     @staticmethod
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/videopress.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/videopress.py
index d3c9c8e22e..a63dc89e57 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/videopress.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/videopress.py
@@ -23,8 +23,9 @@ class VideoPressIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': 'kUJmAcSf',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'VideoPress Demo',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg',
-            'duration': 634.6,
+            'description': '',
+            'duration': 635.0,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://videos\.files\.wordpress\.com/.+\.jpg',
             'timestamp': 1434983935,
             'upload_date': '20150622',
             'age_limit': 0,
@@ -37,6 +38,20 @@ class VideoPressIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'https://video.wordpress.com/embed/kUJmAcSf',
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://wordpress.com/support/videopress/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'BZHMfMfN',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'videopress example',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'description': '',
+            'duration': 19.796,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://videos\.files\.wordpress\.com/.+\.jpg',
+            'timestamp': 1748969554,
+            'upload_date': '20250603',
+        },
+    }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/viewlift.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/viewlift.py
index 4a7ba9839e..e1c807ebe1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/viewlift.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/viewlift.py
@@ -76,6 +76,7 @@ class ViewLiftEmbedIE(ViewLiftBaseIE):
             'timestamp': 1334350096,
             'upload_date': '20120413',
         },
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
     }, {
         # invalid labels, 360p is better that 480p
         'url': 'http://www.snagfilms.com/embed/player?filmId=17ca0950-a74a-11e0-a92a-0026bb61d036',
@@ -90,6 +91,15 @@ class ViewLiftEmbedIE(ViewLiftBaseIE):
         'url': 'http://www.snagfilms.com/embed/player?filmId=0000014c-de2f-d5d6-abcf-ffef58af0017',
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'http://whilewewatch.blogspot.ru/2012/06/whilewewatch-whilewewatch-gripping.html',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '74849a00-85a9-11e1-9660-123139220831',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '#whilewewatch',
+        },
+        'skip': 'Dead embed URL',
+    }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         domain, film_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
@@ -164,13 +174,14 @@ class ViewLiftIE(ViewLiftBaseIE):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Lost for Life',
             'description': 'md5:ea10b5a50405ae1f7b5269a6ec594102',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
             'duration': 4489,
             'categories': 'mincount:3',
             'age_limit': 14,
             'upload_date': '20150421',
             'timestamp': 1429656820,
         },
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.snagfilms.com/show/the_world_cut_project/india',
         'md5': 'e6292e5b837642bbda82d7f8bf3fbdfd',
@@ -180,11 +191,12 @@ class ViewLiftIE(ViewLiftBaseIE):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'India',
             'description': 'md5:5c168c5a8f4719c146aad2e0dfac6f5f',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
             'duration': 979,
             'timestamp': 1399478279,
             'upload_date': '20140507',
         },
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
     }, {
         'url': 'http://main.snagfilms.com/augie_alone/s_2_ep_12_love',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -193,15 +205,13 @@ class ViewLiftIE(ViewLiftBaseIE):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'S. 2 Ep. 12 - Love',
             'description': 'Augie finds love.',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
             'duration': 107,
             'upload_date': '20141012',
             'timestamp': 1413129540,
             'age_limit': 17,
         },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
     }, {
         'url': 'http://main.snagfilms.com/films/title/the_freebie',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -230,10 +240,10 @@ class ViewLiftIE(ViewLiftBaseIE):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Shuyopoka',
             'description': 'md5:e28f2fb8680096a69c944d37c1fa5ffc',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
             'upload_date': '20211006',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True},
+        'skip': 'Subscription required',
     }, {  # Free film
         'url': 'https://www.hoichoi.tv/films/title/dadu-no1',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -241,10 +251,10 @@ class ViewLiftIE(ViewLiftBaseIE):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Dadu No.1',
             'description': 'md5:605cba408e51a79dafcb824bdeded51e',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
             'upload_date': '20210827',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True},
+        'skip': 'Subscription required',
     }, {  # Free episode
         'url': 'https://www.hoichoi.tv/webseries/case-jaundice-s01-e01',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -252,11 +262,11 @@ class ViewLiftIE(ViewLiftBaseIE):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Humans Vs. Corona',
             'description': 'md5:ca30a682b4528d02a3eb6d0427dd0f87',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
             'upload_date': '20210830',
             'series': 'Case Jaundice',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True},
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
     }, {  # Free video
         'url': 'https://www.hoichoi.tv/videos/1549072415320-six-episode-02-hindi',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -264,11 +274,11 @@ class ViewLiftIE(ViewLiftBaseIE):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Woman in red - Hindi',
             'description': 'md5:9d21edc1827d32f8633eb67c2054fc31',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
             'upload_date': '20211006',
             'series': 'Six (Hindi)',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True},
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
     }, {  # Free episode
         'url': 'https://www.hoichoi.tv/shows/watch-asian-paints-moner-thikana-online-season-1-episode-1',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -276,23 +286,25 @@ class ViewLiftIE(ViewLiftBaseIE):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Jisshu Sengupta',
             'description': 'md5:ef6ffae01a3d83438597367400f824ed',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
             'upload_date': '20211004',
             'series': 'Asian Paints Moner Thikana',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True},
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
     }, {  # Free series
         'url': 'https://www.hoichoi.tv/shows/watch-moner-thikana-bengali-web-series-online',
         'playlist_mincount': 5,
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'watch-moner-thikana-bengali-web-series-online',
         },
+        'skip': 'Subscription required',
     }, {  # Premium series
         'url': 'https://www.hoichoi.tv/shows/watch-byomkesh-bengali-web-series-online',
         'playlist_mincount': 14,
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'watch-byomkesh-bengali-web-series-online',
         },
+        'skip': 'Subscription required',
     }, {  # Premium movie
         'url': 'https://www.hoichoi.tv/movies/detective-2020',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -302,6 +314,7 @@ class ViewLiftIE(ViewLiftBaseIE):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'bn/series/sinpaat',
         },
+        'skip': 'Subscription required',
     }, {  # Chorki free movie
         'url': 'https://www.chorki.com/bn/videos/bangla-movie-bikkhov',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -317,9 +330,7 @@ class ViewLiftIE(ViewLiftBaseIE):
             'description': 'md5:71492b086450625f4374a3eb824f27dc',
             'duration': 8002,
         },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
     }, {  # Chorki Premium movie
         'url': 'https://www.chorki.com/bn/videos/something-like-an-autobiography',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/viki.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/viki.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 75f9cdf2ff..0000000000
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/viki.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,346 +0,0 @@
-import hashlib
-import hmac
-import json
-import time
-
-from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import (
-    ExtractorError,
-    int_or_none,
-    parse_age_limit,
-    parse_iso8601,
-    try_get,
-)
-
-
-class VikiBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL_BASE = r'https?://(?:www\.)?viki\.(?:com|net|mx|jp|fr)/'
-    _API_URL_TEMPLATE = 'https://api.viki.io%s'
-
-    _DEVICE_ID = '112395910d'
-    _APP = '100005a'
-    _APP_VERSION = '6.11.3'
-    _APP_SECRET = 'd96704b180208dbb2efa30fe44c48bd8690441af9f567ba8fd710a72badc85198f7472'
-
-    _GEO_BYPASS = False
-    _NETRC_MACHINE = 'viki'
-
-    _token = None
-
-    _ERRORS = {
-        'geo': 'Sorry, this content is not available in your region.',
-        'upcoming': 'Sorry, this content is not yet available.',
-        'paywall': 'Sorry, this content is only available to Viki Pass Plus subscribers',
-    }
-
-    def _stream_headers(self, timestamp, sig):
-        return {
-            'X-Viki-manufacturer': 'vivo',
-            'X-Viki-device-model': 'vivo 1606',
-            'X-Viki-device-os-ver': '6.0.1',
-            'X-Viki-connection-type': 'WIFI',
-            'X-Viki-carrier': '',
-            'X-Viki-as-id': '100005a-1625321982-3932',
-            'timestamp': str(timestamp),
-            'signature': str(sig),
-            'x-viki-app-ver': self._APP_VERSION,
-        }
-
-    def _api_query(self, path, version=4, **kwargs):
-        path += '?' if '?' not in path else '&'
-        query = f'/v{version}/{path}app={self._APP}'
-        if self._token:
-            query += f'&token={self._token}'
-        return query + ''.join(f'&{name}={val}' for name, val in kwargs.items())
-
-    def _sign_query(self, path):
-        timestamp = int(time.time())
-        query = self._api_query(path, version=5)
-        sig = hmac.new(
-            self._APP_SECRET.encode('ascii'), f'{query}&t={timestamp}'.encode('ascii'), hashlib.sha1).hexdigest()
-        return timestamp, sig, self._API_URL_TEMPLATE % query
-
-    def _call_api(
-            self, path, video_id, note='Downloading JSON metadata', data=None, query=None, fatal=True):
-        if query is None:
-            timestamp, sig, url = self._sign_query(path)
-        else:
-            url = self._API_URL_TEMPLATE % self._api_query(path, version=4)
-        resp = self._download_json(
-            url, video_id, note, fatal=fatal, query=query,
-            data=json.dumps(data).encode() if data else None,
-            headers=({'x-viki-app-ver': self._APP_VERSION} if data
-                     else self._stream_headers(timestamp, sig) if query is None
-                     else None), expected_status=400) or {}
-
-        self._raise_error(resp.get('error'), fatal)
-        return resp
-
-    def _raise_error(self, error, fatal=True):
-        if error is None:
-            return
-        msg = f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {error}'
-        if fatal:
-            raise ExtractorError(msg, expected=True)
-        else:
-            self.report_warning(msg)
-
-    def _check_errors(self, data):
-        for reason, status in (data.get('blocking') or {}).items():
-            if status and reason in self._ERRORS:
-                message = self._ERRORS[reason]
-                if reason == 'geo':
-                    self.raise_geo_restricted(msg=message)
-                elif reason == 'paywall':
-                    if try_get(data, lambda x: x['paywallable']['tvod']):
-                        self._raise_error('This video is for rent only or TVOD (Transactional Video On demand)')
-                    self.raise_login_required(message)
-                self._raise_error(message)
-
-    def _perform_login(self, username, password):
-        self._token = self._call_api(
-            'sessions.json', None, 'Logging in', fatal=False,
-            data={'username': username, 'password': password}).get('token')
-        if not self._token:
-            self.report_warning('Login Failed: Unable to get session token')
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def dict_selection(dict_obj, preferred_key):
-        if preferred_key in dict_obj:
-            return dict_obj[preferred_key]
-        return (list(filter(None, dict_obj.values())) or [None])[0]
-
-
-class VikiIE(VikiBaseIE):
-    IE_NAME = 'viki'
-    _VALID_URL = rf'{VikiBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE}(?:videos|player)/(?P<id>[0-9]+v)'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'note': 'Free non-DRM video with storyboards in MPD',
-        'url': 'https://www.viki.com/videos/1175236v-choosing-spouse-by-lottery-episode-1',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '1175236v',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Choosing Spouse by Lottery - Episode 1',
-            'timestamp': 1606463239,
-            'age_limit': 13,
-            'uploader': 'FCC',
-            'upload_date': '20201127',
-        },
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.viki.com/videos/1023585v-heirs-episode-14',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '1023585v',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Heirs - Episode 14',
-            'uploader': 'SBS Contents Hub',
-            'timestamp': 1385047627,
-            'upload_date': '20131121',
-            'age_limit': 13,
-            'duration': 3570,
-            'episode_number': 14,
-        },
-        'skip': 'Blocked in the US',
-    }, {
-        # clip
-        'url': 'http://www.viki.com/videos/1067139v-the-avengers-age-of-ultron-press-conference',
-        'md5': '86c0b5dbd4d83a6611a79987cc7a1989',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '1067139v',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': "'The Avengers: Age of Ultron' Press Conference",
-            'description': 'md5:d70b2f9428f5488321bfe1db10d612ea',
-            'duration': 352,
-            'timestamp': 1430380829,
-            'upload_date': '20150430',
-            'uploader': 'Arirang TV',
-            'like_count': int,
-            'age_limit': 0,
-        },
-        'skip': 'Sorry. There was an error loading this video',
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.viki.com/videos/1048879v-ankhon-dekhi',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '1048879v',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Ankhon Dekhi',
-            'duration': 6512,
-            'timestamp': 1408532356,
-            'upload_date': '20140820',
-            'uploader': 'Spuul',
-            'like_count': int,
-            'age_limit': 13,
-        },
-        'skip': 'Blocked in the US',
-    }, {
-        # episode
-        'url': 'http://www.viki.com/videos/44699v-boys-over-flowers-episode-1',
-        'md5': '0a53dc252e6e690feccd756861495a8c',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '44699v',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Boys Over Flowers - Episode 1',
-            'description': 'md5:b89cf50038b480b88b5b3c93589a9076',
-            'duration': 4172,
-            'timestamp': 1270496524,
-            'upload_date': '20100405',
-            'uploader': 'group8',
-            'like_count': int,
-            'age_limit': 13,
-            'episode_number': 1,
-        },
-    }, {
-        # youtube external
-        'url': 'http://www.viki.com/videos/50562v-poor-nastya-complete-episode-1',
-        'md5': '63f8600c1da6f01b7640eee7eca4f1da',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '50562v',
-            'ext': 'webm',
-            'title': 'Poor Nastya [COMPLETE] - Episode 1',
-            'description': '',
-            'duration': 606,
-            'timestamp': 1274949505,
-            'upload_date': '20101213',
-            'uploader': 'ad14065n',
-            'uploader_id': 'ad14065n',
-            'like_count': int,
-            'age_limit': 13,
-        },
-        'skip': 'Page not found!',
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.viki.com/player/44699v',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        # non-English description
-        'url': 'http://www.viki.com/videos/158036v-love-in-magic',
-        'md5': '41faaba0de90483fb4848952af7c7d0d',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '158036v',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'uploader': 'I Planet Entertainment',
-            'upload_date': '20111122',
-            'timestamp': 1321985454,
-            'description': 'md5:44b1e46619df3a072294645c770cef36',
-            'title': 'Love In Magic',
-            'age_limit': 13,
-        },
-    }]
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        video = self._call_api(f'videos/{video_id}.json', video_id, 'Downloading video JSON', query={})
-        self._check_errors(video)
-
-        title = try_get(video, lambda x: x['titles']['en'], str)
-        episode_number = int_or_none(video.get('number'))
-        if not title:
-            title = f'Episode {episode_number}' if video.get('type') == 'episode' else video.get('id') or video_id
-            container_titles = try_get(video, lambda x: x['container']['titles'], dict) or {}
-            container_title = self.dict_selection(container_titles, 'en')
-            title = f'{container_title} - {title}'
-
-        thumbnails = [{
-            'id': thumbnail_id,
-            'url': thumbnail['url'],
-        } for thumbnail_id, thumbnail in (video.get('images') or {}).items() if thumbnail.get('url')]
-
-        resp = self._call_api(
-            f'playback_streams/{video_id}.json?drms=dt3&device_id={self._DEVICE_ID}',
-            video_id, 'Downloading video streams JSON')['main'][0]
-
-        stream_id = try_get(resp, lambda x: x['properties']['track']['stream_id'])
-        subtitles = dict((lang, [{
-            'ext': ext,
-            'url': self._API_URL_TEMPLATE % self._api_query(
-                f'videos/{video_id}/auth_subtitles/{lang}.{ext}', stream_id=stream_id),
-        } for ext in ('srt', 'vtt')]) for lang in (video.get('subtitle_completions') or {}))
-
-        mpd_url = resp['url']
-        # 720p is hidden in another MPD which can be found in the current manifest content
-        mpd_content = self._download_webpage(mpd_url, video_id, note='Downloading initial MPD manifest')
-        mpd_url = self._search_regex(
-            r'(?mi)<BaseURL>(http.+.mpd)', mpd_content, 'new manifest', default=mpd_url)
-        if 'mpdhd_high' not in mpd_url and 'sig=' not in mpd_url:
-            # Modify the URL to get 1080p
-            mpd_url = mpd_url.replace('mpdhd', 'mpdhd_high')
-        formats = self._extract_mpd_formats(mpd_url, video_id)
-
-        return {
-            'id': video_id,
-            'formats': formats,
-            'title': title,
-            'description': self.dict_selection(video.get('descriptions', {}), 'en'),
-            'duration': int_or_none(video.get('duration')),
-            'timestamp': parse_iso8601(video.get('created_at')),
-            'uploader': video.get('author'),
-            'uploader_url': video.get('author_url'),
-            'like_count': int_or_none(try_get(video, lambda x: x['likes']['count'])),
-            'age_limit': parse_age_limit(video.get('rating')),
-            'thumbnails': thumbnails,
-            'subtitles': subtitles,
-            'episode_number': episode_number,
-        }
-
-
-class VikiChannelIE(VikiBaseIE):
-    IE_NAME = 'viki:channel'
-    _VALID_URL = rf'{VikiBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE}(?:tv|news|movies|artists)/(?P<id>[0-9]+c)'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'http://www.viki.com/tv/50c-boys-over-flowers',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '50c',
-            'title': 'Boys Over Flowers',
-            'description': 'md5:804ce6e7837e1fd527ad2f25420f4d59',
-        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 51,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.viki.com/tv/1354c-poor-nastya-complete',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '1354c',
-            'title': 'Poor Nastya [COMPLETE]',
-            'description': 'md5:05bf5471385aa8b21c18ad450e350525',
-        },
-        'playlist_count': 127,
-        'skip': 'Page not found',
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.viki.com/news/24569c-showbiz-korea',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.viki.com/movies/22047c-pride-and-prejudice-2005',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.viki.com/artists/2141c-shinee',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-
-    _video_types = ('episodes', 'movies', 'clips', 'trailers')
-
-    def _entries(self, channel_id):
-        params = {
-            'app': self._APP, 'token': self._token, 'only_ids': 'true',
-            'direction': 'asc', 'sort': 'number', 'per_page': 30,
-        }
-        video_types = self._configuration_arg('video_types') or self._video_types
-        for video_type in video_types:
-            if video_type not in self._video_types:
-                self.report_warning(f'Unknown video_type: {video_type}')
-            page_num = 0
-            while True:
-                page_num += 1
-                params['page'] = page_num
-                res = self._call_api(
-                    f'containers/{channel_id}/{video_type}.json', channel_id, query=params, fatal=False,
-                    note=f'Downloading {video_type.title()} JSON page {page_num}')
-
-                for video_id in res.get('response') or []:
-                    yield self.url_result(f'https://www.viki.com/videos/{video_id}', VikiIE.ie_key(), video_id)
-                if not res.get('more'):
-                    break
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        channel_id = self._match_id(url)
-        channel = self._call_api(f'containers/{channel_id}.json', channel_id, 'Downloading channel JSON')
-        self._check_errors(channel)
-        return self.playlist_result(
-            self._entries(channel_id), channel_id,
-            self.dict_selection(channel['titles'], 'en'),
-            self.dict_selection(channel['descriptions'], 'en'))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vimeo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vimeo.py
index 8a0aaaa464..67cda74292 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vimeo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vimeo.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import functools
 import itertools
 import json
 import re
+import time
 import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
@@ -13,32 +14,93 @@ from ..utils import (
     OnDemandPagedList,
     clean_html,
     determine_ext,
+    filter_dict,
     get_element_by_class,
     int_or_none,
     join_nonempty,
     js_to_json,
+    jwt_decode_hs256,
     merge_dicts,
+    mimetype2ext,
     parse_filesize,
     parse_iso8601,
     parse_qs,
     qualities,
     smuggle_url,
     str_or_none,
-    traverse_obj,
+    try_call,
     try_get,
     unified_timestamp,
     unsmuggle_url,
+    url_basename,
     url_or_none,
     urlencode_postdata,
     urlhandle_detect_ext,
     urljoin,
 )
+from ..utils.traversal import require, traverse_obj
 
 
 class VimeoBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
     _NETRC_MACHINE = 'vimeo'
     _LOGIN_REQUIRED = False
     _LOGIN_URL = 'https://vimeo.com/log_in'
+    _REFERER_HINT = (
+        'Cannot download embed-only video without embedding URL. Please call yt-dlp '
+        'with the URL of the page that embeds this video.')
+
+    _DEFAULT_CLIENT = 'web'
+    _DEFAULT_AUTHED_CLIENT = 'web'
+    _CLIENT_HEADERS = {
+        'Accept': 'application/vnd.vimeo.*+json; version=3.4.10',
+        'Accept-Language': 'en',
+    }
+    _CLIENT_CONFIGS = {
+        'android': {
+            'CACHE_KEY': 'oauth-token-android',
+            'CACHE_ONLY': True,
+            'VIEWER_JWT': False,
+            'REQUIRES_AUTH': False,
+            'AUTH': 'NzRmYTg5YjgxMWExY2JiNzUwZDg1MjhkMTYzZjQ4YWYyOGEyZGJlMTp4OGx2NFd3QnNvY1lkamI2UVZsdjdDYlNwSDUrdm50YzdNNThvWDcwN1JrenJGZC9tR1lReUNlRjRSVklZeWhYZVpRS0tBcU9YYzRoTGY2Z1dlVkJFYkdJc0dMRHpoZWFZbU0reDRqZ1dkZ1diZmdIdGUrNUM5RVBySlM0VG1qcw==',
+            'USER_AGENT': 'com.vimeo.android.videoapp (OnePlus, ONEPLUS A6003, OnePlus, Android 14/34 Version 11.8.1) Kotlin VimeoNetworking/3.12.0',
+            'VIDEOS_FIELDS': (
+                'uri', 'name', 'description', 'type', 'link', 'player_embed_url', 'duration', 'width',
+                'language', 'height', 'embed', 'created_time', 'modified_time', 'release_time', 'content_rating',
+                'content_rating_class', 'rating_mod_locked', 'license', 'privacy', 'pictures', 'tags', 'stats',
+                'categories', 'uploader', 'metadata', 'user', 'files', 'download', 'app', 'play', 'status',
+                'resource_key', 'badge', 'upload', 'transcode', 'is_playable', 'has_audio',
+            ),
+        },
+        'ios': {
+            'CACHE_KEY': 'oauth-token-ios',
+            'CACHE_ONLY': True,
+            'VIEWER_JWT': False,
+            'REQUIRES_AUTH': False,
+            'AUTH': 'MTMxNzViY2Y0NDE0YTQ5YzhjZTc0YmU0NjVjNDQxYzNkYWVjOWRlOTpHKzRvMmgzVUh4UkxjdU5FRW80cDNDbDhDWGR5dVJLNUJZZ055dHBHTTB4V1VzaG41bEx1a2hiN0NWYWNUcldSSW53dzRUdFRYZlJEZmFoTTArOTBUZkJHS3R4V2llYU04Qnl1bERSWWxUdXRidjNqR2J4SHFpVmtFSUcyRktuQw==',
+            'USER_AGENT': 'Vimeo/11.10.0 (com.vimeo; build:250424.164813.0; iOS 18.4.1) Alamofire/5.9.0 VimeoNetworking/5.0.0',
+            'VIDEOS_FIELDS': (
+                'uri', 'name', 'description', 'type', 'link', 'player_embed_url', 'duration',
+                'width', 'language', 'height', 'embed', 'created_time', 'modified_time', 'release_time',
+                'content_rating', 'content_rating_class', 'rating_mod_locked', 'license', 'config_url',
+                'embed_player_config_url', 'privacy', 'pictures', 'tags', 'stats', 'categories', 'uploader',
+                'metadata', 'user', 'files', 'download', 'app', 'play', 'status', 'resource_key', 'badge',
+                'upload', 'transcode', 'is_playable', 'has_audio',
+            ),
+        },
+        'web': {
+            'CACHE_ONLY': False,
+            'VIEWER_JWT': True,
+            'REQUIRES_AUTH': True,
+            'USER_AGENT': None,
+            'VIDEOS_FIELDS': (
+                'config_url', 'created_time', 'description', 'license',
+                'metadata.connections.comments.total', 'metadata.connections.likes.total',
+                'release_time', 'stats.plays',
+            ),
+        },
+    }
+    _oauth_tokens = {}
+    _viewer_info = None
 
     @staticmethod
     def _smuggle_referrer(url, referrer_url):
@@ -52,8 +114,28 @@ class VimeoBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
             headers['Referer'] = data['referer']
         return url, data, headers
 
+    def _jwt_is_expired(self, token):
+        return jwt_decode_hs256(token)['exp'] - time.time() < 120
+
+    def _fetch_viewer_info(self, display_id=None):
+        if self._viewer_info and not self._jwt_is_expired(self._viewer_info['jwt']):
+            return self._viewer_info
+
+        self._viewer_info = self._download_json(
+            'https://vimeo.com/_next/viewer', display_id, 'Downloading web token info',
+            'Failed to download web token info', headers={'Accept': 'application/json'})
+
+        return self._viewer_info
+
+    @property
+    def _is_logged_in(self):
+        return 'vimeo' in self._get_cookies('https://vimeo.com')
+
     def _perform_login(self, username, password):
-        viewer = self._download_json('https://vimeo.com/_next/viewer', None, 'Downloading login token')
+        if self._is_logged_in:
+            return
+
+        viewer = self._fetch_viewer_info()
         data = {
             'action': 'login',
             'email': username,
@@ -61,7 +143,6 @@ class VimeoBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
             'service': 'vimeo',
             'token': viewer['xsrft'],
         }
-        self._set_vimeo_cookie('vuid', viewer['vuid'])
         try:
             self._download_webpage(
                 self._LOGIN_URL, None, 'Logging in',
@@ -70,15 +151,39 @@ class VimeoBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
                     'Referer': self._LOGIN_URL,
                 })
         except ExtractorError as e:
-            if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 418:
+            if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status in (404, 405, 418):
                 raise ExtractorError(
                     'Unable to log in: bad username or password',
                     expected=True)
             raise ExtractorError('Unable to log in')
 
+        # Clear unauthenticated viewer info
+        self._viewer_info = None
+
     def _real_initialize(self):
-        if self._LOGIN_REQUIRED and not self._get_cookies('https://vimeo.com').get('vuid'):
-            self._raise_login_required()
+        if self._is_logged_in:
+            return
+
+        if self._LOGIN_REQUIRED:
+            self.raise_login_required()
+
+        if self._DEFAULT_CLIENT != 'web':
+            return
+
+        for client_name, client_config in self._CLIENT_CONFIGS.items():
+            if not client_config['CACHE_ONLY']:
+                continue
+
+            cache_key = client_config['CACHE_KEY']
+            if cache_key not in self._oauth_tokens:
+                if token := self.cache.load(self._NETRC_MACHINE, cache_key):
+                    self._oauth_tokens[cache_key] = token
+
+            if self._oauth_tokens.get(cache_key):
+                self._DEFAULT_CLIENT = client_name
+                self.write_debug(
+                    f'Found cached {client_name} token; using {client_name} as default API client')
+                return
 
     def _get_video_password(self):
         password = self.get_param('videopassword')
@@ -88,13 +193,15 @@ class VimeoBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
                 expected=True)
         return password
 
-    def _verify_video_password(self, video_id, password, token):
-        url = f'https://vimeo.com/{video_id}'
+    def _verify_video_password(self, video_id, path=None):
+        video_password = self._get_video_password()
+        token = self._fetch_viewer_info(video_id)['xsrft']
+        url = join_nonempty('https://vimeo.com', path, video_id, delim='/')
         try:
-            return self._download_webpage(
+            self._request_webpage(
                 f'{url}/password', video_id,
                 'Submitting video password', data=json.dumps({
-                    'password': password,
+                    'password': video_password,
                     'token': token,
                 }, separators=(',', ':')).encode(), headers={
                     'Accept': '*/*',
@@ -106,6 +213,10 @@ class VimeoBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
                 raise ExtractorError('Wrong password', expected=True)
             raise
 
+    def _extract_config_url(self, webpage, **kwargs):
+        return self._html_search_regex(
+            r'\bdata-config-url="([^"]+)"', webpage, 'config URL', **kwargs)
+
     def _extract_vimeo_config(self, webpage, video_id, *args, **kwargs):
         vimeo_config = self._search_regex(
             r'vimeo\.config\s*=\s*(?:({.+?})|_extend\([^,]+,\s+({.+?})\));',
@@ -113,9 +224,6 @@ class VimeoBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
         if vimeo_config:
             return self._parse_json(vimeo_config, video_id)
 
-    def _set_vimeo_cookie(self, name, value):
-        self._set_cookie('vimeo.com', name, value)
-
     def _parse_config(self, config, video_id):
         video_data = config['video']
         video_title = video_data.get('title')
@@ -153,6 +261,7 @@ class VimeoBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
         sep_pattern = r'/sep/video/'
         for files_type in ('hls', 'dash'):
             for cdn_name, cdn_data in (try_get(config_files, lambda x: x[files_type]['cdns']) or {}).items():
+                # TODO: Also extract 'avc_url'? Investigate if there are 'hevc_url', 'av1_url'?
                 manifest_url = cdn_data.get('url')
                 if not manifest_url:
                     continue
@@ -201,7 +310,7 @@ class VimeoBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
         for tt in (request.get('text_tracks') or []):
             subtitles.setdefault(tt['lang'], []).append({
                 'ext': 'vtt',
-                'url': urljoin('https://vimeo.com', tt['url']),
+                'url': urljoin('https://player.vimeo.com/', tt['url']),
             })
 
         thumbnails = []
@@ -233,39 +342,108 @@ class VimeoBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
             'formats': formats,
             'subtitles': subtitles,
             'live_status': live_status,
-            'release_timestamp': traverse_obj(live_event, ('ingest', 'scheduled_start_time', {parse_iso8601})),
+            'release_timestamp': traverse_obj(live_event, ('ingest', (
+                ('scheduled_start_time', {parse_iso8601}),
+                ('start_time', {int_or_none}),
+            ), any)),
             # Note: Bitrates are completely broken. Single m3u8 may contain entries in kbps and bps
             # at the same time without actual units specified.
             '_format_sort_fields': ('quality', 'res', 'fps', 'hdr:12', 'source'),
         }
 
-    def _call_videos_api(self, video_id, jwt_token, unlisted_hash=None, **kwargs):
+    def _fetch_oauth_token(self, client):
+        client_config = self._CLIENT_CONFIGS[client]
+
+        if client_config['VIEWER_JWT']:
+            return f'jwt {self._fetch_viewer_info()["jwt"]}'
+
+        cache_key = client_config['CACHE_KEY']
+
+        if not self._oauth_tokens.get(cache_key):
+            self._oauth_tokens[cache_key] = self.cache.load(self._NETRC_MACHINE, cache_key)
+
+        if not self._oauth_tokens.get(cache_key):
+            if client_config['CACHE_ONLY']:
+                raise ExtractorError(
+                    f'The {client} client is unable to fetch new OAuth tokens '
+                    f'and is only intended for use with previously cached tokens', expected=True)
+
+            self._oauth_tokens[cache_key] = self._download_json(
+                'https://api.vimeo.com/oauth/authorize/client', None,
+                f'Fetching {client} OAuth token', f'Failed to fetch {client} OAuth token',
+                headers={
+                    'Authorization': f'Basic {client_config["AUTH"]}',
+                    'User-Agent': client_config['USER_AGENT'],
+                    **self._CLIENT_HEADERS,
+                }, data=urlencode_postdata({
+                    'grant_type': 'client_credentials',
+                    'scope': 'private public create edit delete interact upload purchased stats video_files',
+                }, quote_via=urllib.parse.quote))['access_token']
+            self.cache.store(self._NETRC_MACHINE, cache_key, self._oauth_tokens[cache_key])
+
+        return f'Bearer {self._oauth_tokens[cache_key]}'
+
+    def _get_requested_client(self):
+        if client := self._configuration_arg('client', [None], ie_key=VimeoIE)[0]:
+            if client not in self._CLIENT_CONFIGS:
+                raise ExtractorError(
+                    f'Unsupported API client "{client}" requested. '
+                    f'Supported clients are: {", ".join(self._CLIENT_CONFIGS)}', expected=True)
+            self.write_debug(
+                f'Using {client} API client as specified by extractor argument', only_once=True)
+            return client
+
+        if self._is_logged_in:
+            return self._DEFAULT_AUTHED_CLIENT
+
+        return self._DEFAULT_CLIENT
+
+    def _call_videos_api(self, video_id, unlisted_hash=None, path=None, *, force_client=None, query=None, **kwargs):
+        client = force_client or self._get_requested_client()
+
+        client_config = self._CLIENT_CONFIGS[client]
+        if client_config['REQUIRES_AUTH'] and not self._is_logged_in:
+            self.raise_login_required(f'The {client} client only works when logged-in')
+
         return self._download_json(
-            join_nonempty(f'https://api.vimeo.com/videos/{video_id}', unlisted_hash, delim=':'),
-            video_id, 'Downloading API JSON', headers={
-                'Authorization': f'jwt {jwt_token}',
-                'Accept': 'application/json',
-            }, query={
-                'fields': ','.join((
-                    'config_url', 'created_time', 'description', 'download', 'license',
-                    'metadata.connections.comments.total', 'metadata.connections.likes.total',
-                    'release_time', 'stats.plays')),
+            join_nonempty(
+                'https://api.vimeo.com/videos',
+                join_nonempty(video_id, unlisted_hash, delim=':'),
+                path, delim='/'),
+            video_id, f'Downloading {client} API JSON', f'Unable to download {client} API JSON',
+            headers=filter_dict({
+                'Authorization': self._fetch_oauth_token(client),
+                'User-Agent': client_config['USER_AGENT'],
+                **self._CLIENT_HEADERS,
+            }), query={
+                'fields': ','.join(client_config['VIDEOS_FIELDS']),
+                **(query or {}),
             }, **kwargs)
 
-    def _extract_original_format(self, url, video_id, unlisted_hash=None, jwt=None, api_data=None):
+    def _extract_original_format(self, url, video_id, unlisted_hash=None):
         # Original/source formats are only available when logged in
-        if not self._get_cookies('https://vimeo.com/').get('vimeo'):
-            return
+        if not self._is_logged_in:
+            return None
 
-        query = {'action': 'load_download_config'}
-        if unlisted_hash:
-            query['unlisted_hash'] = unlisted_hash
-        download_data = self._download_json(
-            url, video_id, 'Loading download config JSON', fatal=False,
-            query=query, headers={'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest'},
-            expected_status=(403, 404)) or {}
-        source_file = download_data.get('source_file')
-        download_url = try_get(source_file, lambda x: x['download_url'])
+        policy = self._configuration_arg('original_format_policy', ['auto'], ie_key=VimeoIE)[0]
+        if policy == 'never':
+            return None
+
+        try:
+            download_data = self._download_json(
+                url, video_id, 'Loading download config JSON', query=filter_dict({
+                    'action': 'load_download_config',
+                    'unlisted_hash': unlisted_hash,
+                }), headers={
+                    'Accept': 'application/json',
+                    'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',
+                })
+        except ExtractorError as error:
+            self.write_debug(f'Unable to load download config JSON: {error.cause}')
+            download_data = None
+
+        source_file = traverse_obj(download_data, ('source_file', {dict})) or {}
+        download_url = traverse_obj(source_file, ('download_url', {url_or_none}))
         if download_url and not source_file.get('is_cold') and not source_file.get('is_defrosting'):
             source_name = source_file.get('public_name', 'Original')
             if self._is_valid_url(download_url, video_id, f'{source_name} video'):
@@ -283,12 +461,27 @@ class VimeoBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
                     'quality': 1,
                 }
 
-        jwt = jwt or traverse_obj(self._download_json(
-            'https://vimeo.com/_rv/viewer', video_id, 'Downloading jwt token', fatal=False), ('jwt', {str}))
-        if not jwt:
-            return
-        original_response = api_data or self._call_videos_api(
-            video_id, jwt, unlisted_hash, fatal=False, expected_status=(403, 404))
+        # Most web client API requests are subject to rate-limiting (429) when logged-in.
+        # Requesting only the 'privacy' field is NOT rate-limited,
+        # so first we should check if video even has 'download' formats available
+        try:
+            privacy_info = self._call_videos_api(
+                video_id, unlisted_hash, force_client='web', query={'fields': 'privacy'})
+        except ExtractorError as error:
+            self.write_debug(f'Unable to download privacy info: {error.cause}')
+            return None
+
+        if not traverse_obj(privacy_info, ('privacy', 'download', {bool})):
+            msg = f'{video_id}: Vimeo says this video is not downloadable'
+            if policy != 'always':
+                self.write_debug(
+                    f'{msg}, so yt-dlp is not attempting to extract the original/source format. '
+                    f'To try anyways, use --extractor-args "vimeo:original_format_policy=always"')
+                return None
+            self.write_debug(f'{msg}; attempting to extract original/source format anyways')
+
+        original_response = self._call_videos_api(
+            video_id, unlisted_hash, force_client='web', query={'fields': 'download'}, fatal=False)
         for download_data in traverse_obj(original_response, ('download', ..., {dict})):
             download_url = download_data.get('link')
             if not download_url or download_data.get('quality') != 'source':
@@ -309,6 +502,43 @@ class VimeoBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
                 'quality': 1,
             }
 
+    @staticmethod
+    def _get_embed_params(is_embed, referer):
+        return {
+            'is_embed': 'true' if is_embed else 'false',
+            'referrer': urllib.parse.urlparse(referer).hostname if referer and is_embed else '',
+        }
+
+    def _get_album_data_and_hashed_pass(self, album_id, is_embed, referer):
+        viewer = self._fetch_viewer_info(album_id)
+        jwt = viewer['jwt']
+        album = self._download_json(
+            'https://api.vimeo.com/albums/' + album_id,
+            album_id, headers={'Authorization': 'jwt ' + jwt, 'Accept': 'application/json'},
+            query={**self._get_embed_params(is_embed, referer), 'fields': 'description,name,privacy'})
+        hashed_pass = None
+        if traverse_obj(album, ('privacy', 'view')) == 'password':
+            password = self.get_param('videopassword')
+            if not password:
+                raise ExtractorError(
+                    'This album is protected by a password, use the --video-password option',
+                    expected=True)
+            try:
+                hashed_pass = self._download_json(
+                    f'https://vimeo.com/showcase/{album_id}/auth',
+                    album_id, 'Verifying the password', data=urlencode_postdata({
+                        'password': password,
+                        'token': viewer['xsrft'],
+                    }), headers={
+                        'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',
+                    })['hashed_pass']
+            except ExtractorError as e:
+                if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 401:
+                    raise ExtractorError('Wrong password', expected=True)
+                raise
+
+        return album, hashed_pass
+
 
 class VimeoIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):
     """Information extractor for vimeo.com."""
@@ -327,7 +557,7 @@ class VimeoIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):
                          (?:
                              (?P<u>user)|
                              (?!(?:channels|album|showcase)/[^/?#]+/?(?:$|[?#])|[^/]+/review/|ondemand/)
-                             (?:.*?/)??
+                             (?:(?!event/).*?/)??
                              (?P<q>
                                  (?:
                                      play_redirect_hls|
@@ -351,489 +581,489 @@ class VimeoIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):
         # Non-standard embedded Vimeo player
         r'<video[^>]+src=(["\'])(?P<url>(?:https?:)?//(?:www\.)?vimeo\.com/[0-9]+)\1',
     ]
-    _TESTS = [
-        {
-            'url': 'http://vimeo.com/56015672#at=0',
-            'md5': '8879b6cc097e987f02484baf890129e5',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '56015672',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': "youtube-dl test video '' ä↭�-BaW jenozKc",
-                'description': 'md5:2d3305bad981a06ff79f027f19865021',
-                'timestamp': 1355990239,
-                'upload_date': '20121220',
-                'uploader_url': r're:https?://(?:www\.)?vimeo\.com/user7108434',
-                'uploader_id': 'user7108434',
-                'uploader': 'Filippo Valsorda',
-                'duration': 10,
-                'license': 'by-sa',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'format': 'best[protocol=https]',
-            },
-            'skip': 'No longer available',
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'http://vimeo.com/56015672#at=0',
+        'md5': '8879b6cc097e987f02484baf890129e5',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '56015672',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': "youtube-dl test video '' ä↭�-BaW jenozKc",
+            'description': 'md5:2d3305bad981a06ff79f027f19865021',
+            'timestamp': 1355990239,
+            'upload_date': '20121220',
+            'uploader_url': r're:https?://(?:www\.)?vimeo\.com/user7108434',
+            'uploader_id': 'user7108434',
+            'uploader': 'Filippo Valsorda',
+            'duration': 10,
+            'license': 'by-sa',
         },
-        {
-            'url': 'https://player.vimeo.com/video/54469442',
-            'md5': '619b811a4417aa4abe78dc653becf511',
-            'note': 'Videos that embed the url in the player page',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '54469442',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Kathy Sierra: Building the minimum Badass User, Business of Software 2012',
-                'uploader': 'Business of Software',
-                'uploader_url': r're:https?://(?:www\.)?vimeo\.com/businessofsoftware',
-                'uploader_id': 'businessofsoftware',
-                'duration': 3610,
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i.vimeocdn.com/video/376682406-f34043e7b766af6bef2af81366eacd6724f3fc3173179a11a97a1e26587c9529-d',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'format': 'best[protocol=https]',
-            },
-            'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+        'params': {
+            'format': 'best[protocol=https]',
         },
-        {
-            'url': 'http://vimeo.com/68375962',
-            'md5': 'aaf896bdb7ddd6476df50007a0ac0ae7',
-            'note': 'Video protected with password',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '68375962',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'youtube-dl password protected test video',
-                'timestamp': 1371214555,
-                'upload_date': '20130614',
-                'release_timestamp': 1371214555,
-                'release_date': '20130614',
-                'uploader_url': r're:https?://(?:www\.)?vimeo\.com/user18948128',
-                'uploader_id': 'user18948128',
-                'uploader': 'Jaime Marquínez Ferrándiz',
-                'duration': 10,
-                'comment_count': int,
-                'like_count': int,
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i.vimeocdn.com/video/440665496-b2c5aee2b61089442c794f64113a8e8f7d5763c3e6b3ebfaf696ae6413f8b1f4-d',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'format': 'best[protocol=https]',
-                'videopassword': 'youtube-dl',
-            },
-            'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+        'skip': 'No longer available',
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://player.vimeo.com/video/54469442',
+        'md5': '619b811a4417aa4abe78dc653becf511',
+        'note': 'Videos that embed the url in the player page',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '54469442',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Kathy Sierra: Building the minimum Badass User, Business of Software 2012',
+            'uploader': 'Business of Software',
+            'uploader_id': 'businessofsoftware',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/businessofsoftware',
+            'duration': 3610,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.vimeocdn\.com/video/.+',
         },
-        {
-            'url': 'http://vimeo.com/channels/keypeele/75629013',
-            'md5': '2f86a05afe9d7abc0b9126d229bbe15d',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '75629013',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Key & Peele: Terrorist Interrogation',
-                'description': 'md5:6173f270cd0c0119f22817204b3eb86c',
-                'uploader_url': r're:https?://(?:www\.)?vimeo\.com/atencio',
-                'uploader_id': 'atencio',
-                'uploader': 'Peter Atencio',
-                'channel_id': 'keypeele',
-                'channel_url': r're:https?://(?:www\.)?vimeo\.com/channels/keypeele',
-                'timestamp': 1380339469,
-                'upload_date': '20130928',
-                'duration': 187,
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i.vimeocdn.com/video/450239872-a05512d9b1e55d707a7c04365c10980f327b06d966351bc403a5d5d65c95e572-d',
-                'view_count': int,
-                'comment_count': int,
-                'like_count': int,
-            },
-            'params': {'format': 'http-1080p'},
-            'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+        'params': {'format': 'best[protocol=https]'},
+        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+    }, {
+        'url': 'http://vimeo.com/68375962',
+        'md5': 'aaf896bdb7ddd6476df50007a0ac0ae7',
+        'note': 'Video protected with password',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '68375962',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'youtube-dl password protected test video',
+            'timestamp': 1371214555,
+            'upload_date': '20130614',
+            'release_timestamp': 1371214555,
+            'release_date': '20130614',
+            'uploader_id': 'user18948128',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/user18948128',
+            'uploader': 'Jaime Marquínez Ferrándiz',
+            'duration': 10,
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.vimeocdn\.com/video/.+',
         },
-        {
-            'url': 'http://vimeo.com/76979871',
-            'note': 'Video with subtitles',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '76979871',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'The New Vimeo Player (You Know, For Videos)',
-                'description': str,  # FIXME: Dynamic SEO spam description
-                'timestamp': 1381860509,
-                'upload_date': '20131015',
-                'release_timestamp': 1381860509,
-                'release_date': '20131015',
-                'uploader_url': r're:https?://(?:www\.)?vimeo\.com/staff',
-                'uploader_id': 'staff',
-                'uploader': 'Vimeo',
-                'duration': 62,
-                'comment_count': int,
-                'like_count': int,
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i.vimeocdn.com/video/452001751-8216e0571c251a09d7a8387550942d89f7f86f6398f8ed886e639b0dd50d3c90-d',
-                'subtitles': {
-                    'de': 'count:3',
-                    'en': 'count:3',
-                    'es': 'count:3',
-                    'fr': 'count:3',
-                },
-            },
-            'expected_warnings': [
-                'Ignoring subtitle tracks found in the HLS manifest',
-                'Failed to parse XML: not well-formed',
-            ],
+        'params': {
+            'format': 'best[protocol=https]',
+            'videopassword': 'youtube-dl',
         },
-        {
-            # from https://www.ouya.tv/game/Pier-Solar-and-the-Great-Architects/
-            'url': 'https://player.vimeo.com/video/98044508',
-            'note': 'The js code contains assignments to the same variable as the config',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '98044508',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Pier Solar OUYA Official Trailer',
-                'uploader': 'Tulio Gonçalves',
-                'uploader_url': r're:https?://(?:www\.)?vimeo\.com/user28849593',
-                'uploader_id': 'user28849593',
-                'duration': 118,
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i.vimeocdn.com/video/478636036-c18440305ef3df9decfb6bf207a61fe39d2d17fa462a96f6f2d93d30492b037d-d',
-            },
-            'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+    }, {
+        'url': 'http://vimeo.com/channels/keypeele/75629013',
+        'md5': '2f86a05afe9d7abc0b9126d229bbe15d',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '75629013',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Key & Peele: Terrorist Interrogation',
+            'description': 'md5:6173f270cd0c0119f22817204b3eb86c',
+            'uploader_id': 'atencio',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/atencio',
+            'uploader': 'Peter Atencio',
+            'channel_id': 'keypeele',
+            'channel_url': 'https://vimeo.com/channels/keypeele',
+            'timestamp': 1380339469,
+            'upload_date': '20130928',
+            'duration': 187,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.vimeocdn\.com/video/.+',
+            'view_count': int,
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'like_count': int,
         },
-        {
-            # contains Original format
-            'url': 'https://vimeo.com/33951933',
-            # 'md5': '53c688fa95a55bf4b7293d37a89c5c53',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '33951933',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'FOX CLASSICS - Forever Classic ID - A Full Minute',
-                'uploader': 'The DMCI',
-                'uploader_url': r're:https?://(?:www\.)?vimeo\.com/dmci',
-                'uploader_id': 'dmci',
-                'timestamp': 1324343742,
-                'upload_date': '20111220',
-                'description': 'md5:ae23671e82d05415868f7ad1aec21147',
-                'duration': 60,
-                'comment_count': int,
-                'view_count': int,
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i.vimeocdn.com/video/231174622-dd07f015e9221ff529d451e1cc31c982b5d87bfafa48c4189b1da72824ee289a-d',
-                'like_count': int,
-                'tags': 'count:11',
+        'params': {'format': 'http-1080p'},
+        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+    }, {
+        'url': 'http://vimeo.com/76979871',
+        'note': 'Video with subtitles',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '76979871',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'The New Vimeo Player (You Know, For Videos)',
+            'description': str,  # FIXME: Dynamic SEO spam description
+            'timestamp': 1381860509,
+            'upload_date': '20131015',
+            'release_timestamp': 1381860509,
+            'release_date': '20131015',
+            'uploader_id': 'staff',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/staff',
+            'uploader': 'Vimeo',
+            'duration': 62,
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.vimeocdn\.com/video/.+',
+            'subtitles': {
+                'de': 'count:2',
+                'en': 'count:2',
+                'es': 'count:2',
+                'fr': 'count:2',
             },
-            # 'params': {'format': 'Original'},
-            'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
         },
-        {
-            'note': 'Contains source format not accessible in webpage',
-            'url': 'https://vimeo.com/393756517',
-            # 'md5': 'c464af248b592190a5ffbb5d33f382b0',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '393756517',
-                # 'ext': 'mov',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'timestamp': 1582642091,
-                'uploader_id': 'frameworkla',
-                'title': 'Straight To Hell - Sabrina: Netflix',
-                'uploader': 'Framework Studio',
-                'description': 'md5:f2edc61af3ea7a5592681ddbb683db73',
-                'upload_date': '20200225',
-                'duration': 176,
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i.vimeocdn.com/video/859377297-836494a4ef775e9d4edbace83937d9ad34dc846c688c0c419c0e87f7ab06c4b3-d',
-                'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/frameworkla',
-            },
-            # 'params': {'format': 'source'},
-            'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+        'expected_warnings': [
+            'Ignoring subtitle tracks found in the HLS manifest',
+            'Failed to parse XML: not well-formed',
+        ],
+    }, {
+        # from https://www.ouya.tv/game/Pier-Solar-and-the-Great-Architects/
+        'url': 'https://player.vimeo.com/video/98044508',
+        'note': 'The js code contains assignments to the same variable as the config',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '98044508',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Pier Solar OUYA Official Trailer',
+            'uploader': 'Tulio Gonçalves',
+            'uploader_id': 'user28849593',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/user28849593',
+            'duration': 118,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.vimeocdn\.com/video/.+',
         },
-        {
-            # only available via https://vimeo.com/channels/tributes/6213729 and
-            # not via https://vimeo.com/6213729
-            'url': 'https://vimeo.com/channels/tributes/6213729',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '6213729',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Vimeo Tribute: The Shining',
-                'uploader': 'Casey Donahue',
-                'uploader_url': r're:https?://(?:www\.)?vimeo\.com/caseydonahue',
-                'uploader_id': 'caseydonahue',
-                'channel_url': r're:https?://(?:www\.)?vimeo\.com/channels/tributes',
-                'channel_id': 'tributes',
-                'timestamp': 1250886430,
-                'upload_date': '20090821',
-                'description': str,  # FIXME: Dynamic SEO spam description
-                'duration': 321,
-                'comment_count': int,
-                'view_count': int,
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i.vimeocdn.com/video/22728298-bfc22146f930de7cf497821c7b0b9f168099201ecca39b00b6bd31fcedfca7a6-d',
-                'like_count': int,
-                'tags': ['[the shining', 'vimeohq', 'cv', 'vimeo tribute]'],
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-            'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+    }, {
+        # contains Original format
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/33951933',
+        # 'md5': '53c688fa95a55bf4b7293d37a89c5c53',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '33951933',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'FOX CLASSICS - Forever Classic ID - A Full Minute',
+            'uploader': 'The DMCI',
+            'uploader_id': 'dmci',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/dmci',
+            'timestamp': 1324361742,
+            'upload_date': '20111220',
+            'description': 'md5:f37b4ad0f3ded6fa16f38ecde16c3c44',
+            'duration': 60,
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.vimeocdn\.com/video/.+',
+            'like_count': int,
+            'release_timestamp': 1324361742,
+            'release_date': '20111220',
         },
-        {
-            # redirects to ondemand extractor and should be passed through it
-            # for successful extraction
-            'url': 'https://vimeo.com/73445910',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '73445910',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'The Reluctant Revolutionary',
-                'uploader': '10Ft Films',
-                'uploader_url': r're:https?://(?:www\.)?vimeo\.com/tenfootfilms',
-                'uploader_id': 'tenfootfilms',
-                'description': 'md5:0fa704e05b04f91f40b7f3ca2e801384',
-                'upload_date': '20130830',
-                'timestamp': 1377853339,
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-            'skip': 'this page is no longer available.',
+        # 'params': {'format': 'Original'},
+        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+    }, {
+        'note': 'Contains source format not accessible in webpage',
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/393756517',
+        # 'md5': 'c464af248b592190a5ffbb5d33f382b0',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '393756517',
+            # 'ext': 'mov',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'timestamp': 1582660091,
+            'uploader_id': 'frameworkla',
+            'title': 'Straight To Hell - Sabrina: Netflix',
+            'uploader': 'Framework Studio',
+            'upload_date': '20200225',
+            'duration': 176,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.vimeocdn\.com/video/.+',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/frameworkla',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'release_timestamp': 1582660091,
+            'release_date': '20200225',
         },
-        {
-            'url': 'https://player.vimeo.com/video/68375962',
-            'md5': 'aaf896bdb7ddd6476df50007a0ac0ae7',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '68375962',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'youtube-dl password protected test video',
-                'uploader_url': r're:https?://(?:www\.)?vimeo\.com/user18948128',
-                'uploader_id': 'user18948128',
-                'uploader': 'Jaime Marquínez Ferrándiz',
-                'duration': 10,
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i.vimeocdn.com/video/440665496-b2c5aee2b61089442c794f64113a8e8f7d5763c3e6b3ebfaf696ae6413f8b1f4-d',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'format': 'best[protocol=https]',
-                'videopassword': 'youtube-dl',
-            },
-            'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+        # 'params': {'format': 'source'},
+        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+    }, {
+        # only available via https://vimeo.com/channels/tributes/6213729 and
+        # not via https://vimeo.com/6213729
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/channels/tributes/6213729',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '6213729',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Vimeo Tribute: The Shining',
+            'uploader': 'Casey Donahue',
+            'uploader_id': 'caseydonahue',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/caseydonahue',
+            'channel_id': 'tributes',
+            'channel_url': 'https://vimeo.com/channels/tributes',
+            'timestamp': 1250886430,
+            'upload_date': '20090821',
+            'description': str,  # FIXME: Dynamic SEO spam description
+            'duration': 321,
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'view_count': int,
+            'tags': 'count:4',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.vimeocdn\.com/video/.+',
+            'like_count': int,
         },
-        {
-            'url': 'http://vimeo.com/moogaloop.swf?clip_id=2539741',
-            'only_matching': True,
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
+        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+    }, {
+        # redirects to ondemand extractor and should be passed through it
+        # for successful extraction
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/73445910',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '73445910',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'The Reluctant Revolutionary',
+            'uploader': '10Ft Films',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/tenfootfilms',
+            'uploader_id': 'tenfootfilms',
+            'description': 'md5:0fa704e05b04f91f40b7f3ca2e801384',
+            'upload_date': '20130830',
+            'timestamp': 1377853339,
         },
-        {
-            'url': 'https://vimeo.com/109815029',
-            'note': 'Video not completely processed, "failed" seed status',
-            'only_matching': True,
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
+        'skip': 'this page is no longer available.',
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://player.vimeo.com/video/68375962',
+        'md5': 'aaf896bdb7ddd6476df50007a0ac0ae7',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '68375962',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'youtube-dl password protected test video',
+            'uploader_id': 'user18948128',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/user18948128',
+            'uploader': 'Jaime Marquínez Ferrándiz',
+            'duration': 10,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.vimeocdn\.com/video/.+',
         },
-        {
-            'url': 'https://vimeo.com/groups/travelhd/videos/22439234',
-            'only_matching': True,
+        'params': {
+            'format': 'best[protocol=https]',
+            'videopassword': 'youtube-dl',
         },
-        {
-            'url': 'https://vimeo.com/album/2632481/video/79010983',
-            'only_matching': True,
+        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+    }, {
+        'url': 'http://vimeo.com/moogaloop.swf?clip_id=2539741',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/109815029',
+        'note': 'Video not completely processed, "failed" seed status',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/groups/travelhd/videos/22439234',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/album/2632481/video/79010983',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/showcase/3253534/video/119195465',
+        'note': 'A video in a password protected album (showcase)',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '119195465',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': "youtube-dl test video '' ä↭�-BaW jenozKc",
+            'uploader': 'Philipp Hagemeister',
+            'uploader_id': 'user20132939',
+            'description': str,  # FIXME: Dynamic SEO spam description
+            'upload_date': '20150209',
+            'timestamp': 1423518307,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.vimeocdn\.com/video/.+',
+            'duration': 10,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/user20132939',
+            'view_count': int,
+            'comment_count': int,
         },
-        {
-            'url': 'https://vimeo.com/showcase/3253534/video/119195465',
-            'note': 'A video in a password protected album (showcase)',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '119195465',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': "youtube-dl test video '' ä↭�-BaW jenozKc",
-                'uploader': 'Philipp Hagemeister',
-                'uploader_id': 'user20132939',
-                'description': str,  # FIXME: Dynamic SEO spam description
-                'upload_date': '20150209',
-                'timestamp': 1423518307,
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i.vimeocdn.com/video/default',
-                'duration': 10,
-                'like_count': int,
-                'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/user20132939',
-                'view_count': int,
-                'comment_count': int,
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'format': 'best[protocol=https]',
-                'videopassword': 'youtube-dl',
-            },
-            'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+        'params': {
+            'format': 'best[protocol=https]',
+            'videopassword': 'youtube-dl',
         },
-        {
-            # source file returns 403: Forbidden
-            'url': 'https://vimeo.com/7809605',
-            'only_matching': True,
+        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+    }, {
+        # source file returns 403: Forbidden
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/7809605',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'note': 'Direct URL with hash',
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/160743502/abd0e13fb4',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '160743502',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'uploader': 'Julian Tryba',
+            'uploader_id': 'aliniamedia',
+            'title': 'Harrisville New Hampshire',
+            'timestamp': 1459259666,
+            'upload_date': '20160329',
+            'release_timestamp': 1459259666,
+            'license': 'by-nc',
+            'duration': 159,
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.vimeocdn\.com/video/.+',
+            'like_count': int,
+            'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/aliniamedia',
+            'release_date': '20160329',
         },
-        {
-            'note': 'Direct URL with hash',
-            'url': 'https://vimeo.com/160743502/abd0e13fb4',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '160743502',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'uploader': 'Julian Tryba',
-                'uploader_id': 'aliniamedia',
-                'title': 'Harrisville New Hampshire',
-                'timestamp': 1459259666,
-                'upload_date': '20160329',
-                'release_timestamp': 1459259666,
-                'license': 'by-nc',
-                'duration': 159,
-                'comment_count': int,
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i.vimeocdn.com/video/562802436-585eeb13b5020c6ac0f171a2234067938098f84737787df05ff0d767f6d54ee9-d',
-                'like_count': int,
-                'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/aliniamedia',
-                'release_date': '20160329',
-            },
-            'params': {'skip_download': True},
-            'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
+        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/138909882',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '138909882',
+            # 'ext': 'm4v',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Eastnor Castle 2015 Firework Champions - The Promo!',
+            'description': 'md5:9441e6829ae94f380cc6417d982f63ac',
+            'uploader_id': 'fireworkchampions',
+            'uploader': 'Firework Champions',
+            'upload_date': '20150910',
+            'timestamp': 1441916295,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.vimeocdn\.com/video/.+',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/fireworkchampions',
+            'duration': 229,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'release_timestamp': 1441916295,
+            'release_date': '20150910',
         },
-        {
-            'url': 'https://vimeo.com/138909882',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '138909882',
-                # 'ext': 'm4v',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Eastnor Castle 2015 Firework Champions - The Promo!',
-                'description': 'md5:5967e090768a831488f6e74b7821b3c1',
-                'uploader_id': 'fireworkchampions',
-                'uploader': 'Firework Champions',
-                'upload_date': '20150910',
-                'timestamp': 1441901895,
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i.vimeocdn.com/video/534715882-6ff8e4660cbf2fea68282876d8d44f318825dfe572cc4016e73b3266eac8ae3a-d',
-                'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/fireworkchampions',
-                'tags': 'count:6',
-                'duration': 229,
-                'view_count': int,
-                'like_count': int,
-                'comment_count': int,
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-                # 'format': 'source',
-            },
-            'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+        'params': {
+            'skip_download': True,
+            # 'format': 'source',
         },
-        {
-            'url': 'https://vimeo.com/channels/staffpicks/143603739',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '143603739',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'uploader': 'Karim Huu Do',
-                'timestamp': 1445846953,
-                'upload_date': '20151026',
-                'title': 'The Shoes - Submarine Feat. Blaine Harrison',
-                'uploader_id': 'karimhd',
-                'description': 'md5:8e2eea76de4504c2e8020a9bcfa1e843',
-                'channel_id': 'staffpicks',
-                'duration': 336,
-                'comment_count': int,
-                'view_count': int,
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i.vimeocdn.com/video/541243181-b593db36a16db2f0096f655da3f5a4dc46b8766d77b0f440df937ecb0c418347-d',
-                'like_count': int,
-                'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/karimhd',
-                'channel_url': 'https://vimeo.com/channels/staffpicks',
-                'tags': 'count:6',
-            },
-            'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
-            'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/channels/staffpicks/143603739',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '143603739',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'uploader': 'Karim Huu Do',
+            'timestamp': 1445846953,
+            'upload_date': '20151026',
+            'title': 'The Shoes - Submarine Feat. Blaine Harrison',
+            'uploader_id': 'karimhd',
+            'description': 'md5:8e2eea76de4504c2e8020a9bcfa1e843',
+            'channel_id': 'staffpicks',
+            'duration': 336,
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'view_count': int,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.vimeocdn\.com/video/.+',
+            'like_count': int,
+            'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/karimhd',
+            'channel_url': 'https://vimeo.com/channels/staffpicks',
+            'tags': 'count:6',
         },
-        {
-            # requires passing unlisted_hash(a52724358e) to load_download_config request
-            'url': 'https://vimeo.com/392479337/a52724358e',
-            'only_matching': True,
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+    }, {
+        # requires passing unlisted_hash(a52724358e) to load_download_config request
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/392479337/a52724358e',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # similar, but all numeric: ID must be 581039021, not 9603038895
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/29690
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/581039021/9603038895',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '581039021',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'timestamp': 1627621014,
+            'release_timestamp': 1627621014,
+            'duration': 976,
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.vimeocdn\.com/video/.+',
+            'like_count': int,
+            'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/txwestcapital',
+            'release_date': '20210730',
+            'uploader': 'Christopher Inks',
+            'title': 'Thursday, July 29, 2021 BMA Evening Video Update',
+            'uploader_id': 'txwestcapital',
+            'upload_date': '20210730',
         },
-        {
-            # similar, but all numeric: ID must be 581039021, not 9603038895
-            # issue #29690
-            'url': 'https://vimeo.com/581039021/9603038895',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '581039021',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'timestamp': 1627621014,
-                'release_timestamp': 1627621014,
-                'duration': 976,
-                'comment_count': int,
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i.vimeocdn.com/video/1202249320-4ddb2c30398c0dc0ee059172d1bd5ea481ad12f0e0e3ad01d2266f56c744b015-d',
-                'like_count': int,
-                'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/txwestcapital',
-                'release_date': '20210730',
-                'uploader': 'Christopher Inks',
-                'title': 'Thursday, July 29, 2021 BMA Evening Video Update',
-                'uploader_id': 'txwestcapital',
-                'upload_date': '20210730',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-            'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
+        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+    }, {
+        # chapters must be sorted, see: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/5308
+        'url': 'https://player.vimeo.com/video/756714419',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '756714419',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Dr Arielle Schwartz - Therapeutic yoga for optimum sleep',
+            'uploader': 'Alex Howard',
+            'uploader_id': 'user54729178',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/user54729178',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.vimeocdn\.com/video/.+',
+            'duration': 2636,
+            'chapters': [
+                {'start_time': 0, 'end_time': 10, 'title': '<Untitled Chapter 1>'},
+                {'start_time': 10, 'end_time': 106, 'title': 'Welcoming Dr Arielle Schwartz'},
+                {'start_time': 106, 'end_time': 305, 'title': 'What is therapeutic yoga?'},
+                {'start_time': 305, 'end_time': 594, 'title': 'Vagal toning practices'},
+                {'start_time': 594, 'end_time': 888, 'title': 'Trauma and difficulty letting go'},
+                {'start_time': 888, 'end_time': 1059, 'title': "Dr Schwartz' insomnia experience"},
+                {'start_time': 1059, 'end_time': 1471, 'title': 'A strategy for helping sleep issues'},
+                {'start_time': 1471, 'end_time': 1667, 'title': 'Yoga nidra'},
+                {'start_time': 1667, 'end_time': 2121, 'title': 'Wisdom in stillness'},
+                {'start_time': 2121, 'end_time': 2386, 'title': 'What helps us be more able to let go?'},
+                {'start_time': 2386, 'end_time': 2510, 'title': 'Practical tips to help ourselves'},
+                {'start_time': 2510, 'end_time': 2636, 'title': 'Where to find out more'},
+            ],
         },
-        {
-            # chapters must be sorted, see: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/5308
-            'url': 'https://player.vimeo.com/video/756714419',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '756714419',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Dr Arielle Schwartz - Therapeutic yoga for optimum sleep',
-                'uploader': 'Alex Howard',
-                'uploader_id': 'user54729178',
-                'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/user54729178',
-                'thumbnail': r're:https://i\.vimeocdn\.com/video/1520099929-[\da-f]+-d',
-                'duration': 2636,
-                'chapters': [
-                    {'start_time': 0, 'end_time': 10, 'title': '<Untitled Chapter 1>'},
-                    {'start_time': 10, 'end_time': 106, 'title': 'Welcoming Dr Arielle Schwartz'},
-                    {'start_time': 106, 'end_time': 305, 'title': 'What is therapeutic yoga?'},
-                    {'start_time': 305, 'end_time': 594, 'title': 'Vagal toning practices'},
-                    {'start_time': 594, 'end_time': 888, 'title': 'Trauma and difficulty letting go'},
-                    {'start_time': 888, 'end_time': 1059, 'title': "Dr Schwartz' insomnia experience"},
-                    {'start_time': 1059, 'end_time': 1471, 'title': 'A strategy for helping sleep issues'},
-                    {'start_time': 1471, 'end_time': 1667, 'title': 'Yoga nidra'},
-                    {'start_time': 1667, 'end_time': 2121, 'title': 'Wisdom in stillness'},
-                    {'start_time': 2121, 'end_time': 2386, 'title': 'What helps us be more able to let go?'},
-                    {'start_time': 2386, 'end_time': 2510, 'title': 'Practical tips to help ourselves'},
-                    {'start_time': 2510, 'end_time': 2636, 'title': 'Where to find out more'},
-                ],
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'http_headers': {'Referer': 'https://sleepsuperconference.com'},
-                'skip_download': 'm3u8',
-            },
-            'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+        'params': {
+            'http_headers': {'Referer': 'https://sleepsuperconference.com'},
+            'skip_download': 'm3u8',
         },
-        {
-            # vimeo.com URL with unlisted hash and Original format
-            'url': 'https://vimeo.com/144579403/ec02229140',
-            # 'md5': '6b662c2884e0373183fbde2a0d15cb78',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '144579403',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'SALESMANSHIP',
-                'description': 'md5:4338302f347a1ff8841b4a3aecaa09f0',
-                'uploader': 'Off the Picture Pictures',
-                'uploader_id': 'offthepicturepictures',
-                'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/offthepicturepictures',
-                'duration': 669,
-                'upload_date': '20151104',
-                'timestamp': 1446607180,
-                'release_date': '20151104',
-                'release_timestamp': 1446607180,
-                'like_count': int,
-                'view_count': int,
-                'comment_count': int,
-                'thumbnail': r're:https://i\.vimeocdn\.com/video/1018638656-[\da-f]+-d',
-            },
-            # 'params': {'format': 'Original'},
-            'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+    }, {
+        # vimeo.com URL with unlisted hash and Original format
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/144579403/ec02229140',
+        # 'md5': '6b662c2884e0373183fbde2a0d15cb78',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '144579403',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'SALESMANSHIP',
+            'description': 'md5:4338302f347a1ff8841b4a3aecaa09f0',
+            'uploader': 'Off the Picture Pictures',
+            'uploader_id': 'offthepicturepictures',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/offthepicturepictures',
+            'duration': 669,
+            'upload_date': '20151104',
+            'timestamp': 1446607180,
+            'release_date': '20151104',
+            'release_timestamp': 1446607180,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.vimeocdn\.com/video/.+',
         },
-        {
-            # player.vimeo.com URL with source format
-            'url': 'https://player.vimeo.com/video/859028877',
-            # 'md5': '19ca3d2463441dee2d2f0671ac2916a2',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '859028877',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Ariana Grande - Honeymoon Avenue (Live from London)',
-                'uploader': 'Raja Virdi',
-                'uploader_id': 'rajavirdi',
-                'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/rajavirdi',
-                'duration': 309,
-                'thumbnail': r're:https://i\.vimeocdn\.com/video/1716727772-[\da-f]+-d',
-            },
-            # 'params': {'format': 'source'},
-            'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+        # 'params': {'format': 'Original'},
+        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+    }, {
+        # player.vimeo.com URL with source format
+        'url': 'https://player.vimeo.com/video/859028877',
+        # 'md5': '19ca3d2463441dee2d2f0671ac2916a2',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '859028877',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Ariana Grande - Honeymoon Avenue (Live from London)',
+            'uploader': 'Raja Virdi',
+            'uploader_id': 'rajavirdi',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/rajavirdi',
+            'duration': 300,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.vimeocdn\.com/video/.+',
         },
-        {
-            # user playlist alias -> https://vimeo.com/258705797
-            'url': 'https://vimeo.com/user26785108/newspiritualguide',
-            'only_matching': True,
+        # 'params': {'format': 'source'},
+        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }, {
+        # user playlist alias -> https://vimeo.com/258705797
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/user26785108/newspiritualguide',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        # Referer & password-protected
+        # https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/a1a460759815414c6194bc921ac77a5533b6e02e
+        'url': 'https://gettingthingsdone.com/workflowmap/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '105375912',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'WORKFLOW MAP',
+            'duration': 1950,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.vimeocdn\.com/video/.+',
+            'uploader': 'GTD',
+            'uploader_id': 'gettingthingsdone',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/gettingthingsdone',
         },
-        # https://gettingthingsdone.com/workflowmap/
-        # vimeo embed with check-password page protected by Referer header
-    ]
+        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+        'skip': 'Password protected',
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.gsd.harvard.edu/event/i-m-pei-a-centennial-celebration/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '855172304',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'I. M. Pei: A Centennial Celebration',
+            'duration': 6073,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.vimeocdn\.com/video/.+',
+            'uploader': 'Harvard GSD',
+            'uploader_id': 'harvardgsd',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/harvardgsd',
+        },
+        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+        'params': {
+            'extractor_args': {'generic': {'impersonate': ['chrome']}},
+            'skip_download': 'm3u8',
+        },
+    }]
 
     @classmethod
     def _extract_embed_urls(cls, url, webpage):
@@ -859,29 +1089,125 @@ class VimeoIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):
             raise ExtractorError('Wrong video password', expected=True)
         return checked
 
-    def _extract_from_api(self, video_id, unlisted_hash=None):
-        viewer = self._download_json(
-            'https://vimeo.com/_next/viewer', video_id, 'Downloading viewer info')
+    def _get_subtitles(self, video_id, unlisted_hash):
+        subs = {}
+        text_tracks = self._call_videos_api(
+            video_id, unlisted_hash, path='texttracks', query={
+                'include_transcript': 'true',
+                'fields': ','.join((
+                    'active', 'display_language', 'id', 'language', 'link', 'name', 'type', 'uri',
+                )),
+            }, fatal=False)
+        for tt in traverse_obj(text_tracks, ('data', lambda _, v: url_or_none(v['link']))):
+            subs.setdefault(tt.get('language'), []).append({
+                'url': tt['link'],
+                'ext': 'vtt',
+                'name': tt.get('display_language'),
+            })
+        return subs
+
+    def _parse_api_response(self, video, video_id, unlisted_hash=None):
+        formats, subtitles = [], {}
+        seen_urls = set()
+        duration = traverse_obj(video, ('duration', {int_or_none}))
+
+        for file in traverse_obj(video, (
+            (('play', (None, 'progressive')), 'files', 'download'), lambda _, v: url_or_none(v['link']),
+        )):
+            format_url = file['link']
+            if format_url in seen_urls:
+                continue
+            seen_urls.add(format_url)
+            quality = file.get('quality')
+            ext = determine_ext(format_url)
+            if quality == 'hls' or ext == 'm3u8':
+                fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
+                    format_url, video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False)
+            elif quality == 'dash' or ext == 'mpd':
+                fmts, subs = self._extract_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(
+                    format_url, video_id, mpd_id='dash', fatal=False)
+                for fmt in fmts:
+                    fmt['format_id'] = join_nonempty(
+                        *fmt['format_id'].split('-', 2)[:2], int_or_none(fmt.get('tbr')))
+            else:
+                fmt = traverse_obj(file, {
+                    'ext': ('type', {mimetype2ext(default='mp4')}),
+                    'vcodec': ('codec', {str.lower}),
+                    'width': ('width', {int_or_none}),
+                    'height': ('height', {int_or_none}),
+                    'filesize': ('size', {int_or_none}),
+                    'fps': ('fps', {int_or_none}),
+                })
+                fmt.update({
+                    'url': format_url,
+                    'format_id': join_nonempty(
+                        'http', traverse_obj(file, 'public_name', 'rendition'), quality),
+                    'tbr': try_call(lambda: fmt['filesize'] * 8 / duration / 1024),
+                })
+                formats.append(fmt)
+                continue
+            formats.extend(fmts)
+            self._merge_subtitles(subs, target=subtitles)
+
+        if traverse_obj(video, ('metadata', 'connections', 'texttracks', 'total', {int})):
+            self._merge_subtitles(self.extract_subtitles(video_id, unlisted_hash), target=subtitles)
 
+        return {
+            **traverse_obj(video, {
+                'title': ('name', {str}),
+                'uploader': ('user', 'name', {str}),
+                'uploader_id': ('user', 'link', {url_basename}),
+                'uploader_url': ('user', 'link', {url_or_none}),
+                'release_timestamp': ('live', 'scheduled_start_time', {int_or_none}),
+                'thumbnails': ('pictures', 'sizes', lambda _, v: url_or_none(v['link']), {
+                    'url': 'link',
+                    'width': ('width', {int_or_none}),
+                    'height': ('height', {int_or_none}),
+                }),
+            }),
+            'id': video_id,
+            'duration': duration,
+            'formats': formats,
+            'subtitles': subtitles,
+            'live_status': {
+                'streaming': 'is_live',
+                'done': 'was_live',
+            }.get(traverse_obj(video, ('live', 'status', {str}))),
+        }
+
+    def _extract_from_api(self, video_id, unlisted_hash=None):
         for retry in (False, True):
             try:
-                video = self._call_videos_api(video_id, viewer['jwt'], unlisted_hash)
+                video = self._call_videos_api(video_id, unlisted_hash)
                 break
             except ExtractorError as e:
-                if (not retry and isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 400
-                    and 'password' in traverse_obj(
-                        self._webpage_read_content(e.cause.response, e.cause.response.url, video_id, fatal=False),
-                        ({json.loads}, 'invalid_parameters', ..., 'field'),
-                )):
-                    self._verify_video_password(
-                        video_id, self._get_video_password(), viewer['xsrft'])
-                    continue
-                raise
+                if not isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError):
+                    raise
+                response = traverse_obj(
+                    self._webpage_read_content(e.cause.response, e.cause.response.url, video_id, fatal=False),
+                    ({json.loads}, {dict})) or {}
+                if (
+                    not retry and e.cause.status == 400
+                    and 'password' in traverse_obj(response, ('invalid_parameters', ..., 'field'))
+                ):
+                    self._verify_video_password(video_id)
+                elif e.cause.status == 404 and response.get('error_code') == 5460:
+                    self.raise_login_required(join_nonempty(
+                        traverse_obj(response, ('error', {str.strip})),
+                        'Authentication may be needed due to your location.',
+                        'If your IP address is located in Europe you could try using a VPN/proxy,',
+                        f'or else u{self._login_hint()[1:]}',
+                        delim=' '), method=None)
+                else:
+                    raise
+
+        if config_url := traverse_obj(video, ('config_url', {url_or_none})):
+            info = self._parse_config(self._download_json(config_url, video_id), video_id)
+        else:
+            info = self._parse_api_response(video, video_id, unlisted_hash)
 
-        info = self._parse_config(self._download_json(
-            video['config_url'], video_id), video_id)
         source_format = self._extract_original_format(
-            f'https://vimeo.com/{video_id}', video_id, unlisted_hash, jwt=viewer['jwt'], api_data=video)
+            f'https://vimeo.com/{video_id}', video_id, unlisted_hash)
         if source_format:
             info['formats'].append(source_format)
 
@@ -899,44 +1225,6 @@ class VimeoIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):
             info[k + '_count'] = int_or_none(try_get(connections, lambda x: x[k + 's']['total']))
         return info
 
-    def _try_album_password(self, url):
-        album_id = self._search_regex(
-            r'vimeo\.com/(?:album|showcase)/([^/]+)', url, 'album id', default=None)
-        if not album_id:
-            return
-        viewer = self._download_json(
-            'https://vimeo.com/_rv/viewer', album_id, fatal=False)
-        if not viewer:
-            webpage = self._download_webpage(url, album_id)
-            viewer = self._parse_json(self._search_regex(
-                r'bootstrap_data\s*=\s*({.+?})</script>',
-                webpage, 'bootstrap data'), album_id)['viewer']
-        jwt = viewer['jwt']
-        album = self._download_json(
-            'https://api.vimeo.com/albums/' + album_id,
-            album_id, headers={'Authorization': 'jwt ' + jwt, 'Accept': 'application/json'},
-            query={'fields': 'description,name,privacy'})
-        if try_get(album, lambda x: x['privacy']['view']) == 'password':
-            password = self.get_param('videopassword')
-            if not password:
-                raise ExtractorError(
-                    'This album is protected by a password, use the --video-password option',
-                    expected=True)
-            self._set_vimeo_cookie('vuid', viewer['vuid'])
-            try:
-                self._download_json(
-                    f'https://vimeo.com/showcase/{album_id}/auth',
-                    album_id, 'Verifying the password', data=urlencode_postdata({
-                        'password': password,
-                        'token': viewer['xsrft'],
-                    }), headers={
-                        'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',
-                    })
-            except ExtractorError as e:
-                if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 401:
-                    raise ExtractorError('Wrong password', expected=True)
-                raise
-
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         url, data, headers = self._unsmuggle_headers(url)
         if 'Referer' not in headers:
@@ -951,8 +1239,14 @@ class VimeoIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):
         if any(p in url for p in ('play_redirect_hls', 'moogaloop.swf')):
             url = 'https://vimeo.com/' + video_id
 
-        self._try_album_password(url)
-        is_secure = urllib.parse.urlparse(url).scheme == 'https'
+        album_id = self._search_regex(
+            r'vimeo\.com/(?:album|showcase)/([0-9]+)/', url, 'album id', default=None)
+        if album_id:
+            # Detect password-protected showcase video => POST album password => set cookies
+            self._get_album_data_and_hashed_pass(album_id, False, None)
+
+        parsed_url = urllib.parse.urlparse(url)
+        is_secure = parsed_url.scheme == 'https'
         try:
             # Retrieve video webpage to extract further information
             webpage, urlh = self._download_webpage_handle(
@@ -963,9 +1257,7 @@ class VimeoIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):
                 raise
             errmsg = error.cause.response.read()
             if b'Because of its privacy settings, this video cannot be played here' in errmsg:
-                raise ExtractorError(
-                    'Cannot download embed-only video without embedding URL. Please call yt-dlp '
-                    'with the URL of the page that embeds this video.', expected=True)
+                raise ExtractorError(self._REFERER_HINT, expected=True)
             # 403 == vimeo.com TLS fingerprint or DC IP block; 429 == player.vimeo.com TLS FP block
             status = error.cause.status
             dcip_msg = 'If you are using a data center IP or VPN/proxy, your IP may be blocked'
@@ -980,7 +1272,7 @@ class VimeoIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):
                 f'{self._downloader._format_err("compromising your security/cookies", "light red")}, '
                 f'try replacing "https:" with "http:" in the input URL. {dcip_msg}.', expected=True)
 
-        if '://player.vimeo.com/video/' in url:
+        if parsed_url.hostname == 'player.vimeo.com':
             config = self._search_json(
                 r'\b(?:playerC|c)onfig\s*=', webpage, 'info section', video_id)
             if config.get('view') == 4:
@@ -1008,10 +1300,9 @@ class VimeoIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):
         config_url = None
 
         channel_id = self._search_regex(
-            r'vimeo\.com/channels/([^/]+)', url, 'channel id', default=None)
+            r'vimeo\.com/channels/([^/?#]+)', url, 'channel id', default=None)
         if channel_id:
-            config_url = self._html_search_regex(
-                r'\bdata-config-url="([^"]+)"', webpage, 'config URL', default=None)
+            config_url = self._extract_config_url(webpage, default=None)
             video_description = clean_html(get_element_by_class('description', webpage))
             info_dict.update({
                 'channel_id': channel_id,
@@ -1117,22 +1408,20 @@ class VimeoOndemandIE(VimeoIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'המעבדה - במ�י יות� פלדמן',
             'uploader': 'ג� סרטי�',
-            'uploader_url': r're:https?://(?:www\.)?vimeo\.com/gumfilms',
             'uploader_id': 'gumfilms',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/gumfilms',
             'description': 'md5:aeeba3dbd4d04b0fa98a4fdc9c639998',
             'upload_date': '20140906',
             'timestamp': 1410032453,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://i.vimeocdn.com/video/488238335-d7bf151c364cff8d467f1b73784668fe60aae28a54573a35d53a1210ae283bd8-d_1280',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.vimeocdn\.com/video/.+',
             'comment_count': int,
             'license': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/',
             'duration': 53,
             'view_count': int,
             'like_count': int,
         },
-        'params': {
-            'format': 'best[protocol=https]',
-        },
-        'expected_warnings': ['Unable to download JSON metadata'],
+        'params': {'format': 'best[protocol=https]'},
+        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
     }, {
         # requires Referer to be passed along with og:video:url
         'url': 'https://vimeo.com/ondemand/36938/126682985',
@@ -1141,21 +1430,20 @@ class VimeoOndemandIE(VimeoIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Rävlock, rätt läte på rätt plats',
             'uploader': 'Lindroth & Norin',
-            'uploader_url': r're:https?://(?:www\.)?vimeo\.com/lindrothnorin',
             'uploader_id': 'lindrothnorin',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/lindrothnorin',
             'description': 'md5:c3c46a90529612c8279fb6af803fc0df',
             'upload_date': '20150502',
             'timestamp': 1430586422,
             'duration': 121,
             'comment_count': int,
             'view_count': int,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://i.vimeocdn.com/video/517077723-7066ae1d9a79d3eb361334fb5d58ec13c8f04b52f8dd5eadfbd6fb0bcf11f613-d_1280',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.vimeocdn\.com/video/.+',
             'like_count': int,
+            'tags': 'count:5',
         },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
-        'expected_warnings': ['Unable to download JSON metadata'],
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
+        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://vimeo.com/ondemand/nazmaalik',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -1237,7 +1525,7 @@ class VimeoUserIE(VimeoChannelIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://vimeo.com/nkistudio/videos',
         'info_dict': {
-            'title': 'Nki',
+            'title': 'AKAMA',
             'id': 'nkistudio',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 66,
@@ -1250,7 +1538,7 @@ class VimeoUserIE(VimeoChannelIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
 
 class VimeoAlbumIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):
     IE_NAME = 'vimeo:album'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https://vimeo\.com/(?:album|showcase)/(?P<id>\d+)(?:$|[?#]|/(?!video))'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https://vimeo\.com/(?:album|showcase)/(?P<id>[^/?#]+)(?:$|[?#]|(?P<is_embed>/embed))'
     _TITLE_RE = r'<header id="page_header">\n\s*<h1>(.*?)</h1>'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://vimeo.com/album/2632481',
@@ -1267,15 +1555,64 @@ class VimeoAlbumIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):
             'id': '3253534',
         },
         'playlist_count': 1,
+        'params': {'videopassword': 'youtube-dl'},
+    }, {
+        'note': 'embedded album that requires "referrer" in query (smuggled)',
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/showcase/10677689/embed#__youtubedl_smuggle=%7B%22referer%22%3A+%22https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riccardomutimusic.com%2F%22%7D',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'title': 'La Traviata - la serie completa',
+            'id': '10677689',
+        },
+        'playlist': [{
+            'url': 'https://player.vimeo.com/video/505682113#__youtubedl_smuggle=%7B%22referer%22%3A+%22https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riccardomutimusic.com%2F%22%7D',
+            'info_dict': {
+                'id': '505682113',
+                'ext': 'mp4',
+                'title': 'La Traviata - Episodio 7',
+                'uploader': 'RMMusic',
+                'uploader_id': 'user62556494',
+                'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/user62556494',
+                'duration': 3202,
+                'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.vimeocdn\.com/video/.+',
+            },
+        }],
         'params': {
-            'videopassword': 'youtube-dl',
+            'playlist_items': '1',
+            'skip_download': 'm3u8',
         },
+        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+    }, {
+        'note': 'embedded album that requires "referrer" in query (passed as param)',
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/showcase/10677689/embed',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'title': 'La Traviata - la serie completa',
+            'id': '10677689',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 9,
+        'params': {'http_headers': {'Referer': 'https://www.riccardomutimusic.com/'}},
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/showcase/11803104/embed2',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'title': 'Romans Video Ministry',
+            'id': '11803104',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 41,
+    }, {
+        'note': 'non-numeric slug, need to fetch numeric album ID',
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/showcase/BethelTally-Homegoing-Services',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'title': 'BethelTally Homegoing Services',
+            'id': '11547429',
+            'description': 'Bethel Missionary Baptist Church\nTallahassee, FL',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 8,
     }]
     _PAGE_SIZE = 100
 
-    def _fetch_page(self, album_id, authorization, hashed_pass, page):
+    def _fetch_page(self, album_id, hashed_pass, is_embed, referer, page):
         api_page = page + 1
         query = {
+            **self._get_embed_params(is_embed, referer),
             'fields': 'link,uri',
             'page': api_page,
             'per_page': self._PAGE_SIZE,
@@ -1286,7 +1623,7 @@ class VimeoAlbumIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):
             videos = self._download_json(
                 f'https://api.vimeo.com/albums/{album_id}/videos',
                 album_id, f'Downloading page {api_page}', query=query, headers={
-                    'Authorization': 'jwt ' + authorization,
+                    'Authorization': 'jwt ' + self._fetch_viewer_info(album_id)['jwt'],
                     'Accept': 'application/json',
                 })['data']
         except ExtractorError as e:
@@ -1298,46 +1635,37 @@ class VimeoAlbumIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):
             if not link:
                 continue
             uri = video.get('uri')
-            video_id = self._search_regex(r'/videos/(\d+)', uri, 'video_id', default=None) if uri else None
+            video_id = self._search_regex(r'/videos/(\d+)', uri, 'id', default=None) if uri else None
+            if is_embed:
+                if not video_id:
+                    self.report_warning(f'Skipping due to missing video ID: {link}')
+                    continue
+                link = f'https://player.vimeo.com/video/{video_id}'
+                if referer:
+                    link = self._smuggle_referrer(link, referer)
             yield self.url_result(link, VimeoIE.ie_key(), video_id)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        album_id = self._match_id(url)
-        viewer = self._download_json(
-            'https://vimeo.com/_rv/viewer', album_id, fatal=False)
-        if not viewer:
-            webpage = self._download_webpage(url, album_id)
-            viewer = self._parse_json(self._search_regex(
-                r'bootstrap_data\s*=\s*({.+?})</script>',
-                webpage, 'bootstrap data'), album_id)['viewer']
-        jwt = viewer['jwt']
-        album = self._download_json(
-            'https://api.vimeo.com/albums/' + album_id,
-            album_id, headers={'Authorization': 'jwt ' + jwt, 'Accept': 'application/json'},
-            query={'fields': 'description,name,privacy'})
-        hashed_pass = None
-        if try_get(album, lambda x: x['privacy']['view']) == 'password':
-            password = self.get_param('videopassword')
-            if not password:
-                raise ExtractorError(
-                    'This album is protected by a password, use the --video-password option',
-                    expected=True)
-            self._set_vimeo_cookie('vuid', viewer['vuid'])
-            try:
-                hashed_pass = self._download_json(
-                    f'https://vimeo.com/showcase/{album_id}/auth',
-                    album_id, 'Verifying the password', data=urlencode_postdata({
-                        'password': password,
-                        'token': viewer['xsrft'],
-                    }), headers={
-                        'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',
-                    })['hashed_pass']
-            except ExtractorError as e:
-                if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 401:
-                    raise ExtractorError('Wrong password', expected=True)
-                raise
+        url, _, http_headers = self._unsmuggle_headers(url)
+        album_id, is_embed = self._match_valid_url(url).group('id', 'is_embed')
+        referer = http_headers.get('Referer')
+
+        if not re.fullmatch(r'[0-9]+', album_id):
+            auth_info = self._download_json(
+                f'https://vimeo.com/showcase/{album_id}/auth', album_id, 'Downloading album info',
+                headers={'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest'}, expected_status=(401, 403))
+            album_id = traverse_obj(auth_info, (
+                'metadata', 'id', {int}, {str_or_none}, {require('album ID')}))
+
+        try:
+            album, hashed_pass = self._get_album_data_and_hashed_pass(album_id, is_embed, referer)
+        except ExtractorError as e:
+            if is_embed and not referer and isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 403:
+                raise ExtractorError(self._REFERER_HINT, expected=True)
+            raise
+
         entries = OnDemandPagedList(functools.partial(
-            self._fetch_page, album_id, jwt, hashed_pass), self._PAGE_SIZE)
+            self._fetch_page, album_id, hashed_pass, is_embed, referer), self._PAGE_SIZE)
         return self.playlist_result(
             entries, album_id, album.get('name'), album.get('description'))
 
@@ -1370,10 +1698,10 @@ class VimeoReviewIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):
             'uploader_id': 'user170863801',
             'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/user170863801',
             'duration': 30,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://i.vimeocdn.com/video/1912612821-09a43bd2e75c203d503aed89de7534f28fc4474a48f59c51999716931a246af5-d_1280',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.vimeocdn\.com/video/.+',
         },
         'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
-        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML'],
+        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://vimeo.com/user21297594/review/75524534/3c257a1b5d',
         'md5': 'c507a72f780cacc12b2248bb4006d253',
@@ -1385,7 +1713,7 @@ class VimeoReviewIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):
             'uploader_id': 'user21297594',
             'description': "Comedian Dick Hardwick's five minute demo filmed in front of a live theater audience.\nEdit by Doug Mattocks",
             'duration': 304,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://i.vimeocdn.com/video/450115033-43303819d9ebe24c2630352e18b7056d25197d09b3ae901abdac4c4f1d68de71-d_1280',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.vimeocdn\.com/video/.+',
             'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/user21297594',
         },
         'skip': '404 Not Found',
@@ -1399,7 +1727,7 @@ class VimeoReviewIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):
             'title': 're:(?i)^Death by dogma versus assembling agile . Sander Hoogendoorn',
             'uploader': 'DevWeek Events',
             'duration': 2773,
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.vimeocdn\.com/video/.+',
             'uploader_id': 'user22258446',
         },
         'skip': 'video gone',
@@ -1413,9 +1741,7 @@ class VimeoReviewIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'TMB',
             'uploader_id': 'user37284429',
         },
-        'params': {
-            'videopassword': 'holygrail',
-        },
+        'params': {'videopassword': 'holygrail'},
         'skip': 'video gone',
     }]
 
@@ -1423,12 +1749,8 @@ class VimeoReviewIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):
         user, video_id, review_hash = self._match_valid_url(url).group('user', 'id', 'hash')
         data_url = f'https://vimeo.com/{user}/review/data/{video_id}/{review_hash}'
         data = self._download_json(data_url, video_id)
-        viewer = {}
         if data.get('isLocked') is True:
-            video_password = self._get_video_password()
-            viewer = self._download_json(
-                'https://vimeo.com/_rv/viewer', video_id)
-            self._verify_video_password(video_id, video_password, viewer['xsrft'])
+            self._verify_video_password(video_id)
             data = self._download_json(data_url, video_id)
         clip_data = data['clipData']
         config_url = clip_data['configUrl']
@@ -1436,7 +1758,7 @@ class VimeoReviewIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):
         info_dict = self._parse_config(config, video_id)
         source_format = self._extract_original_format(
             f'https://vimeo.com/{user}/review/{video_id}/{review_hash}/action',
-            video_id, unlisted_hash=clip_data.get('unlistedHash'), jwt=viewer.get('jwt'))
+            video_id, unlisted_hash=clip_data.get('unlistedHash'))
         if source_format:
             info_dict['formats'].append(source_format)
         info_dict['description'] = clean_html(clip_data.get('description'))
@@ -1494,6 +1816,20 @@ class VHXEmbedIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):
     IE_NAME = 'vhx:embed'
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://embed\.vhx\.tv/videos/(?P<id>\d+)'
     _EMBED_REGEX = [r'<iframe[^>]+src="(?P<url>https?://embed\.vhx\.tv/videos/\d+[^"]*)"']
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://demo.vhx.tv/packages/behind-the-scenes-with-sasha/videos/hard-work',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '2251259',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Untitled',
+            'duration': 30,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.vimeocdn\.com/video/.+',
+            'uploader': 'OTT Videos',
+            'uploader_id': 'user80538407',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/user80538407',
+        },
+        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+    }]
 
     @classmethod
     def _extract_embed_urls(cls, url, webpage):
@@ -1524,24 +1860,23 @@ class VimeoProIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '68093876',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'uploader_url': r're:https?://(?:www\.)?vimeo\.com/openstreetmapus',
             'uploader_id': 'openstreetmapus',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/openstreetmapus',
             'uploader': 'OpenStreetMap US',
             'title': 'Andy Allan - Putting the Carto into OpenStreetMap Cartography',
-            'description': 'md5:2c362968038d4499f4d79f88458590c1',
+            'description': 'md5:8cf69a1a435f2d763f4adf601e9c3125',
             'duration': 1595,
             'upload_date': '20130610',
-            'timestamp': 1370893156,
+            'timestamp': 1370907556,
             'license': 'by',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://i.vimeocdn.com/video/440260469-19b0d92fca3bd84066623b53f1eb8aaa3980c6c809e2d67b6b39ab7b4a77a344-d_960',
-            'view_count': int,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.vimeocdn\.com/video/.+',
             'comment_count': int,
             'like_count': int,
-            'tags': 'count:1',
-        },
-        'params': {
-            'format': 'best[protocol=https]',
+            'release_timestamp': 1370907556,
+            'release_date': '20130610',
         },
+        'params': {'format': 'best[protocol=https]'},
+        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
     }, {
         # password-protected VimeoPro page with Vimeo player embed
         'url': 'https://vimeopro.com/cadfem/simulation-conference-mechanische-systeme-in-perfektion',
@@ -1549,7 +1884,7 @@ class VimeoProIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):
             'id': '764543723',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Mechanische Systeme in Perfektion: Realität erfassen, Innovation treiben',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://i.vimeocdn.com/video/1543784598-a1a750494a485e601110136b9fe11e28c2131942452b3a5d30391cb3800ca8fd-d_1280',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.vimeocdn\.com/video/.+',
             'description': 'md5:2a9d195cd1b0f6f79827107dc88c2420',
             'uploader': 'CADFEM',
             'uploader_id': 'cadfem',
@@ -1561,6 +1896,7 @@ class VimeoProIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):
             'videopassword': 'Conference2022',
             'skip_download': True,
         },
+        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -1597,3 +1933,380 @@ class VimeoProIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):
 
         return self.url_result(vimeo_url, VimeoIE, video_id, url_transparent=True,
                                description=description)
+
+
+class VimeoEventIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):
+    IE_NAME = 'vimeo:event'
+    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
+        https?://(?:www\.)?vimeo\.com/event/(?P<id>\d+)(?:/
+            (?:
+                (?:embed/)?(?P<unlisted_hash>[\da-f]{10})|
+                videos/(?P<video_id>\d+)
+            )
+        )?'''
+    _EMBED_REGEX = [r'<iframe\b[^>]+\bsrc=["\'](?P<url>https?://vimeo\.com/event/\d+/embed(?:[/?][^"\']*)?)["\'][^>]*>']
+    _TESTS = [{
+        # stream_privacy.view: 'anybody'
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/event/5116195',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '1082194134',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'display_id': '5116195',
+            'title': 'Skidmore College Commencement 2025',
+            'description': 'md5:1902dd5165d21f98aa198297cc729d23',
+            'uploader': 'Skidmore College',
+            'uploader_id': 'user116066434',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/user116066434',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'duration': 9810,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.vimeocdn\.com/video/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1746627359,
+            'upload_date': '20250507',
+            'release_timestamp': 1746627359,
+            'release_date': '20250507',
+            'live_status': 'was_live',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+    }, {
+        # stream_privacy.view: 'embed_only'
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/event/5034253/embed',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '1071439154',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'display_id': '5034253',
+            'title': 'Advancing Humans with AI',
+            'description': r're:AI is here to stay, but how do we ensure that people flourish in a world of pervasive AI use.{322}$',
+            'uploader': 'MIT Media Lab',
+            'uploader_id': 'mitmedialab',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/mitmedialab',
+            'duration': 23235,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.vimeocdn\.com/video/.+',
+            'chapters': 'count:37',
+            'release_timestamp': 1744290000,
+            'release_date': '20250410',
+            'live_status': 'was_live',
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'skip_download': 'm3u8',
+            'http_headers': {'Referer': 'https://www.media.mit.edu/events/aha-symposium/'},
+        },
+        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+    }, {
+        # Last entry on 2nd page of the 37 video playlist, but use clip_to_play_id API param shortcut
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/event/4753126/videos/1046153257',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '1046153257',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'display_id': '4753126',
+            'title': 'January 12, 2025 The True Vine (Pastor John Mindrup)',
+            'description': 'The True Vine (Pastor \tJohn Mindrup)',
+            'uploader': 'Salem United Church of Christ',
+            'uploader_id': 'user230181094',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/user230181094',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'duration': 4962,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.vimeocdn\.com/video/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1736702464,
+            'upload_date': '20250112',
+            'release_timestamp': 1736702543,
+            'release_date': '20250112',
+            'live_status': 'was_live',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+    }, {
+        # "24/7" livestream
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/event/4768062',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '1108792268',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'display_id': '4768062',
+            'title': r're:GRACELAND CAM \d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2} \d{2}:\d{2}$',
+            'description': '24/7 camera at Graceland Mansion',
+            'uploader': 'Elvis Presley\'s Graceland',
+            'uploader_id': 'visitgraceland',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/visitgraceland',
+            'release_timestamp': 1754812109,
+            'release_date': '20250810',
+            'live_status': 'is_live',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'livestream'},
+    }, {
+        # stream_privacy.view: 'unlisted' with unlisted_hash in URL path (stream_privacy.embed: 'whitelist')
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/event/4259978/3db517c479',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '939104114',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'display_id': '4259978',
+            'title': 'Enhancing Credibility in Your Community Science Project',
+            'description': 'md5:eab953341168b9c146bc3cfe3f716070',
+            'uploader': 'NOAA Research',
+            'uploader_id': 'noaaresearch',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/noaaresearch',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'duration': 3961,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.vimeocdn\.com/video/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1716408008,
+            'upload_date': '20240522',
+            'release_timestamp': 1716408062,
+            'release_date': '20240522',
+            'live_status': 'was_live',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+    }, {
+        # "done" event with video_id in URL and unlisted_hash in VimeoIE URL
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/event/595460/videos/498149131/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '498149131',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'display_id': '595460',
+            'title': '2021 Eighth Annual John Cardinal Foley Lecture on Social Communications',
+            'description': 'Replay: https://vimeo.com/catholicphilly/review/498149131/544f26a12f',
+            'uploader': 'Kearns Media Consulting LLC',
+            'uploader_id': 'kearnsmediaconsulting',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/kearnsmediaconsulting',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'duration': 4466,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.vimeocdn\.com/video/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1610059450,
+            'upload_date': '20210107',
+            'release_timestamp': 1610059450,
+            'release_date': '20210107',
+            'live_status': 'was_live',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+    }, {
+        # stream_privacy.view: 'password'; stream_privacy.embed: 'public'
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/event/4940578',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '1059263570',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'display_id': '4940578',
+            'title': 'TMAC AKC AGILITY 2-22-2025',
+            'uploader': 'Paws \'N Effect',
+            'uploader_id': 'pawsneffect',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/pawsneffect',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'duration': 33115,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.vimeocdn\.com/video/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1740261836,
+            'upload_date': '20250222',
+            'release_timestamp': 1740261873,
+            'release_date': '20250222',
+            'live_status': 'was_live',
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'videopassword': '22',
+            'skip_download': 'm3u8',
+        },
+        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+    }, {
+        # API serves a playlist of 37 videos, but the site only streams the newest one (changes every Sunday)
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/event/4753126',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # Scheduled for 2025.05.15 but never started; "unavailable"; stream_privacy.view: "anybody"
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/event/5120811/embed',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/event/5112969/embed?muted=1',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/event/5097437/embed/interaction?muted=1',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/event/5113032/embed?autoplay=1&muted=1',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # Ended livestream with video_id
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/event/595460/videos/507329569/',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # stream_privacy.view: 'unlisted' with unlisted_hash in URL path (stream_privacy.embed: 'public')
+        'url': 'https://vimeo.com/event/4606123/embed/358d60ce2e',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        # Same result as https://vimeo.com/event/5034253/embed
+        'url': 'https://www.media.mit.edu/events/aha-symposium/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '1071439154',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'display_id': '5034253',
+            'title': 'Advancing Humans with AI',
+            'description': r're:AI is here to stay, but how do we ensure that people flourish in a world of pervasive AI use.{322}$',
+            'uploader': 'MIT Media Lab',
+            'uploader_id': 'mitmedialab',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/mitmedialab',
+            'duration': 23235,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.vimeocdn\.com/video/.+',
+            'chapters': 'count:37',
+            'release_timestamp': 1744290000,
+            'release_date': '20250410',
+            'live_status': 'was_live',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to parse XML: not well-formed'],
+    }]
+
+    _EVENT_FIELDS = (
+        'title', 'uri', 'schedule', 'stream_description', 'stream_privacy.embed', 'stream_privacy.view',
+        'clip_to_play.name', 'clip_to_play.uri', 'clip_to_play.config_url', 'clip_to_play.live.status',
+        'clip_to_play.privacy.embed', 'clip_to_play.privacy.view', 'clip_to_play.password',
+        'streamable_clip.name', 'streamable_clip.uri', 'streamable_clip.config_url', 'streamable_clip.live.status',
+    )
+    _VIDEOS_FIELDS = ('items', 'uri', 'name', 'config_url', 'duration', 'live.status')
+
+    def _call_events_api(
+        self, event_id, ep=None, unlisted_hash=None, note=None,
+        fields=(), referrer=None, query=None, headers=None,
+    ):
+        resource = join_nonempty('event', ep, note, 'API JSON', delim=' ')
+
+        return self._download_json(
+            join_nonempty(
+                'https://api.vimeo.com/live_events',
+                join_nonempty(event_id, unlisted_hash, delim=':'), ep, delim='/'),
+            event_id, f'Downloading {resource}', f'Failed to download {resource}',
+            query=filter_dict({
+                'fields': ','.join(fields) or [],
+                # Correct spelling with 4 R's is deliberate
+                'referrer': referrer,
+                **(query or {}),
+            }), headers=filter_dict({
+                'Accept': 'application/json',
+                'Authorization': f'jwt {self._fetch_viewer_info(event_id)["jwt"]}',
+                'Referer': referrer,
+                **(headers or {}),
+            }))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _extract_video_id_and_unlisted_hash(video):
+        if not traverse_obj(video, ('uri', {lambda x: x.startswith('/videos/')})):
+            return None, None
+        video_id, _, unlisted_hash = video['uri'][8:].partition(':')
+        return video_id, unlisted_hash or None
+
+    def _vimeo_url_result(self, video_id, unlisted_hash=None, event_id=None):
+        # VimeoIE can extract more metadata and formats for was_live event videos
+        return self.url_result(
+            join_nonempty('https://vimeo.com', video_id, unlisted_hash, delim='/'), VimeoIE,
+            video_id, display_id=event_id, live_status='was_live', url_transparent=True)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _extract_embed_urls(cls, url, webpage):
+        for embed_url in super()._extract_embed_urls(url, webpage):
+            yield cls._smuggle_referrer(embed_url, url)
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        url, _, headers = self._unsmuggle_headers(url)
+        # XXX: Keep key name in sync with _unsmuggle_headers
+        referrer = headers.get('Referer')
+        event_id, unlisted_hash, video_id = self._match_valid_url(url).group('id', 'unlisted_hash', 'video_id')
+
+        for retry in (False, True):
+            try:
+                live_event_data = self._call_events_api(
+                    event_id, unlisted_hash=unlisted_hash, fields=self._EVENT_FIELDS,
+                    referrer=referrer, query={'clip_to_play_id': video_id or '0'},
+                    headers={'Accept': 'application/vnd.vimeo.*+json;version=3.4.9'})
+                break
+            except ExtractorError as e:
+                if retry or not isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) or e.cause.status not in (400, 403):
+                    raise
+                response = traverse_obj(e.cause.response.read(), ({json.loads}, {dict})) or {}
+                error_code = response.get('error_code')
+                if error_code == 2204:
+                    self._verify_video_password(event_id, path='event')
+                    continue
+                if error_code == 3200:
+                    raise ExtractorError(self._REFERER_HINT, expected=True)
+                if error_msg := response.get('error'):
+                    raise ExtractorError(f'Vimeo says: {error_msg}', expected=True)
+                raise
+
+        # stream_privacy.view can be: 'anybody', 'embed_only', 'nobody', 'password', 'unlisted'
+        view_policy = live_event_data['stream_privacy']['view']
+        if view_policy == 'nobody':
+            raise ExtractorError('This event has not been made available to anyone', expected=True)
+
+        clip_data = traverse_obj(live_event_data, ('clip_to_play', {dict})) or {}
+        # live.status can be: 'streaming' (is_live), 'done' (was_live), 'unavailable' (is_upcoming OR dead)
+        clip_status = traverse_obj(clip_data, ('live', 'status', {str}))
+        start_time = traverse_obj(live_event_data, ('schedule', 'start_time', {str}))
+        release_timestamp = parse_iso8601(start_time)
+
+        if clip_status == 'unavailable' and release_timestamp and release_timestamp > time.time():
+            self.raise_no_formats(f'This live event is scheduled for {start_time}', expected=True)
+            live_status = 'is_upcoming'
+            config_url = None
+
+        elif view_policy == 'embed_only':
+            webpage = self._download_webpage(
+                join_nonempty('https://vimeo.com/event', event_id, 'embed', unlisted_hash, delim='/'),
+                event_id, 'Downloading embed iframe webpage', impersonate=True, headers=headers)
+            # The _parse_config result will overwrite live_status w/ 'is_live' if livestream is active
+            live_status = 'was_live'
+            config_url = self._extract_config_url(webpage)
+
+        else:  # view_policy in ('anybody', 'password', 'unlisted')
+            if video_id:
+                clip_id, clip_hash = self._extract_video_id_and_unlisted_hash(clip_data)
+                if video_id == clip_id and clip_status == 'done' and (clip_hash or view_policy != 'unlisted'):
+                    return self._vimeo_url_result(clip_id, clip_hash, event_id)
+
+                video_filter = lambda _, v: self._extract_video_id_and_unlisted_hash(v)[0] == video_id
+            else:
+                video_filter = lambda _, v: traverse_obj(v, ('live', 'status')) != 'unavailable'
+
+            for page in itertools.count(1):
+                videos_data = self._call_events_api(
+                    event_id, 'videos', unlisted_hash=unlisted_hash, note=f'page {page}',
+                    fields=self._VIDEOS_FIELDS, referrer=referrer, query={'page': page},
+                    headers={'Accept': 'application/vnd.vimeo.*;version=3.4.1'})
+
+                video = traverse_obj(videos_data, ('data', video_filter, any))
+                if video or not traverse_obj(videos_data, ('paging', 'next', {str})):
+                    break
+
+            if not video:  # requested video_id is unavailable or no videos are available
+                raise ExtractorError('This event video is unavailable', expected=True)
+
+            live_status = {
+                'streaming': 'is_live',
+                'done': 'was_live',
+                None: 'was_live',
+            }.get(traverse_obj(video, ('live', 'status', {str})))
+
+            if live_status == 'was_live':
+                return self._vimeo_url_result(*self._extract_video_id_and_unlisted_hash(video), event_id)
+
+            config_url = video['config_url']
+
+        if config_url:  # view_policy == 'embed_only' or live_status == 'is_live'
+            info = filter_dict(self._parse_config(
+                self._download_json(config_url, event_id, 'Downloading config JSON'), event_id))
+        else:  # live_status == 'is_upcoming'
+            info = {'id': event_id}
+
+        if info.get('live_status') == 'post_live':
+            self.report_warning('This live event recently ended and some formats may not yet be available')
+
+        return {
+            **traverse_obj(live_event_data, {
+                'title': ('title', {str}),
+                'description': ('stream_description', {str}),
+            }),
+            'display_id': event_id,
+            'live_status': live_status,
+            'release_timestamp': release_timestamp,
+            **info,
+        }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/viqeo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/viqeo.py
index 433fdc7a3b..3026e821ca 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/viqeo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/viqeo.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class ViqeoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': 'cde96f09d25f39bee837',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'cde96f09d25f39bee837',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
             'duration': 76,
         },
     }, {
@@ -34,6 +34,19 @@ class ViqeoIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'https://api.viqeo.tv/v1/data/startup?video%5B%5D=71bbec412ade45c3216c&profile=112',
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://viqeo.tv/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'viqeo',
+            'title': 'Viqeo video platform',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'description': 'md5:e8e06e20df92ed66febeaef2533a0d5d',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://static\.tildacdn\.com/.+\.png',
+            'timestamp': 1751479769,
+            'upload_date': '20250702',
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 3,
+    }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vk.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vk.py
index faf3e60b0b..52749f66e2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vk.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vk.py
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import re
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .dailymotion import DailymotionIE
 from .odnoklassniki import OdnoklassnikiIE
-from .pladform import PladformIE
 from .sibnet import SibnetEmbedIE
 from .vimeo import VimeoIE
 from .youtube import YoutubeIE
@@ -97,12 +96,12 @@ class VKIE(VKBaseIE):
                     https?://
                         (?:
                             (?:
-                                (?:(?:m|new)\.)?vk(?:(?:video)?\.ru|\.com)/video_|
+                                (?:(?:m|new|vksport)\.)?vk(?:(?:video)?\.ru|\.com)/video_|
                                 (?:www\.)?daxab\.com/
                             )
                             ext\.php\?(?P<embed_query>.*?\boid=(?P<oid>-?\d+).*?\bid=(?P<id>\d+).*)|
                             (?:
-                                (?:(?:m|new)\.)?vk(?:(?:video)?\.ru|\.com)/(?:.+?\?.*?z=)?(?:video|clip)|
+                                (?:(?:m|new|vksport)\.)?vk(?:(?:video)?\.ru|\.com)/(?:.+?\?.*?z=)?(?:video|clip)|
                                 (?:www\.)?daxab\.com/embed/
                             )
                             (?P<videoid>-?\d+_\d+)(?:.*\blist=(?P<list_id>([\da-f]+)|(ln-[\da-zA-Z]+)))?
@@ -300,6 +299,24 @@ class VKIE(VKBaseIE):
                 'upload_date': '20250130',
             },
         },
+        {
+            'url': 'https://vkvideo.ru/video-50883936_456244102',
+            'info_dict': {
+                'id': '-50883936_456244102',
+                'ext': 'mp4',
+                'title': 'Добивание Украины // Техник в коме // МОЯ ЗЛОСТЬ №140',
+                'description': 'md5:a9bc46181e9ebd0fdd82cef6c0191140',
+                'uploader': 'Ста� �й, Как Про�то!',
+                'uploader_id': '-50883936',
+                'comment_count': int,
+                'like_count': int,
+                'duration': 4651,
+                'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
+                'chapters': 'count:59',
+                'timestamp': 1743333869,
+                'upload_date': '20250330',
+            },
+        },
         {
             # live stream, hls and rtmp links, most likely already finished live
             # stream by the time you are reading this comment
@@ -316,11 +333,6 @@ class VKIE(VKBaseIE):
             'url': 'https://vk.com/video205387401_164765225',
             'only_matching': True,
         },
-        {
-            # pladform embed
-            'url': 'https://vk.com/video-76116461_171554880',
-            'only_matching': True,
-        },
         {
             'url': 'http://new.vk.com/video205387401_165548505',
             'only_matching': True,
@@ -347,6 +359,10 @@ class VKIE(VKBaseIE):
             'url': 'https://vk.ru/video-220754053_456242564',
             'only_matching': True,
         },
+        {
+            'url': 'https://vksport.vkvideo.ru/video-124096712_456240773',
+            'only_matching': True,
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -438,10 +454,6 @@ class VKIE(VKBaseIE):
         if vimeo_url is not None:
             return self.url_result(vimeo_url, VimeoIE.ie_key())
 
-        pladform_url = PladformIE._extract_url(info_page)
-        if pladform_url:
-            return self.url_result(pladform_url, PladformIE.ie_key())
-
         m_rutube = re.search(
             r'\ssrc="((?:https?:)?//rutube\.ru\\?/(?:video|play)\\?/embed(?:.*?))\\?"', info_page)
         if m_rutube is not None:
@@ -530,21 +542,21 @@ class VKIE(VKBaseIE):
             'formats': formats,
             'subtitles': subtitles,
             **traverse_obj(mv_data, {
-                'title': ('title', {unescapeHTML}),
+                'title': ('title', {str}, {unescapeHTML}),
                 'description': ('desc', {clean_html}, filter),
                 'duration': ('duration', {int_or_none}),
                 'like_count': ('likes', {int_or_none}),
                 'comment_count': ('commcount', {int_or_none}),
             }),
             **traverse_obj(data, {
-                'title': ('md_title', {unescapeHTML}),
+                'title': ('md_title', {str}, {unescapeHTML}),
                 'description': ('description', {clean_html}, filter),
                 'thumbnail': ('jpg', {url_or_none}),
-                'uploader': ('md_author', {str}),
+                'uploader': ('md_author', {str}, {unescapeHTML}),
                 'uploader_id': (('author_id', 'authorId'), {str_or_none}, any),
                 'duration': ('duration', {int_or_none}),
                 'chapters': ('time_codes', lambda _, v: isinstance(v['time'], int), {
-                    'title': ('text', {str}),
+                    'title': ('text', {str}, {unescapeHTML}),
                     'start_time': 'time',
                 }),
             }),
@@ -560,7 +572,7 @@ class VKUserVideosIE(VKBaseIE):
     IE_DESC = "VK - User's Videos"
     _BASE_URL_RE = r'https?://(?:(?:m|new)\.)?vk(?:video\.ru|\.com/video)'
     _VALID_URL = [
-        rf'{_BASE_URL_RE}/playlist/(?P<id>-?\d+_\d+)',
+        rf'{_BASE_URL_RE}/playlist/(?P<id>-?\d+_-?\d+)',
         rf'{_BASE_URL_RE}/(?P<id>@[^/?#]+)(?:/all)?/?(?!\?.*\bz=video)(?:[?#]|$)',
     ]
     _TESTS = [{
@@ -590,6 +602,9 @@ class VKUserVideosIE(VKBaseIE):
     }, {
         'url': 'https://vk.com/video/playlist/-174476437_2',
         'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://vkvideo.ru/playlist/-51890028_-2',
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
     _VIDEO = collections.namedtuple('Video', ['owner_id', 'id'])
 
@@ -715,7 +730,7 @@ class VKWallPostIE(VKBaseIE):
     def _unmask_url(self, mask_url, vk_id):
         if 'audio_api_unavailable' in mask_url:
             extra = mask_url.split('?extra=')[1].split('#')
-            func, base = self._decode(extra[1]).split(chr(11))
+            _, base = self._decode(extra[1]).split(chr(11))
             mask_url = list(self._decode(extra[0]))
             url_len = len(mask_url)
             indexes = [None] * url_len
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/voxmedia.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/voxmedia.py
index e9b0047a47..929bfc500b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/voxmedia.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/voxmedia.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from .once import OnceIE
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     int_or_none,
@@ -10,7 +9,7 @@ from ..utils import (
 )
 
 
-class VoxMediaVolumeIE(OnceIE):
+class VoxMediaVolumeIE(InfoExtractor):
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://volume\.vox-cdn\.com/embed/(?P<id>[0-9a-f]{9})'
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -57,7 +56,8 @@ class VoxMediaVolumeIE(OnceIE):
             if not provider_video_id:
                 continue
             if provider_video_type == 'brightcove':
-                info['formats'] = self._extract_once_formats(provider_video_id)
+                # TODO: Find embed example or confirm that Vox has stopped using Brightcove
+                raise ExtractorError('Vox Brightcove embeds are currently unsupported')
             else:
                 info.update({
                     '_type': 'url_transparent',
@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@ class VoxMediaIE(InfoExtractor):
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?(?:(?:theverge|vox|sbnation|eater|polygon|curbed|racked|funnyordie)\.com|recode\.net)/(?:[^/]+/)*(?P<id>[^/?]+)'
     _EMBED_REGEX = [r'<iframe[^>]+?src="(?P<url>https?://(?:www\.)?funnyordie\.com/embed/[^"]+)"']
     _TESTS = [{
+        # FIXME: Unsupported iframe embed
         # Volume embed, Youtube
         'url': 'http://www.theverge.com/2014/6/27/5849272/material-world-how-google-discovered-what-software-is-made-of',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -155,20 +156,15 @@ class VoxMediaIE(InfoExtractor):
             },
         }],
         'skip': 'Page no longer contain videos',
-    }, {
-        # volume embed, Brightcove Once
-        'url': 'https://www.recode.net/2014/6/17/11628066/post-post-pc-ceo-the-full-code-conference-video-of-microsofts-satya',
-        'md5': '2dbc77b8b0bff1894c2fce16eded637d',
+    }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/11/obama-zach-galifianakis-between-two-ferns',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '1231c973d',
+            'id': '18e820ec3f',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Post-Post-PC CEO: The Full Code Conference Video of Microsoft\'s Satya Nadella',
-            'description': 'The longtime veteran was chosen earlier this year as the software giant\'s third leader in its history.',
-            'timestamp': 1402938000,
-            'upload_date': '20140616',
-            'duration': 4114,
+            'title': 'Between Two Ferns with Zach Galifianakis: President Barack Obama',
         },
-        'add_ie': ['VoxMediaVolume'],
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vrsquare.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vrsquare.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9e8740b421
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vrsquare.py
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+import itertools
+
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
+from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
+    clean_html,
+    extract_attributes,
+    parse_duration,
+    parse_qs,
+)
+from ..utils.traversal import (
+    find_element,
+    find_elements,
+    traverse_obj,
+)
+
+
+class VrSquareIE(InfoExtractor):
+    IE_NAME = 'vrsquare'
+    IE_DESC = 'VR SQUARE'
+
+    _BASE_URL = 'https://livr.jp'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://livr\.jp/contents/(?P<id>[\w-]+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://livr.jp/contents/P470896661',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'P470896661',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '��曲���ら�櫻�？ ７年間�疲れ様��井�香��業を��会��� 2022年11月6日放�分',
+            'description': 'md5:523726dc835aa8014dfe1e2b38d36cd1',
+            'duration': 1515.0,
+            'tags': 'count:2',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://media\.livr\.jp/vod/img/.+\.jpg',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://livr.jp/contents/P589523973',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'P589523973',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '薄闇�仰� ��れ桜�妖艶',
+            'description': 'md5:a042f517b2cbb4ed6746707afec4d306',
+            'duration': 1084.0,
+            'tags': list,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://media\.livr\.jp/vod/img/.+\.jpg',
+        },
+        'skip': 'Paid video',
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://livr.jp/contents/P316939908',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'P316939908',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '2024年5月16日（木） 「今日�誰��を�る？�公演 �栗有以 生誕祭',
+            'description': 'md5:2110bdcf947f28bd7d06ec420e51b619',
+            'duration': 8559.0,
+            'tags': list,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://media\.livr\.jp/vod/img/.+\.jpg',
+        },
+        'skip': 'Premium channel subscribers only',
+    }, {
+        # Accessible only in the VR SQUARE app
+        'url': 'https://livr.jp/contents/P126481458',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
+        status = self._download_json(
+            f'{self._BASE_URL}/webApi/contentsStatus/{video_id}',
+            video_id, 'Checking contents status', fatal=False)
+        if traverse_obj(status, 'result_code') == '40407':
+            self.raise_login_required('Unable to access this video')
+
+        try:
+            web_api = self._download_json(
+                f'{self._BASE_URL}/webApi/play/url/{video_id}', video_id)
+        except ExtractorError as e:
+            if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 500:
+                raise ExtractorError('VR SQUARE app-only videos are not supported', expected=True)
+            raise
+
+        return {
+            'id': video_id,
+            'title': self._html_search_meta(['og:title', 'twitter:title'], webpage),
+            'description': self._html_search_meta('description', webpage),
+            'formats': self._extract_m3u8_formats(traverse_obj(web_api, (
+                'urls', ..., 'url', any)), video_id, 'mp4', fatal=False),
+            'thumbnail': self._html_search_meta('og:image', webpage),
+            **traverse_obj(webpage, {
+                'duration': ({find_element(cls='layout-product-data-time')}, {parse_duration}),
+                'tags': ({find_elements(cls='search-tag')}, ..., {clean_html}),
+            }),
+        }
+
+
+class VrSquarePlaylistBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _BASE_URL = 'https://livr.jp'
+
+    def _fetch_vids(self, source, keys=()):
+        for url_path in traverse_obj(source, (
+            *keys, {find_elements(cls='video', html=True)}, ...,
+            {extract_attributes}, 'data-url', {str}, filter),
+        ):
+            yield self.url_result(
+                f'{self._BASE_URL}/contents/{url_path.removeprefix("/contents/")}', VrSquareIE)
+
+    def _entries(self, path, display_id, query=None):
+        for page in itertools.count(1):
+            ajax = self._download_json(
+                f'{self._BASE_URL}{path}', display_id,
+                f'Downloading playlist JSON page {page}',
+                query={'p': page, **(query or {})})
+            yield from self._fetch_vids(ajax, ('contents_render_list', ...))
+            if not traverse_obj(ajax, (('has_next', 'hasNext'), {bool}, any)):
+                break
+
+
+class VrSquareChannelIE(VrSquarePlaylistBaseIE):
+    IE_NAME = 'vrsquare:channel'
+
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://livr\.jp/channel/(?P<id>\w+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://livr.jp/channel/H372648599',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'H372648599',
+            'title': 'AKB48＋�ャン�ル',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 502,
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, playlist_id)
+
+        return self.playlist_result(
+            self._entries(f'/ajax/channel/{playlist_id}', playlist_id),
+            playlist_id, self._html_search_meta('og:title', webpage))
+
+
+class VrSquareSearchIE(VrSquarePlaylistBaseIE):
+    IE_NAME = 'vrsquare:search'
+
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://livr\.jp/web-search/?\?(?:[^#]+&)?w=[^#]+'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://livr.jp/web-search?w=%23%E5%B0%8F%E6%A0%97%E6%9C%89%E4%BB%A5',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '#�栗有以',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 60,
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        search_query = parse_qs(url)['w'][0]
+
+        return self.playlist_result(
+            self._entries('/ajax/web-search', search_query, {'w': search_query}), search_query)
+
+
+class VrSquareSectionIE(VrSquarePlaylistBaseIE):
+    IE_NAME = 'vrsquare:section'
+
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://livr\.jp/(?:category|headline)/(?P<id>\w+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://livr.jp/category/C133936275',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'C133936275',
+            'title': '��曲���ら�櫻�？VR',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 308,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://livr.jp/headline/A296449604',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'A296449604',
+            'title': 'AKB48 アフターVR',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 22,
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, playlist_id)
+
+        return self.playlist_result(
+            self._fetch_vids(webpage), playlist_id, self._html_search_meta('og:title', webpage))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vrt.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vrt.py
index 9345ca962b..079feab454 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vrt.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vrt.py
@@ -2,31 +2,33 @@ import json
 import time
 import urllib.parse
 
-from .gigya import GigyaBaseIE
+from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     clean_html,
     extract_attributes,
+    filter_dict,
     float_or_none,
     get_element_by_class,
     get_element_html_by_class,
     int_or_none,
-    join_nonempty,
-    jwt_encode_hs256,
+    jwt_decode_hs256,
+    jwt_encode,
     make_archive_id,
     merge_dicts,
     parse_age_limit,
+    parse_duration,
     parse_iso8601,
     str_or_none,
     strip_or_none,
     traverse_obj,
+    try_call,
     url_or_none,
-    urlencode_postdata,
 )
 
 
-class VRTBaseIE(GigyaBaseIE):
+class VRTBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     _GEO_BYPASS = False
     _PLAYER_INFO = {
         'platform': 'desktop',
@@ -37,11 +39,11 @@ class VRTBaseIE(GigyaBaseIE):
         'device': 'undefined (undefined)',
         'os': {
             'name': 'Windows',
-            'version': 'x86_64',
+            'version': '10',
         },
         'player': {
             'name': 'VRT web player',
-            'version': '2.7.4-prod-2023-04-19T06:05:45',
+            'version': '5.1.1-prod-2025-02-14T08:44:16"',
         },
     }
     # From https://player.vrt.be/vrtnws/js/main.js & https://player.vrt.be/ketnet/js/main.8cdb11341bcb79e4cd44.js
@@ -90,20 +92,21 @@ class VRTBaseIE(GigyaBaseIE):
     def _call_api(self, video_id, client='null', id_token=None, version='v2'):
         player_info = {'exp': (round(time.time(), 3) + 900), **self._PLAYER_INFO}
         player_token = self._download_json(
-            'https://media-services-public.vrt.be/vualto-video-aggregator-web/rest/external/v2/tokens',
-            video_id, 'Downloading player token', headers={
+            f'https://media-services-public.vrt.be/vualto-video-aggregator-web/rest/external/{version}/tokens',
+            video_id, 'Downloading player token', 'Failed to download player token', headers={
                 **self.geo_verification_headers(),
                 'Content-Type': 'application/json',
             }, data=json.dumps({
-                'identityToken': id_token or {},
-                'playerInfo': jwt_encode_hs256(player_info, self._JWT_SIGNING_KEY, headers={
+                'identityToken': id_token or '',
+                'playerInfo': jwt_encode(player_info, self._JWT_SIGNING_KEY, headers={
                     'kid': self._JWT_KEY_ID,
-                }).decode(),
+                }),
             }, separators=(',', ':')).encode())['vrtPlayerToken']
 
         return self._download_json(
-            f'https://media-services-public.vrt.be/media-aggregator/{version}/media-items/{video_id}',
-            video_id, 'Downloading API JSON', query={
+            # The URL below redirects to https://media-services-public.vrt.be/media-aggregator/{version}/media-items/{video_id}
+            f'https://media-services-public.vrt.be/vualto-video-aggregator-web/rest/external/{version}/videos/{video_id}',
+            video_id, 'Downloading API JSON', 'Failed to download API JSON', query={
                 'vrtPlayerToken': player_token,
                 'client': client,
             }, expected_status=400)
@@ -177,215 +180,286 @@ class VRTIE(VRTBaseIE):
 
 
 class VrtNUIE(VRTBaseIE):
-    IE_DESC = 'VRT MAX'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?vrt\.be/vrtnu/a-z/(?:[^/]+/){2}(?P<id>[^/?#&]+)'
+    IE_NAME = 'vrtmax'
+    IE_DESC = 'VRT MAX (formerly VRT NU)'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?vrt\.be/(?:vrtnu|vrtmax)/a-z/(?:[^/]+/){2}(?P<id>[^/?#&]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
-        # CONTENT_IS_AGE_RESTRICTED
-        'url': 'https://www.vrt.be/vrtnu/a-z/de-ideale-wereld/2023-vj/de-ideale-wereld-d20230116/',
+        'url': 'https://www.vrt.be/vrtmax/a-z/ket---doc/trailer/ket---doc-trailer-s6/',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'pbs-pub-855b00a8-6ce2-4032-ac4f-1fcf3ae78524$vid-d2243aa1-ec46-4e34-a55b-92568459906f',
+            'id': 'pbs-pub-c8a78645-5d3e-468a-89ec-6f3ed5534bd5$vid-242ddfe9-18f5-4e16-ab45-09b122a19251',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Tom Waes',
-            'description': 'Satirisch actualiteitenmagazine met Ella Leyers. Tom Waes is te gast.',
-            'timestamp': 1673905125,
-            'release_timestamp': 1673905125,
-            'series': 'De ideale wereld',
-            'season_id': '1672830988794',
-            'episode': 'Aflevering 1',
-            'episode_number': 1,
-            'episode_id': '1672830988861',
-            'display_id': 'de-ideale-wereld-d20230116',
-            'channel': 'VRT',
-            'duration': 1939.0,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://images.vrt.be/orig/2023/01/10/1bb39cb3-9115-11ed-b07d-02b7b76bf47f.jpg',
-            'release_date': '20230116',
-            'upload_date': '20230116',
-            'age_limit': 12,
+            'channel': 'ketnet',
+            'description': 'Neem een kijkje in de bijzondere wereld van deze Ketnetters.',
+            'display_id': 'ket---doc-trailer-s6',
+            'duration': 30.0,
+            'episode': 'Reeks 6 volledig vanaf 3 maart',
+            'episode_id': '1739450401467',
+            'season': 'Trailer',
+            'season_id': '1739450401467',
+            'series': 'Ket & Doc',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://images.vrt.be/orig/2025/02/21/63f07122-5bbd-4ca1-b42e-8565c6cd95df.jpg',
+            'timestamp': 1740373200,
+            'title': 'Reeks 6 volledig vanaf 3 maart',
+            'upload_date': '20250224',
+            '_old_archive_ids': [
+                'canvas pbs-pub-c8a78645-5d3e-468a-89ec-6f3ed5534bd5$vid-242ddfe9-18f5-4e16-ab45-09b122a19251',
+                'ketnet pbs-pub-c8a78645-5d3e-468a-89ec-6f3ed5534bd5$vid-242ddfe9-18f5-4e16-ab45-09b122a19251',
+            ],
         },
     }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.vrt.be/vrtnu/a-z/buurman--wat-doet-u-nu-/6/buurman--wat-doet-u-nu--s6-trailer/',
+        'url': 'https://www.vrt.be/vrtmax/a-z/meisjes/6/meisjes-s6a5/',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'pbs-pub-ad4050eb-d9e5-48c2-9ec8-b6c355032361$vid-0465537a-34a8-4617-8352-4d8d983b4eee',
+            'id': 'pbs-pub-97b541ab-e05c-43b9-9a40-445702ef7189$vid-5e306921-a9aa-4fa9-9f39-5b82c8f1028e',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Trailer seizoen 6 \'Buurman, wat doet u nu?\'',
-            'description': 'md5:197424726c61384b4e5c519f16c0cf02',
-            'timestamp': 1652940000,
-            'release_timestamp': 1652940000,
-            'series': 'Buurman, wat doet u nu?',
-            'season': 'Seizoen 6',
+            'channel': 'ketnet',
+            'description': 'md5:713793f15cbf677f66200b36b7b1ec5a',
+            'display_id': 'meisjes-s6a5',
+            'duration': 1336.02,
+            'episode': 'Week 5',
+            'episode_id': '1684157692901',
+            'episode_number': 5,
+            'season': '6',
+            'season_id': '1684157692901',
             'season_number': 6,
-            'season_id': '1652344200907',
-            'episode': 'Aflevering 0',
-            'episode_number': 0,
-            'episode_id': '1652951873524',
-            'display_id': 'buurman--wat-doet-u-nu--s6-trailer',
-            'channel': 'VRT',
-            'duration': 33.13,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://images.vrt.be/orig/2022/05/23/3c234d21-da83-11ec-b07d-02b7b76bf47f.jpg',
-            'release_date': '20220519',
-            'upload_date': '20220519',
+            'series': 'Meisjes',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://images.vrt.be/orig/2023/05/14/bf526ae0-f1d9-11ed-91d7-02b7b76bf47f.jpg',
+            'timestamp': 1685251800,
+            'title': 'Week 5',
+            'upload_date': '20230528',
+            '_old_archive_ids': [
+                'canvas pbs-pub-97b541ab-e05c-43b9-9a40-445702ef7189$vid-5e306921-a9aa-4fa9-9f39-5b82c8f1028e',
+                'ketnet pbs-pub-97b541ab-e05c-43b9-9a40-445702ef7189$vid-5e306921-a9aa-4fa9-9f39-5b82c8f1028e',
+            ],
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.vrt.be/vrtnu/a-z/taboe/3/taboe-s3a4/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'pbs-pub-f50faa3a-1778-46b6-9117-4ba85f197703$vid-547507fe-1c8b-4394-b361-21e627cbd0fd',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'channel': 'een',
+            'description': 'md5:bf61345a95eca9393a95de4a7a54b5c6',
+            'display_id': 'taboe-s3a4',
+            'duration': 2882.02,
+            'episode': 'Mensen met het syndroom van Gilles de la Tourette',
+            'episode_id': '1739055911734',
+            'episode_number': 4,
+            'season': '3',
+            'season_id': '1739055911734',
+            'season_number': 3,
+            'series': 'Taboe',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://images.vrt.be/orig/2025/02/19/8198496c-d1ae-4bca-9a48-761cf3ea3ff2.jpg',
+            'timestamp': 1740286800,
+            'title': 'Mensen met het syndroom van Gilles de la Tourette',
+            'upload_date': '20250223',
+            '_old_archive_ids': [
+                'canvas pbs-pub-f50faa3a-1778-46b6-9117-4ba85f197703$vid-547507fe-1c8b-4394-b361-21e627cbd0fd',
+                'ketnet pbs-pub-f50faa3a-1778-46b6-9117-4ba85f197703$vid-547507fe-1c8b-4394-b361-21e627cbd0fd',
+            ],
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }]
     _NETRC_MACHINE = 'vrtnu'
-    _authenticated = False
+
+    _TOKEN_COOKIE_DOMAIN = '.www.vrt.be'
+    _ACCESS_TOKEN_COOKIE_NAME = 'vrtnu-site_profile_at'
+    _REFRESH_TOKEN_COOKIE_NAME = 'vrtnu-site_profile_rt'
+    _VIDEO_TOKEN_COOKIE_NAME = 'vrtnu-site_profile_vt'
+    _VIDEO_PAGE_QUERY = '''
+    query VideoPage($pageId: ID!) {
+        page(id: $pageId) {
+            ... on EpisodePage {
+                episode {
+                    ageRaw
+                    description
+                    durationRaw
+                    episodeNumberRaw
+                    id
+                    name
+                    onTimeRaw
+                    program {
+                        title
+                    }
+                    season {
+                        id
+                        titleRaw
+                    }
+                    title
+                    brand
+                }
+                ldjson
+                player {
+                    image {
+                        templateUrl
+                    }
+                    modes {
+                        streamId
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    '''
+
+    def _fetch_tokens(self):
+        has_credentials = self._get_login_info()[0]
+        access_token = self._get_vrt_cookie(self._ACCESS_TOKEN_COOKIE_NAME)
+        video_token = self._get_vrt_cookie(self._VIDEO_TOKEN_COOKIE_NAME)
+
+        if (access_token and not self._is_jwt_token_expired(access_token)
+                and video_token and not self._is_jwt_token_expired(video_token)):
+            return access_token, video_token
+
+        if has_credentials:
+            access_token, video_token = self.cache.load(self._NETRC_MACHINE, 'token_data', default=(None, None))
+
+            if (access_token and not self._is_jwt_token_expired(access_token)
+                    and video_token and not self._is_jwt_token_expired(video_token)):
+                self.write_debug('Restored tokens from cache')
+                self._set_cookie(self._TOKEN_COOKIE_DOMAIN, self._ACCESS_TOKEN_COOKIE_NAME, access_token)
+                self._set_cookie(self._TOKEN_COOKIE_DOMAIN, self._VIDEO_TOKEN_COOKIE_NAME, video_token)
+                return access_token, video_token
+
+        if not self._get_vrt_cookie(self._REFRESH_TOKEN_COOKIE_NAME):
+            return None, None
+
+        self._request_webpage(
+            'https://www.vrt.be/vrtmax/sso/refresh', None,
+            note='Refreshing tokens', errnote='Failed to refresh tokens', fatal=False)
+
+        access_token = self._get_vrt_cookie(self._ACCESS_TOKEN_COOKIE_NAME)
+        video_token = self._get_vrt_cookie(self._VIDEO_TOKEN_COOKIE_NAME)
+
+        if not access_token or not video_token:
+            self.cache.store(self._NETRC_MACHINE, 'refresh_token', None)
+            self.cookiejar.clear(self._TOKEN_COOKIE_DOMAIN, '/vrtmax/sso', self._REFRESH_TOKEN_COOKIE_NAME)
+            msg = 'Refreshing of tokens failed'
+            if not has_credentials:
+                self.report_warning(msg)
+                return None, None
+            self.report_warning(f'{msg}. Re-logging in')
+            return self._perform_login(*self._get_login_info())
+
+        if has_credentials:
+            self.cache.store(self._NETRC_MACHINE, 'token_data', (access_token, video_token))
+
+        return access_token, video_token
+
+    def _get_vrt_cookie(self, cookie_name):
+        # Refresh token cookie is scoped to /vrtmax/sso, others are scoped to /
+        return try_call(lambda: self._get_cookies('https://www.vrt.be/vrtmax/sso')[cookie_name].value)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _is_jwt_token_expired(token):
+        return jwt_decode_hs256(token)['exp'] - time.time() < 300
 
     def _perform_login(self, username, password):
-        auth_info = self._gigya_login({
-            'APIKey': '3_0Z2HujMtiWq_pkAjgnS2Md2E11a1AwZjYiBETtwNE-EoEHDINgtnvcAOpNgmrVGy',
-            'targetEnv': 'jssdk',
-            'loginID': username,
-            'password': password,
-            'authMode': 'cookie',
-        })
-
-        if auth_info.get('errorDetails'):
-            raise ExtractorError(f'Unable to login. VrtNU said: {auth_info["errorDetails"]}', expected=True)
-
-        # Sometimes authentication fails for no good reason, retry
-        for retry in self.RetryManager():
-            if retry.attempt > 1:
-                self._sleep(1, None)
-            try:
-                self._request_webpage(
-                    'https://token.vrt.be/vrtnuinitlogin', None, note='Requesting XSRF Token',
-                    errnote='Could not get XSRF Token', query={
-                        'provider': 'site',
-                        'destination': 'https://www.vrt.be/vrtnu/',
-                    })
-                self._request_webpage(
-                    'https://login.vrt.be/perform_login', None,
-                    note='Performing login', errnote='Login failed',
-                    query={'client_id': 'vrtnu-site'}, data=urlencode_postdata({
-                        'UID': auth_info['UID'],
-                        'UIDSignature': auth_info['UIDSignature'],
-                        'signatureTimestamp': auth_info['signatureTimestamp'],
-                        '_csrf': self._get_cookies('https://login.vrt.be').get('OIDCXSRF').value,
-                    }))
-            except ExtractorError as e:
-                if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 401:
-                    retry.error = e
-                    continue
-                raise
-
-        self._authenticated = True
+        refresh_token = self._get_vrt_cookie(self._REFRESH_TOKEN_COOKIE_NAME)
+        if refresh_token and not self._is_jwt_token_expired(refresh_token):
+            self.write_debug('Using refresh token from logged-in cookies; skipping login with credentials')
+            return
+
+        refresh_token = self.cache.load(self._NETRC_MACHINE, 'refresh_token', default=None)
+        if refresh_token and not self._is_jwt_token_expired(refresh_token):
+            self.write_debug('Restored refresh token from cache')
+            self._set_cookie(self._TOKEN_COOKIE_DOMAIN, self._REFRESH_TOKEN_COOKIE_NAME, refresh_token, path='/vrtmax/sso')
+            return
+
+        self._request_webpage(
+            'https://www.vrt.be/vrtmax/sso/login', None,
+            note='Getting session cookies', errnote='Failed to get session cookies')
+
+        login_data = self._download_json(
+            'https://login.vrt.be/perform_login', None, data=json.dumps({
+                'clientId': 'vrtnu-site',
+                'loginID': username,
+                'password': password,
+            }).encode(), headers={
+                'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+                'Oidcxsrf': self._get_cookies('https://login.vrt.be')['OIDCXSRF'].value,
+            }, note='Logging in', errnote='Login failed', expected_status=403)
+        if login_data.get('errorCode'):
+            raise ExtractorError(f'Login failed: {login_data.get("errorMessage")}', expected=True)
 
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        display_id = self._match_id(url)
-        parsed_url = urllib.parse.urlparse(url)
-        details = self._download_json(
-            f'{parsed_url.scheme}://{parsed_url.netloc}{parsed_url.path.rstrip("/")}.model.json',
-            display_id, 'Downloading asset JSON', 'Unable to download asset JSON')['details']
-
-        watch_info = traverse_obj(details, (
-            'actions', lambda _, v: v['type'] == 'watch-episode', {dict}), get_all=False) or {}
-        video_id = join_nonempty(
-            'episodePublicationId', 'episodeVideoId', delim='$', from_dict=watch_info)
-        if '$' not in video_id:
-            raise ExtractorError('Unable to extract video ID')
-
-        vrtnutoken = self._download_json(
-            'https://token.vrt.be/refreshtoken', video_id, note='Retrieving vrtnutoken',
-            errnote='Token refresh failed')['vrtnutoken'] if self._authenticated else None
-
-        video_info = self._call_api(video_id, 'vrtnu-web@PROD', vrtnutoken)
-
-        if 'title' not in video_info:
-            code = video_info.get('code')
-            if code in ('AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED', 'CONTENT_IS_AGE_RESTRICTED'):
-                self.raise_login_required(code, method='password')
-            elif code in ('INVALID_LOCATION', 'CONTENT_AVAILABLE_ONLY_IN_BE'):
-                self.raise_geo_restricted(countries=['BE'])
-            elif code == 'CONTENT_AVAILABLE_ONLY_FOR_BE_RESIDENTS_AND_EXPATS':
-                if not self._authenticated:
-                    self.raise_login_required(code, method='password')
-                self.raise_geo_restricted(countries=['BE'])
-            raise ExtractorError(code, expected=True)
+        self._request_webpage(
+            login_data['redirectUrl'], None,
+            note='Getting access token', errnote='Failed to get access token')
 
-        formats, subtitles = self._extract_formats_and_subtitles(video_info, video_id)
+        access_token = self._get_vrt_cookie(self._ACCESS_TOKEN_COOKIE_NAME)
+        video_token = self._get_vrt_cookie(self._VIDEO_TOKEN_COOKIE_NAME)
+        refresh_token = self._get_vrt_cookie(self._REFRESH_TOKEN_COOKIE_NAME)
 
-        return {
-            **traverse_obj(details, {
-                'title': 'title',
-                'description': ('description', {clean_html}),
-                'timestamp': ('data', 'episode', 'onTime', 'raw', {parse_iso8601}),
-                'release_timestamp': ('data', 'episode', 'onTime', 'raw', {parse_iso8601}),
-                'series': ('data', 'program', 'title'),
-                'season': ('data', 'season', 'title', 'value'),
-                'season_number': ('data', 'season', 'title', 'raw', {int_or_none}),
-                'season_id': ('data', 'season', 'id', {str_or_none}),
-                'episode': ('data', 'episode', 'number', 'value', {str_or_none}),
-                'episode_number': ('data', 'episode', 'number', 'raw', {int_or_none}),
-                'episode_id': ('data', 'episode', 'id', {str_or_none}),
-                'age_limit': ('data', 'episode', 'age', 'raw', {parse_age_limit}),
-            }),
-            'id': video_id,
-            'display_id': display_id,
-            'channel': 'VRT',
-            'formats': formats,
-            'duration': float_or_none(video_info.get('duration'), 1000),
-            'thumbnail': url_or_none(video_info.get('posterImageUrl')),
-            'subtitles': subtitles,
-            '_old_archive_ids': [make_archive_id('Canvas', video_id)],
-        }
+        if not all((access_token, video_token, refresh_token)):
+            raise ExtractorError('Unable to extract token cookie values')
 
+        self.cache.store(self._NETRC_MACHINE, 'token_data', (access_token, video_token))
+        self.cache.store(self._NETRC_MACHINE, 'refresh_token', refresh_token)
 
-class KetnetIE(VRTBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?ketnet\.be/(?P<id>(?:[^/]+/)*[^/?#&]+)'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://www.ketnet.be/kijken/m/meisjes/6/meisjes-s6a5',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'pbs-pub-39f8351c-a0a0-43e6-8394-205d597d6162$vid-5e306921-a9aa-4fa9-9f39-5b82c8f1028e',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Meisjes',
-            'episode': 'Reeks 6: Week 5',
-            'season': 'Reeks 6',
-            'series': 'Meisjes',
-            'timestamp': 1685251800,
-            'upload_date': '20230528',
-        },
-        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
-    }]
+        return access_token, video_token
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = self._match_id(url)
+        access_token, video_token = self._fetch_tokens()
+
+        metadata = self._download_json(
+            f'https://www.vrt.be/vrtnu-api/graphql{"" if access_token else "/public"}/v1',
+            display_id, 'Downloading asset JSON', 'Unable to download asset JSON',
+            data=json.dumps({
+                'operationName': 'VideoPage',
+                'query': self._VIDEO_PAGE_QUERY,
+                'variables': {'pageId': urllib.parse.urlparse(url).path},
+            }).encode(),
+            headers=filter_dict({
+                'Authorization': f'Bearer {access_token}' if access_token else None,
+                'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+                'x-vrt-client-name': 'WEB',
+                'x-vrt-client-version': '1.5.9',
+                'x-vrt-zone': 'default',
+            }))['data']['page']
 
-        video = self._download_json(
-            'https://senior-bff.ketnet.be/graphql', display_id, query={
-                'query': '''{
-  video(id: "content/ketnet/nl/%s.model.json") {
-    description
-    episodeNr
-    imageUrl
-    mediaReference
-    programTitle
-    publicationDate
-    seasonTitle
-    subtitleVideodetail
-    titleVideodetail
-  }
-}''' % display_id,  # noqa: UP031
-            })['data']['video']
-
-        video_id = urllib.parse.unquote(video['mediaReference'])
-        data = self._call_api(video_id, 'ketnet@PROD', version='v1')
-        formats, subtitles = self._extract_formats_and_subtitles(data, video_id)
+        video_id = metadata['player']['modes'][0]['streamId']
+
+        try:
+            streaming_info = self._call_api(video_id, 'vrtnu-web@PROD', id_token=video_token)
+        except ExtractorError as e:
+            if not video_token and isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 404:
+                self.raise_login_required()
+            raise
+
+        formats, subtitles = self._extract_formats_and_subtitles(streaming_info, video_id)
+
+        code = traverse_obj(streaming_info, ('code', {str}))
+        if not formats and code:
+            if code in ('CONTENT_AVAILABLE_ONLY_FOR_BE_RESIDENTS', 'CONTENT_AVAILABLE_ONLY_IN_BE', 'CONTENT_UNAVAILABLE_VIA_PROXY'):
+                self.raise_geo_restricted(countries=['BE'])
+            elif code in ('CONTENT_AVAILABLE_ONLY_FOR_BE_RESIDENTS_AND_EXPATS', 'CONTENT_IS_AGE_RESTRICTED', 'CONTENT_REQUIRES_AUTHENTICATION'):
+                self.raise_login_required()
+            else:
+                self.raise_no_formats(f'Unable to extract formats: {code}')
 
         return {
+            'duration': float_or_none(streaming_info.get('duration'), 1000),
+            'thumbnail': url_or_none(streaming_info.get('posterImageUrl')),
+            **self._json_ld(traverse_obj(metadata, ('ldjson', ..., {json.loads})), video_id, fatal=False),
+            **traverse_obj(metadata, ('episode', {
+                'title': ('title', {str}),
+                'description': ('description', {str}),
+                'timestamp': ('onTimeRaw', {parse_iso8601}),
+                'series': ('program', 'title', {str}),
+                'season': ('season', 'titleRaw', {str}),
+                'season_number': ('season', 'titleRaw', {int_or_none}),
+                'season_id': ('id', {str_or_none}),
+                'episode': ('title', {str}),
+                'episode_number': ('episodeNumberRaw', {int_or_none}),
+                'episode_id': ('id', {str_or_none}),
+                'age_limit': ('ageRaw', {parse_age_limit}),
+                'channel': ('brand', {str}),
+                'duration': ('durationRaw', {parse_duration}),
+            })),
             'id': video_id,
+            'display_id': display_id,
             'formats': formats,
             'subtitles': subtitles,
-            '_old_archive_ids': [make_archive_id('Canvas', video_id)],
-            **traverse_obj(video, {
-                'title': ('titleVideodetail', {str}),
-                'description': ('description', {str}),
-                'thumbnail': ('thumbnail', {url_or_none}),
-                'timestamp': ('publicationDate', {parse_iso8601}),
-                'series': ('programTitle', {str}),
-                'season': ('seasonTitle', {str}),
-                'episode': ('subtitleVideodetail', {str}),
-                'episode_number': ('episodeNr', {int_or_none}),
-            }),
+            '_old_archive_ids': [make_archive_id('Canvas', video_id),
+                                 make_archive_id('Ketnet', video_id)],
         }
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vtm.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vtm.py
index 41b41ec171..031ec3fbb8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vtm.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vtm.py
@@ -1,60 +1,42 @@
-from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import (
-    int_or_none,
-    parse_iso8601,
-    try_get,
-)
+from .medialaan import MedialaanBaseIE
+from ..utils import str_or_none
+from ..utils.traversal import require, traverse_obj
 
 
-class VTMIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _WORKING = False
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?vtm\.be/([^/?&#]+)~v(?P<id>[0-9a-f]{8}(?:-[0-9a-f]{4}){3}-[0-9a-f]{12})'
-    _TEST = {
+class VTMIE(MedialaanBaseIE):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?vtm\.be/[^/?#]+~v(?P<id>[\da-f]{8}(?:-[\da-f]{4}){3}-[\da-f]{12})'
+    _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://vtm.be/gast-vernielt-genkse-hotelkamer~ve7534523-279f-4b4d-a5c9-a33ffdbe23e1',
-        'md5': '37dca85fbc3a33f2de28ceb834b071f8',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '192445',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Gast vernielt Genkse hotelkamer',
-            'timestamp': 1611060180,
-            'upload_date': '20210119',
+            'channel': 'VTM',
+            'channel_id': '867',
+            'description': 'md5:75fce957d219646ff1b65ba449ab97b5',
             'duration': 74,
-            # TODO: fix url _type result processing
-            # 'series': 'Op Interventie',
+            'genres': ['Documentaries'],
+            'release_date': '20210119',
+            'release_timestamp': 1611060180,
+            'series': 'Op Interventie',
+            'series_id': '2658',
+            'tags': 'count:2',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://images\.mychannels\.video/imgix/.+\.(?:jpe?g|png)',
+            'uploader': 'VTM',
+            'uploader_id': '74',
         },
-    }
+    }]
+
+    def _real_initialize(self):
+        if not self._get_cookies('https://vtm.be/').get('authId'):
+            self.raise_login_required()
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        uuid = self._match_id(url)
-        video = self._download_json(
-            'https://omc4vm23offuhaxx6hekxtzspi.appsync-api.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/graphql',
-            uuid, query={
-                'query': '''{
-  getComponent(type: Video, uuid: "%s") {
-    ... on Video {
-      description
-      duration
-      myChannelsVideo
-      program {
-        title
-      }
-      publishedAt
-      title
-    }
-  }
-}''' % uuid,  # noqa: UP031
-            }, headers={
-                'x-api-key': 'da2-lz2cab4tfnah3mve6wiye4n77e',
-            })['data']['getComponent']
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
+        apollo_state = self._search_json(
+            r'window\.__APOLLO_STATE__\s*=', webpage, 'apollo state', video_id)
+        mychannels_id = traverse_obj(apollo_state, (
+            f'Video:{{"uuid":"{video_id}"}}', 'myChannelsVideo', {str_or_none}, {require('mychannels ID')}))
 
-        return {
-            '_type': 'url',
-            'id': uuid,
-            'title': video.get('title'),
-            'url': 'http://mychannels.video/embed/%d' % video['myChannelsVideo'],
-            'description': video.get('description'),
-            'timestamp': parse_iso8601(video.get('publishedAt')),
-            'duration': int_or_none(video.get('duration')),
-            'series': try_get(video, lambda x: x['program']['title']),
-            'ie_key': 'Medialaan',
-        }
+        return self._extract_from_mychannels_api(mychannels_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/wat.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/wat.py
index 03bac66ac6..c1c3af800b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/wat.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/wat.py
@@ -2,9 +2,11 @@ from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     int_or_none,
+    join_nonempty,
     try_get,
     unified_strdate,
 )
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 
 
 class WatIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -70,8 +72,14 @@ class WatIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         error_desc = video_info.get('error_desc')
         if error_desc:
-            if video_info.get('error_code') == 'GEOBLOCKED':
+            error_code = video_info.get('error_code')
+            if error_code == 'GEOBLOCKED':
                 self.raise_geo_restricted(error_desc, video_info.get('geoList'))
+            elif error_code == 'DELIVERY_ERROR':
+                if traverse_obj(video_data, ('delivery', 'code')) == 500:
+                    self.report_drm(video_id)
+                error_desc = join_nonempty(
+                    error_desc, traverse_obj(video_data, ('delivery', 'error', {str})), delim=': ')
             raise ExtractorError(error_desc, expected=True)
 
         title = video_info['title']
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/weibo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/weibo.py
index 6d4bd46e25..dc8a2cd753 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/weibo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/weibo.py
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     make_archive_id,
     mimetype2ext,
+    parse_qs,
     parse_resolution,
     str_or_none,
     strip_jsonp,
@@ -52,13 +53,16 @@ class WeiboBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                 '_rand': random.random(),
             })
 
-    def _weibo_download_json(self, url, video_id, *args, fatal=True, note='Downloading JSON metadata', **kwargs):
-        # XXX: Always fatal; _download_webpage_handle only returns False (not a tuple) on error
-        webpage, urlh = self._download_webpage_handle(url, video_id, *args, fatal=fatal, note=note, **kwargs)
+    def _weibo_download_json(self, url, video_id, note='Downloading JSON metadata', data=None, headers=None, query=None):
+        headers = {
+            'Referer': 'https://weibo.com/',
+            **(headers or {}),
+        }
+        webpage, urlh = self._download_webpage_handle(url, video_id, note=note, data=data, headers=headers, query=query)
         if urllib.parse.urlparse(urlh.url).netloc == 'passport.weibo.com':
             self._update_visitor_cookies(urlh.url, video_id)
-            webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id, *args, fatal=fatal, note=note, **kwargs)
-        return self._parse_json(webpage, video_id, fatal=fatal)
+            webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id, note=note, data=data, headers=headers, query=query)
+        return self._parse_json(webpage, video_id)
 
     def _extract_formats(self, video_info):
         media_info = traverse_obj(video_info, ('page_info', 'media_info'))
@@ -109,7 +113,7 @@ class WeiboBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             **traverse_obj(video_info, {
                 'display_id': ('mblogid', {str_or_none}),
                 'title': ('page_info', 'media_info', ('video_title', 'kol_title', 'name'),
-                          {lambda x: x.replace('\n', ' ')}, {truncate_string(left=50)}, filter),
+                          {lambda x: x.replace('\n', ' ')}, {truncate_string(left=72)}, filter),
                 'alt_title': ('page_info', 'media_info', ('video_title', 'kol_title', 'name'), {str}, filter),
                 'description': ('text_raw', {str}),
                 'duration': ('page_info', 'media_info', 'duration', {int_or_none}),
@@ -189,7 +193,8 @@ class WeiboIE(WeiboBaseIE):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
-        meta = self._weibo_download_json(f'https://weibo.com/ajax/statuses/show?id={video_id}', video_id)
+        meta = self._weibo_download_json(
+            'https://weibo.com/ajax/statuses/show', video_id, query={'id': video_id})
         mix_media_info = traverse_obj(meta, ('mix_media_info', 'items', ...))
         if not mix_media_info:
             return self._parse_video_info(meta)
@@ -205,7 +210,11 @@ class WeiboIE(WeiboBaseIE):
 
 
 class WeiboVideoIE(WeiboBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?weibo\.com/tv/show/(?P<id>\d+:\d+)'
+    _VIDEO_ID_RE = r'\d+:(?:[\da-f]{32}|\d{16,})'
+    _VALID_URL = [
+        fr'https?://(?:www\.)?weibo\.com/tv/show/(?P<id>{_VIDEO_ID_RE})',
+        fr'https?://video\.weibo\.com/show/?\?(?:[^#]+&)?fid=(?P<id>{_VIDEO_ID_RE})',
+    ]
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://weibo.com/tv/show/1034:4797699866951785?from=old_pc_videoshow',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -213,6 +222,7 @@ class WeiboVideoIE(WeiboBaseIE):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'display_id': 'LEZDodaiW',
             'title': '呃，�微了解了一下�烟miya，感觉这东西也太二了',
+            'alt_title': '呃，�微了解了一下�烟miya，感觉这东西也太二了',
             'description': '呃，�微了解了一下�烟miya，感觉这东西也太二了 http://t.cn/A6aerGsM \u200b\u200b\u200b',
             'duration': 76,
             'timestamp': 1659344278,
@@ -224,6 +234,50 @@ class WeiboVideoIE(WeiboBaseIE):
             'view_count': int,
             'like_count': int,
             'repost_count': int,
+            '_old_archive_ids': ['weibomobile 4797700463137878'],
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://weibo.com/tv/show/1034:633c288cc043d0ca7808030f1157da64',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '4189191225395228',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'display_id': 'FBqgOmDxO',
+            'title': '柴犬柴犬的秒�视频',
+            'alt_title': '柴犬柴犬的秒�视频',
+            'description': '��当然是�甜甜蜜蜜的啦�[�笑]     Instagram：shibainu.gaku http://t.cn/RHbmjzW \u200B\u200B\u200B',
+            'uploader': '柴犬柴犬',
+            'uploader_id': '5926682210',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://weibo.com/u/5926682210',
+            'view_count': int,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'repost_count': int,
+            'duration': 53,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://wx1.sinaimg.cn/large/006t5KMygy1fmu31fsqbej30hs0hstav.jpg',
+            'timestamp': 1514264429,
+            'upload_date': '20171226',
+            '_old_archive_ids': ['weibomobile 4189191225395228'],
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://video.weibo.com/show?fid=1034:4967272104787984',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '4967273022359838',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'display_id': 'Nse4S9TTU',
+            'title': '#张婧仪[超�]#📸#婧仪的相册集#  早收工的一天，�张@张婧仪 �身��爱爱�导游，�次说走就走的泉州City Walk[举手]',
+            'alt_title': '#张婧仪[超�]#📸#婧仪的相册集# \n早收工的一天，�张@张婧仪 �身��爱爱�导游，�次说走就走的泉州City Walk[举手]',
+            'description': '#张婧仪[超�]#📸#婧仪的相册集# \n早收工的一天，�张@张婧仪 �身��爱爱�导游，�次说走就走的泉州City Walk[举手] http://t.cn/A6WTpbEu \u200B\u200B\u200B',
+            'uploader': '张婧仪工作室',
+            'uploader_id': '7610808848',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://weibo.com/u/7610808848',
+            'view_count': int,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'repost_count': int,
+            'duration': 85,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://wx2.sinaimg.cn/orj480/008j4b3qly1hjsce01gnqj30u00gvwf8.jpg',
+            'tags': ['婧仪的相册集'],
+            'timestamp': 1699773545,
+            'upload_date': '20231112',
+            '_old_archive_ids': ['weibomobile 4967273022359838'],
         },
     }]
 
@@ -232,8 +286,8 @@ class WeiboVideoIE(WeiboBaseIE):
 
         post_data = f'data={{"Component_Play_Playinfo":{{"oid":"{video_id}"}}}}'.encode()
         video_info = self._weibo_download_json(
-            f'https://weibo.com/tv/api/component?page=%2Ftv%2Fshow%2F{video_id.replace(":", "%3A")}',
-            video_id, headers={'Referer': url}, data=post_data)['data']['Component_Play_Playinfo']
+            'https://weibo.com/tv/api/component', video_id, data=post_data, headers={'Referer': url},
+            query={'page': f'/tv/show/{video_id}'})['data']['Component_Play_Playinfo']
         return self.url_result(f'https://weibo.com/0/{video_info["mid"]}', WeiboIE)
 
 
@@ -248,6 +302,38 @@ class WeiboUserIE(WeiboBaseIE):
             'uploader': '�影殿下',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 195,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://weibo.com/u/7610808848?tabtype=newVideo&layerid=4967273022359838',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '7610808848',
+            'title': '张婧仪工作室的视频',
+            'description': '张婧仪工作室的全部视频',
+            'uploader': '张婧仪工作室',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 61,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://weibo.com/u/7610808848?tabtype=newVideo&layerid=4967273022359838',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '4967273022359838',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'display_id': 'Nse4S9TTU',
+            'title': '#张婧仪[超�]#📸#婧仪的相册集#  早收工的一天，�张@张婧仪 �身��爱爱�导游，�次说走就走的泉州City Walk[举手]',
+            'alt_title': '#张婧仪[超�]#📸#婧仪的相册集# \n早收工的一天，�张@张婧仪 �身��爱爱�导游，�次说走就走的泉州City Walk[举手]',
+            'description': '#张婧仪[超�]#📸#婧仪的相册集# \n早收工的一天，�张@张婧仪 �身��爱爱�导游，�次说走就走的泉州City Walk[举手] http://t.cn/A6WTpbEu \u200B\u200B\u200B',
+            'uploader': '张婧仪工作室',
+            'uploader_id': '7610808848',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://weibo.com/u/7610808848',
+            'view_count': int,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'repost_count': int,
+            'duration': 85,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://wx2.sinaimg.cn/orj480/008j4b3qly1hjsce01gnqj30u00gvwf8.jpg',
+            'tags': ['婧仪的相册集'],
+            'timestamp': 1699773545,
+            'upload_date': '20231112',
+            '_old_archive_ids': ['weibomobile 4967273022359838'],
+        },
+        'params': {'noplaylist': True},
     }]
 
     def _fetch_page(self, uid, cursor=0, page=1):
@@ -268,6 +354,11 @@ class WeiboUserIE(WeiboBaseIE):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         uid = self._match_id(url)
+        params = {k: v[-1] for k, v in parse_qs(url).items()}
+        video_id = params.get('layerid') if params.get('tabtype') == 'newVideo' else None
+        if not self._yes_playlist(uid, video_id):
+            return self.url_result(f'https://weibo.com/{uid}/{video_id}', WeiboIE, video_id)
+
         first_page = self._fetch_page(uid)
         uploader = traverse_obj(first_page, ('list', ..., 'user', 'screen_name', {str}), get_all=False)
         metainfo = {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/weverse.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/weverse.py
index 53ad1100d2..c13ab8e237 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/weverse.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/weverse.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import base64
+import functools
 import hashlib
 import hmac
 import itertools
@@ -17,99 +18,227 @@ from ..utils import (
     UserNotLive,
     float_or_none,
     int_or_none,
+    join_nonempty,
+    jwt_decode_hs256,
     str_or_none,
-    traverse_obj,
     try_call,
     update_url_query,
     url_or_none,
 )
+from ..utils.traversal import require, traverse_obj
 
 
 class WeverseBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     _NETRC_MACHINE = 'weverse'
-    _ACCOUNT_API_BASE = 'https://accountapi.weverse.io/web/api'
+    _ACCOUNT_API_BASE = 'https://accountapi.weverse.io'
+    _CLIENT_PLATFORM = 'WEB'
+    _SIGNING_KEY = b'1b9cb6378d959b45714bec49971ade22e6e24e42'
+    _ACCESS_TOKEN_KEY = 'we2_access_token'
+    _REFRESH_TOKEN_KEY = 'we2_refresh_token'
+    _DEVICE_ID_KEY = 'we2_device_id'
     _API_HEADERS = {
         'Accept': 'application/json',
+        'Origin': 'https://weverse.io',
         'Referer': 'https://weverse.io/',
-        'WEV-device-Id': str(uuid.uuid4()),
     }
+    _LOGIN_HINT_TMPL = (
+        'You can log in using your refresh token with --username "{}" --password "REFRESH_TOKEN" '
+        '(replace REFRESH_TOKEN with the actual value of the "{}" cookie found in your web browser). '
+        'You can add an optional username suffix, e.g. --username "{}" , '
+        'if you need to manage multiple accounts. ')
+    _LOGIN_ERRORS_MAP = {
+        'login_required': 'This content is only available for logged-in users. ',
+        'invalid_username': '"{}" is not valid login username for this extractor. ',
+        'invalid_password': (
+            'Your password is not a valid refresh token. Make sure that '
+            'you are passing the refresh token, and NOT the access token. '),
+        'no_refresh_token': (
+            'Your access token has expired and there is no refresh token available. '
+            'Refresh your session/cookies in the web browser and try again. '),
+        'expired_refresh_token': (
+            'Your refresh token has expired. Log in to the site again using '
+            'your web browser to get a new refresh token or export fresh cookies. '),
+    }
+    _OAUTH_PREFIX = 'oauth'
+    _oauth_tokens = {}
+    _device_id = None
 
-    def _perform_login(self, username, password):
-        if self._API_HEADERS.get('Authorization'):
-            return
-
-        headers = {
-            'x-acc-app-secret': '5419526f1c624b38b10787e5c10b2a7a',
-            'x-acc-app-version': '3.3.6',
-            'x-acc-language': 'en',
-            'x-acc-service-id': 'weverse',
-            'x-acc-trace-id': str(uuid.uuid4()),
-            'x-clog-user-device-id': str(uuid.uuid4()),
+    @property
+    def _oauth_headers(self):
+        return {
+            **self._API_HEADERS,
+            'X-ACC-APP-SECRET': '5419526f1c624b38b10787e5c10b2a7a',
+            'X-ACC-SERVICE-ID': 'weverse',
+            'X-ACC-TRACE-ID': str(uuid.uuid4()),
         }
-        valid_username = traverse_obj(self._download_json(
-            f'{self._ACCOUNT_API_BASE}/v2/signup/email/status', None, note='Checking username',
-            query={'email': username}, headers=headers, expected_status=(400, 404)), 'hasPassword')
-        if not valid_username:
-            raise ExtractorError('Invalid username provided', expected=True)
 
-        headers['content-type'] = 'application/json'
+    @functools.cached_property
+    def _oauth_cache_key(self):
+        username = self._get_login_info()[0]
+        if not username:
+            return 'cookies'
+        return join_nonempty(self._OAUTH_PREFIX, username.partition('+')[2])
+
+    @property
+    def _is_logged_in(self):
+        return bool(self._oauth_tokens.get(self._ACCESS_TOKEN_KEY))
+
+    def _access_token_is_valid(self):
+        response = self._download_json(
+            f'{self._ACCOUNT_API_BASE}/api/v1/token/validate', None,
+            'Validating access token', 'Unable to valid access token',
+            expected_status=401, headers={
+                **self._oauth_headers,
+                'Authorization': f'Bearer {self._oauth_tokens[self._ACCESS_TOKEN_KEY]}',
+            })
+        return traverse_obj(response, ('expiresIn', {int}), default=0) > 60
+
+    def _token_is_expired(self, key):
+        is_expired = jwt_decode_hs256(self._oauth_tokens[key])['exp'] - time.time() < 3600
+        if key == self._REFRESH_TOKEN_KEY or not is_expired:
+            return is_expired
+        return not self._access_token_is_valid()
+
+    def _refresh_access_token(self):
+        if not self._oauth_tokens.get(self._REFRESH_TOKEN_KEY):
+            self._report_login_error('no_refresh_token')
+        if self._token_is_expired(self._REFRESH_TOKEN_KEY):
+            self._report_login_error('expired_refresh_token')
+
+        headers = {'Content-Type': 'application/json'}
+        if self._is_logged_in:
+            headers['Authorization'] = f'Bearer {self._oauth_tokens[self._ACCESS_TOKEN_KEY]}'
+
         try:
-            auth = self._download_json(
-                f'{self._ACCOUNT_API_BASE}/v3/auth/token/by-credentials', None, data=json.dumps({
-                    'email': username,
-                    'otpSessionId': 'BY_PASS',
-                    'password': password,
-                }, separators=(',', ':')).encode(), headers=headers, note='Logging in')
+            response = self._download_json(
+                f'{self._ACCOUNT_API_BASE}/api/v1/token/refresh', None,
+                'Refreshing access token', 'Unable to refresh access token',
+                headers={**self._oauth_headers, **headers},
+                data=json.dumps({
+                    'refreshToken': self._oauth_tokens[self._REFRESH_TOKEN_KEY],
+                }, separators=(',', ':')).encode())
         except ExtractorError as e:
             if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 401:
-                raise ExtractorError('Invalid password provided', expected=True)
+                self._oauth_tokens.clear()
+                if self._oauth_cache_key == 'cookies':
+                    self.cookiejar.clear(domain='.weverse.io', path='/', name=self._ACCESS_TOKEN_KEY)
+                    self.cookiejar.clear(domain='.weverse.io', path='/', name=self._REFRESH_TOKEN_KEY)
+                else:
+                    self.cache.store(self._NETRC_MACHINE, self._oauth_cache_key, self._oauth_tokens)
+                self._report_login_error('expired_refresh_token')
             raise
 
-        WeverseBaseIE._API_HEADERS['Authorization'] = f'Bearer {auth["accessToken"]}'
+        self._oauth_tokens.update(traverse_obj(response, {
+            self._ACCESS_TOKEN_KEY: ('accessToken', {str}, {require('access token')}),
+            self._REFRESH_TOKEN_KEY: ('refreshToken', {str}, {require('refresh token')}),
+        }))
+
+        if self._oauth_cache_key == 'cookies':
+            self._set_cookie('.weverse.io', self._ACCESS_TOKEN_KEY, self._oauth_tokens[self._ACCESS_TOKEN_KEY])
+            self._set_cookie('.weverse.io', self._REFRESH_TOKEN_KEY, self._oauth_tokens[self._REFRESH_TOKEN_KEY])
+        else:
+            self.cache.store(self._NETRC_MACHINE, self._oauth_cache_key, self._oauth_tokens)
+
+    def _get_authorization_header(self):
+        if not self._is_logged_in:
+            return {}
+        if self._token_is_expired(self._ACCESS_TOKEN_KEY):
+            self._refresh_access_token()
+        return {'Authorization': f'Bearer {self._oauth_tokens[self._ACCESS_TOKEN_KEY]}'}
+
+    def _report_login_error(self, error_id):
+        error_msg = self._LOGIN_ERRORS_MAP[error_id]
+        username = self._get_login_info()[0]
+
+        if error_id == 'invalid_username':
+            error_msg = error_msg.format(username)
+            username = f'{self._OAUTH_PREFIX}+{username}'
+        elif not username:
+            username = f'{self._OAUTH_PREFIX}+USERNAME'
+
+        raise ExtractorError(join_nonempty(
+            error_msg, self._LOGIN_HINT_TMPL.format(self._OAUTH_PREFIX, self._REFRESH_TOKEN_KEY, username),
+            'Or else you can u', self._login_hint(method='session_cookies')[1:], delim=''), expected=True)
+
+    def _perform_login(self, username, password):
+        if self._is_logged_in:
+            return
+
+        if username.partition('+')[0] != self._OAUTH_PREFIX:
+            self._report_login_error('invalid_username')
+
+        self._oauth_tokens.update(self.cache.load(self._NETRC_MACHINE, self._oauth_cache_key, default={}))
+        if self._is_logged_in and self._access_token_is_valid():
+            return
+
+        rt_key = self._REFRESH_TOKEN_KEY
+        if not self._oauth_tokens.get(rt_key) or self._token_is_expired(rt_key):
+            if try_call(lambda: jwt_decode_hs256(password)['scope']) != 'refresh':
+                self._report_login_error('invalid_password')
+            self._oauth_tokens[rt_key] = password
+
+        self._refresh_access_token()
 
     def _real_initialize(self):
-        if self._API_HEADERS.get('Authorization'):
+        cookies = self._get_cookies('https://weverse.io/')
+
+        if not self._device_id:
+            self._device_id = traverse_obj(cookies, (self._DEVICE_ID_KEY, 'value')) or str(uuid.uuid4())
+
+        if self._is_logged_in:
             return
 
-        token = try_call(lambda: self._get_cookies('https://weverse.io/')['we2_access_token'].value)
-        if token:
-            WeverseBaseIE._API_HEADERS['Authorization'] = f'Bearer {token}'
+        self._oauth_tokens.update(traverse_obj(cookies, {
+            self._ACCESS_TOKEN_KEY: (self._ACCESS_TOKEN_KEY, 'value'),
+            self._REFRESH_TOKEN_KEY: (self._REFRESH_TOKEN_KEY, 'value'),
+        }))
+        if self._is_logged_in and not self._access_token_is_valid():
+            self._refresh_access_token()
 
     def _call_api(self, ep, video_id, data=None, note='Downloading API JSON'):
         # Ref: https://ssl.pstatic.net/static/wevweb/2_3_2_11101725/public/static/js/2488.a09b41ff.chunk.js
         # From https://ssl.pstatic.net/static/wevweb/2_3_2_11101725/public/static/js/main.e206f7c1.js:
-        key = b'1b9cb6378d959b45714bec49971ade22e6e24e42'
         api_path = update_url_query(ep, {
             # 'gcc': 'US',
             'appId': 'be4d79eb8fc7bd008ee82c8ec4ff6fd4',
             'language': 'en',
-            'os': 'WEB',
-            'platform': 'WEB',
+            'os': self._CLIENT_PLATFORM,
+            'platform': self._CLIENT_PLATFORM,
             'wpf': 'pc',
         })
-        wmsgpad = int(time.time() * 1000)
-        wmd = base64.b64encode(hmac.HMAC(
-            key, f'{api_path[:255]}{wmsgpad}'.encode(), digestmod=hashlib.sha1).digest()).decode()
-        headers = {'Content-Type': 'application/json'} if data else {}
-        try:
-            return self._download_json(
-                f'https://global.apis.naver.com/weverse/wevweb{api_path}', video_id, note=note,
-                data=data, headers={**self._API_HEADERS, **headers}, query={
-                    'wmsgpad': wmsgpad,
-                    'wmd': wmd,
-                })
-        except ExtractorError as e:
-            if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 401:
-                self.raise_login_required(
-                    'Session token has expired. Log in again or refresh cookies in browser')
-            elif isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 403:
-                if 'Authorization' in self._API_HEADERS:
-                    raise ExtractorError('Your account does not have access to this content', expected=True)
-                self.raise_login_required()
-            raise
+        for is_retry in (False, True):
+            wmsgpad = int(time.time() * 1000)
+            wmd = base64.b64encode(hmac.HMAC(
+                self._SIGNING_KEY, f'{api_path[:255]}{wmsgpad}'.encode(),
+                digestmod=hashlib.sha1).digest()).decode()
+
+            try:
+                return self._download_json(
+                    f'https://global.apis.naver.com/weverse/wevweb{api_path}', video_id, note=note,
+                    data=data, headers={
+                        **self._API_HEADERS,
+                        **self._get_authorization_header(),
+                        **({'Content-Type': 'application/json'} if data else {}),
+                        'WEV-device-Id': self._device_id,
+                    }, query={
+                        'wmsgpad': wmsgpad,
+                        'wmd': wmd,
+                    })
+            except ExtractorError as e:
+                if is_retry or not isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError):
+                    raise
+                elif self._is_logged_in and e.cause.status == 401:
+                    self._refresh_access_token()
+                    continue
+                elif e.cause.status == 403:
+                    if self._is_logged_in:
+                        raise ExtractorError(
+                            'Your account does not have access to this content', expected=True)
+                    self._report_login_error('login_required')
+                raise
 
     def _call_post_api(self, video_id):
-        path = '' if 'Authorization' in self._API_HEADERS else '/preview'
+        path = '' if self._is_logged_in else '/preview'
         return self._call_api(f'/post/v1.0/post-{video_id}{path}?fieldSet=postV1', video_id)
 
     def _get_community_id(self, channel):
@@ -290,12 +419,14 @@ class WeverseIE(WeverseBaseIE):
 
         elif live_status == 'is_live':
             video_info = self._call_api(
-                f'/video/v1.2/lives/{api_video_id}/playInfo?preview.format=json&preview.version=v2',
+                f'/video/v1.3/lives/{api_video_id}/playInfo?preview.format=json&preview.version=v2',
                 video_id, note='Downloading live JSON')
             playback = self._parse_json(video_info['lipPlayback'], video_id)
             m3u8_url = traverse_obj(playback, (
                 'media', lambda _, v: v['protocol'] == 'HLS', 'path', {url_or_none}), get_all=False)
-            formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(m3u8_url, video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls', live=True)
+            # Live subtitles are not downloadable, but extract to silence "ignoring subs" warning
+            formats, _ = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
+                m3u8_url, video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls', live=True)
 
         elif live_status == 'post_live':
             if availability in ('premium_only', 'subscriber_only'):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/wimtv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/wimtv.py
index 000d1437f0..f922b54623 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/wimtv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/wimtv.py
@@ -30,9 +30,7 @@ class WimTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 6481,
             'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+?/thumbnail/.+?/720$',
         },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
     }, {
         # live stream
         'url': 'https://platform.wim.tv/embed/?live=28e22c22-49db-40f3-8c37-8cbb0ff44556&autostart=true',
@@ -42,9 +40,7 @@ class WimTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Streaming MSmotorTV',
             'is_live': True,
         },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://platform.wim.tv/#/webtv/automotornews/vod/422492b6-539e-474d-9c6b-68c9d5893365',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -52,6 +48,17 @@ class WimTVIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'https://platform.wim.tv/#/webtv/renzoarborechannel/cast/f47e0d15-5b45-455e-bf0d-dba8ffa96365',
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'http://www.renzoarborechannel.tv/50_sorrisi_da_napoli.htm',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '50_sorrisi_da_napoli',
+            'title': 'Renzo Arbore Channel . TV - 50 Sorrisi da Napoli',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'timestamp': 1612226372,
+            'upload_date': '20210202',
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 40,
+    }]
 
     def _real_initialize(self):
         if not self._player:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/wistia.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/wistia.py
index df7ecb3cdc..53ffb5529a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/wistia.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/wistia.py
@@ -193,12 +193,12 @@ class WistiaIE(WistiaBaseIE):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'a6ndpko1wg',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Episode 2: Boxed Water\'s retention is thirsty',
+            'title': 'BXO-S02-E02-Boxed_Water-v4.mp4',
             'upload_date': '20210324',
-            'description': 'md5:da5994c2c2d254833b412469d9666b7a',
+            'description': 'md5:3b9296a45aa46010767451b3691b1105',
             'duration': 966.0,
             'timestamp': 1616614369,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://embed-ssl.wistia.com/deliveries/53dc60239348dc9b9fba3755173ea4c2.png',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://embed(?:-ssl)?\.wistia\.com/.+\.(?:jpg|png)',
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'wistia:5vd7p4bct5',
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ class WistiaIE(WistiaBaseIE):
             'upload_date': '20220915',
             'timestamp': 1663258727,
             'duration': 623.019,
-            'thumbnail': r're:https?://embed(?:-ssl)?.wistia.com/.+\.jpg$',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://embed(?:-ssl)?\.wistia\.com/.+\.(?:jpg|png)',
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'wistia:sh7fpupwlt',
@@ -226,7 +226,6 @@ class WistiaIE(WistiaBaseIE):
         'url': 'http://fast.wistia.net/embed/medias/sh7fpupwlt.json',
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
-
     _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.weidert.com/blog/wistia-channels-video-marketing-tool',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -237,8 +236,9 @@ class WistiaIE(WistiaBaseIE):
             'timestamp': 1618974400,
             'description': 'md5:27abc99a758573560be72600ef95cece',
             'upload_date': '20210421',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://embed-ssl.wistia.com/deliveries/6c551820ae950cdee2306d6cbe9ef742.jpg',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://embed(?:-ssl)?\.wistia\.com/.+\.(?:jpg|png)',
         },
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://study.com/academy/lesson/north-american-exploration-failed-colonies-of-spain-france-england.html#lesson',
         'md5': 'b9676d24bf30945d97060638fbfe77f0',
@@ -249,9 +249,19 @@ class WistiaIE(WistiaBaseIE):
             'upload_date': '20220915',
             'timestamp': 1663258727,
             'duration': 623.019,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://embed-ssl.wistia.com/deliveries/83e6ec693e2c05a0ce65809cbaead86a.jpg',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://embed(?:-ssl)?\.wistia\.com/.+\.(?:jpg|png)',
             'description': 'a Paywall Videos video',
         },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://support.wistia.com/en/articles/8233354-embedding-your-media',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '8233354-embedding-your-media',
+            'title': 'Embedding Your Media | Wistia Help Center',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'description': 'md5:32a5edc0e266cd61e2d15be28873d614',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://downloads\.intercomcdn\.com/.+\.jpg',
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 2,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -278,13 +288,13 @@ class WistiaIE(WistiaBaseIE):
 class WistiaPlaylistIE(WistiaBaseIE):
     _VALID_URL = rf'{WistiaBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE}playlists/{WistiaBaseIE._VALID_ID_REGEX}'
 
-    _TEST = {
+    _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://fast.wistia.net/embed/playlists/aodt9etokc',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'aodt9etokc',
         },
         'playlist_count': 3,
-    }
+    }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -312,7 +322,7 @@ class WistiaChannelIE(WistiaBaseIE):
             'description': 'Learn all things Copysmith via short and informative videos!',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 7,
-        'expected_warnings': ['falling back to webpage'],
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://fast.wistia.net/embed/channel/3802iirk0l',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -327,7 +337,7 @@ class WistiaChannelIE(WistiaBaseIE):
             'id': 'sp5dqjzw3n',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'The Roof S2: The Modern CRO',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://embed-ssl.wistia.com/deliveries/dadfa9233eaa505d5e0c85c23ff70741.png',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://embed(?:-ssl)?\.wistia\.com/.+\.(?:jpg|png)',
             'duration': 86.487,
             'description': 'A sales leader on The Roof? Man, they really must be letting anyone up here this season.\n',
             'timestamp': 1619790290,
@@ -343,6 +353,7 @@ class WistiaChannelIE(WistiaBaseIE):
             'description': 'md5:14a8a93a1dbe236718e6a59f8c8c7bae',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 30,
+        'skip': 'Site no longer embeds Wistia playlists',
     }, {
         # section instead of div
         'url': 'https://360learning.com/studio/onboarding-joei/',
@@ -362,9 +373,9 @@ class WistiaChannelIE(WistiaBaseIE):
             'upload_date': '20220530',
             'description': 'Learn how to help your company improve and achieve your product related goals.',
             'duration': 1854.39,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://embed-ssl.wistia.com/deliveries/12fd19e56413d9d6f04e2185c16a6f8854e25226.png',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://embed(?:-ssl)?\.wistia\.com/.+\.(?:jpg|png)',
         },
-        'params': {'noplaylist': True, 'skip_download': True},
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/wykop.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/wykop.py
index 2ae0a2a5ed..08cad1fffd 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/wykop.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/wykop.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ from ..utils import (
 )
 
 
-class WykopBaseExtractor(InfoExtractor):
+class WykopBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _get_token(self, force_refresh=False):
         if not force_refresh:
             maybe_cached = self.cache.load('wykop', 'bearer')
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ class WykopBaseExtractor(InfoExtractor):
         }
 
 
-class WykopDigIE(WykopBaseExtractor):
+class WykopDigIE(WykopBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'wykop:dig'
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?wykop\.pl/link/(?P<id>\d+)'
 
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ class WykopDigIE(WykopBaseExtractor):
         }
 
 
-class WykopDigCommentIE(WykopBaseExtractor):
+class WykopDigCommentIE(WykopBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'wykop:dig:comment'
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?wykop\.pl/link/(?P<dig_id>\d+)/[^/]+/komentarz/(?P<id>\d+)'
 
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ class WykopDigCommentIE(WykopBaseExtractor):
         }
 
 
-class WykopPostIE(WykopBaseExtractor):
+class WykopPostIE(WykopBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'wykop:post'
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?wykop\.pl/wpis/(?P<id>\d+)'
 
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ class WykopPostIE(WykopBaseExtractor):
         }
 
 
-class WykopPostCommentIE(WykopBaseExtractor):
+class WykopPostCommentIE(WykopBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'wykop:post:comment'
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?wykop\.pl/wpis/(?P<post_id>\d+)/[^/#]+#(?P<id>\d+)'
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/xanimu.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/xanimu.py
deleted file mode 100644
index b489358779..0000000000
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/xanimu.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
-import re
-
-from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import int_or_none
-
-
-class XanimuIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?xanimu\.com/(?P<id>[^/]+)/?'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://xanimu.com/51944-the-princess-the-frog-hentai/',
-        'md5': '899b88091d753d92dad4cb63bbf357a7',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '51944-the-princess-the-frog-hentai',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'The Princess + The Frog Hentai',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://xanimu.com/storage/2020/09/the-princess-and-the-frog-hentai.jpg',
-            'description': r're:^Enjoy The Princess \+ The Frog Hentai',
-            'duration': 207.0,
-            'age_limit': 18,
-        },
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://xanimu.com/huge-expansion/',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
-
-        formats = []
-        for format_id in ['videoHigh', 'videoLow']:
-            format_url = self._search_json(
-                rf'var\s+{re.escape(format_id)}\s*=', webpage, format_id,
-                video_id, default=None, contains_pattern=r'[\'"]([^\'"]+)[\'"]')
-            if format_url:
-                formats.append({
-                    'url': format_url,
-                    'format_id': format_id,
-                    'quality': -2 if format_id.endswith('Low') else None,
-                })
-
-        return {
-            'id': video_id,
-            'formats': formats,
-            'title': self._search_regex(r'[\'"]headline[\'"]:\s*[\'"]([^"]+)[\'"]', webpage,
-                                        'title', default=None) or self._html_extract_title(webpage),
-            'thumbnail': self._html_search_meta('thumbnailUrl', webpage, default=None),
-            'description': self._html_search_meta('description', webpage, default=None),
-            'duration': int_or_none(self._search_regex(r'duration:\s*[\'"]([^\'"]+?)[\'"]',
-                                    webpage, 'duration', fatal=False)),
-            'age_limit': 18,
-        }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/xhamster.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/xhamster.py
index 3cbe27f613..4f9da4c2d8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/xhamster.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/xhamster.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import base64
+import codecs
 import itertools
 import re
 
@@ -10,12 +12,13 @@ from ..utils import (
     extract_attributes,
     float_or_none,
     int_or_none,
+    join_nonempty,
     parse_duration,
     str_or_none,
+    try_call,
     try_get,
     unified_strdate,
     url_or_none,
-    urljoin,
 )
 
 
@@ -43,7 +46,7 @@ class XHamsterIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_id': 'ruseful2011',
             'duration': 893,
             'age_limit': 18,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://thumb-nss.xhcdn.com/a/u3Vr5F2vvcU3yK59_jJqVA/001/509/445/1280x720.8.jpg',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
             'uploader_url': 'https://xhamster.com/users/ruseful2011',
             'description': '',
             'view_count': int,
@@ -63,11 +66,12 @@ class XHamsterIE(InfoExtractor):
             'age_limit': 18,
             'description': '',
             'view_count': int,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://thumb-nss.xhcdn.com/a/kk5nio_iR-h4Z3frfVtoDw/002/221/348/1280x720.4.jpg',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
             'comment_count': int,
         },
         'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,
+            'extractor_args': {'generic': {'impersonate': ['chrome']}},
+            'skip_download': 'm3u8',
         },
     }, {
         # empty seo, unavailable via new URL schema
@@ -86,11 +90,9 @@ class XHamsterIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_url': 'https://xhamster.com/users/parejafree',
             'description': '',
             'view_count': int,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://thumb-nss.xhcdn.com/a/xc8MSwVKcsQeRRiTT-saMQ/005/667/973/1280x720.2.jpg',
-        },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
         },
+        'skip': 'Invalid URL',
     }, {
         # mobile site
         'url': 'https://m.xhamster.com/videos/cute-teen-jacqueline-solo-masturbation-8559111',
@@ -141,6 +143,27 @@ class XHamsterIE(InfoExtractor):
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
+    _XOR_KEY = b'xh7999'
+
+    def _decipher_format_url(self, format_url, format_id):
+        cipher_type, _, ciphertext = try_call(
+            lambda: base64.b64decode(format_url).decode().partition('_')) or [None] * 3
+
+        if not cipher_type or not ciphertext:
+            self.report_warning(f'Skipping format "{format_id}": failed to decipher URL')
+            return None
+
+        if cipher_type == 'xor':
+            return bytes(
+                a ^ b for a, b in
+                zip(ciphertext.encode(), itertools.cycle(self._XOR_KEY))).decode()
+
+        if cipher_type == 'rot13':
+            return codecs.decode(ciphertext, cipher_type)
+
+        self.report_warning(f'Skipping format "{format_id}": unsupported cipher type "{cipher_type}"')
+        return None
+
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
         video_id = mobj.group('id') or mobj.group('id_2')
@@ -211,7 +234,7 @@ class XHamsterIE(InfoExtractor):
                         hls_url = hls_sources.get(hls_format_key)
                         if not hls_url:
                             continue
-                        hls_url = urljoin(url, hls_url)
+                        hls_url = self._decipher_format_url(hls_url, f'hls-{hls_format_key}')
                         if not hls_url or hls_url in format_urls:
                             continue
                         format_urls.add(hls_url)
@@ -220,7 +243,7 @@ class XHamsterIE(InfoExtractor):
                             m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False))
                 standard_sources = xplayer_sources.get('standard')
                 if isinstance(standard_sources, dict):
-                    for format_id, formats_list in standard_sources.items():
+                    for identifier, formats_list in standard_sources.items():
                         if not isinstance(formats_list, list):
                             continue
                         for standard_format in formats_list:
@@ -230,7 +253,11 @@ class XHamsterIE(InfoExtractor):
                                 standard_url = standard_format.get(standard_format_key)
                                 if not standard_url:
                                     continue
-                                standard_url = urljoin(url, standard_url)
+                                quality = (str_or_none(standard_format.get('quality'))
+                                           or str_or_none(standard_format.get('label'))
+                                           or '')
+                                format_id = join_nonempty(identifier, quality)
+                                standard_url = self._decipher_format_url(standard_url, format_id)
                                 if not standard_url or standard_url in format_urls:
                                     continue
                                 format_urls.add(standard_url)
@@ -240,11 +267,9 @@ class XHamsterIE(InfoExtractor):
                                         standard_url, video_id, 'mp4', entry_protocol='m3u8_native',
                                         m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False))
                                     continue
-                                quality = (str_or_none(standard_format.get('quality'))
-                                           or str_or_none(standard_format.get('label'))
-                                           or '')
+
                                 formats.append({
-                                    'format_id': f'{format_id}-{quality}',
+                                    'format_id': format_id,
                                     'url': standard_url,
                                     'ext': ext,
                                     'height': get_height(quality),
@@ -390,19 +415,48 @@ class XHamsterIE(InfoExtractor):
 class XHamsterEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
     _VALID_URL = rf'https?://(?:[^/?#]+\.)?{XHamsterIE._DOMAINS}/xembed\.php\?video=(?P<id>\d+)'
     _EMBED_REGEX = [r'<iframe[^>]+?src=(["\'])(?P<url>(?:https?:)?//(?:www\.)?xhamster\.com/xembed\.php\?video=\d+)\1']
-    _TEST = {
+    _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'http://xhamster.com/xembed.php?video=3328539',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '3328539',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Pen Masturbation',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'description': '',
+            'display_id': 'pen-masturbation',
             'timestamp': 1406581861,
             'upload_date': '20140728',
             'uploader': 'ManyakisArt',
             'duration': 5,
             'age_limit': 18,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
+            'uploader_id': 'manyakisart',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://xhamster.com/users/manyakisart',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+    }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        # FIXME: Embed detection
+        'url': 'https://xhamster.com/awards/2023',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'xh2VnYn',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'xHamster Awards 2023 - The Winners',
+            'age_limit': 18,
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'description': '',
+            'display_id': 'xhamster-awards-2023-the-winners',
+            'duration': 292,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://ic-vt-nss\.xhcdn\.com/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1700122082,
+            'upload_date': '20231116',
+            'uploader': 'xHamster',
+            'uploader_id': 'xhamster',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://xhamster.com/users/xhamster',
+            'view_count': int,
         },
-    }
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -437,13 +491,13 @@ class XHamsterUserIE(InfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'firatkaan',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 1,
+        'playlist_mincount': 0,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://xhamster.com/creators/squirt-orgasm-69',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'squirt-orgasm-69',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 150,
+        'playlist_mincount': 46,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://xhday.com/users/mobhunter',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/xinpianchang.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/xinpianchang.py
index 23ed9270da..a4263579af 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/xinpianchang.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/xinpianchang.py
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class XinpianchangIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id=video_id)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id=video_id, headers={'Referer': url})
         video_data = self._search_nextjs_data(webpage, video_id)['props']['pageProps']['detail']['video']
 
         data = self._download_json(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexdisk.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexdisk.py
index 3214816701..654858fcca 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexdisk.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexdisk.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class YandexDiskIE(InfoExtractor):
     _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)https?://
         (?P<domain>
             yadi\.sk|
-            disk\.yandex\.
+            disk\.(?:360\.)?yandex\.
                 (?:
                     az|
                     by|
@@ -51,6 +51,9 @@ class YandexDiskIE(InfoExtractor):
     }, {
         'url': 'https://yadi.sk/public?hash=5DZ296JK9GWCLp02f6jrObjnctjRxMs8L6%2B%2FuhNqk38%3D',
         'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://disk.360.yandex.ru/i/TM2xsIVsgjY4uw',
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexvideo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexvideo.py
index cdd32c5e4e..09e7c98785 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexvideo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexvideo.py
@@ -2,15 +2,17 @@ import itertools
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
+    bug_reports_message,
     determine_ext,
-    extract_attributes,
     int_or_none,
     lowercase_escape,
     parse_qs,
-    traverse_obj,
+    qualities,
     try_get,
+    update_url_query,
     url_or_none,
 )
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 
 
 class YandexVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -186,7 +188,22 @@ class YandexVideoPreviewIE(InfoExtractor):
         return self.url_result(data_json['video']['url'])
 
 
-class ZenYandexIE(InfoExtractor):
+class ZenYandexBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
+    def _fetch_ssr_data(self, url, video_id):
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
+        redirect = self._search_json(
+            r'(?:var|let|const)\s+it\s*=', webpage, 'redirect', video_id, default={}).get('retpath')
+        if redirect:
+            video_id = self._match_id(redirect)
+            webpage = self._download_webpage(redirect, video_id, note='Redirecting')
+        return video_id, self._search_json(
+            r'(?:var|let|const)\s+_params\s*=\s*\(', webpage, 'metadata', video_id,
+            contains_pattern=r'{["\']ssrData.+}')['ssrData']
+
+
+class ZenYandexIE(ZenYandexBaseIE):
+    IE_NAME = 'dzen.ru'
+    IE_DESC = 'Дзен (dzen) formerly Яндек�.Дзен (Yandex Zen)'
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(zen\.yandex|dzen)\.ru(?:/video)?/(media|watch)/(?:(?:id/[^/]+/|[^/]+/)(?:[a-z0-9-]+)-)?(?P<id>[a-z0-9-]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/606fd806cc13cb3c58c05cf5/vot-eto-focus-dedy-morozy-na-gidrociklah-60c7c443da18892ebfe85ed7',
@@ -216,6 +233,7 @@ class ZenYandexIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1573465585,
         },
         'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+        'skip': 'The page does not exist',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://zen.yandex.ru/video/watch/6002240ff8b1af50bb2da5e3',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -227,6 +245,9 @@ class ZenYandexIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'TechInsider',
             'timestamp': 1611378221,
             'upload_date': '20210123',
+            'view_count': int,
+            'duration': 243,
+            'tags': ['опыт', '�к�перимент', 'огонь'],
         },
         'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
@@ -240,6 +261,9 @@ class ZenYandexIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'TechInsider',
             'upload_date': '20210123',
             'timestamp': 1611378221,
+            'view_count': int,
+            'duration': 243,
+            'tags': ['опыт', '�к�перимент', 'огонь'],
         },
         'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
@@ -252,44 +276,56 @@ class ZenYandexIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
-        redirect = self._search_json(r'var it\s*=', webpage, 'redirect', id, default={}).get('retpath')
-        if redirect:
-            video_id = self._match_id(redirect)
-            webpage = self._download_webpage(redirect, video_id, note='Redirecting')
-        data_json = self._search_json(
-            r'("data"\s*:|data\s*=)', webpage, 'metadata', video_id, contains_pattern=r'{["\']_*serverState_*video.+}')
-        serverstate = self._search_regex(r'(_+serverState_+video-site_[^_]+_+)', webpage, 'server state')
-        uploader = self._search_regex(r'(<a\s*class=["\']card-channel-link[^"\']+["\'][^>]+>)',
-                                      webpage, 'uploader', default='<a>')
-        uploader_name = extract_attributes(uploader).get('aria-label')
-        item_id = traverse_obj(data_json, (serverstate, 'videoViewer', 'openedItemId', {str}))
-        video_json = traverse_obj(data_json, (serverstate, 'videoViewer', 'items', item_id, {dict})) or {}
+        video_id, ssr_data = self._fetch_ssr_data(url, video_id)
+        video_data = ssr_data['videoMetaResponse']
 
         formats, subtitles = [], {}
-        for s_url in traverse_obj(video_json, ('video', 'streams', ..., {url_or_none})):
+        quality = qualities(('4', '0', '1', '2', '3', '5', '6', '7'))
+        # Deduplicate stream URLs. The "dzen_dash" query parameter is present in some URLs but can be omitted
+        stream_urls = set(traverse_obj(video_data, (
+            'video', ('id', ('streams', ...), ('mp4Streams', ..., 'url'), ('oneVideoStreams', ..., 'url')),
+            {url_or_none}, {update_url_query(query={'dzen_dash': []})})))
+        for s_url in stream_urls:
             ext = determine_ext(s_url)
-            if ext == 'mpd':
-                fmts, subs = self._extract_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(s_url, video_id, mpd_id='dash')
-            elif ext == 'm3u8':
-                fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(s_url, video_id, 'mp4')
+            content_type = traverse_obj(parse_qs(s_url), ('ct', 0))
+            if ext == 'mpd' or content_type == '6':
+                fmts, subs = self._extract_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(s_url, video_id, mpd_id='dash', fatal=False)
+            elif ext == 'm3u8' or content_type == '8':
+                fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(s_url, video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False)
+            elif content_type == '0':
+                format_type = traverse_obj(parse_qs(s_url), ('type', 0))
+                formats.append({
+                    'url': s_url,
+                    'format_id': format_type,
+                    'ext': 'mp4',
+                    'quality': quality(format_type),
+                })
+                continue
+            else:
+                self.report_warning(f'Unsupported stream URL: {s_url}{bug_reports_message()}')
+                continue
             formats.extend(fmts)
-            subtitles = self._merge_subtitles(subtitles, subs)
+            self._merge_subtitles(subs, target=subtitles)
+
         return {
             'id': video_id,
-            'title': video_json.get('title') or self._og_search_title(webpage),
             'formats': formats,
             'subtitles': subtitles,
-            'duration': int_or_none(video_json.get('duration')),
-            'view_count': int_or_none(video_json.get('views')),
-            'timestamp': int_or_none(video_json.get('publicationDate')),
-            'uploader': uploader_name or data_json.get('authorName') or try_get(data_json, lambda x: x['publisher']['name']),
-            'description': video_json.get('description') or self._og_search_description(webpage),
-            'thumbnail': self._og_search_thumbnail(webpage) or try_get(data_json, lambda x: x['og']['imageUrl']),
+            **traverse_obj(video_data, {
+                'title': ('title', {str}),
+                'description': ('description', {str}),
+                'thumbnail': ('image', {url_or_none}),
+                'duration': ('video', 'duration', {int_or_none}),
+                'view_count': ('video', 'views', {int_or_none}),
+                'timestamp': ('publicationDate', {int_or_none}),
+                'tags': ('tags', ..., {str}),
+                'uploader': ('source', 'title', {str}),
+            }),
         }
 
 
-class ZenYandexChannelIE(InfoExtractor):
+class ZenYandexChannelIE(ZenYandexBaseIE):
+    IE_NAME = 'dzen.ru:channel'
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(zen\.yandex|dzen)\.ru/(?!media|video)(?:id/)?(?P<id>[a-z0-9-_]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://zen.yandex.ru/tok_media',
@@ -323,8 +359,8 @@ class ZenYandexChannelIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'https://zen.yandex.ru/jony_me',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'jony_me',
-            'description': 'md5:ce0a5cad2752ab58701b5497835b2cc5',
-            'title': 'JONY ',
+            'description': 'md5:7c30d11dc005faba8826feae99da3113',
+            'title': 'JONY',
         },
         'playlist_count': 18,
     }, {
@@ -333,9 +369,8 @@ class ZenYandexChannelIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'https://zen.yandex.ru/tatyanareva',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'tatyanareva',
-            'description': 'md5:40a1e51f174369ec3ba9d657734ac31f',
+            'description': 'md5:92e56fa730a932ca2483ba5c2186ad96',
             'title': 'Тать�на Рева',
-            'entries': 'maxcount:200',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 46,
     }, {
@@ -348,43 +383,31 @@ class ZenYandexChannelIE(InfoExtractor):
         'playlist_mincount': 657,
     }]
 
-    def _entries(self, item_id, server_state_json, server_settings_json):
-        items = (traverse_obj(server_state_json, ('feed', 'items', ...))
-                 or traverse_obj(server_settings_json, ('exportData', 'items', ...)))
-
-        more = (traverse_obj(server_state_json, ('links', 'more'))
-                or traverse_obj(server_settings_json, ('exportData', 'more', 'link')))
-
+    def _entries(self, feed_data, channel_id):
         next_page_id = None
         for page in itertools.count(1):
-            for item in items or []:
-                if item.get('type') != 'gif':
-                    continue
-                video_id = traverse_obj(item, 'publication_id', 'publicationId') or ''
-                yield self.url_result(item['link'], ZenYandexIE, video_id.split(':')[-1])
+            for item in traverse_obj(feed_data, (
+                (None, ('items', lambda _, v: v['tab'] in ('shorts', 'longs'))),
+                'items', lambda _, v: url_or_none(v['link']),
+            )):
+                yield self.url_result(item['link'], ZenYandexIE, item.get('id'), title=item.get('title'))
 
+            more = traverse_obj(feed_data, ('more', 'link', {url_or_none}))
             current_page_id = next_page_id
             next_page_id = traverse_obj(parse_qs(more), ('next_page_id', -1))
-            if not all((more, items, next_page_id, next_page_id != current_page_id)):
+            if not all((more, next_page_id, next_page_id != current_page_id)):
                 break
 
-            data = self._download_json(more, item_id, note=f'Downloading Page {page}')
-            items, more = data.get('items'), traverse_obj(data, ('more', 'link'))
+            feed_data = self._download_json(more, channel_id, note=f'Downloading Page {page}')
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        item_id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, item_id)
-        redirect = self._search_json(
-            r'var it\s*=', webpage, 'redirect', item_id, default={}).get('retpath')
-        if redirect:
-            item_id = self._match_id(redirect)
-            webpage = self._download_webpage(redirect, item_id, note='Redirecting')
-        data = self._search_json(
-            r'("data"\s*:|data\s*=)', webpage, 'channel data', item_id, contains_pattern=r'{\"__serverState__.+}')
-        server_state_json = traverse_obj(data, lambda k, _: k.startswith('__serverState__'), get_all=False)
-        server_settings_json = traverse_obj(data, lambda k, _: k.startswith('__serverSettings__'), get_all=False)
+        channel_id = self._match_id(url)
+        channel_id, ssr_data = self._fetch_ssr_data(url, channel_id)
+        channel_data = ssr_data['exportResponse']
 
         return self.playlist_result(
-            self._entries(item_id, server_state_json, server_settings_json),
-            item_id, traverse_obj(server_state_json, ('channel', 'source', 'title')),
-            traverse_obj(server_state_json, ('channel', 'source', 'description')))
+            self._entries(channel_data['feedData'], channel_id),
+            channel_id, **traverse_obj(channel_data, ('channel', 'source', {
+                'title': ('title', {str}),
+                'description': ('description', {str}),
+            })))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/yapfiles.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/yapfiles.py
index 8d89d1d109..20adbac069 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/yapfiles.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/yapfiles.py
@@ -28,6 +28,15 @@ class YapFilesIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'https://api.yapfiles.ru/get_player/?uid=video_player_1872528&plroll=1&adv=1&v=vMDE4NzI1Mjgt690b',
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        # FIXME: Update _VALID_URL
+        'url': 'https://www.yapfiles.ru/show/3397030/e34b69aa03829d513d7dc3ace6ec9631.mp4.html',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'vMDE4NzI1Mjgt690b',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Кот�та',
+        },
+    }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/youporn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/youporn.py
index 8eb77aa031..b3c4b76d78 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/youporn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/youporn.py
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ class YouPornIE(InfoExtractor):
         return result
 
 
-class YouPornListBase(InfoExtractor):
+class YouPornListBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _get_next_url(self, url, pl_id, html):
         return urljoin(url, self._search_regex(
             r'''<a [^>]*?\bhref\s*=\s*("|')(?P<url>(?:(?!\1)[^>])+)\1''',
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ class YouPornListBase(InfoExtractor):
             playlist_id=pl_id, playlist_title=title)
 
 
-class YouPornCategoryIE(YouPornListBase):
+class YouPornCategoryIE(YouPornListBaseIE):
     IE_DESC = 'YouPorn category, with sorting, filtering and pagination'
     _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
         https?://(?:www\.)?youporn\.com/
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ class YouPornCategoryIE(YouPornListBase):
     }]
 
 
-class YouPornChannelIE(YouPornListBase):
+class YouPornChannelIE(YouPornListBaseIE):
     IE_DESC = 'YouPorn channel, with sorting and pagination'
     _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
         https?://(?:www\.)?youporn\.com/
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ class YouPornChannelIE(YouPornListBase):
         return re.sub(r'_', ' ', title_slug).title()
 
 
-class YouPornCollectionIE(YouPornListBase):
+class YouPornCollectionIE(YouPornListBaseIE):
     IE_DESC = 'YouPorn collection (user playlist), with sorting and pagination'
     _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
         https?://(?:www\.)?youporn\.com/
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ class YouPornCollectionIE(YouPornListBase):
         return playlist
 
 
-class YouPornTagIE(YouPornListBase):
+class YouPornTagIE(YouPornListBaseIE):
     IE_DESC = 'YouPorn tag (porntags), with sorting, filtering and pagination'
     _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
         https?://(?:www\.)?youporn\.com/
@@ -442,7 +442,7 @@ class YouPornTagIE(YouPornListBase):
         return super()._real_extract(url)
 
 
-class YouPornStarIE(YouPornListBase):
+class YouPornStarIE(YouPornListBaseIE):
     IE_DESC = 'YouPorn Pornstar, with description, sorting and pagination'
     _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
         https?://(?:www\.)?youporn\.com/
@@ -493,7 +493,7 @@ class YouPornStarIE(YouPornListBase):
         }
 
 
-class YouPornVideosIE(YouPornListBase):
+class YouPornVideosIE(YouPornListBaseIE):
     IE_DESC = 'YouPorn video (browse) playlists, with sorting, filtering and pagination'
     _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
         https?://(?:www\.)?youporn\.com/
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube.py
deleted file mode 100644
index ee4c98473e..0000000000
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8012 +0,0 @@
-import base64
-import binascii
-import calendar
-import collections
-import copy
-import datetime as dt
-import enum
-import functools
-import hashlib
-import itertools
-import json
-import math
-import os.path
-import random
-import re
-import shlex
-import sys
-import threading
-import time
-import traceback
-import urllib.parse
-
-from .common import InfoExtractor, SearchInfoExtractor
-from .openload import PhantomJSwrapper
-from ..jsinterp import JSInterpreter
-from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError, network_exceptions
-from ..utils import (
-    NO_DEFAULT,
-    ExtractorError,
-    LazyList,
-    UserNotLive,
-    bug_reports_message,
-    classproperty,
-    clean_html,
-    datetime_from_str,
-    filesize_from_tbr,
-    filter_dict,
-    float_or_none,
-    format_field,
-    get_first,
-    int_or_none,
-    is_html,
-    join_nonempty,
-    js_to_json,
-    mimetype2ext,
-    orderedSet,
-    parse_codecs,
-    parse_count,
-    parse_duration,
-    parse_iso8601,
-    parse_qs,
-    qualities,
-    remove_end,
-    remove_start,
-    smuggle_url,
-    str_or_none,
-    str_to_int,
-    strftime_or_none,
-    traverse_obj,
-    try_call,
-    try_get,
-    unescapeHTML,
-    unified_strdate,
-    unified_timestamp,
-    unsmuggle_url,
-    update_url_query,
-    url_or_none,
-    urljoin,
-    variadic,
-)
-
-STREAMING_DATA_CLIENT_NAME = '__yt_dlp_client'
-STREAMING_DATA_INITIAL_PO_TOKEN = '__yt_dlp_po_token'
-PO_TOKEN_GUIDE_URL = 'https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/wiki/PO-Token-Guide'
-
-
-class _PoTokenContext(enum.Enum):
-    PLAYER = 'player'
-    GVS = 'gvs'
-
-
-# any clients starting with _ cannot be explicitly requested by the user
-INNERTUBE_CLIENTS = {
-    'web': {
-        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT': {
-            'client': {
-                'clientName': 'WEB',
-                'clientVersion': '2.20241126.01.00',
-            },
-        },
-        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 1,
-        'PO_TOKEN_REQUIRED_CONTEXTS': [_PoTokenContext.GVS],
-        'SUPPORTS_COOKIES': True,
-    },
-    # Safari UA returns pre-merged video+audio 144p/240p/360p/720p/1080p HLS formats
-    'web_safari': {
-        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT': {
-            'client': {
-                'clientName': 'WEB',
-                'clientVersion': '2.20241126.01.00',
-                'userAgent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/605.1.15 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/15.5 Safari/605.1.15,gzip(gfe)',
-            },
-        },
-        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 1,
-        'PO_TOKEN_REQUIRED_CONTEXTS': [_PoTokenContext.GVS],
-        'SUPPORTS_COOKIES': True,
-    },
-    'web_embedded': {
-        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT': {
-            'client': {
-                'clientName': 'WEB_EMBEDDED_PLAYER',
-                'clientVersion': '1.20241201.00.00',
-            },
-        },
-        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 56,
-        'SUPPORTS_COOKIES': True,
-    },
-    'web_music': {
-        'INNERTUBE_HOST': 'music.youtube.com',
-        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT': {
-            'client': {
-                'clientName': 'WEB_REMIX',
-                'clientVersion': '1.20241127.01.00',
-            },
-        },
-        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 67,
-        'PO_TOKEN_REQUIRED_CONTEXTS': [_PoTokenContext.GVS],
-        'SUPPORTS_COOKIES': True,
-    },
-    # This client now requires sign-in for every video
-    'web_creator': {
-        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT': {
-            'client': {
-                'clientName': 'WEB_CREATOR',
-                'clientVersion': '1.20241203.01.00',
-            },
-        },
-        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 62,
-        'PO_TOKEN_REQUIRED_CONTEXTS': [_PoTokenContext.GVS],
-        'REQUIRE_AUTH': True,
-        'SUPPORTS_COOKIES': True,
-    },
-    'android': {
-        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT': {
-            'client': {
-                'clientName': 'ANDROID',
-                'clientVersion': '19.44.38',
-                'androidSdkVersion': 30,
-                'userAgent': 'com.google.android.youtube/19.44.38 (Linux; U; Android 11) gzip',
-                'osName': 'Android',
-                'osVersion': '11',
-            },
-        },
-        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 3,
-        'REQUIRE_JS_PLAYER': False,
-        'PO_TOKEN_REQUIRED_CONTEXTS': [_PoTokenContext.GVS],
-    },
-    # This client now requires sign-in for every video
-    'android_music': {
-        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT': {
-            'client': {
-                'clientName': 'ANDROID_MUSIC',
-                'clientVersion': '7.27.52',
-                'androidSdkVersion': 30,
-                'userAgent': 'com.google.android.apps.youtube.music/7.27.52 (Linux; U; Android 11) gzip',
-                'osName': 'Android',
-                'osVersion': '11',
-            },
-        },
-        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 21,
-        'REQUIRE_JS_PLAYER': False,
-        'PO_TOKEN_REQUIRED_CONTEXTS': [_PoTokenContext.GVS],
-        'REQUIRE_AUTH': True,
-    },
-    # This client now requires sign-in for every video
-    'android_creator': {
-        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT': {
-            'client': {
-                'clientName': 'ANDROID_CREATOR',
-                'clientVersion': '24.45.100',
-                'androidSdkVersion': 30,
-                'userAgent': 'com.google.android.apps.youtube.creator/24.45.100 (Linux; U; Android 11) gzip',
-                'osName': 'Android',
-                'osVersion': '11',
-            },
-        },
-        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 14,
-        'REQUIRE_JS_PLAYER': False,
-        'PO_TOKEN_REQUIRED_CONTEXTS': [_PoTokenContext.GVS],
-        'REQUIRE_AUTH': True,
-    },
-    # YouTube Kids videos aren't returned on this client for some reason
-    'android_vr': {
-        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT': {
-            'client': {
-                'clientName': 'ANDROID_VR',
-                'clientVersion': '1.60.19',
-                'deviceMake': 'Oculus',
-                'deviceModel': 'Quest 3',
-                'androidSdkVersion': 32,
-                'userAgent': 'com.google.android.apps.youtube.vr.oculus/1.60.19 (Linux; U; Android 12L; eureka-user Build/SQ3A.220605.009.A1) gzip',
-                'osName': 'Android',
-                'osVersion': '12L',
-            },
-        },
-        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 28,
-        'REQUIRE_JS_PLAYER': False,
-    },
-    # iOS clients have HLS live streams. Setting device model to get 60fps formats.
-    # See: https://github.com/TeamNewPipe/NewPipeExtractor/issues/680#issuecomment-1002724558
-    'ios': {
-        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT': {
-            'client': {
-                'clientName': 'IOS',
-                'clientVersion': '20.03.02',
-                'deviceMake': 'Apple',
-                'deviceModel': 'iPhone16,2',
-                'userAgent': 'com.google.ios.youtube/20.03.02 (iPhone16,2; U; CPU iOS 18_2_1 like Mac OS X;)',
-                'osName': 'iPhone',
-                'osVersion': '18.2.1.22C161',
-            },
-        },
-        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 5,
-        'PO_TOKEN_REQUIRED_CONTEXTS': [_PoTokenContext.GVS],
-        'REQUIRE_JS_PLAYER': False,
-    },
-    # This client now requires sign-in for every video
-    'ios_music': {
-        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT': {
-            'client': {
-                'clientName': 'IOS_MUSIC',
-                'clientVersion': '7.27.0',
-                'deviceMake': 'Apple',
-                'deviceModel': 'iPhone16,2',
-                'userAgent': 'com.google.ios.youtubemusic/7.27.0 (iPhone16,2; U; CPU iOS 18_1_0 like Mac OS X;)',
-                'osName': 'iPhone',
-                'osVersion': '18.1.0.22B83',
-            },
-        },
-        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 26,
-        'REQUIRE_JS_PLAYER': False,
-        'PO_TOKEN_REQUIRED_CONTEXTS': [_PoTokenContext.GVS],
-        'REQUIRE_AUTH': True,
-    },
-    # This client now requires sign-in for every video
-    'ios_creator': {
-        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT': {
-            'client': {
-                'clientName': 'IOS_CREATOR',
-                'clientVersion': '24.45.100',
-                'deviceMake': 'Apple',
-                'deviceModel': 'iPhone16,2',
-                'userAgent': 'com.google.ios.ytcreator/24.45.100 (iPhone16,2; U; CPU iOS 18_1_0 like Mac OS X;)',
-                'osName': 'iPhone',
-                'osVersion': '18.1.0.22B83',
-            },
-        },
-        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 15,
-        'REQUIRE_JS_PLAYER': False,
-        'PO_TOKEN_REQUIRED_CONTEXTS': [_PoTokenContext.GVS],
-        'REQUIRE_AUTH': True,
-    },
-    # mweb has 'ultralow' formats
-    # See: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/pull/557
-    'mweb': {
-        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT': {
-            'client': {
-                'clientName': 'MWEB',
-                'clientVersion': '2.20241202.07.00',
-                # mweb previously did not require PO Token with this UA
-                'userAgent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (iPad; CPU OS 16_7_10 like Mac OS X) AppleWebKit/605.1.15 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/16.6 Mobile/15E148 Safari/604.1,gzip(gfe)',
-            },
-        },
-        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 2,
-        'PO_TOKEN_REQUIRED_CONTEXTS': [_PoTokenContext.GVS],
-        'SUPPORTS_COOKIES': True,
-    },
-    'tv': {
-        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT': {
-            'client': {
-                'clientName': 'TVHTML5',
-                'clientVersion': '7.20250120.19.00',
-                'userAgent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (ChromiumStylePlatform) Cobalt/Version',
-            },
-        },
-        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 7,
-        'SUPPORTS_COOKIES': True,
-    },
-    # This client now requires sign-in for every video
-    # It was previously an age-gate workaround for videos that were `playable_in_embed`
-    # It may still be useful if signed into an EU account that is not age-verified
-    'tv_embedded': {
-        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT': {
-            'client': {
-                'clientName': 'TVHTML5_SIMPLY_EMBEDDED_PLAYER',
-                'clientVersion': '2.0',
-            },
-        },
-        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 85,
-        'REQUIRE_AUTH': True,
-        'SUPPORTS_COOKIES': True,
-    },
-}
-
-
-def _split_innertube_client(client_name):
-    variant, *base = client_name.rsplit('.', 1)
-    if base:
-        return variant, base[0], variant
-    base, *variant = client_name.split('_', 1)
-    return client_name, base, variant[0] if variant else None
-
-
-def short_client_name(client_name):
-    main, *parts = _split_innertube_client(client_name)[0].split('_')
-    return join_nonempty(main[:4], ''.join(x[0] for x in parts)).upper()
-
-
-def build_innertube_clients():
-    THIRD_PARTY = {
-        'embedUrl': 'https://www.youtube.com/',  # Can be any valid URL
-    }
-    BASE_CLIENTS = ('ios', 'web', 'tv', 'mweb', 'android')
-    priority = qualities(BASE_CLIENTS[::-1])
-
-    for client, ytcfg in tuple(INNERTUBE_CLIENTS.items()):
-        ytcfg.setdefault('INNERTUBE_HOST', 'www.youtube.com')
-        ytcfg.setdefault('REQUIRE_JS_PLAYER', True)
-        ytcfg.setdefault('PO_TOKEN_REQUIRED_CONTEXTS', [])
-        ytcfg.setdefault('REQUIRE_AUTH', False)
-        ytcfg.setdefault('SUPPORTS_COOKIES', False)
-        ytcfg.setdefault('PLAYER_PARAMS', None)
-        ytcfg['INNERTUBE_CONTEXT']['client'].setdefault('hl', 'en')
-
-        _, base_client, variant = _split_innertube_client(client)
-        ytcfg['priority'] = 10 * priority(base_client)
-
-        if variant == 'embedded':
-            ytcfg['INNERTUBE_CONTEXT']['thirdParty'] = THIRD_PARTY
-            ytcfg['priority'] -= 2
-        elif variant:
-            ytcfg['priority'] -= 3
-
-
-build_innertube_clients()
-
-
-class BadgeType(enum.Enum):
-    AVAILABILITY_UNLISTED = enum.auto()
-    AVAILABILITY_PRIVATE = enum.auto()
-    AVAILABILITY_PUBLIC = enum.auto()
-    AVAILABILITY_PREMIUM = enum.auto()
-    AVAILABILITY_SUBSCRIPTION = enum.auto()
-    LIVE_NOW = enum.auto()
-    VERIFIED = enum.auto()
-
-
-class YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
-    """Provide base functions for Youtube extractors"""
-
-    _RESERVED_NAMES = (
-        r'channel|c|user|playlist|watch|w|v|embed|e|live|watch_popup|clip|'
-        r'shorts|movies|results|search|shared|hashtag|trending|explore|feed|feeds|'
-        r'browse|oembed|get_video_info|iframe_api|s/player|source|'
-        r'storefront|oops|index|account|t/terms|about|upload|signin|logout')
-
-    _PLAYLIST_ID_RE = r'(?:(?:PL|LL|EC|UU|FL|RD|UL|TL|PU|OLAK5uy_)[0-9A-Za-z-_]{10,}|RDMM|WL|LL|LM)'
-
-    # _NETRC_MACHINE = 'youtube'
-
-    # If True it will raise an error if no login info is provided
-    _LOGIN_REQUIRED = False
-
-    _INVIDIOUS_SITES = (
-        # invidious-redirect websites
-        r'(?:www\.)?redirect\.invidious\.io',
-        r'(?:(?:www|dev)\.)?invidio\.us',
-        # Invidious instances taken from https://github.com/iv-org/documentation/blob/master/docs/instances.md
-        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.pussthecat\.org',
-        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.zee\.li',
-        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.ethibox\.fr',
-        r'(?:www\.)?iv\.ggtyler\.dev',
-        r'(?:www\.)?inv\.vern\.i2p',
-        r'(?:www\.)?am74vkcrjp2d5v36lcdqgsj2m6x36tbrkhsruoegwfcizzabnfgf5zyd\.onion',
-        r'(?:www\.)?inv\.riverside\.rocks',
-        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.silur\.me',
-        r'(?:www\.)?inv\.bp\.projectsegfau\.lt',
-        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.g4c3eya4clenolymqbpgwz3q3tawoxw56yhzk4vugqrl6dtu3ejvhjid\.onion',
-        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.slipfox\.xyz',
-        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.esmail5pdn24shtvieloeedh7ehz3nrwcdivnfhfcedl7gf4kwddhkqd\.onion',
-        r'(?:www\.)?inv\.vernccvbvyi5qhfzyqengccj7lkove6bjot2xhh5kajhwvidqafczrad\.onion',
-        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.tiekoetter\.com',
-        r'(?:www\.)?iv\.odysfvr23q5wgt7i456o5t3trw2cw5dgn56vbjfbq2m7xsc5vqbqpcyd\.onion',
-        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.nerdvpn\.de',
-        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.weblibre\.org',
-        r'(?:www\.)?inv\.odyssey346\.dev',
-        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.dhusch\.de',
-        r'(?:www\.)?iv\.melmac\.space',
-        r'(?:www\.)?watch\.thekitty\.zone',
-        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.privacydev\.net',
-        r'(?:www\.)?ng27owmagn5amdm7l5s3rsqxwscl5ynppnis5dqcasogkyxcfqn7psid\.onion',
-        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.drivet\.xyz',
-        r'(?:www\.)?vid\.priv\.au',
-        r'(?:www\.)?euxxcnhsynwmfidvhjf6uzptsmh4dipkmgdmcmxxuo7tunp3ad2jrwyd\.onion',
-        r'(?:www\.)?inv\.vern\.cc',
-        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.esmailelbob\.xyz',
-        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.sethforprivacy\.com',
-        r'(?:www\.)?yt\.oelrichsgarcia\.de',
-        r'(?:www\.)?yt\.artemislena\.eu',
-        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.flokinet\.to',
-        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.baczek\.me',
-        r'(?:www\.)?y\.com\.sb',
-        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.epicsite\.xyz',
-        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.lidarshield\.cloud',
-        r'(?:www\.)?yt\.funami\.tech',
-        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.3o7z6yfxhbw7n3za4rss6l434kmv55cgw2vuziwuigpwegswvwzqipyd\.onion',
-        r'(?:www\.)?osbivz6guyeahrwp2lnwyjk2xos342h4ocsxyqrlaopqjuhwn2djiiyd\.onion',
-        r'(?:www\.)?u2cvlit75owumwpy4dj2hsmvkq7nvrclkpht7xgyye2pyoxhpmclkrad\.onion',
-        # youtube-dl invidious instances list
-        r'(?:(?:www|no)\.)?invidiou\.sh',
-        r'(?:(?:www|fi)\.)?invidious\.snopyta\.org',
-        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.kabi\.tk',
-        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.mastodon\.host',
-        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.zapashcanon\.fr',
-        r'(?:www\.)?(?:invidious(?:-us)?|piped)\.kavin\.rocks',
-        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.tinfoil-hat\.net',
-        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.himiko\.cloud',
-        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.reallyancient\.tech',
-        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.tube',
-        r'(?:www\.)?invidiou\.site',
-        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.site',
-        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.xyz',
-        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.nixnet\.xyz',
-        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.048596\.xyz',
-        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.drycat\.fr',
-        r'(?:www\.)?inv\.skyn3t\.in',
-        r'(?:www\.)?tube\.poal\.co',
-        r'(?:www\.)?tube\.connect\.cafe',
-        r'(?:www\.)?vid\.wxzm\.sx',
-        r'(?:www\.)?vid\.mint\.lgbt',
-        r'(?:www\.)?vid\.puffyan\.us',
-        r'(?:www\.)?yewtu\.be',
-        r'(?:www\.)?yt\.elukerio\.org',
-        r'(?:www\.)?yt\.lelux\.fi',
-        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.ggc-project\.de',
-        r'(?:www\.)?yt\.maisputain\.ovh',
-        r'(?:www\.)?ytprivate\.com',
-        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.13ad\.de',
-        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.toot\.koeln',
-        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.fdn\.fr',
-        r'(?:www\.)?watch\.nettohikari\.com',
-        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.namazso\.eu',
-        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.silkky\.cloud',
-        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.exonip\.de',
-        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.riverside\.rocks',
-        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.blamefran\.net',
-        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.moomoo\.de',
-        r'(?:www\.)?ytb\.trom\.tf',
-        r'(?:www\.)?yt\.cyberhost\.uk',
-        r'(?:www\.)?kgg2m7yk5aybusll\.onion',
-        r'(?:www\.)?qklhadlycap4cnod\.onion',
-        r'(?:www\.)?axqzx4s6s54s32yentfqojs3x5i7faxza6xo3ehd4bzzsg2ii4fv2iid\.onion',
-        r'(?:www\.)?c7hqkpkpemu6e7emz5b4vyz7idjgdvgaaa3dyimmeojqbgpea3xqjoid\.onion',
-        r'(?:www\.)?fz253lmuao3strwbfbmx46yu7acac2jz27iwtorgmbqlkurlclmancad\.onion',
-        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.l4qlywnpwqsluw65ts7md3khrivpirse744un3x7mlskqauz5pyuzgqd\.onion',
-        r'(?:www\.)?owxfohz4kjyv25fvlqilyxast7inivgiktls3th44jhk3ej3i7ya\.b32\.i2p',
-        r'(?:www\.)?4l2dgddgsrkf2ous66i6seeyi6etzfgrue332grh2n7madpwopotugyd\.onion',
-        r'(?:www\.)?w6ijuptxiku4xpnnaetxvnkc5vqcdu7mgns2u77qefoixi63vbvnpnqd\.onion',
-        r'(?:www\.)?kbjggqkzv65ivcqj6bumvp337z6264huv5kpkwuv6gu5yjiskvan7fad\.onion',
-        r'(?:www\.)?grwp24hodrefzvjjuccrkw3mjq4tzhaaq32amf33dzpmuxe7ilepcmad\.onion',
-        r'(?:www\.)?hpniueoejy4opn7bc4ftgazyqjoeqwlvh2uiku2xqku6zpoa4bf5ruid\.onion',
-        # piped instances from https://github.com/TeamPiped/Piped/wiki/Instances
-        r'(?:www\.)?piped\.kavin\.rocks',
-        r'(?:www\.)?piped\.tokhmi\.xyz',
-        r'(?:www\.)?piped\.syncpundit\.io',
-        r'(?:www\.)?piped\.mha\.fi',
-        r'(?:www\.)?watch\.whatever\.social',
-        r'(?:www\.)?piped\.garudalinux\.org',
-        r'(?:www\.)?piped\.rivo\.lol',
-        r'(?:www\.)?piped-libre\.kavin\.rocks',
-        r'(?:www\.)?yt\.jae\.fi',
-        r'(?:www\.)?piped\.mint\.lgbt',
-        r'(?:www\.)?il\.ax',
-        r'(?:www\.)?piped\.esmailelbob\.xyz',
-        r'(?:www\.)?piped\.projectsegfau\.lt',
-        r'(?:www\.)?piped\.privacydev\.net',
-        r'(?:www\.)?piped\.palveluntarjoaja\.eu',
-        r'(?:www\.)?piped\.smnz\.de',
-        r'(?:www\.)?piped\.adminforge\.de',
-        r'(?:www\.)?watch\.whatevertinfoil\.de',
-        r'(?:www\.)?piped\.qdi\.fi',
-        r'(?:(?:www|cf)\.)?piped\.video',
-        r'(?:www\.)?piped\.aeong\.one',
-        r'(?:www\.)?piped\.moomoo\.me',
-        r'(?:www\.)?piped\.chauvet\.pro',
-        r'(?:www\.)?watch\.leptons\.xyz',
-        r'(?:www\.)?pd\.vern\.cc',
-        r'(?:www\.)?piped\.hostux\.net',
-        r'(?:www\.)?piped\.lunar\.icu',
-        # Hyperpipe instances from https://hyperpipe.codeberg.page/
-        r'(?:www\.)?hyperpipe\.surge\.sh',
-        r'(?:www\.)?hyperpipe\.esmailelbob\.xyz',
-        r'(?:www\.)?listen\.whatever\.social',
-        r'(?:www\.)?music\.adminforge\.de',
-    )
-
-    # extracted from account/account_menu ep
-    # XXX: These are the supported YouTube UI and API languages,
-    # which is slightly different from languages supported for translation in YouTube studio
-    _SUPPORTED_LANG_CODES = [
-        'af', 'az', 'id', 'ms', 'bs', 'ca', 'cs', 'da', 'de', 'et', 'en-IN', 'en-GB', 'en', 'es',
-        'es-419', 'es-US', 'eu', 'fil', 'fr', 'fr-CA', 'gl', 'hr', 'zu', 'is', 'it', 'sw', 'lv',
-        'lt', 'hu', 'nl', 'no', 'uz', 'pl', 'pt-PT', 'pt', 'ro', 'sq', 'sk', 'sl', 'sr-Latn', 'fi',
-        'sv', 'vi', 'tr', 'be', 'bg', 'ky', 'kk', 'mk', 'mn', 'ru', 'sr', 'uk', 'el', 'hy', 'iw',
-        'ur', 'ar', 'fa', 'ne', 'mr', 'hi', 'as', 'bn', 'pa', 'gu', 'or', 'ta', 'te', 'kn', 'ml',
-        'si', 'th', 'lo', 'my', 'ka', 'am', 'km', 'zh-CN', 'zh-TW', 'zh-HK', 'ja', 'ko',
-    ]
-
-    _IGNORED_WARNINGS = {
-        'Unavailable videos will be hidden during playback',
-        'Unavailable videos are hidden',
-    }
-
-    _YT_HANDLE_RE = r'@[\w.-]{3,30}'  # https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/11585688?hl=en
-    _YT_CHANNEL_UCID_RE = r'UC[\w-]{22}'
-
-    _NETRC_MACHINE = 'youtube'
-
-    def ucid_or_none(self, ucid):
-        return self._search_regex(rf'^({self._YT_CHANNEL_UCID_RE})$', ucid, 'UC-id', default=None)
-
-    def handle_or_none(self, handle):
-        return self._search_regex(rf'^({self._YT_HANDLE_RE})$', urllib.parse.unquote(handle or ''),
-                                  '@-handle', default=None)
-
-    def handle_from_url(self, url):
-        return self._search_regex(rf'^(?:https?://(?:www\.)?youtube\.com)?/({self._YT_HANDLE_RE})',
-                                  urllib.parse.unquote(url or ''), 'channel handle', default=None)
-
-    def ucid_from_url(self, url):
-        return self._search_regex(rf'^(?:https?://(?:www\.)?youtube\.com)?/({self._YT_CHANNEL_UCID_RE})',
-                                  url, 'channel id', default=None)
-
-    @functools.cached_property
-    def _preferred_lang(self):
-        """
-        Returns a language code supported by YouTube for the user preferred language.
-        Returns None if no preferred language set.
-        """
-        preferred_lang = self._configuration_arg('lang', ie_key='Youtube', casesense=True, default=[''])[0]
-        if not preferred_lang:
-            return
-        if preferred_lang not in self._SUPPORTED_LANG_CODES:
-            raise ExtractorError(
-                f'Unsupported language code: {preferred_lang}. Supported language codes (case-sensitive): {join_nonempty(*self._SUPPORTED_LANG_CODES, delim=", ")}.',
-                expected=True)
-        elif preferred_lang != 'en':
-            self.report_warning(
-                f'Preferring "{preferred_lang}" translated fields. Note that some metadata extraction may fail or be incorrect.')
-        return preferred_lang
-
-    def _initialize_consent(self):
-        cookies = self._get_cookies('https://www.youtube.com/')
-        if cookies.get('__Secure-3PSID'):
-            return
-        socs = cookies.get('SOCS')
-        if socs and not socs.value.startswith('CAA'):  # not consented
-            return
-        self._set_cookie('.youtube.com', 'SOCS', 'CAI', secure=True)  # accept all (required for mixes)
-
-    def _initialize_pref(self):
-        cookies = self._get_cookies('https://www.youtube.com/')
-        pref_cookie = cookies.get('PREF')
-        pref = {}
-        if pref_cookie:
-            try:
-                pref = dict(urllib.parse.parse_qsl(pref_cookie.value))
-            except ValueError:
-                self.report_warning('Failed to parse user PREF cookie' + bug_reports_message())
-        pref.update({'hl': self._preferred_lang or 'en', 'tz': 'UTC'})
-        self._set_cookie('.youtube.com', name='PREF', value=urllib.parse.urlencode(pref))
-
-    def _initialize_cookie_auth(self):
-        yt_sapisid, yt_1psapisid, yt_3psapisid = self._get_sid_cookies()
-        if yt_sapisid or yt_1psapisid or yt_3psapisid:
-            self.write_debug('Found YouTube account cookies')
-
-    def _real_initialize(self):
-        self._initialize_pref()
-        self._initialize_consent()
-        self._initialize_cookie_auth()
-        self._check_login_required()
-
-    def _perform_login(self, username, password):
-        if username.startswith('oauth'):
-            raise ExtractorError(
-                f'Login with OAuth is no longer supported. {self._youtube_login_hint}', expected=True)
-
-        self.report_warning(
-            f'Login with password is not supported for YouTube. {self._youtube_login_hint}')
-
-    @property
-    def _youtube_login_hint(self):
-        return (f'{self._login_hint(method="cookies")}. Also see  '
-                'https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/wiki/Extractors#exporting-youtube-cookies  '
-                'for tips on effectively exporting YouTube cookies')
-
-    def _check_login_required(self):
-        if self._LOGIN_REQUIRED and not self.is_authenticated:
-            self.raise_login_required(
-                f'Login details are needed to download this content. {self._youtube_login_hint}', method=None)
-
-    _YT_INITIAL_DATA_RE = r'(?:window\s*\[\s*["\']ytInitialData["\']\s*\]|ytInitialData)\s*='
-    _YT_INITIAL_PLAYER_RESPONSE_RE = r'ytInitialPlayerResponse\s*='
-
-    def _get_default_ytcfg(self, client='web'):
-        return copy.deepcopy(INNERTUBE_CLIENTS[client])
-
-    def _get_innertube_host(self, client='web'):
-        return INNERTUBE_CLIENTS[client]['INNERTUBE_HOST']
-
-    def _ytcfg_get_safe(self, ytcfg, getter, expected_type=None, default_client='web'):
-        # try_get but with fallback to default ytcfg client values when present
-        _func = lambda y: try_get(y, getter, expected_type)
-        return _func(ytcfg) or _func(self._get_default_ytcfg(default_client))
-
-    def _extract_client_name(self, ytcfg, default_client='web'):
-        return self._ytcfg_get_safe(
-            ytcfg, (lambda x: x['INNERTUBE_CLIENT_NAME'],
-                    lambda x: x['INNERTUBE_CONTEXT']['client']['clientName']), str, default_client)
-
-    def _extract_client_version(self, ytcfg, default_client='web'):
-        return self._ytcfg_get_safe(
-            ytcfg, (lambda x: x['INNERTUBE_CLIENT_VERSION'],
-                    lambda x: x['INNERTUBE_CONTEXT']['client']['clientVersion']), str, default_client)
-
-    def _select_api_hostname(self, req_api_hostname, default_client=None):
-        return (self._configuration_arg('innertube_host', [''], ie_key=YoutubeIE.ie_key())[0]
-                or req_api_hostname or self._get_innertube_host(default_client or 'web'))
-
-    def _extract_context(self, ytcfg=None, default_client='web'):
-        context = get_first(
-            (ytcfg, self._get_default_ytcfg(default_client)), 'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT', expected_type=dict)
-        # Enforce language and tz for extraction
-        client_context = traverse_obj(context, 'client', expected_type=dict, default={})
-        client_context.update({'hl': self._preferred_lang or 'en', 'timeZone': 'UTC', 'utcOffsetMinutes': 0})
-        return context
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _make_sid_authorization(scheme, sid, origin, additional_parts):
-        timestamp = str(round(time.time()))
-
-        hash_parts = []
-        if additional_parts:
-            hash_parts.append(':'.join(additional_parts.values()))
-        hash_parts.extend([timestamp, sid, origin])
-        sidhash = hashlib.sha1(' '.join(hash_parts).encode()).hexdigest()
-
-        parts = [timestamp, sidhash]
-        if additional_parts:
-            parts.append(''.join(additional_parts))
-
-        return f'{scheme} {"_".join(parts)}'
-
-    def _get_sid_cookies(self):
-        """
-        Get SAPISID, 1PSAPISID, 3PSAPISID cookie values
-        @returns sapisid, 1psapisid, 3psapisid
-        """
-        yt_cookies = self._get_cookies('https://www.youtube.com')
-        yt_sapisid = try_call(lambda: yt_cookies['SAPISID'].value)
-        yt_3papisid = try_call(lambda: yt_cookies['__Secure-3PAPISID'].value)
-        yt_1papisid = try_call(lambda: yt_cookies['__Secure-1PAPISID'].value)
-
-        # Sometimes SAPISID cookie isn't present but __Secure-3PAPISID is.
-        # YouTube also falls back to __Secure-3PAPISID if SAPISID is missing.
-        # See: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/393
-
-        return yt_sapisid or yt_3papisid, yt_1papisid, yt_3papisid
-
-    def _get_sid_authorization_header(self, origin='https://www.youtube.com', user_session_id=None):
-        """
-        Generate API Session ID Authorization for Innertube requests. Assumes all requests are secure (https).
-        @param origin: Origin URL
-        @param user_session_id: Optional User Session ID
-        @return: Authorization header value
-        """
-
-        authorizations = []
-        additional_parts = {}
-        if user_session_id:
-            additional_parts['u'] = user_session_id
-
-        yt_sapisid, yt_1psapisid, yt_3psapisid = self._get_sid_cookies()
-
-        for scheme, sid in (('SAPISIDHASH', yt_sapisid),
-                            ('SAPISID1PHASH', yt_1psapisid),
-                            ('SAPISID3PHASH', yt_3psapisid)):
-            if sid:
-                authorizations.append(self._make_sid_authorization(scheme, sid, origin, additional_parts))
-
-        if not authorizations:
-            return None
-
-        return ' '.join(authorizations)
-
-    def _call_api(self, ep, query, video_id, fatal=True, headers=None,
-                  note='Downloading API JSON', errnote='Unable to download API page',
-                  context=None, api_key=None, api_hostname=None, default_client='web'):
-
-        data = {'context': context} if context else {'context': self._extract_context(default_client=default_client)}
-        data.update(query)
-        real_headers = self.generate_api_headers(default_client=default_client)
-        real_headers.update({'content-type': 'application/json'})
-        if headers:
-            real_headers.update(headers)
-        return self._download_json(
-            f'https://{self._select_api_hostname(api_hostname, default_client)}/youtubei/v1/{ep}',
-            video_id=video_id, fatal=fatal, note=note, errnote=errnote,
-            data=json.dumps(data).encode('utf8'), headers=real_headers,
-            query=filter_dict({
-                'key': self._configuration_arg(
-                    'innertube_key', [api_key], ie_key=YoutubeIE.ie_key(), casesense=True)[0],
-                'prettyPrint': 'false',
-            }, cndn=lambda _, v: v))
-
-    def extract_yt_initial_data(self, item_id, webpage, fatal=True):
-        return self._search_json(self._YT_INITIAL_DATA_RE, webpage, 'yt initial data', item_id, fatal=fatal)
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _extract_session_index(*data):
-        """
-        Index of current account in account list.
-        See: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/pull/519
-        """
-        for ytcfg in data:
-            session_index = int_or_none(try_get(ytcfg, lambda x: x['SESSION_INDEX']))
-            if session_index is not None:
-                return session_index
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _parse_data_sync_id(data_sync_id):
-        """
-        Parse data_sync_id into delegated_session_id and user_session_id.
-
-        data_sync_id is of the form "delegated_session_id||user_session_id" for secondary channel
-        and just "user_session_id||" for primary channel.
-
-        @param data_sync_id: data_sync_id string
-        @return: Tuple of (delegated_session_id, user_session_id)
-        """
-        if not data_sync_id:
-            return None, None
-        first, _, second = data_sync_id.partition('||')
-        if second:
-            return first, second
-        return None, first
-
-    def _extract_delegated_session_id(self, *args):
-        """
-        Extract current delegated session ID required to download private playlists of secondary channels
-        @params response and/or ytcfg
-        @return: delegated session ID
-        """
-        # ytcfg includes channel_syncid if on secondary channel
-        if delegated_sid := traverse_obj(args, (..., 'DELEGATED_SESSION_ID', {str}, any)):
-            return delegated_sid
-
-        data_sync_id = self._extract_data_sync_id(*args)
-        return self._parse_data_sync_id(data_sync_id)[0]
-
-    def _extract_user_session_id(self, *args):
-        """
-        Extract current user session ID
-        @params response and/or ytcfg
-        @return: user session ID
-        """
-        if user_sid := traverse_obj(args, (..., 'USER_SESSION_ID', {str}, any)):
-            return user_sid
-
-        data_sync_id = self._extract_data_sync_id(*args)
-        return self._parse_data_sync_id(data_sync_id)[1]
-
-    def _extract_data_sync_id(self, *args):
-        """
-        Extract current account dataSyncId.
-        In the format DELEGATED_SESSION_ID||USER_SESSION_ID or USER_SESSION_ID||
-        @params response and/or ytcfg
-        """
-        if data_sync_id := self._configuration_arg('data_sync_id', [None], ie_key=YoutubeIE, casesense=True)[0]:
-            return data_sync_id
-
-        return traverse_obj(
-            args, (..., ('DATASYNC_ID', ('responseContext', 'mainAppWebResponseContext', 'datasyncId')), {str}, any))
-
-    def _extract_visitor_data(self, *args):
-        """
-        Extracts visitorData from an API response or ytcfg
-        Appears to be used to track session state
-        """
-        if visitor_data := self._configuration_arg('visitor_data', [None], ie_key=YoutubeIE, casesense=True)[0]:
-            return visitor_data
-        return get_first(
-            args, [('VISITOR_DATA', ('INNERTUBE_CONTEXT', 'client', 'visitorData'), ('responseContext', 'visitorData'))],
-            expected_type=str)
-
-    @functools.cached_property
-    def is_authenticated(self):
-        return bool(self._get_sid_authorization_header())
-
-    def extract_ytcfg(self, video_id, webpage):
-        if not webpage:
-            return {}
-        return self._parse_json(
-            self._search_regex(
-                r'ytcfg\.set\s*\(\s*({.+?})\s*\)\s*;', webpage, 'ytcfg',
-                default='{}'), video_id, fatal=False) or {}
-
-    def _generate_cookie_auth_headers(self, *, ytcfg=None, delegated_session_id=None, user_session_id=None, session_index=None, origin=None, **kwargs):
-        headers = {}
-        delegated_session_id = delegated_session_id or self._extract_delegated_session_id(ytcfg)
-        if delegated_session_id:
-            headers['X-Goog-PageId'] = delegated_session_id
-        if session_index is None:
-            session_index = self._extract_session_index(ytcfg)
-        if delegated_session_id or session_index is not None:
-            headers['X-Goog-AuthUser'] = session_index if session_index is not None else 0
-
-        auth = self._get_sid_authorization_header(origin, user_session_id=user_session_id or self._extract_user_session_id(ytcfg))
-        if auth is not None:
-            headers['Authorization'] = auth
-            headers['X-Origin'] = origin
-
-        if traverse_obj(ytcfg, 'LOGGED_IN', expected_type=bool):
-            headers['X-Youtube-Bootstrap-Logged-In'] = 'true'
-
-        return headers
-
-    def generate_api_headers(
-            self, *, ytcfg=None, delegated_session_id=None, user_session_id=None, session_index=None,
-            visitor_data=None, api_hostname=None, default_client='web', **kwargs):
-
-        origin = 'https://' + (self._select_api_hostname(api_hostname, default_client))
-        headers = {
-            'X-YouTube-Client-Name': str(
-                self._ytcfg_get_safe(ytcfg, lambda x: x['INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME'], default_client=default_client)),
-            'X-YouTube-Client-Version': self._extract_client_version(ytcfg, default_client),
-            'Origin': origin,
-            'X-Goog-Visitor-Id': visitor_data or self._extract_visitor_data(ytcfg),
-            'User-Agent': self._ytcfg_get_safe(ytcfg, lambda x: x['INNERTUBE_CONTEXT']['client']['userAgent'], default_client=default_client),
-            **self._generate_cookie_auth_headers(
-                ytcfg=ytcfg,
-                delegated_session_id=delegated_session_id,
-                user_session_id=user_session_id,
-                session_index=session_index,
-                origin=origin),
-        }
-        return filter_dict(headers)
-
-    def _download_webpage_with_retries(self, *args, retry_fatal=False, retry_on_status=None, **kwargs):
-        for retry in self.RetryManager(fatal=retry_fatal):
-            try:
-                return self._download_webpage(*args, **kwargs)
-            except ExtractorError as e:
-                if isinstance(e.cause, network_exceptions):
-                    if not isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) or e.cause.status not in (retry_on_status or (403, 429)):
-                        retry.error = e
-                        continue
-                self._error_or_warning(e, fatal=retry_fatal)
-                break
-
-    def _download_ytcfg(self, client, video_id):
-        url = {
-            'web': 'https://www.youtube.com',
-            'web_music': 'https://music.youtube.com',
-            'web_embedded': f'https://www.youtube.com/embed/{video_id}?html5=1',
-            'tv': 'https://www.youtube.com/tv',
-        }.get(client)
-        if not url:
-            return {}
-        webpage = self._download_webpage_with_retries(
-            url, video_id, note=f'Downloading {client.replace("_", " ").strip()} client config',
-            headers=traverse_obj(self._get_default_ytcfg(client), {
-                'User-Agent': ('INNERTUBE_CONTEXT', 'client', 'userAgent', {str}),
-            }))
-        return self.extract_ytcfg(video_id, webpage) or {}
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _build_api_continuation_query(continuation, ctp=None):
-        query = {
-            'continuation': continuation,
-        }
-        # TODO: Inconsistency with clickTrackingParams.
-        # Currently we have a fixed ctp contained within context (from ytcfg)
-        # and a ctp in root query for continuation.
-        if ctp:
-            query['clickTracking'] = {'clickTrackingParams': ctp}
-        return query
-
-    @classmethod
-    def _extract_next_continuation_data(cls, renderer):
-        next_continuation = try_get(
-            renderer, (lambda x: x['continuations'][0]['nextContinuationData'],
-                       lambda x: x['continuation']['reloadContinuationData']), dict)
-        if not next_continuation:
-            return
-        continuation = next_continuation.get('continuation')
-        if not continuation:
-            return
-        ctp = next_continuation.get('clickTrackingParams')
-        return cls._build_api_continuation_query(continuation, ctp)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def _extract_continuation_ep_data(cls, continuation_ep: dict):
-        if isinstance(continuation_ep, dict):
-            continuation = try_get(
-                continuation_ep, lambda x: x['continuationCommand']['token'], str)
-            if not continuation:
-                return
-            ctp = continuation_ep.get('clickTrackingParams')
-            return cls._build_api_continuation_query(continuation, ctp)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def _extract_continuation(cls, renderer):
-        next_continuation = cls._extract_next_continuation_data(renderer)
-        if next_continuation:
-            return next_continuation
-
-        return traverse_obj(renderer, (
-            ('contents', 'items', 'rows'), ..., 'continuationItemRenderer',
-            ('continuationEndpoint', ('button', 'buttonRenderer', 'command')),
-        ), get_all=False, expected_type=cls._extract_continuation_ep_data)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def _extract_alerts(cls, data):
-        for alert_dict in try_get(data, lambda x: x['alerts'], list) or []:
-            if not isinstance(alert_dict, dict):
-                continue
-            for alert in alert_dict.values():
-                alert_type = alert.get('type')
-                if not alert_type:
-                    continue
-                message = cls._get_text(alert, 'text')
-                if message:
-                    yield alert_type, message
-
-    def _report_alerts(self, alerts, expected=True, fatal=True, only_once=False):
-        errors, warnings = [], []
-        for alert_type, alert_message in alerts:
-            if alert_type.lower() == 'error' and fatal:
-                errors.append([alert_type, alert_message])
-            elif alert_message not in self._IGNORED_WARNINGS:
-                warnings.append([alert_type, alert_message])
-
-        for alert_type, alert_message in (warnings + errors[:-1]):
-            self.report_warning(f'YouTube said: {alert_type} - {alert_message}', only_once=only_once)
-        if errors:
-            raise ExtractorError(f'YouTube said: {errors[-1][1]}', expected=expected)
-
-    def _extract_and_report_alerts(self, data, *args, **kwargs):
-        return self._report_alerts(self._extract_alerts(data), *args, **kwargs)
-
-    def _extract_badges(self, badge_list: list):
-        """
-        Extract known BadgeType's from a list of badge renderers.
-        @returns [{'type': BadgeType}]
-        """
-        icon_type_map = {
-            'PRIVACY_UNLISTED': BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_UNLISTED,
-            'PRIVACY_PRIVATE': BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_PRIVATE,
-            'PRIVACY_PUBLIC': BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_PUBLIC,
-            'CHECK_CIRCLE_THICK': BadgeType.VERIFIED,
-            'OFFICIAL_ARTIST_BADGE': BadgeType.VERIFIED,
-            'CHECK': BadgeType.VERIFIED,
-        }
-
-        badge_style_map = {
-            'BADGE_STYLE_TYPE_MEMBERS_ONLY': BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_SUBSCRIPTION,
-            'BADGE_STYLE_TYPE_PREMIUM': BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_PREMIUM,
-            'BADGE_STYLE_TYPE_LIVE_NOW': BadgeType.LIVE_NOW,
-            'BADGE_STYLE_TYPE_VERIFIED': BadgeType.VERIFIED,
-            'BADGE_STYLE_TYPE_VERIFIED_ARTIST': BadgeType.VERIFIED,
-        }
-
-        label_map = {
-            'unlisted': BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_UNLISTED,
-            'private': BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_PRIVATE,
-            'members only': BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_SUBSCRIPTION,
-            'live': BadgeType.LIVE_NOW,
-            'premium': BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_PREMIUM,
-            'verified': BadgeType.VERIFIED,
-            'official artist channel': BadgeType.VERIFIED,
-        }
-
-        badges = []
-        for badge in traverse_obj(badge_list, (..., lambda key, _: re.search(r'[bB]adgeRenderer$', key))):
-            badge_type = (
-                icon_type_map.get(traverse_obj(badge, ('icon', 'iconType'), expected_type=str))
-                or badge_style_map.get(traverse_obj(badge, 'style'))
-            )
-            if badge_type:
-                badges.append({'type': badge_type})
-                continue
-
-            # fallback, won't work in some languages
-            label = traverse_obj(
-                badge, 'label', ('accessibilityData', 'label'), 'tooltip', 'iconTooltip', get_all=False, expected_type=str, default='')
-            for match, label_badge_type in label_map.items():
-                if match in label.lower():
-                    badges.append({'type': label_badge_type})
-                    break
-
-        return badges
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _has_badge(badges, badge_type):
-        return bool(traverse_obj(badges, lambda _, v: v['type'] == badge_type))
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _get_text(data, *path_list, max_runs=None):
-        for path in path_list or [None]:
-            if path is None:
-                obj = [data]
-            else:
-                obj = traverse_obj(data, path, default=[])
-                if not any(key is ... or isinstance(key, (list, tuple)) for key in variadic(path)):
-                    obj = [obj]
-            for item in obj:
-                text = try_get(item, lambda x: x['simpleText'], str)
-                if text:
-                    return text
-                runs = try_get(item, lambda x: x['runs'], list) or []
-                if not runs and isinstance(item, list):
-                    runs = item
-
-                runs = runs[:min(len(runs), max_runs or len(runs))]
-                text = ''.join(traverse_obj(runs, (..., 'text'), expected_type=str))
-                if text:
-                    return text
-
-    def _get_count(self, data, *path_list):
-        count_text = self._get_text(data, *path_list) or ''
-        count = parse_count(count_text)
-        if count is None:
-            count = str_to_int(
-                self._search_regex(r'^([\d,]+)', re.sub(r'\s', '', count_text), 'count', default=None))
-        return count
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _extract_thumbnails(data, *path_list, final_key='thumbnails'):
-        """
-        Extract thumbnails from thumbnails dict
-        @param path_list: path list to level that contains 'thumbnails' key
-        """
-        thumbnails = []
-        for path in path_list or [()]:
-            for thumbnail in traverse_obj(data, (*variadic(path), final_key, ...)):
-                thumbnail_url = url_or_none(thumbnail.get('url'))
-                if not thumbnail_url:
-                    continue
-                # Sometimes youtube gives a wrong thumbnail URL. See:
-                # https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/233
-                # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/28023
-                if 'maxresdefault' in thumbnail_url:
-                    thumbnail_url = thumbnail_url.split('?')[0]
-                thumbnails.append({
-                    'url': thumbnail_url,
-                    'height': int_or_none(thumbnail.get('height')),
-                    'width': int_or_none(thumbnail.get('width')),
-                })
-        return thumbnails
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def extract_relative_time(relative_time_text):
-        """
-        Extracts a relative time from string and converts to dt object
-        e.g. 'streamed 6 days ago', '5 seconds ago (edited)', 'updated today', '8 yr ago'
-        """
-
-        # XXX: this could be moved to a general function in utils/_utils.py
-        # The relative time text strings are roughly the same as what
-        # Javascript's Intl.RelativeTimeFormat function generates.
-        # See: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Intl/RelativeTimeFormat
-        mobj = re.search(
-            r'(?P<start>today|yesterday|now)|(?P<time>\d+)\s*(?P<unit>sec(?:ond)?|s|min(?:ute)?|h(?:our|r)?|d(?:ay)?|w(?:eek|k)?|mo(?:nth)?|y(?:ear|r)?)s?\s*ago',
-            relative_time_text)
-        if mobj:
-            start = mobj.group('start')
-            if start:
-                return datetime_from_str(start)
-            try:
-                return datetime_from_str('now-{}{}'.format(mobj.group('time'), mobj.group('unit')))
-            except ValueError:
-                return None
-
-    def _parse_time_text(self, text):
-        if not text:
-            return
-        dt_ = self.extract_relative_time(text)
-        timestamp = None
-        if isinstance(dt_, dt.datetime):
-            timestamp = calendar.timegm(dt_.timetuple())
-
-        if timestamp is None:
-            timestamp = (
-                unified_timestamp(text) or unified_timestamp(
-                    self._search_regex(
-                        (r'([a-z]+\s*\d{1,2},?\s*20\d{2})', r'(?:.+|^)(?:live|premieres|ed|ing)(?:\s*(?:on|for))?\s*(.+\d)'),
-                        text.lower(), 'time text', default=None)))
-
-        if text and timestamp is None and self._preferred_lang in (None, 'en'):
-            self.report_warning(
-                f'Cannot parse localized time text "{text}"', only_once=True)
-        return timestamp
-
-    def _extract_response(self, item_id, query, note='Downloading API JSON', headers=None,
-                          ytcfg=None, check_get_keys=None, ep='browse', fatal=True, api_hostname=None,
-                          default_client='web'):
-        raise_for_incomplete = bool(self._configuration_arg('raise_incomplete_data', ie_key=YoutubeIE))
-        # Incomplete Data should be a warning by default when retries are exhausted, while other errors should be fatal.
-        icd_retries = iter(self.RetryManager(fatal=raise_for_incomplete))
-        icd_rm = next(icd_retries)
-        main_retries = iter(self.RetryManager())
-        main_rm = next(main_retries)
-        # Manual retry loop for multiple RetryManagers
-        # The proper RetryManager MUST be advanced after an error
-        # and its result MUST be checked if the manager is non fatal
-        while True:
-            try:
-                response = self._call_api(
-                    ep=ep, fatal=True, headers=headers,
-                    video_id=item_id, query=query, note=note,
-                    context=self._extract_context(ytcfg, default_client),
-                    api_hostname=api_hostname, default_client=default_client)
-            except ExtractorError as e:
-                if not isinstance(e.cause, network_exceptions):
-                    return self._error_or_warning(e, fatal=fatal)
-                elif not isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError):
-                    main_rm.error = e
-                    next(main_retries)
-                    continue
-
-                first_bytes = e.cause.response.read(512)
-                if not is_html(first_bytes):
-                    yt_error = try_get(
-                        self._parse_json(
-                            self._webpage_read_content(e.cause.response, None, item_id, prefix=first_bytes) or '{}', item_id, fatal=False),
-                        lambda x: x['error']['message'], str)
-                    if yt_error:
-                        self._report_alerts([('ERROR', yt_error)], fatal=False)
-                # Downloading page may result in intermittent 5xx HTTP error
-                # Sometimes a 404 is also received. See: https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/28289
-                # We also want to catch all other network exceptions since errors in later pages can be troublesome
-                # See https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/507#issuecomment-880188210
-                if e.cause.status not in (403, 429):
-                    main_rm.error = e
-                    next(main_retries)
-                    continue
-                return self._error_or_warning(e, fatal=fatal)
-
-            try:
-                self._extract_and_report_alerts(response, only_once=True)
-            except ExtractorError as e:
-                # YouTube's servers may return errors we want to retry on in a 200 OK response
-                # See: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/839
-                if 'unknown error' in e.msg.lower():
-                    main_rm.error = e
-                    next(main_retries)
-                    continue
-                return self._error_or_warning(e, fatal=fatal)
-            # Youtube sometimes sends incomplete data
-            # See: https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/28194
-            if not traverse_obj(response, *variadic(check_get_keys)):
-                icd_rm.error = ExtractorError('Incomplete data received', expected=True)
-                should_retry = next(icd_retries, None)
-                if not should_retry:
-                    return None
-                continue
-
-            return response
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def is_music_url(url):
-        return re.match(r'(https?://)?music\.youtube\.com/', url) is not None
-
-    def _extract_video(self, renderer):
-        video_id = renderer.get('videoId')
-
-        reel_header_renderer = traverse_obj(renderer, (
-            'navigationEndpoint', 'reelWatchEndpoint', 'overlay', 'reelPlayerOverlayRenderer',
-            'reelPlayerHeaderSupportedRenderers', 'reelPlayerHeaderRenderer'))
-
-        title = self._get_text(renderer, 'title', 'headline') or self._get_text(reel_header_renderer, 'reelTitleText')
-        description = self._get_text(renderer, 'descriptionSnippet')
-
-        duration = int_or_none(renderer.get('lengthSeconds'))
-        if duration is None:
-            duration = parse_duration(self._get_text(
-                renderer, 'lengthText', ('thumbnailOverlays', ..., 'thumbnailOverlayTimeStatusRenderer', 'text')))
-        if duration is None:
-            # XXX: should write a parser to be more general to support more cases (e.g. shorts in shorts tab)
-            duration = parse_duration(self._search_regex(
-                r'(?i)(ago)(?!.*\1)\s+(?P<duration>[a-z0-9 ,]+?)(?:\s+[\d,]+\s+views)?(?:\s+-\s+play\s+short)?$',
-                traverse_obj(renderer, ('title', 'accessibility', 'accessibilityData', 'label'), default='', expected_type=str),
-                video_id, default=None, group='duration'))
-
-        channel_id = traverse_obj(
-            renderer, ('shortBylineText', 'runs', ..., 'navigationEndpoint', 'browseEndpoint', 'browseId'),
-            expected_type=str, get_all=False)
-        if not channel_id:
-            channel_id = traverse_obj(reel_header_renderer, ('channelNavigationEndpoint', 'browseEndpoint', 'browseId'))
-
-        channel_id = self.ucid_or_none(channel_id)
-
-        overlay_style = traverse_obj(
-            renderer, ('thumbnailOverlays', ..., 'thumbnailOverlayTimeStatusRenderer', 'style'),
-            get_all=False, expected_type=str)
-        badges = self._extract_badges(traverse_obj(renderer, 'badges'))
-        owner_badges = self._extract_badges(traverse_obj(renderer, 'ownerBadges'))
-        navigation_url = urljoin('https://www.youtube.com/', traverse_obj(
-            renderer, ('navigationEndpoint', 'commandMetadata', 'webCommandMetadata', 'url'),
-            expected_type=str)) or ''
-        url = f'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v={video_id}'
-        if overlay_style == 'SHORTS' or '/shorts/' in navigation_url:
-            url = f'https://www.youtube.com/shorts/{video_id}'
-
-        time_text = (self._get_text(renderer, 'publishedTimeText', 'videoInfo')
-                     or self._get_text(reel_header_renderer, 'timestampText') or '')
-        scheduled_timestamp = str_to_int(traverse_obj(renderer, ('upcomingEventData', 'startTime'), get_all=False))
-
-        live_status = (
-            'is_upcoming' if scheduled_timestamp is not None
-            else 'was_live' if 'streamed' in time_text.lower()
-            else 'is_live' if overlay_style == 'LIVE' or self._has_badge(badges, BadgeType.LIVE_NOW)
-            else None)
-
-        # videoInfo is a string like '50K views • 10 years ago'.
-        view_count_text = self._get_text(renderer, 'viewCountText', 'shortViewCountText', 'videoInfo') or ''
-        view_count = (0 if 'no views' in view_count_text.lower()
-                      else self._get_count({'simpleText': view_count_text}))
-        view_count_field = 'concurrent_view_count' if live_status in ('is_live', 'is_upcoming') else 'view_count'
-
-        channel = (self._get_text(renderer, 'ownerText', 'shortBylineText')
-                   or self._get_text(reel_header_renderer, 'channelTitleText'))
-
-        channel_handle = traverse_obj(renderer, (
-            'shortBylineText', 'runs', ..., 'navigationEndpoint',
-            (('commandMetadata', 'webCommandMetadata', 'url'), ('browseEndpoint', 'canonicalBaseUrl'))),
-            expected_type=self.handle_from_url, get_all=False)
-        return {
-            '_type': 'url',
-            'ie_key': YoutubeIE.ie_key(),
-            'id': video_id,
-            'url': url,
-            'title': title,
-            'description': description,
-            'duration': duration,
-            'channel_id': channel_id,
-            'channel': channel,
-            'channel_url': f'https://www.youtube.com/channel/{channel_id}' if channel_id else None,
-            'uploader': channel,
-            'uploader_id': channel_handle,
-            'uploader_url': format_field(channel_handle, None, 'https://www.youtube.com/%s', default=None),
-            'thumbnails': self._extract_thumbnails(renderer, 'thumbnail'),
-            'timestamp': (self._parse_time_text(time_text)
-                          if self._configuration_arg('approximate_date', ie_key=YoutubeTabIE)
-                          else None),
-            'release_timestamp': scheduled_timestamp,
-            'availability':
-                'public' if self._has_badge(badges, BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_PUBLIC)
-                else self._availability(
-                    is_private=self._has_badge(badges, BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_PRIVATE) or None,
-                    needs_premium=self._has_badge(badges, BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_PREMIUM) or None,
-                    needs_subscription=self._has_badge(badges, BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_SUBSCRIPTION) or None,
-                    is_unlisted=self._has_badge(badges, BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_UNLISTED) or None),
-            view_count_field: view_count,
-            'live_status': live_status,
-            'channel_is_verified': True if self._has_badge(owner_badges, BadgeType.VERIFIED) else None,
-        }
-
-
-class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
-    IE_DESC = 'YouTube'
-    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)^
-                     (
-                         (?:https?://|//)                                    # http(s):// or protocol-independent URL
-                         (?:(?:(?:(?:\w+\.)?[yY][oO][uU][tT][uU][bB][eE](?:-nocookie|kids)?\.com|
-                            (?:www\.)?deturl\.com/www\.youtube\.com|
-                            (?:www\.)?pwnyoutube\.com|
-                            (?:www\.)?hooktube\.com|
-                            (?:www\.)?yourepeat\.com|
-                            tube\.majestyc\.net|
-                            {invidious}|
-                            youtube\.googleapis\.com)/                        # the various hostnames, with wildcard subdomains
-                         (?:.*?\#/)?                                          # handle anchor (#/) redirect urls
-                         (?:                                                  # the various things that can precede the ID:
-                             (?:(?:v|embed|e|shorts|live)/(?!videoseries|live_stream))  # v/ or embed/ or e/ or shorts/
-                             |(?:                                             # or the v= param in all its forms
-                                 (?:(?:watch|movie)(?:_popup)?(?:\.php)?/?)?  # preceding watch(_popup|.php) or nothing (like /?v=xxxx)
-                                 (?:\?|\#!?)                                  # the params delimiter ? or # or #!
-                                 (?:.*?[&;])??                                # any other preceding param (like /?s=tuff&v=xxxx or ?s=tuff&amp;v=V36LpHqtcDY)
-                                 v=
-                             )
-                         ))
-                         |(?:
-                            youtu\.be|                                        # just youtu.be/xxxx
-                            vid\.plus|                                        # or vid.plus/xxxx
-                            zwearz\.com/watch|                                # or zwearz.com/watch/xxxx
-                            {invidious}
-                         )/
-                         |(?:www\.)?cleanvideosearch\.com/media/action/yt/watch\?videoId=
-                         )
-                     )?                                                       # all until now is optional -> you can pass the naked ID
-                     (?P<id>[0-9A-Za-z_-]{{11}})                              # here is it! the YouTube video ID
-                     (?(1).+)?                                                # if we found the ID, everything can follow
-                     (?:\#|$)'''.format(
-        invidious='|'.join(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor._INVIDIOUS_SITES),
-    )
-    _EMBED_REGEX = [
-        r'''(?x)
-            (?:
-                <(?:[0-9A-Za-z-]+?)?iframe[^>]+?src=|
-                data-video-url=|
-                <embed[^>]+?src=|
-                embedSWF\(?:\s*|
-                <object[^>]+data=|
-                new\s+SWFObject\(
-            )
-            (["\'])
-                (?P<url>(?:https?:)?//(?:www\.)?youtube(?:-nocookie)?\.com/
-                (?:embed|v|p)/[0-9A-Za-z_-]{11}.*?)
-            \1''',
-        # https://wordpress.org/plugins/lazy-load-for-videos/
-        r'''(?xs)
-            <a\s[^>]*\bhref="(?P<url>https://www\.youtube\.com/watch\?v=[0-9A-Za-z_-]{11})"
-            \s[^>]*\bclass="[^"]*\blazy-load-youtube''',
-    ]
-    _RETURN_TYPE = 'video'  # XXX: How to handle multifeed?
-
-    _PLAYER_INFO_RE = (
-        r'/s/player/(?P<id>[a-zA-Z0-9_-]{8,})/player',
-        r'/(?P<id>[a-zA-Z0-9_-]{8,})/player(?:_ias\.vflset(?:/[a-zA-Z]{2,3}_[a-zA-Z]{2,3})?|-plasma-ias-(?:phone|tablet)-[a-z]{2}_[A-Z]{2}\.vflset)/base\.js$',
-        r'\b(?P<id>vfl[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+)\b.*?\.js$',
-    )
-    _formats = {  # NB: Used in YoutubeWebArchiveIE and GoogleDriveIE
-        '5': {'ext': 'flv', 'width': 400, 'height': 240, 'acodec': 'mp3', 'abr': 64, 'vcodec': 'h263'},
-        '6': {'ext': 'flv', 'width': 450, 'height': 270, 'acodec': 'mp3', 'abr': 64, 'vcodec': 'h263'},
-        '13': {'ext': '3gp', 'acodec': 'aac', 'vcodec': 'mp4v'},
-        '17': {'ext': '3gp', 'width': 176, 'height': 144, 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 24, 'vcodec': 'mp4v'},
-        '18': {'ext': 'mp4', 'width': 640, 'height': 360, 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 96, 'vcodec': 'h264'},
-        '22': {'ext': 'mp4', 'width': 1280, 'height': 720, 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 192, 'vcodec': 'h264'},
-        '34': {'ext': 'flv', 'width': 640, 'height': 360, 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 128, 'vcodec': 'h264'},
-        '35': {'ext': 'flv', 'width': 854, 'height': 480, 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 128, 'vcodec': 'h264'},
-        # itag 36 videos are either 320x180 (BaW_jenozKc) or 320x240 (__2ABJjxzNo), abr varies as well
-        '36': {'ext': '3gp', 'width': 320, 'acodec': 'aac', 'vcodec': 'mp4v'},
-        '37': {'ext': 'mp4', 'width': 1920, 'height': 1080, 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 192, 'vcodec': 'h264'},
-        '38': {'ext': 'mp4', 'width': 4096, 'height': 3072, 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 192, 'vcodec': 'h264'},
-        '43': {'ext': 'webm', 'width': 640, 'height': 360, 'acodec': 'vorbis', 'abr': 128, 'vcodec': 'vp8'},
-        '44': {'ext': 'webm', 'width': 854, 'height': 480, 'acodec': 'vorbis', 'abr': 128, 'vcodec': 'vp8'},
-        '45': {'ext': 'webm', 'width': 1280, 'height': 720, 'acodec': 'vorbis', 'abr': 192, 'vcodec': 'vp8'},
-        '46': {'ext': 'webm', 'width': 1920, 'height': 1080, 'acodec': 'vorbis', 'abr': 192, 'vcodec': 'vp8'},
-        '59': {'ext': 'mp4', 'width': 854, 'height': 480, 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 128, 'vcodec': 'h264'},
-        '78': {'ext': 'mp4', 'width': 854, 'height': 480, 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 128, 'vcodec': 'h264'},
-
-
-        # 3D videos
-        '82': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 360, 'format_note': '3D', 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 128, 'vcodec': 'h264', 'preference': -20},
-        '83': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 480, 'format_note': '3D', 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 128, 'vcodec': 'h264', 'preference': -20},
-        '84': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 720, 'format_note': '3D', 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 192, 'vcodec': 'h264', 'preference': -20},
-        '85': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 1080, 'format_note': '3D', 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 192, 'vcodec': 'h264', 'preference': -20},
-        '100': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 360, 'format_note': '3D', 'acodec': 'vorbis', 'abr': 128, 'vcodec': 'vp8', 'preference': -20},
-        '101': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 480, 'format_note': '3D', 'acodec': 'vorbis', 'abr': 192, 'vcodec': 'vp8', 'preference': -20},
-        '102': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 720, 'format_note': '3D', 'acodec': 'vorbis', 'abr': 192, 'vcodec': 'vp8', 'preference': -20},
-
-        # Apple HTTP Live Streaming
-        '91': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 144, 'format_note': 'HLS', 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 48, 'vcodec': 'h264', 'preference': -10},
-        '92': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 240, 'format_note': 'HLS', 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 48, 'vcodec': 'h264', 'preference': -10},
-        '93': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 360, 'format_note': 'HLS', 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 128, 'vcodec': 'h264', 'preference': -10},
-        '94': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 480, 'format_note': 'HLS', 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 128, 'vcodec': 'h264', 'preference': -10},
-        '95': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 720, 'format_note': 'HLS', 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 256, 'vcodec': 'h264', 'preference': -10},
-        '96': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 1080, 'format_note': 'HLS', 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 256, 'vcodec': 'h264', 'preference': -10},
-        '132': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 240, 'format_note': 'HLS', 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 48, 'vcodec': 'h264', 'preference': -10},
-        '151': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 72, 'format_note': 'HLS', 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 24, 'vcodec': 'h264', 'preference': -10},
-
-        # DASH mp4 video
-        '133': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 240, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'h264'},
-        '134': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 360, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'h264'},
-        '135': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 480, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'h264'},
-        '136': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 720, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'h264'},
-        '137': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 1080, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'h264'},
-        '138': {'ext': 'mp4', 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'h264'},  # Height can vary (https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/4559)
-        '160': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 144, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'h264'},
-        '212': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 480, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'h264'},
-        '264': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 1440, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'h264'},
-        '298': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 720, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'h264', 'fps': 60},
-        '299': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 1080, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'h264', 'fps': 60},
-        '266': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 2160, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'h264'},
-
-        # Dash mp4 audio
-        '139': {'ext': 'm4a', 'format_note': 'DASH audio', 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 48, 'container': 'm4a_dash'},
-        '140': {'ext': 'm4a', 'format_note': 'DASH audio', 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 128, 'container': 'm4a_dash'},
-        '141': {'ext': 'm4a', 'format_note': 'DASH audio', 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 256, 'container': 'm4a_dash'},
-        '256': {'ext': 'm4a', 'format_note': 'DASH audio', 'acodec': 'aac', 'container': 'm4a_dash'},
-        '258': {'ext': 'm4a', 'format_note': 'DASH audio', 'acodec': 'aac', 'container': 'm4a_dash'},
-        '325': {'ext': 'm4a', 'format_note': 'DASH audio', 'acodec': 'dtse', 'container': 'm4a_dash'},
-        '328': {'ext': 'm4a', 'format_note': 'DASH audio', 'acodec': 'ec-3', 'container': 'm4a_dash'},
-
-        # Dash webm
-        '167': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 360, 'width': 640, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'container': 'webm', 'vcodec': 'vp8'},
-        '168': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 480, 'width': 854, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'container': 'webm', 'vcodec': 'vp8'},
-        '169': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 720, 'width': 1280, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'container': 'webm', 'vcodec': 'vp8'},
-        '170': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 1080, 'width': 1920, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'container': 'webm', 'vcodec': 'vp8'},
-        '218': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 480, 'width': 854, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'container': 'webm', 'vcodec': 'vp8'},
-        '219': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 480, 'width': 854, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'container': 'webm', 'vcodec': 'vp8'},
-        '278': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 144, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'container': 'webm', 'vcodec': 'vp9'},
-        '242': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 240, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'vp9'},
-        '243': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 360, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'vp9'},
-        '244': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 480, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'vp9'},
-        '245': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 480, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'vp9'},
-        '246': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 480, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'vp9'},
-        '247': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 720, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'vp9'},
-        '248': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 1080, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'vp9'},
-        '271': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 1440, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'vp9'},
-        # itag 272 videos are either 3840x2160 (e.g. RtoitU2A-3E) or 7680x4320 (sLprVF6d7Ug)
-        '272': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 2160, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'vp9'},
-        '302': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 720, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'vp9', 'fps': 60},
-        '303': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 1080, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'vp9', 'fps': 60},
-        '308': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 1440, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'vp9', 'fps': 60},
-        '313': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 2160, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'vp9'},
-        '315': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 2160, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'vp9', 'fps': 60},
-
-        # Dash webm audio
-        '171': {'ext': 'webm', 'acodec': 'vorbis', 'format_note': 'DASH audio', 'abr': 128},
-        '172': {'ext': 'webm', 'acodec': 'vorbis', 'format_note': 'DASH audio', 'abr': 256},
-
-        # Dash webm audio with opus inside
-        '249': {'ext': 'webm', 'format_note': 'DASH audio', 'acodec': 'opus', 'abr': 50},
-        '250': {'ext': 'webm', 'format_note': 'DASH audio', 'acodec': 'opus', 'abr': 70},
-        '251': {'ext': 'webm', 'format_note': 'DASH audio', 'acodec': 'opus', 'abr': 160},
-
-        # RTMP (unnamed)
-        '_rtmp': {'protocol': 'rtmp'},
-
-        # av01 video only formats sometimes served with "unknown" codecs
-        '394': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 144, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'av01.0.00M.08'},
-        '395': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 240, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'av01.0.00M.08'},
-        '396': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 360, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'av01.0.01M.08'},
-        '397': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 480, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'av01.0.04M.08'},
-        '398': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 720, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'av01.0.05M.08'},
-        '399': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 1080, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'av01.0.08M.08'},
-        '400': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 1440, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'av01.0.12M.08'},
-        '401': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 2160, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'av01.0.12M.08'},
-    }
-    _SUBTITLE_FORMATS = ('json3', 'srv1', 'srv2', 'srv3', 'ttml', 'vtt')
-    _DEFAULT_CLIENTS = ('tv', 'ios', 'web')
-    _DEFAULT_AUTHED_CLIENTS = ('tv', 'web')
-
-    _GEO_BYPASS = False
-
-    IE_NAME = 'youtube'
-    _TESTS = [
-        {
-            'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaW_jenozKc&t=1s&end=9',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'BaW_jenozKc',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'youtube-dl test video "\'/\\ä↭�',
-                'channel': 'Philipp Hagemeister',
-                'channel_id': 'UCLqxVugv74EIW3VWh2NOa3Q',
-                'channel_url': r're:https?://(?:www\.)?youtube\.com/channel/UCLqxVugv74EIW3VWh2NOa3Q',
-                'upload_date': '20121002',
-                'description': 'md5:8fb536f4877b8a7455c2ec23794dbc22',
-                'categories': ['Science & Technology'],
-                'tags': ['youtube-dl'],
-                'duration': 10,
-                'view_count': int,
-                'like_count': int,
-                'availability': 'public',
-                'playable_in_embed': True,
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i.ytimg.com/vi/BaW_jenozKc/maxresdefault.jpg',
-                'live_status': 'not_live',
-                'age_limit': 0,
-                'start_time': 1,
-                'end_time': 9,
-                'comment_count': int,
-                'channel_follower_count': int,
-                'uploader': 'Philipp Hagemeister',
-                'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@PhilippHagemeister',
-                'uploader_id': '@PhilippHagemeister',
-                'heatmap': 'count:100',
-                'timestamp': 1349198244,
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            'url': '//www.YouTube.com/watch?v=yZIXLfi8CZQ',
-            'note': 'Embed-only video (#1746)',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'yZIXLfi8CZQ',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'upload_date': '20120608',
-                'title': 'Principal Sexually Assaults A Teacher - Episode 117 - 8th June 2012',
-                'description': 'md5:09b78bd971f1e3e289601dfba15ca4f7',
-                'age_limit': 18,
-            },
-            'skip': 'Private video',
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaW_jenozKc&v=yZIXLfi8CZQ',
-            'note': 'Use the first video ID in the URL',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'BaW_jenozKc',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'youtube-dl test video "\'/\\ä↭�',
-                'channel': 'Philipp Hagemeister',
-                'channel_id': 'UCLqxVugv74EIW3VWh2NOa3Q',
-                'channel_url': r're:https?://(?:www\.)?youtube\.com/channel/UCLqxVugv74EIW3VWh2NOa3Q',
-                'upload_date': '20121002',
-                'description': 'md5:8fb536f4877b8a7455c2ec23794dbc22',
-                'categories': ['Science & Technology'],
-                'tags': ['youtube-dl'],
-                'duration': 10,
-                'view_count': int,
-                'like_count': int,
-                'availability': 'public',
-                'playable_in_embed': True,
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i.ytimg.com/vi/BaW_jenozKc/maxresdefault.jpg',
-                'live_status': 'not_live',
-                'age_limit': 0,
-                'comment_count': int,
-                'channel_follower_count': int,
-                'uploader': 'Philipp Hagemeister',
-                'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@PhilippHagemeister',
-                'uploader_id': '@PhilippHagemeister',
-                'heatmap': 'count:100',
-                'timestamp': 1349198244,
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a9LDPn-MO4I',
-            'note': '256k DASH audio (format 141) via DASH manifest',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'a9LDPn-MO4I',
-                'ext': 'm4a',
-                'upload_date': '20121002',
-                'description': '',
-                'title': 'UHDTV TEST 8K VIDEO.mp4',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'youtube_include_dash_manifest': True,
-                'format': '141',
-            },
-            'skip': 'format 141 not served anymore',
-        },
-        # DASH manifest with encrypted signature
-        {
-            'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IB3lcPjvWLA',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'IB3lcPjvWLA',
-                'ext': 'm4a',
-                'title': 'Afrojack, Spree Wilson - The Spark (Official Music Video) ft. Spree Wilson',
-                'description': 'md5:8f5e2b82460520b619ccac1f509d43bf',
-                'duration': 244,
-                'upload_date': '20131011',
-                'abr': 129.495,
-                'like_count': int,
-                'channel_id': 'UChuZAo1RKL85gev3Eal9_zg',
-                'playable_in_embed': True,
-                'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChuZAo1RKL85gev3Eal9_zg',
-                'view_count': int,
-                'track': 'The Spark',
-                'live_status': 'not_live',
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i.ytimg.com/vi_webp/IB3lcPjvWLA/maxresdefault.webp',
-                'channel': 'Afrojack',
-                'tags': 'count:19',
-                'availability': 'public',
-                'categories': ['Music'],
-                'age_limit': 0,
-                'alt_title': 'The Spark',
-                'channel_follower_count': int,
-                'uploader': 'Afrojack',
-                'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@Afrojack',
-                'uploader_id': '@Afrojack',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'youtube_include_dash_manifest': True,
-                'format': '141/bestaudio[ext=m4a]',
-            },
-        },
-        # Age-gate videos. See https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/pull/575#issuecomment-888837000
-        {
-            'note': 'Embed allowed age-gate video; works with web_embedded',
-            'url': 'https://youtube.com/watch?v=HtVdAasjOgU',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'HtVdAasjOgU',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt - The Sword Of Destiny Trailer',
-                'description': r're:(?s).{100,}About the Game\n.*?The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt.{100,}',
-                'duration': 142,
-                'upload_date': '20140605',
-                'age_limit': 18,
-                'categories': ['Gaming'],
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i.ytimg.com/vi_webp/HtVdAasjOgU/maxresdefault.webp',
-                'availability': 'needs_auth',
-                'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzybXLxv08IApdjdN0mJhEg',
-                'like_count': int,
-                'channel': 'The Witcher',
-                'live_status': 'not_live',
-                'tags': 'count:17',
-                'channel_id': 'UCzybXLxv08IApdjdN0mJhEg',
-                'playable_in_embed': True,
-                'view_count': int,
-                'channel_follower_count': int,
-                'uploader': 'The Witcher',
-                'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@thewitcher',
-                'uploader_id': '@thewitcher',
-                'comment_count': int,
-                'channel_is_verified': True,
-                'heatmap': 'count:100',
-                'timestamp': 1401991663,
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            'note': 'Age-gate video with embed allowed in public site',
-            'url': 'https://youtube.com/watch?v=HsUATh_Nc2U',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'HsUATh_Nc2U',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Godzilla 2 (Official Video)',
-                'description': 'md5:bf77e03fcae5529475e500129b05668a',
-                'upload_date': '20200408',
-                'age_limit': 18,
-                'availability': 'needs_auth',
-                'channel_id': 'UCYQT13AtrJC0gsM1far_zJg',
-                'channel': 'FlyingKitty',
-                'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYQT13AtrJC0gsM1far_zJg',
-                'view_count': int,
-                'categories': ['Entertainment'],
-                'live_status': 'not_live',
-                'tags': ['Flyingkitty', 'godzilla 2'],
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i.ytimg.com/vi/HsUATh_Nc2U/maxresdefault.jpg',
-                'like_count': int,
-                'duration': 177,
-                'playable_in_embed': True,
-                'channel_follower_count': int,
-                'uploader': 'FlyingKitty',
-                'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@FlyingKitty900',
-                'uploader_id': '@FlyingKitty900',
-                'comment_count': int,
-                'channel_is_verified': True,
-            },
-            'skip': 'Age-restricted; requires authentication',
-        },
-        {
-            'note': 'Age-gate video embedable only with clientScreen=EMBED',
-            'url': 'https://youtube.com/watch?v=Tq92D6wQ1mg',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'Tq92D6wQ1mg',
-                'title': '[MMD] Adios - EVERGLOW [+Motion DL]',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'upload_date': '20191228',
-                'description': 'md5:17eccca93a786d51bc67646756894066',
-                'age_limit': 18,
-                'like_count': int,
-                'availability': 'needs_auth',
-                'channel_id': 'UC1yoRdFoFJaCY-AGfD9W0wQ',
-                'view_count': int,
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i.ytimg.com/vi_webp/Tq92D6wQ1mg/sddefault.webp',
-                'channel': 'Projekt Melody',
-                'live_status': 'not_live',
-                'tags': ['mmd', 'dance', 'mikumikudance', 'kpop', 'vtuber'],
-                'playable_in_embed': True,
-                'categories': ['Entertainment'],
-                'duration': 106,
-                'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1yoRdFoFJaCY-AGfD9W0wQ',
-                'comment_count': int,
-                'channel_follower_count': int,
-                'uploader': 'Projekt Melody',
-                'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@ProjektMelody',
-                'uploader_id': '@ProjektMelody',
-                'timestamp': 1577508724,
-            },
-            'skip': 'Age-restricted; requires authentication',
-        },
-        {
-            'note': 'Non-Agegated non-embeddable video',
-            'url': 'https://youtube.com/watch?v=MeJVWBSsPAY',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'MeJVWBSsPAY',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'OOMPH! - Such Mich Find Mich (Lyrics)',
-                'description': 'Fan Video. Music & Lyrics by OOMPH!.',
-                'upload_date': '20130730',
-                'track': 'Such mich find mich',
-                'age_limit': 0,
-                'tags': ['oomph', 'such mich find mich', 'lyrics', 'german industrial', 'musica industrial'],
-                'like_count': int,
-                'playable_in_embed': False,
-                'creator': 'OOMPH!',
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i.ytimg.com/vi/MeJVWBSsPAY/sddefault.jpg',
-                'view_count': int,
-                'alt_title': 'Such mich find mich',
-                'duration': 210,
-                'channel': 'Herr Lurik',
-                'channel_id': 'UCdR3RSDPqub28LjZx0v9-aA',
-                'categories': ['Music'],
-                'availability': 'public',
-                'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdR3RSDPqub28LjZx0v9-aA',
-                'live_status': 'not_live',
-                'artist': 'OOMPH!',
-                'channel_follower_count': int,
-                'uploader': 'Herr Lurik',
-                'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@HerrLurik',
-                'uploader_id': '@HerrLurik',
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            'note': 'Non-bypassable age-gated video',
-            'url': 'https://youtube.com/watch?v=Cr381pDsSsA',
-            'only_matching': True,
-        },
-        # video_info is None (https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/4421)
-        # YouTube Red ad is not captured for creator
-        {
-            'url': '__2ABJjxzNo',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '__2ABJjxzNo',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'duration': 266,
-                'upload_date': '20100430',
-                'creator': 'deadmau5',
-                'description': 'md5:6cbcd3a92ce1bc676fc4d6ab4ace2336',
-                'title': 'Deadmau5 - Some Chords (HD)',
-                'alt_title': 'Some Chords',
-                'availability': 'public',
-                'tags': 'count:14',
-                'channel_id': 'UCYEK6xds6eo-3tr4xRdflmQ',
-                'view_count': int,
-                'live_status': 'not_live',
-                'channel': 'deadmau5',
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i.ytimg.com/vi_webp/__2ABJjxzNo/maxresdefault.webp',
-                'like_count': int,
-                'track': 'Some Chords',
-                'artist': 'deadmau5',
-                'playable_in_embed': True,
-                'age_limit': 0,
-                'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYEK6xds6eo-3tr4xRdflmQ',
-                'categories': ['Music'],
-                'album': 'Some Chords',
-                'channel_follower_count': int,
-                'uploader': 'deadmau5',
-                'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@deadmau5',
-                'uploader_id': '@deadmau5',
-            },
-            'expected_warnings': [
-                'DASH manifest missing',
-            ],
-        },
-        # Olympics (https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/4431)
-        {
-            'url': 'lqQg6PlCWgI',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'lqQg6PlCWgI',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'duration': 6085,
-                'upload_date': '20150827',
-                'description': 'md5:04bbbf3ccceb6795947572ca36f45904',
-                'title': 'Hockey - Women -  GER-AUS - London 2012 Olympic Games',
-                'like_count': int,
-                'release_timestamp': 1343767800,
-                'playable_in_embed': True,
-                'categories': ['Sports'],
-                'release_date': '20120731',
-                'channel': 'Olympics',
-                'tags': ['Hockey', '2012-07-31', '31 July 2012', 'Riverbank Arena', 'Session', 'Olympics', 'Olympic Games', 'London 2012', '2012 Summer Olympics', 'Summer Games'],
-                'channel_id': 'UCTl3QQTvqHFjurroKxexy2Q',
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i.ytimg.com/vi/lqQg6PlCWgI/maxresdefault.jpg',
-                'age_limit': 0,
-                'availability': 'public',
-                'live_status': 'was_live',
-                'view_count': int,
-                'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTl3QQTvqHFjurroKxexy2Q',
-                'channel_follower_count': int,
-                'uploader': 'Olympics',
-                'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@Olympics',
-                'uploader_id': '@Olympics',
-                'channel_is_verified': True,
-                'timestamp': 1440707674,
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': 'requires avconv',
-            },
-        },
-        # Non-square pixels
-        {
-            'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_b-2C3KPAM0',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '_b-2C3KPAM0',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'stretched_ratio': 16 / 9.,
-                'duration': 85,
-                'upload_date': '20110310',
-                'description': 'made by Wacom from Korea | 字幕&加油添醋 by TY\'s Allen | 感�heylisa00cavey1001�學熱情�供梗�翻譯',
-                'title': '[A-made] 變態�字幕版 太� 我就是這樣的人',
-                'playable_in_embed': True,
-                'channel': 'å­«á„‹á„…',
-                'age_limit': 0,
-                'tags': 'count:11',
-                'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCS-xxCmRaA6BFdmgDPA_BIw',
-                'channel_id': 'UCS-xxCmRaA6BFdmgDPA_BIw',
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i.ytimg.com/vi/_b-2C3KPAM0/maxresdefault.jpg',
-                'view_count': int,
-                'categories': ['People & Blogs'],
-                'like_count': int,
-                'live_status': 'not_live',
-                'availability': 'unlisted',
-                'comment_count': int,
-                'channel_follower_count': int,
-                'uploader': 'å­«á„‹á„…',
-                'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@AllenMeow',
-                'uploader_id': '@AllenMeow',
-                'timestamp': 1299776999,
-            },
-        },
-        # url_encoded_fmt_stream_map is empty string
-        {
-            'url': 'qEJwOuvDf7I',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'qEJwOuvDf7I',
-                'ext': 'webm',
-                'title': 'Об�уждение �удебной практики по выборам 14 �ент�бр� 2014 года в Санкт-Петербурге',
-                'description': '',
-                'upload_date': '20150404',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': 'requires avconv',
-            },
-            'skip': 'This live event has ended.',
-        },
-        # Extraction from multiple DASH manifests (https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/pull/6097)
-        {
-            'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FIl7x6_3R5Y',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'FIl7x6_3R5Y',
-                'ext': 'webm',
-                'title': 'md5:7b81415841e02ecd4313668cde88737a',
-                'description': 'md5:116377fd2963b81ec4ce64b542173306',
-                'duration': 220,
-                'upload_date': '20150625',
-                'formats': 'mincount:31',
-            },
-            'skip': 'not actual anymore',
-        },
-        # DASH manifest with segment_list
-        {
-            'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/embed/CsmdDsKjzN8',
-            'md5': '8ce563a1d667b599d21064e982ab9e31',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'CsmdDsKjzN8',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'upload_date': '20150501',  # According to '<meta itemprop="datePublished"', but in other places it's 20150510
-                'description': 'Retransmisión en directo de la XVIII media maratón de Zaragoza.',
-                'title': 'Retransmisión XVIII Media maratón Zaragoza 2015',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'youtube_include_dash_manifest': True,
-                'format': '135',  # bestvideo
-            },
-            'skip': 'This live event has ended.',
-        },
-        {
-            # Multifeed videos (multiple cameras), URL can be of any Camera
-            # TODO: fix multifeed titles
-            'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zaPI8MvL8pg',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'zaPI8MvL8pg',
-                'title': 'Terraria 1.2 Live Stream | Let\'s Play - Part 04',
-                'description': 'md5:563ccbc698b39298481ca3c571169519',
-            },
-            'playlist': [{
-                'info_dict': {
-                    'id': 'j5yGuxZ8lLU',
-                    'ext': 'mp4',
-                    'title': 'Terraria 1.2 Live Stream | Let\'s Play - Part 04 (Chris)',
-                    'description': 'md5:563ccbc698b39298481ca3c571169519',
-                    'duration': 10120,
-                    'channel_follower_count': int,
-                    'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCN2XePorRokPB9TEgRZpddg',
-                    'availability': 'public',
-                    'playable_in_embed': True,
-                    'upload_date': '20131105',
-                    'categories': ['Gaming'],
-                    'live_status': 'was_live',
-                    'tags': 'count:24',
-                    'release_timestamp': 1383701910,
-                    'thumbnail': 'https://i.ytimg.com/vi/j5yGuxZ8lLU/maxresdefault.jpg',
-                    'comment_count': int,
-                    'age_limit': 0,
-                    'like_count': int,
-                    'channel_id': 'UCN2XePorRokPB9TEgRZpddg',
-                    'channel': 'WiiLikeToPlay',
-                    'view_count': int,
-                    'release_date': '20131106',
-                    'uploader': 'WiiLikeToPlay',
-                    'uploader_id': '@WLTP',
-                    'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@WLTP',
-                },
-            }, {
-                'info_dict': {
-                    'id': 'zaPI8MvL8pg',
-                    'ext': 'mp4',
-                    'title': 'Terraria 1.2 Live Stream | Let\'s Play - Part 04 (Tyson)',
-                    'availability': 'public',
-                    'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCN2XePorRokPB9TEgRZpddg',
-                    'channel': 'WiiLikeToPlay',
-                    'channel_follower_count': int,
-                    'description': 'md5:563ccbc698b39298481ca3c571169519',
-                    'duration': 10108,
-                    'age_limit': 0,
-                    'like_count': int,
-                    'tags': 'count:24',
-                    'channel_id': 'UCN2XePorRokPB9TEgRZpddg',
-                    'release_timestamp': 1383701915,
-                    'comment_count': int,
-                    'upload_date': '20131105',
-                    'thumbnail': 'https://i.ytimg.com/vi/zaPI8MvL8pg/maxresdefault.jpg',
-                    'release_date': '20131106',
-                    'playable_in_embed': True,
-                    'live_status': 'was_live',
-                    'categories': ['Gaming'],
-                    'view_count': int,
-                    'uploader': 'WiiLikeToPlay',
-                    'uploader_id': '@WLTP',
-                    'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@WLTP',
-                },
-            }, {
-                'info_dict': {
-                    'id': 'R7r3vfO7Hao',
-                    'ext': 'mp4',
-                    'title': 'Terraria 1.2 Live Stream | Let\'s Play - Part 04 (Spencer)',
-                    'thumbnail': 'https://i.ytimg.com/vi/R7r3vfO7Hao/maxresdefault.jpg',
-                    'channel_id': 'UCN2XePorRokPB9TEgRZpddg',
-                    'like_count': int,
-                    'availability': 'public',
-                    'playable_in_embed': True,
-                    'upload_date': '20131105',
-                    'description': 'md5:563ccbc698b39298481ca3c571169519',
-                    'channel_follower_count': int,
-                    'tags': 'count:24',
-                    'release_date': '20131106',
-                    'comment_count': int,
-                    'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCN2XePorRokPB9TEgRZpddg',
-                    'channel': 'WiiLikeToPlay',
-                    'categories': ['Gaming'],
-                    'release_timestamp': 1383701914,
-                    'live_status': 'was_live',
-                    'age_limit': 0,
-                    'duration': 10128,
-                    'view_count': int,
-                    'uploader': 'WiiLikeToPlay',
-                    'uploader_id': '@WLTP',
-                    'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@WLTP',
-                },
-            }],
-            'params': {'skip_download': True},
-            'skip': 'Not multifeed anymore',
-        },
-        {
-            # Multifeed video with comma in title (see https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/8536)
-            'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gVfLd0zydlo',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'gVfLd0zydlo',
-                'title': 'DevConf.cz 2016 Day 2 Workshops 1 14:00 - 15:30',
-            },
-            'playlist_count': 2,
-            'skip': 'Not multifeed anymore',
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'https://vid.plus/FlRa-iH7PGw',
-            'only_matching': True,
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'https://zwearz.com/watch/9lWxNJF-ufM/electra-woman-dyna-girl-official-trailer-grace-helbig.html',
-            'only_matching': True,
-        },
-        {
-            # Title with JS-like syntax "};" (see https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/7468)
-            # Also tests cut-off URL expansion in video description (see
-            # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/1892,
-            # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/8164)
-            'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lsguqyKfVQg',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'lsguqyKfVQg',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': '{dark walk}; Loki/AC/Dishonored; collab w/Elflover21',
-                'alt_title': 'Dark Walk',
-                'description': 'md5:8085699c11dc3f597ce0410b0dcbb34a',
-                'duration': 133,
-                'upload_date': '20151119',
-                'creator': 'Todd Haberman;\nDaniel Law Heath and Aaron Kaplan',
-                'track': 'Dark Walk',
-                'artist': 'Todd Haberman;\nDaniel Law Heath and Aaron Kaplan',
-                'album': 'Position Music - Production Music Vol. 143 - Dark Walk',
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i.ytimg.com/vi_webp/lsguqyKfVQg/maxresdefault.webp',
-                'categories': ['Film & Animation'],
-                'view_count': int,
-                'live_status': 'not_live',
-                'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTSRgz5jylBvFt_S7wnsqLQ',
-                'channel_id': 'UCTSRgz5jylBvFt_S7wnsqLQ',
-                'tags': 'count:13',
-                'availability': 'public',
-                'channel': 'IronSoulElf',
-                'playable_in_embed': True,
-                'like_count': int,
-                'age_limit': 0,
-                'channel_follower_count': int,
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            # Tags with '};' (see https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/7468)
-            'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ms7iBXnlUO8',
-            'only_matching': True,
-        },
-        {
-            # Video with yt:stretch=17:0
-            'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q39EVAstoRM',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'Q39EVAstoRM',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Clash Of Clans#14 Dicas De Ataque Para CV 4',
-                'description': 'md5:ee18a25c350637c8faff806845bddee9',
-                'upload_date': '20151107',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-            'skip': 'This video does not exist.',
-        },
-        {
-            # Video with incomplete 'yt:stretch=16:'
-            'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FRhJzUSJbGI',
-            'only_matching': True,
-        },
-        {
-            # Video licensed under Creative Commons
-            'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M4gD1WSo5mA',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'M4gD1WSo5mA',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'md5:e41008789470fc2533a3252216f1c1d1',
-                'description': 'md5:a677553cf0840649b731a3024aeff4cc',
-                'duration': 721,
-                'upload_date': '20150128',
-                'license': 'Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)',
-                'channel_id': 'UCuLGmD72gJDBwmLw06X58SA',
-                'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCuLGmD72gJDBwmLw06X58SA',
-                'like_count': int,
-                'age_limit': 0,
-                'tags': ['Copyright (Legal Subject)', 'Law (Industry)', 'William W. Fisher (Author)'],
-                'channel': 'The Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society',
-                'availability': 'public',
-                'view_count': int,
-                'categories': ['Education'],
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i.ytimg.com/vi_webp/M4gD1WSo5mA/maxresdefault.webp',
-                'live_status': 'not_live',
-                'playable_in_embed': True,
-                'channel_follower_count': int,
-                'chapters': list,
-                'uploader': 'The Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society',
-                'uploader_id': '@BKCHarvard',
-                'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@BKCHarvard',
-                'timestamp': 1422422076,
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQcmzGIKrzg',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'eQcmzGIKrzg',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Democratic Socialism and Foreign Policy | Bernie Sanders',
-                'description': 'md5:13a2503d7b5904ef4b223aa101628f39',
-                'duration': 4060,
-                'upload_date': '20151120',
-                'license': 'Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)',
-                'playable_in_embed': True,
-                'tags': 'count:12',
-                'like_count': int,
-                'channel_id': 'UCH1dpzjCEiGAt8CXkryhkZg',
-                'age_limit': 0,
-                'availability': 'public',
-                'categories': ['News & Politics'],
-                'channel': 'Bernie Sanders',
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i.ytimg.com/vi_webp/eQcmzGIKrzg/maxresdefault.webp',
-                'view_count': int,
-                'live_status': 'not_live',
-                'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCH1dpzjCEiGAt8CXkryhkZg',
-                'comment_count': int,
-                'channel_follower_count': int,
-                'chapters': list,
-                'uploader': 'Bernie Sanders',
-                'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@BernieSanders',
-                'uploader_id': '@BernieSanders',
-                'channel_is_verified': True,
-                'heatmap': 'count:100',
-                'timestamp': 1447987198,
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&amp;amp;v=V36LpHqtcDY',
-            'only_matching': True,
-        },
-        {
-            # YouTube Red paid video (https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/10059)
-            'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i1Ko8UG-Tdo',
-            'only_matching': True,
-        },
-        {
-            # Rental video preview
-            'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yYr8q0y5Jfg',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'uGpuVWrhIzE',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Piku - Trailer',
-                'description': 'md5:c36bd60c3fd6f1954086c083c72092eb',
-                'upload_date': '20150811',
-                'license': 'Standard YouTube License',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-            'skip': 'This video is not available.',
-        },
-        {
-            # YouTube Red video with episode data
-            'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iqKdEhx-dD4',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'iqKdEhx-dD4',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Isolation - Mind Field (Ep 1)',
-                'description': 'md5:f540112edec5d09fc8cc752d3d4ba3cd',
-                'duration': 2085,
-                'upload_date': '20170118',
-                'series': 'Mind Field',
-                'season_number': 1,
-                'episode_number': 1,
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i.ytimg.com/vi_webp/iqKdEhx-dD4/maxresdefault.webp',
-                'tags': 'count:12',
-                'view_count': int,
-                'availability': 'public',
-                'age_limit': 0,
-                'channel': 'Vsauce',
-                'episode': 'Episode 1',
-                'categories': ['Entertainment'],
-                'season': 'Season 1',
-                'channel_id': 'UC6nSFpj9HTCZ5t-N3Rm3-HA',
-                'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC6nSFpj9HTCZ5t-N3Rm3-HA',
-                'like_count': int,
-                'playable_in_embed': True,
-                'live_status': 'not_live',
-                'channel_follower_count': int,
-                'uploader': 'Vsauce',
-                'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@Vsauce',
-                'uploader_id': '@Vsauce',
-                'comment_count': int,
-                'channel_is_verified': True,
-                'timestamp': 1484761047,
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-            'expected_warnings': [
-                'Skipping DASH manifest',
-            ],
-        },
-        {
-            # The following content has been identified by the YouTube community
-            # as inappropriate or offensive to some audiences.
-            'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6SJNVb0GnPI',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '6SJNVb0GnPI',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Race Differences in Intelligence',
-                'description': 'md5:5d161533167390427a1f8ee89a1fc6f1',
-                'duration': 965,
-                'upload_date': '20140124',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-            'skip': 'This video has been removed for violating YouTube\'s policy on hate speech.',
-        },
-        {
-            # itag 212
-            'url': '1t24XAntNCY',
-            'only_matching': True,
-        },
-        {
-            # geo restricted to JP
-            'url': 'sJL6WA-aGkQ',
-            'only_matching': True,
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'https://invidio.us/watch?v=BaW_jenozKc',
-            'only_matching': True,
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'https://redirect.invidious.io/watch?v=BaW_jenozKc',
-            'only_matching': True,
-        },
-        {
-            # from https://nitter.pussthecat.org/YouTube/status/1360363141947944964#m
-            'url': 'https://redirect.invidious.io/Yh0AhrY9GjA',
-            'only_matching': True,
-        },
-        {
-            # DRM protected
-            'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s7_qI6_mIXc',
-            'only_matching': True,
-        },
-        {
-            # Video with unsupported adaptive stream type formats
-            'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z4Vy8R84T1U',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'Z4Vy8R84T1U',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'saman SMAN 53 Jakarta(Sancety) opening COFFEE4th at SMAN 53 Jakarta',
-                'description': 'md5:d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e',
-                'duration': 433,
-                'upload_date': '20130923',
-                'formats': 'maxcount:10',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-                'youtube_include_dash_manifest': False,
-            },
-            'skip': 'not actual anymore',
-        },
-        {
-            # Youtube Music Auto-generated description
-            # TODO: fix metadata extraction
-            'url': 'https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=MgNrAu2pzNs',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'MgNrAu2pzNs',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Voyeur Girl',
-                'description': 'md5:7ae382a65843d6df2685993e90a8628f',
-                'upload_date': '20190312',
-                'artists': ['Stephen'],
-                'creators': ['Stephen'],
-                'track': 'Voyeur Girl',
-                'album': 'it\'s too much love to know my dear',
-                'release_date': '20190313',
-                'alt_title': 'Voyeur Girl',
-                'view_count': int,
-                'playable_in_embed': True,
-                'like_count': int,
-                'categories': ['Music'],
-                'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC-pWHpBjdGG69N9mM2auIAA',
-                'channel': 'Stephen',  # TODO: should be "Stephen - Topic"
-                'uploader': 'Stephen',
-                'availability': 'public',
-                'duration': 169,
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i.ytimg.com/vi_webp/MgNrAu2pzNs/maxresdefault.webp',
-                'age_limit': 0,
-                'channel_id': 'UC-pWHpBjdGG69N9mM2auIAA',
-                'tags': 'count:11',
-                'live_status': 'not_live',
-                'channel_follower_count': int,
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'https://www.youtubekids.com/watch?v=3b8nCWDgZ6Q',
-            'only_matching': True,
-        },
-        {
-            # invalid -> valid video id redirection
-            'url': 'DJztXj2GPfl',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'DJztXj2GPfk',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Panjabi MC - Mundian To Bach Ke (The Dictator Soundtrack)',
-                'description': 'md5:bf577a41da97918e94fa9798d9228825',
-                'upload_date': '20090125',
-                'artist': 'Panjabi MC',
-                'track': 'Beware of the Boys (Mundian to Bach Ke) - Motivo Hi-Lectro Remix',
-                'album': 'Beware of the Boys (Mundian To Bach Ke)',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-            'skip': 'Video unavailable',
-        },
-        {
-            # empty description results in an empty string
-            'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x41yOUIvK2k',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'x41yOUIvK2k',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'IMG 3456',
-                'description': '',
-                'upload_date': '20170613',
-                'view_count': int,
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i.ytimg.com/vi_webp/x41yOUIvK2k/maxresdefault.webp',
-                'like_count': int,
-                'channel_id': 'UCo03ZQPBW5U4UC3regpt1nw',
-                'tags': [],
-                'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCo03ZQPBW5U4UC3regpt1nw',
-                'availability': 'public',
-                'age_limit': 0,
-                'categories': ['Pets & Animals'],
-                'duration': 7,
-                'playable_in_embed': True,
-                'live_status': 'not_live',
-                'channel': 'l\'Or Vert asbl',
-                'channel_follower_count': int,
-                'uploader': 'l\'Or Vert asbl',
-                'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@ElevageOrVert',
-                'uploader_id': '@ElevageOrVert',
-                'timestamp': 1497343210,
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            # with '};' inside yt initial data (see [1])
-            # see [2] for an example with '};' inside ytInitialPlayerResponse
-            # 1. https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/27093
-            # 2. https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/27216
-            'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CHqg6qOn4no',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'CHqg6qOn4no',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Part 77   Sort a list of simple types in c#',
-                'description': 'md5:b8746fa52e10cdbf47997903f13b20dc',
-                'upload_date': '20130831',
-                'channel_id': 'UCCTVrRB5KpIiK6V2GGVsR1Q',
-                'like_count': int,
-                'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCCTVrRB5KpIiK6V2GGVsR1Q',
-                'live_status': 'not_live',
-                'categories': ['Education'],
-                'availability': 'public',
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i.ytimg.com/vi/CHqg6qOn4no/sddefault.jpg',
-                'tags': 'count:12',
-                'playable_in_embed': True,
-                'age_limit': 0,
-                'view_count': int,
-                'duration': 522,
-                'channel': 'kudvenkat',
-                'comment_count': int,
-                'channel_follower_count': int,
-                'chapters': list,
-                'uploader': 'kudvenkat',
-                'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@Csharp-video-tutorialsBlogspot',
-                'uploader_id': '@Csharp-video-tutorialsBlogspot',
-                'channel_is_verified': True,
-                'heatmap': 'count:100',
-                'timestamp': 1377976349,
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            # another example of '};' in ytInitialData
-            'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gVfgbahppCY',
-            'only_matching': True,
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=63RmMXCd_bQ',
-            'only_matching': True,
-        },
-        {
-            # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/pull/28094
-            'url': 'OtqTfy26tG0',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'OtqTfy26tG0',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Burn Out',
-                'description': 'md5:8d07b84dcbcbfb34bc12a56d968b6131',
-                'upload_date': '20141120',
-                'artist': 'The Cinematic Orchestra',
-                'track': 'Burn Out',
-                'album': 'Every Day',
-                'like_count': int,
-                'live_status': 'not_live',
-                'alt_title': 'Burn Out',
-                'duration': 614,
-                'age_limit': 0,
-                'view_count': int,
-                'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCIzsJBIyo8hhpFm1NK0uLgw',
-                'creator': 'The Cinematic Orchestra',
-                'channel': 'The Cinematic Orchestra',
-                'tags': ['The Cinematic Orchestra', 'Every Day', 'Burn Out'],
-                'channel_id': 'UCIzsJBIyo8hhpFm1NK0uLgw',
-                'availability': 'public',
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i.ytimg.com/vi/OtqTfy26tG0/maxresdefault.jpg',
-                'categories': ['Music'],
-                'playable_in_embed': True,
-                'channel_follower_count': int,
-                'uploader': 'The Cinematic Orchestra',
-                'comment_count': int,
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            # controversial video, only works with bpctr when authenticated with cookies
-            'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nGC3D_FkCmg',
-            'only_matching': True,
-        },
-        {
-            # controversial video, requires bpctr/contentCheckOk
-            'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SZJvDhaSDnc',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'SZJvDhaSDnc',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'San Diego teen commits suicide after bullying over embarrassing video',
-                'channel_id': 'UC-SJ6nODDmufqBzPBwCvYvQ',
-                'upload_date': '20140716',
-                'description': 'md5:acde3a73d3f133fc97e837a9f76b53b7',
-                'duration': 170,
-                'categories': ['News & Politics'],
-                'view_count': int,
-                'channel': 'CBS Mornings',
-                'tags': ['suicide', 'bullying', 'video', 'cbs', 'news'],
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i.ytimg.com/vi/SZJvDhaSDnc/hqdefault.jpg',
-                'age_limit': 18,
-                'availability': 'needs_auth',
-                'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC-SJ6nODDmufqBzPBwCvYvQ',
-                'like_count': int,
-                'live_status': 'not_live',
-                'playable_in_embed': True,
-                'channel_follower_count': int,
-                'uploader': 'CBS Mornings',
-                'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@CBSMornings',
-                'uploader_id': '@CBSMornings',
-                'comment_count': int,
-                'channel_is_verified': True,
-                'timestamp': 1405513526,
-            },
-            'skip': 'Age-restricted; requires authentication',
-        },
-        {
-            # restricted location, https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/28685
-            'url': 'cBvYw8_A0vQ',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'cBvYw8_A0vQ',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': '4K Ueno Okachimachi  Street  Scenes  上野御徒町歩�',
-                'description': 'md5:ea770e474b7cd6722b4c95b833c03630',
-                'upload_date': '20201120',
-                'duration': 1456,
-                'categories': ['Travel & Events'],
-                'channel_id': 'UC3o_t8PzBmXf5S9b7GLx1Mw',
-                'view_count': int,
-                'channel': 'Walk around Japan',
-                'tags': ['Ueno Tokyo', 'Okachimachi Tokyo', 'Ameyoko Street', 'Tokyo attraction', 'Travel in Tokyo'],
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i.ytimg.com/vi/cBvYw8_A0vQ/hqdefault.jpg',
-                'age_limit': 0,
-                'availability': 'public',
-                'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3o_t8PzBmXf5S9b7GLx1Mw',
-                'live_status': 'not_live',
-                'playable_in_embed': True,
-                'channel_follower_count': int,
-                'uploader': 'Walk around Japan',
-                'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@walkaroundjapan7124',
-                'uploader_id': '@walkaroundjapan7124',
-                'timestamp': 1605884416,
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        }, {
-            # Has multiple audio streams
-            'url': 'WaOKSUlf4TM',
-            'only_matching': True,
-        }, {
-            # Requires Premium: has format 141 when requested using YTM url
-            'url': 'https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=XclachpHxis',
-            'only_matching': True,
-        }, {
-            # multiple subtitles with same lang_code
-            'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wsQiKKfKxug',
-            'only_matching': True,
-        }, {
-            # Force use android client fallback
-            'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YOelRv7fMxY',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'YOelRv7fMxY',
-                'title': 'DIGGING A SECRET TUNNEL Part 1',
-                'ext': '3gp',
-                'upload_date': '20210624',
-                'channel_id': 'UCp68_FLety0O-n9QU6phsgw',
-                'channel_url': r're:https?://(?:www\.)?youtube\.com/channel/UCp68_FLety0O-n9QU6phsgw',
-                'description': 'md5:5d5991195d599b56cd0c4148907eec50',
-                'duration': 596,
-                'categories': ['Entertainment'],
-                'view_count': int,
-                'channel': 'colinfurze',
-                'tags': ['Colin', 'furze', 'Terry', 'tunnel', 'underground', 'bunker'],
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i.ytimg.com/vi/YOelRv7fMxY/maxresdefault.jpg',
-                'age_limit': 0,
-                'availability': 'public',
-                'like_count': int,
-                'live_status': 'not_live',
-                'playable_in_embed': True,
-                'channel_follower_count': int,
-                'chapters': list,
-                'uploader': 'colinfurze',
-                'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@colinfurze',
-                'uploader_id': '@colinfurze',
-                'comment_count': int,
-                'channel_is_verified': True,
-                'heatmap': 'count:100',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'format': '17',  # 3gp format available on android
-                'extractor_args': {'youtube': {'player_client': ['android']}},
-            },
-            'skip': 'android client broken',
-        },
-        {
-            # Skip download of additional client configs (remix client config in this case)
-            'url': 'https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=MgNrAu2pzNs',
-            'only_matching': True,
-            'params': {
-                'extractor_args': {'youtube': {'player_skip': ['configs']}},
-            },
-        }, {
-            # shorts
-            'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/shorts/BGQWPY4IigY',
-            'only_matching': True,
-        }, {
-            'note': 'Storyboards',
-            'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5KLPxDtMqe8',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '5KLPxDtMqe8',
-                'ext': 'mhtml',
-                'format_id': 'sb0',
-                'title': 'Your Brain is Plastic',
-                'description': 'md5:89cd86034bdb5466cd87c6ba206cd2bc',
-                'upload_date': '20140324',
-                'like_count': int,
-                'channel_id': 'UCZYTClx2T1of7BRZ86-8fow',
-                'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCZYTClx2T1of7BRZ86-8fow',
-                'view_count': int,
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i.ytimg.com/vi/5KLPxDtMqe8/maxresdefault.jpg',
-                'playable_in_embed': True,
-                'tags': 'count:12',
-                'availability': 'public',
-                'channel': 'SciShow',
-                'live_status': 'not_live',
-                'duration': 248,
-                'categories': ['Education'],
-                'age_limit': 0,
-                'channel_follower_count': int,
-                'chapters': list,
-                'uploader': 'SciShow',
-                'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@SciShow',
-                'uploader_id': '@SciShow',
-                'comment_count': int,
-                'channel_is_verified': True,
-                'heatmap': 'count:100',
-                'timestamp': 1395685455,
-            }, 'params': {'format': 'mhtml', 'skip_download': True},
-        }, {
-            # Ensure video upload_date is in UTC timezone (video was uploaded 1641170939)
-            'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2NUZ8W2llS4',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '2NUZ8W2llS4',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'The NP that test your phone performance 🙂',
-                'description': 'md5:144494b24d4f9dfacb97c1bbef5de84d',
-                'channel_id': 'UCRqNBSOHgilHfAczlUmlWHA',
-                'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRqNBSOHgilHfAczlUmlWHA',
-                'duration': 21,
-                'view_count': int,
-                'age_limit': 0,
-                'categories': ['Gaming'],
-                'tags': 'count:23',
-                'playable_in_embed': True,
-                'live_status': 'not_live',
-                'upload_date': '20220103',
-                'like_count': int,
-                'availability': 'public',
-                'channel': 'Leon Nguyen',
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i.ytimg.com/vi_webp/2NUZ8W2llS4/maxresdefault.webp',
-                'comment_count': int,
-                'channel_follower_count': int,
-                'uploader': 'Leon Nguyen',
-                'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@LeonNguyen',
-                'uploader_id': '@LeonNguyen',
-                'heatmap': 'count:100',
-                'timestamp': 1641170939,
-            },
-        }, {
-            # date text is premiered video, ensure upload date in UTC (published 1641172509)
-            'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mzZzzBU6lrM',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'mzZzzBU6lrM',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'I Met GeorgeNotFound In Real Life...',
-                'description': 'md5:978296ec9783a031738b684d4ebf302d',
-                'channel_id': 'UC_8NknAFiyhOUaZqHR3lq3Q',
-                'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_8NknAFiyhOUaZqHR3lq3Q',
-                'duration': 955,
-                'view_count': int,
-                'age_limit': 0,
-                'categories': ['Entertainment'],
-                'tags': 'count:26',
-                'playable_in_embed': True,
-                'live_status': 'not_live',
-                'release_timestamp': 1641172509,
-                'release_date': '20220103',
-                'upload_date': '20220103',
-                'like_count': int,
-                'availability': 'public',
-                'channel': 'Quackity',
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i.ytimg.com/vi/mzZzzBU6lrM/maxresdefault.jpg',
-                'channel_follower_count': int,
-                'uploader': 'Quackity',
-                'uploader_id': '@Quackity',
-                'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@Quackity',
-                'comment_count': int,
-                'channel_is_verified': True,
-                'heatmap': 'count:100',
-                'timestamp': 1641172509,
-            },
-        },
-        {   # continuous livestream.
-            # Upload date was 2022-07-12T05:12:29-07:00, while stream start is 2022-07-12T15:59:30+00:00
-            'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jfKfPfyJRdk',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'jfKfPfyJRdk',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'channel_id': 'UCSJ4gkVC6NrvII8umztf0Ow',
-                'like_count': int,
-                'uploader': 'Lofi Girl',
-                'categories': ['Music'],
-                'concurrent_view_count': int,
-                'playable_in_embed': True,
-                'timestamp': 1657627949,
-                'release_date': '20220712',
-                'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCSJ4gkVC6NrvII8umztf0Ow',
-                'description': 'md5:452d5c82f72bb7e62a4e0297c3f01c23',
-                'age_limit': 0,
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i.ytimg.com/vi/jfKfPfyJRdk/maxresdefault.jpg',
-                'release_timestamp': 1657641570,
-                'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@LofiGirl',
-                'channel_follower_count': int,
-                'channel_is_verified': True,
-                'title': r're:^lofi hip hop radio 📚 beats to relax/study to',
-                'view_count': int,
-                'live_status': 'is_live',
-                'media_type': 'livestream',
-                'tags': 'count:32',
-                'channel': 'Lofi Girl',
-                'availability': 'public',
-                'upload_date': '20220712',
-                'uploader_id': '@LofiGirl',
-            },
-            'params': {'skip_download': True},
-        }, {
-            'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tjjjtzRLHvA',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'tjjjtzRLHvA',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': '�ッシュタグ無� };if window.ytcsi',
-                'upload_date': '20220323',
-                'like_count': int,
-                'availability': 'unlisted',
-                'channel': 'Lesmiscore',
-                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg',
-                'age_limit': 0,
-                'categories': ['Music'],
-                'view_count': int,
-                'description': '',
-                'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdqltm_7iv1Vs6kp6Syke5A',
-                'channel_id': 'UCdqltm_7iv1Vs6kp6Syke5A',
-                'live_status': 'not_live',
-                'playable_in_embed': True,
-                'channel_follower_count': int,
-                'duration': 6,
-                'tags': [],
-                'uploader_id': '@lesmiscore',
-                'uploader': 'Lesmiscore',
-                'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@lesmiscore',
-                'timestamp': 1648005313,
-            },
-        }, {
-            # Prefer primary title+description language metadata by default
-            # Do not prefer translated description if primary is empty
-            'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=el3E4MbxRqQ',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'el3E4MbxRqQ',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'dlp test video 2 - primary sv no desc',
-                'description': '',
-                'channel': 'cole-dlp-test-acc',
-                'tags': [],
-                'view_count': int,
-                'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiu-3thuViMebBjw_5nWYrA',
-                'like_count': int,
-                'playable_in_embed': True,
-                'availability': 'unlisted',
-                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg',
-                'age_limit': 0,
-                'duration': 5,
-                'live_status': 'not_live',
-                'upload_date': '20220908',
-                'categories': ['People & Blogs'],
-                'channel_id': 'UCiu-3thuViMebBjw_5nWYrA',
-                'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@coletdjnz',
-                'uploader_id': '@coletdjnz',
-                'uploader': 'cole-dlp-test-acc',
-                'timestamp': 1662677394,
-            },
-            'params': {'skip_download': True},
-        }, {
-            # Extractor argument: prefer translated title+description
-            'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gHKT4uU8Zng',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'gHKT4uU8Zng',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'channel': 'cole-dlp-test-acc',
-                'tags': [],
-                'duration': 5,
-                'live_status': 'not_live',
-                'channel_id': 'UCiu-3thuViMebBjw_5nWYrA',
-                'upload_date': '20220729',
-                'view_count': int,
-                'categories': ['People & Blogs'],
-                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg',
-                'title': 'dlp test video title translated (fr)',
-                'availability': 'public',
-                'age_limit': 0,
-                'description': 'dlp test video description translated (fr)',
-                'playable_in_embed': True,
-                'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiu-3thuViMebBjw_5nWYrA',
-                'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@coletdjnz',
-                'uploader_id': '@coletdjnz',
-                'uploader': 'cole-dlp-test-acc',
-                'timestamp': 1659073275,
-                'like_count': int,
-            },
-            'params': {'skip_download': True, 'extractor_args': {'youtube': {'lang': ['fr']}}},
-            'expected_warnings': [r'Preferring "fr" translated fields'],
-        }, {
-            'note': '6 channel audio',
-            'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zgdo7-RRjgo',
-            'only_matching': True,
-        }, {
-            'note': 'Multiple HLS formats with same itag',
-            'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kX3nB4PpJko',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'kX3nB4PpJko',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'categories': ['Entertainment'],
-                'description': 'md5:e8031ff6e426cdb6a77670c9b81f6fa6',
-                'live_status': 'not_live',
-                'duration': 937,
-                'channel_follower_count': int,
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i.ytimg.com/vi_webp/kX3nB4PpJko/maxresdefault.webp',
-                'title': 'Last To Take Hand Off Jet, Keeps It!',
-                'channel': 'MrBeast',
-                'playable_in_embed': True,
-                'view_count': int,
-                'upload_date': '20221112',
-                'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6OQ3DkcsbYNE6H8uQQuVA',
-                'age_limit': 0,
-                'availability': 'public',
-                'channel_id': 'UCX6OQ3DkcsbYNE6H8uQQuVA',
-                'like_count': int,
-                'tags': [],
-                'uploader': 'MrBeast',
-                'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@MrBeast',
-                'uploader_id': '@MrBeast',
-                'comment_count': int,
-                'channel_is_verified': True,
-                'heatmap': 'count:100',
-            },
-            'params': {'extractor_args': {'youtube': {'player_client': ['ios']}}, 'format': '233-1'},
-        }, {
-            'note': 'Audio formats with Dynamic Range Compression',
-            'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tq92D6wQ1mg',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'Tq92D6wQ1mg',
-                'ext': 'webm',
-                'title': '[MMD] Adios - EVERGLOW [+Motion DL]',
-                'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1yoRdFoFJaCY-AGfD9W0wQ',
-                'channel_id': 'UC1yoRdFoFJaCY-AGfD9W0wQ',
-                'channel_follower_count': int,
-                'description': 'md5:17eccca93a786d51bc67646756894066',
-                'upload_date': '20191228',
-                'tags': ['mmd', 'dance', 'mikumikudance', 'kpop', 'vtuber'],
-                'playable_in_embed': True,
-                'like_count': int,
-                'categories': ['Entertainment'],
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i.ytimg.com/vi/Tq92D6wQ1mg/sddefault.jpg',
-                'age_limit': 18,
-                'channel': 'Projekt Melody',
-                'view_count': int,
-                'availability': 'needs_auth',
-                'comment_count': int,
-                'live_status': 'not_live',
-                'duration': 106,
-                'uploader': 'Projekt Melody',
-                'uploader_id': '@ProjektMelody',
-                'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@ProjektMelody',
-                'timestamp': 1577508724,
-            },
-            'params': {'extractor_args': {'youtube': {'player_client': ['tv_embedded']}}, 'format': '251-drc'},
-            'skip': 'Age-restricted; requires authentication',
-        },
-        {
-            'note': 'Support /live/ URL + media type for post-live content',
-            'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/live/qVv6vCqciTM',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'qVv6vCqciTM',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'age_limit': 0,
-                'comment_count': int,
-                'chapters': 'count:13',
-                'upload_date': '20221223',
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i.ytimg.com/vi/qVv6vCqciTM/maxresdefault.jpg',
-                'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCIdEIHpS0TdkqRkHL5OkLtA',
-                'like_count': int,
-                'release_date': '20221223',
-                'tags': ['Vtuber', '月ノ美兎', '����', '���ん�', 'クリスマス', '3D�信'],
-                'title': '� #インター�ット女クリスマス 】3D�歌����ゃ�インター�ット�女���月ノ美兎/����】',
-                'view_count': int,
-                'playable_in_embed': True,
-                'duration': 4438,
-                'availability': 'public',
-                'channel_follower_count': int,
-                'channel_id': 'UCIdEIHpS0TdkqRkHL5OkLtA',
-                'categories': ['Entertainment'],
-                'live_status': 'was_live',
-                'media_type': 'livestream',
-                'release_timestamp': 1671793345,
-                'channel': '���ゃん�る',
-                'description': 'md5:6aebf95cc4a1d731aebc01ad6cc9806d',
-                'uploader': '���ゃん�る',
-                'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@sana_natori',
-                'uploader_id': '@sana_natori',
-                'channel_is_verified': True,
-                'heatmap': 'count:100',
-                'timestamp': 1671798112,
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            # Fallbacks when webpage and web client is unavailable
-            'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wSSmNUl9Snw',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'wSSmNUl9Snw',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                # 'categories': ['Science & Technology'],
-                'view_count': int,
-                'chapters': 'count:2',
-                'channel': 'Scott Manley',
-                'like_count': int,
-                'age_limit': 0,
-                # 'availability': 'public',
-                'channel_follower_count': int,
-                'live_status': 'not_live',
-                'upload_date': '20170831',
-                'duration': 682,
-                'tags': 'count:8',
-                'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@scottmanley',
-                'description': 'md5:f4bed7b200404b72a394c2f97b782c02',
-                'uploader': 'Scott Manley',
-                'uploader_id': '@scottmanley',
-                'title': 'The Computer Hack That Saved Apollo 14',
-                'channel_id': 'UCxzC4EngIsMrPmbm6Nxvb-A',
-                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.webp',
-                'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCxzC4EngIsMrPmbm6Nxvb-A',
-                'playable_in_embed': True,
-                'comment_count': int,
-                'channel_is_verified': True,
-                'heatmap': 'count:100',
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'extractor_args': {'youtube': {'player_client': ['ios'], 'player_skip': ['webpage']}},
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            # uploader_id has non-ASCII characters that are percent-encoded in YT's JSON
-            'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/shorts/18NGQq7p3LY',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '18NGQq7p3LY',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': '아�브 �서 장�� 리즈 ���� 챌린지',
-                'description': '',
-                'uploader': 'ㅇㅇ',
-                'uploader_id': '@으아-v1k',
-                'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@으아-v1k',
-                'channel': 'ㅇㅇ',
-                'channel_id': 'UCC25oTm2J7ZVoi5TngOHg9g',
-                'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCC25oTm2J7ZVoi5TngOHg9g',
-                'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/.+\.jpg',
-                'playable_in_embed': True,
-                'age_limit': 0,
-                'duration': 3,
-                'timestamp': 1724306170,
-                'upload_date': '20240822',
-                'availability': 'public',
-                'live_status': 'not_live',
-                'view_count': int,
-                'like_count': int,
-                'channel_follower_count': int,
-                'categories': ['People & Blogs'],
-                'tags': [],
-            },
-        },
-    ]
-
-    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [
-        # YouTube <object> embed
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.improbable.com/2017/04/03/untrained-modern-youths-and-ancient-masters-in-selfie-portraits/',
-            'md5': '873c81d308b979f0e23ee7e620b312a3',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'msN87y-iEx0',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Feynman: Mirrors FUN TO IMAGINE 6',
-                'upload_date': '20080526',
-                'description': 'md5:873c81d308b979f0e23ee7e620b312a3',
-                'age_limit': 0,
-                'tags': ['feynman', 'mirror', 'science', 'physics', 'imagination', 'fun', 'cool', 'puzzle'],
-                'channel_id': 'UCCeo--lls1vna5YJABWAcVA',
-                'playable_in_embed': True,
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i.ytimg.com/vi/msN87y-iEx0/hqdefault.jpg',
-                'like_count': int,
-                'comment_count': int,
-                'channel': 'Christopher Sykes',
-                'live_status': 'not_live',
-                'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCCeo--lls1vna5YJABWAcVA',
-                'availability': 'public',
-                'duration': 195,
-                'view_count': int,
-                'categories': ['Science & Technology'],
-                'channel_follower_count': int,
-                'uploader': 'Christopher Sykes',
-                'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@ChristopherSykesDocumentaries',
-                'uploader_id': '@ChristopherSykesDocumentaries',
-                'heatmap': 'count:100',
-                'timestamp': 1211825920,
-            },
-            'params': {
-                'skip_download': True,
-            },
-        },
-    ]
-
-    @classmethod
-    def suitable(cls, url):
-        from ..utils import parse_qs
-
-        qs = parse_qs(url)
-        if qs.get('list', [None])[0]:
-            return False
-        return super().suitable(url)
-
-    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
-        self._code_cache = {}
-        self._player_cache = {}
-
-    def _prepare_live_from_start_formats(self, formats, video_id, live_start_time, url, webpage_url, smuggled_data, is_live):
-        lock = threading.Lock()
-        start_time = time.time()
-        formats = [f for f in formats if f.get('is_from_start')]
-
-        def refetch_manifest(format_id, delay):
-            nonlocal formats, start_time, is_live
-            if time.time() <= start_time + delay:
-                return
-
-            _, _, prs, player_url = self._download_player_responses(url, smuggled_data, video_id, webpage_url)
-            video_details = traverse_obj(prs, (..., 'videoDetails'), expected_type=dict)
-            microformats = traverse_obj(
-                prs, (..., 'microformat', 'playerMicroformatRenderer'),
-                expected_type=dict)
-            _, live_status, _, formats, _ = self._list_formats(video_id, microformats, video_details, prs, player_url)
-            is_live = live_status == 'is_live'
-            start_time = time.time()
-
-        def mpd_feed(format_id, delay):
-            """
-            @returns (manifest_url, manifest_stream_number, is_live) or None
-            """
-            for retry in self.RetryManager(fatal=False):
-                with lock:
-                    refetch_manifest(format_id, delay)
-
-                f = next((f for f in formats if f['format_id'] == format_id), None)
-                if not f:
-                    if not is_live:
-                        retry.error = f'{video_id}: Video is no longer live'
-                    else:
-                        retry.error = f'Cannot find refreshed manifest for format {format_id}{bug_reports_message()}'
-                    continue
-                return f['manifest_url'], f['manifest_stream_number'], is_live
-            return None
-
-        for f in formats:
-            f['is_live'] = is_live
-            gen = functools.partial(self._live_dash_fragments, video_id, f['format_id'],
-                                    live_start_time, mpd_feed, not is_live and f.copy())
-            if is_live:
-                f['fragments'] = gen
-                f['protocol'] = 'http_dash_segments_generator'
-            else:
-                f['fragments'] = LazyList(gen({}))
-                del f['is_from_start']
-
-    def _live_dash_fragments(self, video_id, format_id, live_start_time, mpd_feed, manifestless_orig_fmt, ctx):
-        FETCH_SPAN, MAX_DURATION = 5, 432000
-
-        mpd_url, stream_number, is_live = None, None, True
-
-        begin_index = 0
-        download_start_time = ctx.get('start') or time.time()
-
-        lack_early_segments = download_start_time - (live_start_time or download_start_time) > MAX_DURATION
-        if lack_early_segments:
-            self.report_warning(bug_reports_message(
-                'Starting download from the last 120 hours of the live stream since '
-                'YouTube does not have data before that. If you think this is wrong,'), only_once=True)
-            lack_early_segments = True
-
-        known_idx, no_fragment_score, last_segment_url = begin_index, 0, None
-        fragments, fragment_base_url = None, None
-
-        def _extract_sequence_from_mpd(refresh_sequence, immediate):
-            nonlocal mpd_url, stream_number, is_live, no_fragment_score, fragments, fragment_base_url
-            # Obtain from MPD's maximum seq value
-            old_mpd_url = mpd_url
-            last_error = ctx.pop('last_error', None)
-            expire_fast = immediate or (last_error and isinstance(last_error, HTTPError) and last_error.status == 403)
-            mpd_url, stream_number, is_live = (mpd_feed(format_id, 5 if expire_fast else 18000)
-                                               or (mpd_url, stream_number, False))
-            if not refresh_sequence:
-                if expire_fast and not is_live:
-                    return False, last_seq
-                elif old_mpd_url == mpd_url:
-                    return True, last_seq
-            if manifestless_orig_fmt:
-                fmt_info = manifestless_orig_fmt
-            else:
-                try:
-                    fmts, _ = self._extract_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(
-                        mpd_url, None, note=False, errnote=False, fatal=False)
-                except ExtractorError:
-                    fmts = None
-                if not fmts:
-                    no_fragment_score += 2
-                    return False, last_seq
-                fmt_info = next(x for x in fmts if x['manifest_stream_number'] == stream_number)
-            fragments = fmt_info['fragments']
-            fragment_base_url = fmt_info['fragment_base_url']
-            assert fragment_base_url
-
-            _last_seq = int(re.search(r'(?:/|^)sq/(\d+)', fragments[-1]['path']).group(1))
-            return True, _last_seq
-
-        self.write_debug(f'[{video_id}] Generating fragments for format {format_id}')
-        while is_live:
-            fetch_time = time.time()
-            if no_fragment_score > 30:
-                return
-            if last_segment_url:
-                # Obtain from "X-Head-Seqnum" header value from each segment
-                try:
-                    urlh = self._request_webpage(
-                        last_segment_url, None, note=False, errnote=False, fatal=False)
-                except ExtractorError:
-                    urlh = None
-                last_seq = try_get(urlh, lambda x: int_or_none(x.headers['X-Head-Seqnum']))
-                if last_seq is None:
-                    no_fragment_score += 2
-                    last_segment_url = None
-                    continue
-            else:
-                should_continue, last_seq = _extract_sequence_from_mpd(True, no_fragment_score > 15)
-                no_fragment_score += 2
-                if not should_continue:
-                    continue
-
-            if known_idx > last_seq:
-                last_segment_url = None
-                continue
-
-            last_seq += 1
-
-            if begin_index < 0 and known_idx < 0:
-                # skip from the start when it's negative value
-                known_idx = last_seq + begin_index
-            if lack_early_segments:
-                known_idx = max(known_idx, last_seq - int(MAX_DURATION // fragments[-1]['duration']))
-            try:
-                for idx in range(known_idx, last_seq):
-                    # do not update sequence here or you'll get skipped some part of it
-                    should_continue, _ = _extract_sequence_from_mpd(False, False)
-                    if not should_continue:
-                        known_idx = idx - 1
-                        raise ExtractorError('breaking out of outer loop')
-                    last_segment_url = urljoin(fragment_base_url, f'sq/{idx}')
-                    yield {
-                        'url': last_segment_url,
-                        'fragment_count': last_seq,
-                    }
-                if known_idx == last_seq:
-                    no_fragment_score += 5
-                else:
-                    no_fragment_score = 0
-                known_idx = last_seq
-            except ExtractorError:
-                continue
-
-            if manifestless_orig_fmt:
-                # Stop at the first iteration if running for post-live manifestless;
-                # fragment count no longer increase since it starts
-                break
-
-            time.sleep(max(0, FETCH_SPAN + fetch_time - time.time()))
-
-    def _extract_player_url(self, *ytcfgs, webpage=None):
-        player_url = traverse_obj(
-            ytcfgs, (..., 'PLAYER_JS_URL'), (..., 'WEB_PLAYER_CONTEXT_CONFIGS', ..., 'jsUrl'),
-            get_all=False, expected_type=str)
-        if not player_url:
-            return
-        # TODO: Add proper support for the 'tce' variant players
-        # See https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12398
-        if '/player_ias_tce.vflset/' in player_url:
-            self.write_debug(f'Modifying tce player URL: {player_url}')
-            player_url = player_url.replace('/player_ias_tce.vflset/', '/player_ias.vflset/')
-        return urljoin('https://www.youtube.com', player_url)
-
-    def _download_player_url(self, video_id, fatal=False):
-        iframe_webpage = self._download_webpage_with_retries(
-            'https://www.youtube.com/iframe_api',
-            note='Downloading iframe API JS',
-            video_id=video_id, retry_fatal=fatal)
-
-        if iframe_webpage:
-            player_version = self._search_regex(
-                r'player\\?/([0-9a-fA-F]{8})\\?/', iframe_webpage, 'player version', fatal=fatal)
-            if player_version:
-                return f'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/{player_version}/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js'
-
-    def _signature_cache_id(self, example_sig):
-        """ Return a string representation of a signature """
-        return '.'.join(str(len(part)) for part in example_sig.split('.'))
-
-    @classmethod
-    def _extract_player_info(cls, player_url):
-        for player_re in cls._PLAYER_INFO_RE:
-            id_m = re.search(player_re, player_url)
-            if id_m:
-                break
-        else:
-            raise ExtractorError(f'Cannot identify player {player_url!r}')
-        return id_m.group('id')
-
-    def _load_player(self, video_id, player_url, fatal=True):
-        player_id = self._extract_player_info(player_url)
-        if player_id not in self._code_cache:
-            code = self._download_webpage(
-                player_url, video_id, fatal=fatal,
-                note='Downloading player ' + player_id,
-                errnote=f'Download of {player_url} failed')
-            if code:
-                self._code_cache[player_id] = code
-        return self._code_cache.get(player_id)
-
-    def _extract_signature_function(self, video_id, player_url, example_sig):
-        player_id = self._extract_player_info(player_url)
-
-        # Read from filesystem cache
-        func_id = f'js_{player_id}_{self._signature_cache_id(example_sig)}'
-        assert os.path.basename(func_id) == func_id
-
-        self.write_debug(f'Extracting signature function {func_id}')
-        cache_spec, code = self.cache.load('youtube-sigfuncs', func_id), None
-
-        if not cache_spec:
-            code = self._load_player(video_id, player_url)
-        if code:
-            res = self._parse_sig_js(code)
-            test_string = ''.join(map(chr, range(len(example_sig))))
-            cache_spec = [ord(c) for c in res(test_string)]
-            self.cache.store('youtube-sigfuncs', func_id, cache_spec)
-
-        return lambda s: ''.join(s[i] for i in cache_spec)
-
-    def _print_sig_code(self, func, example_sig):
-        if not self.get_param('youtube_print_sig_code'):
-            return
-
-        def gen_sig_code(idxs):
-            def _genslice(start, end, step):
-                starts = '' if start == 0 else str(start)
-                ends = (':%d' % (end + step)) if end + step >= 0 else ':'
-                steps = '' if step == 1 else (':%d' % step)
-                return f's[{starts}{ends}{steps}]'
-
-            step = None
-            # Quelch pyflakes warnings - start will be set when step is set
-            start = '(Never used)'
-            for i, prev in zip(idxs[1:], idxs[:-1]):
-                if step is not None:
-                    if i - prev == step:
-                        continue
-                    yield _genslice(start, prev, step)
-                    step = None
-                    continue
-                if i - prev in [-1, 1]:
-                    step = i - prev
-                    start = prev
-                    continue
-                else:
-                    yield 's[%d]' % prev
-            if step is None:
-                yield 's[%d]' % i
-            else:
-                yield _genslice(start, i, step)
-
-        test_string = ''.join(map(chr, range(len(example_sig))))
-        cache_res = func(test_string)
-        cache_spec = [ord(c) for c in cache_res]
-        expr_code = ' + '.join(gen_sig_code(cache_spec))
-        signature_id_tuple = '({})'.format(', '.join(str(len(p)) for p in example_sig.split('.')))
-        code = (f'if tuple(len(p) for p in s.split(\'.\')) == {signature_id_tuple}:\n'
-                f'    return {expr_code}\n')
-        self.to_screen('Extracted signature function:\n' + code)
-
-    def _parse_sig_js(self, jscode):
-        # Examples where `sig` is funcname:
-        # sig=function(a){a=a.split(""); ... ;return a.join("")};
-        # ;c&&(c=sig(decodeURIComponent(c)),a.set(b,encodeURIComponent(c)));return a};
-        # {var l=f,m=h.sp,n=sig(decodeURIComponent(h.s));l.set(m,encodeURIComponent(n))}
-        # sig=function(J){J=J.split(""); ... ;return J.join("")};
-        # ;N&&(N=sig(decodeURIComponent(N)),J.set(R,encodeURIComponent(N)));return J};
-        # {var H=u,k=f.sp,v=sig(decodeURIComponent(f.s));H.set(k,encodeURIComponent(v))}
-        funcname = self._search_regex(
-            (r'\b(?P<var>[a-zA-Z0-9_$]+)&&\((?P=var)=(?P<sig>[a-zA-Z0-9_$]{2,})\(decodeURIComponent\((?P=var)\)\)',
-             r'(?P<sig>[a-zA-Z0-9_$]+)\s*=\s*function\(\s*(?P<arg>[a-zA-Z0-9_$]+)\s*\)\s*{\s*(?P=arg)\s*=\s*(?P=arg)\.split\(\s*""\s*\)\s*;\s*[^}]+;\s*return\s+(?P=arg)\.join\(\s*""\s*\)',
-             r'(?:\b|[^a-zA-Z0-9_$])(?P<sig>[a-zA-Z0-9_$]{2,})\s*=\s*function\(\s*a\s*\)\s*{\s*a\s*=\s*a\.split\(\s*""\s*\)(?:;[a-zA-Z0-9_$]{2}\.[a-zA-Z0-9_$]{2}\(a,\d+\))?',
-             # Old patterns
-             r'\b[cs]\s*&&\s*[adf]\.set\([^,]+\s*,\s*encodeURIComponent\s*\(\s*(?P<sig>[a-zA-Z0-9$]+)\(',
-             r'\b[a-zA-Z0-9]+\s*&&\s*[a-zA-Z0-9]+\.set\([^,]+\s*,\s*encodeURIComponent\s*\(\s*(?P<sig>[a-zA-Z0-9$]+)\(',
-             r'\bm=(?P<sig>[a-zA-Z0-9$]{2,})\(decodeURIComponent\(h\.s\)\)',
-             # Obsolete patterns
-             r'("|\')signature\1\s*,\s*(?P<sig>[a-zA-Z0-9$]+)\(',
-             r'\.sig\|\|(?P<sig>[a-zA-Z0-9$]+)\(',
-             r'yt\.akamaized\.net/\)\s*\|\|\s*.*?\s*[cs]\s*&&\s*[adf]\.set\([^,]+\s*,\s*(?:encodeURIComponent\s*\()?\s*(?P<sig>[a-zA-Z0-9$]+)\(',
-             r'\b[cs]\s*&&\s*[adf]\.set\([^,]+\s*,\s*(?P<sig>[a-zA-Z0-9$]+)\(',
-             r'\bc\s*&&\s*[a-zA-Z0-9]+\.set\([^,]+\s*,\s*\([^)]*\)\s*\(\s*(?P<sig>[a-zA-Z0-9$]+)\('),
-            jscode, 'Initial JS player signature function name', group='sig')
-
-        jsi = JSInterpreter(jscode)
-        initial_function = jsi.extract_function(funcname)
-        return lambda s: initial_function([s])
-
-    def _cached(self, func, *cache_id):
-        def inner(*args, **kwargs):
-            if cache_id not in self._player_cache:
-                try:
-                    self._player_cache[cache_id] = func(*args, **kwargs)
-                except ExtractorError as e:
-                    self._player_cache[cache_id] = e
-                except Exception as e:
-                    self._player_cache[cache_id] = ExtractorError(traceback.format_exc(), cause=e)
-
-            ret = self._player_cache[cache_id]
-            if isinstance(ret, Exception):
-                raise ret
-            return ret
-        return inner
-
-    def _decrypt_signature(self, s, video_id, player_url):
-        """Turn the encrypted s field into a working signature"""
-        extract_sig = self._cached(
-            self._extract_signature_function, 'sig', player_url, self._signature_cache_id(s))
-        func = extract_sig(video_id, player_url, s)
-        self._print_sig_code(func, s)
-        return func(s)
-
-    def _decrypt_nsig(self, s, video_id, player_url):
-        """Turn the encrypted n field into a working signature"""
-        if player_url is None:
-            raise ExtractorError('Cannot decrypt nsig without player_url')
-        player_url = urljoin('https://www.youtube.com', player_url)
-
-        try:
-            jsi, player_id, func_code = self._extract_n_function_code(video_id, player_url)
-        except ExtractorError as e:
-            raise ExtractorError('Unable to extract nsig function code', cause=e)
-        if self.get_param('youtube_print_sig_code'):
-            self.to_screen(f'Extracted nsig function from {player_id}:\n{func_code[1]}\n')
-
-        try:
-            extract_nsig = self._cached(self._extract_n_function_from_code, 'nsig func', player_url)
-            ret = extract_nsig(jsi, func_code)(s)
-        except JSInterpreter.Exception as e:
-            try:
-                jsi = PhantomJSwrapper(self, timeout=5000)
-            except ExtractorError:
-                raise e
-            self.report_warning(
-                f'Native nsig extraction failed: Trying with PhantomJS\n'
-                f'         n = {s} ; player = {player_url}', video_id)
-            self.write_debug(e, only_once=True)
-
-            args, func_body = func_code
-            ret = jsi.execute(
-                f'console.log(function({", ".join(args)}) {{ {func_body} }}({s!r}));',
-                video_id=video_id, note='Executing signature code').strip()
-
-        self.write_debug(f'Decrypted nsig {s} => {ret}')
-        return ret
-
-    def _extract_n_function_name(self, jscode, player_url=None):
-        # Examples (with placeholders nfunc, narray, idx):
-        # *  .get("n"))&&(b=nfunc(b)
-        # *  .get("n"))&&(b=narray[idx](b)
-        # *  b=String.fromCharCode(110),c=a.get(b))&&c=narray[idx](c)
-        # *  a.D&&(b="nn"[+a.D],c=a.get(b))&&(c=narray[idx](c),a.set(b,c),narray.length||nfunc("")
-        # *  a.D&&(PL(a),b=a.j.n||null)&&(b=narray[0](b),a.set("n",b),narray.length||nfunc("")
-        # *  a.D&&(b="nn"[+a.D],vL(a),c=a.j[b]||null)&&(c=narray[idx](c),a.set(b,c),narray.length||nfunc("")
-        # *  J.J="";J.url="";J.Z&&(R="nn"[+J.Z],mW(J),N=J.K[R]||null)&&(N=narray[idx](N),J.set(R,N))}};
-        funcname, idx = self._search_regex(
-            r'''(?x)
-            (?:
-                \.get\("n"\)\)&&\(b=|
-                (?:
-                    b=String\.fromCharCode\(110\)|
-                    (?P<str_idx>[a-zA-Z0-9_$.]+)&&\(b="nn"\[\+(?P=str_idx)\]
-                )
-                (?:
-                    ,[a-zA-Z0-9_$]+\(a\))?,c=a\.
-                    (?:
-                        get\(b\)|
-                        [a-zA-Z0-9_$]+\[b\]\|\|null
-                    )\)&&\(c=|
-                \b(?P<var>[a-zA-Z0-9_$]+)=
-            )(?P<nfunc>[a-zA-Z0-9_$]+)(?:\[(?P<idx>\d+)\])?\([a-zA-Z]\)
-            (?(var),[a-zA-Z0-9_$]+\.set\((?:"n+"|[a-zA-Z0-9_$]+)\,(?P=var)\))''',
-            jscode, 'n function name', group=('nfunc', 'idx'), default=(None, None))
-        if not funcname:
-            self.report_warning(join_nonempty(
-                'Falling back to generic n function search',
-                player_url and f'         player = {player_url}', delim='\n'))
-            return self._search_regex(
-                r'''(?xs)
-                ;\s*(?P<name>[a-zA-Z0-9_$]+)\s*=\s*function\([a-zA-Z0-9_$]+\)
-                \s*\{(?:(?!};).)+?return\s*(?P<q>["'])[\w-]+_w8_(?P=q)\s*\+\s*[a-zA-Z0-9_$]+''',
-                jscode, 'Initial JS player n function name', group='name')
-        elif not idx:
-            return funcname
-
-        return json.loads(js_to_json(self._search_regex(
-            rf'var {re.escape(funcname)}\s*=\s*(\[.+?\])\s*[,;]', jscode,
-            f'Initial JS player n function list ({funcname}.{idx})')))[int(idx)]
-
-    def _fixup_n_function_code(self, argnames, code):
-        return argnames, re.sub(
-            rf';\s*if\s*\(\s*typeof\s+[a-zA-Z0-9_$]+\s*===?\s*(["\'])undefined\1\s*\)\s*return\s+{argnames[0]};',
-            ';', code)
-
-    def _extract_n_function_code(self, video_id, player_url):
-        player_id = self._extract_player_info(player_url)
-        func_code = self.cache.load('youtube-nsig', player_id, min_ver='2025.02.19')
-        jscode = func_code or self._load_player(video_id, player_url)
-        jsi = JSInterpreter(jscode)
-
-        if func_code:
-            return jsi, player_id, func_code
-
-        func_name = self._extract_n_function_name(jscode, player_url=player_url)
-
-        # XXX: Workaround for the `typeof` gotcha
-        func_code = self._fixup_n_function_code(*jsi.extract_function_code(func_name))
-
-        self.cache.store('youtube-nsig', player_id, func_code)
-        return jsi, player_id, func_code
-
-    def _extract_n_function_from_code(self, jsi, func_code):
-        func = jsi.extract_function_from_code(*func_code)
-
-        def extract_nsig(s):
-            try:
-                ret = func([s])
-            except JSInterpreter.Exception:
-                raise
-            except Exception as e:
-                raise JSInterpreter.Exception(traceback.format_exc(), cause=e)
-
-            if ret.startswith('enhanced_except_') or ret.endswith(s):
-                raise JSInterpreter.Exception('Signature function returned an exception')
-            return ret
-
-        return extract_nsig
-
-    def _extract_signature_timestamp(self, video_id, player_url, ytcfg=None, fatal=False):
-        """
-        Extract signatureTimestamp (sts)
-        Required to tell API what sig/player version is in use.
-        """
-        sts = None
-        if isinstance(ytcfg, dict):
-            sts = int_or_none(ytcfg.get('STS'))
-
-        if not sts:
-            # Attempt to extract from player
-            if player_url is None:
-                error_msg = 'Cannot extract signature timestamp without player_url.'
-                if fatal:
-                    raise ExtractorError(error_msg)
-                self.report_warning(error_msg)
-                return
-            code = self._load_player(video_id, player_url, fatal=fatal)
-            if code:
-                sts = int_or_none(self._search_regex(
-                    r'(?:signatureTimestamp|sts)\s*:\s*(?P<sts>[0-9]{5})', code,
-                    'JS player signature timestamp', group='sts', fatal=fatal))
-        return sts
-
-    def _mark_watched(self, video_id, player_responses):
-        for is_full, key in enumerate(('videostatsPlaybackUrl', 'videostatsWatchtimeUrl')):
-            label = 'fully ' if is_full else ''
-            url = get_first(player_responses, ('playbackTracking', key, 'baseUrl'),
-                            expected_type=url_or_none)
-            if not url:
-                self.report_warning(f'Unable to mark {label}watched')
-                return
-            parsed_url = urllib.parse.urlparse(url)
-            qs = urllib.parse.parse_qs(parsed_url.query)
-
-            # cpn generation algorithm is reverse engineered from base.js.
-            # In fact it works even with dummy cpn.
-            CPN_ALPHABET = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789-_'
-            cpn = ''.join(CPN_ALPHABET[random.randint(0, 256) & 63] for _ in range(16))
-
-            # # more consistent results setting it to right before the end
-            video_length = [str(float((qs.get('len') or ['1.5'])[0]) - 1)]
-
-            qs.update({
-                'ver': ['2'],
-                'cpn': [cpn],
-                'cmt': video_length,
-                'el': 'detailpage',  # otherwise defaults to "shorts"
-            })
-
-            if is_full:
-                # these seem to mark watchtime "history" in the real world
-                # they're required, so send in a single value
-                qs.update({
-                    'st': 0,
-                    'et': video_length,
-                })
-
-            url = urllib.parse.urlunparse(
-                parsed_url._replace(query=urllib.parse.urlencode(qs, True)))
-
-            self._download_webpage(
-                url, video_id, f'Marking {label}watched',
-                'Unable to mark watched', fatal=False)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def _extract_from_webpage(cls, url, webpage):
-        # Invidious Instances
-        # https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/195
-        # https://github.com/iv-org/invidious/pull/1730
-        mobj = re.search(
-            r'<link rel="alternate" href="(?P<url>https://www\.youtube\.com/watch\?v=[0-9A-Za-z_-]{11})"',
-            webpage)
-        if mobj:
-            yield cls.url_result(mobj.group('url'), cls)
-            raise cls.StopExtraction
-
-        yield from super()._extract_from_webpage(url, webpage)
-
-        # lazyYT YouTube embed
-        for id_ in re.findall(r'class="lazyYT" data-youtube-id="([^"]+)"', webpage):
-            yield cls.url_result(unescapeHTML(id_), cls, id_)
-
-        # Wordpress "YouTube Video Importer" plugin
-        for m in re.findall(r'''(?x)<div[^>]+
-                class=(?P<q1>[\'"])[^\'"]*\byvii_single_video_player\b[^\'"]*(?P=q1)[^>]+
-                data-video_id=(?P<q2>[\'"])([^\'"]+)(?P=q2)''', webpage):
-            yield cls.url_result(m[-1], cls, m[-1])
-
-    @classmethod
-    def extract_id(cls, url):
-        video_id = cls.get_temp_id(url)
-        if not video_id:
-            raise ExtractorError(f'Invalid URL: {url}')
-        return video_id
-
-    def _extract_chapters_from_json(self, data, duration):
-        chapter_list = traverse_obj(
-            data, (
-                'playerOverlays', 'playerOverlayRenderer', 'decoratedPlayerBarRenderer',
-                'decoratedPlayerBarRenderer', 'playerBar', 'chapteredPlayerBarRenderer', 'chapters',
-            ), expected_type=list)
-
-        return self._extract_chapters_helper(
-            chapter_list,
-            start_function=lambda chapter: float_or_none(
-                traverse_obj(chapter, ('chapterRenderer', 'timeRangeStartMillis')), scale=1000),
-            title_function=lambda chapter: traverse_obj(
-                chapter, ('chapterRenderer', 'title', 'simpleText'), expected_type=str),
-            duration=duration)
-
-    def _extract_chapters_from_engagement_panel(self, data, duration):
-        content_list = traverse_obj(
-            data,
-            ('engagementPanels', ..., 'engagementPanelSectionListRenderer', 'content', 'macroMarkersListRenderer', 'contents'),
-            expected_type=list)
-        chapter_time = lambda chapter: parse_duration(self._get_text(chapter, 'timeDescription'))
-        chapter_title = lambda chapter: self._get_text(chapter, 'title')
-
-        return next(filter(None, (
-            self._extract_chapters_helper(traverse_obj(contents, (..., 'macroMarkersListItemRenderer')),
-                                          chapter_time, chapter_title, duration)
-            for contents in content_list)), [])
-
-    def _extract_heatmap(self, data):
-        return traverse_obj(data, (
-            'frameworkUpdates', 'entityBatchUpdate', 'mutations',
-            lambda _, v: v['payload']['macroMarkersListEntity']['markersList']['markerType'] == 'MARKER_TYPE_HEATMAP',
-            'payload', 'macroMarkersListEntity', 'markersList', 'markers', ..., {
-                'start_time': ('startMillis', {float_or_none(scale=1000)}),
-                'end_time': {lambda x: (int(x['startMillis']) + int(x['durationMillis'])) / 1000},
-                'value': ('intensityScoreNormalized', {float_or_none}),
-            })) or None
-
-    def _extract_comment(self, entities, parent=None):
-        comment_entity_payload = get_first(entities, ('payload', 'commentEntityPayload', {dict}))
-        if not (comment_id := traverse_obj(comment_entity_payload, ('properties', 'commentId', {str}))):
-            return
-
-        toolbar_entity_payload = get_first(entities, ('payload', 'engagementToolbarStateEntityPayload', {dict}))
-        time_text = traverse_obj(comment_entity_payload, ('properties', 'publishedTime', {str})) or ''
-
-        return {
-            'id': comment_id,
-            'parent': parent or 'root',
-            **traverse_obj(comment_entity_payload, {
-                'text': ('properties', 'content', 'content', {str}),
-                'like_count': ('toolbar', 'likeCountA11y', {parse_count}),
-                'author_id': ('author', 'channelId', {self.ucid_or_none}),
-                'author': ('author', 'displayName', {str}),
-                'author_thumbnail': ('author', 'avatarThumbnailUrl', {url_or_none}),
-                'author_is_uploader': ('author', 'isCreator', {bool}),
-                'author_is_verified': ('author', 'isVerified', {bool}),
-                'author_url': ('author', 'channelCommand', 'innertubeCommand', (
-                    ('browseEndpoint', 'canonicalBaseUrl'), ('commandMetadata', 'webCommandMetadata', 'url'),
-                ), {urljoin('https://www.youtube.com')}),
-            }, get_all=False),
-            'is_favorited': (None if toolbar_entity_payload is None else
-                             toolbar_entity_payload.get('heartState') == 'TOOLBAR_HEART_STATE_HEARTED'),
-            '_time_text': time_text,  # FIXME: non-standard, but we need a way of showing that it is an estimate.
-            'timestamp': self._parse_time_text(time_text),
-        }
-
-    def _extract_comment_old(self, comment_renderer, parent=None):
-        comment_id = comment_renderer.get('commentId')
-        if not comment_id:
-            return
-
-        info = {
-            'id': comment_id,
-            'text': self._get_text(comment_renderer, 'contentText'),
-            'like_count': self._get_count(comment_renderer, 'voteCount'),
-            'author_id': traverse_obj(comment_renderer, ('authorEndpoint', 'browseEndpoint', 'browseId', {self.ucid_or_none})),
-            'author': self._get_text(comment_renderer, 'authorText'),
-            'author_thumbnail': traverse_obj(comment_renderer, ('authorThumbnail', 'thumbnails', -1, 'url', {url_or_none})),
-            'parent': parent or 'root',
-        }
-
-        # Timestamp is an estimate calculated from the current time and time_text
-        time_text = self._get_text(comment_renderer, 'publishedTimeText') or ''
-        timestamp = self._parse_time_text(time_text)
-
-        info.update({
-            # FIXME: non-standard, but we need a way of showing that it is an estimate.
-            '_time_text': time_text,
-            'timestamp': timestamp,
-        })
-
-        info['author_url'] = urljoin(
-            'https://www.youtube.com', traverse_obj(comment_renderer, ('authorEndpoint', (
-                ('browseEndpoint', 'canonicalBaseUrl'), ('commandMetadata', 'webCommandMetadata', 'url'))),
-                expected_type=str, get_all=False))
-
-        author_is_uploader = traverse_obj(comment_renderer, 'authorIsChannelOwner')
-        if author_is_uploader is not None:
-            info['author_is_uploader'] = author_is_uploader
-
-        comment_abr = traverse_obj(
-            comment_renderer, ('actionButtons', 'commentActionButtonsRenderer'), expected_type=dict)
-        if comment_abr is not None:
-            info['is_favorited'] = 'creatorHeart' in comment_abr
-
-        badges = self._extract_badges([traverse_obj(comment_renderer, 'authorCommentBadge')])
-        if self._has_badge(badges, BadgeType.VERIFIED):
-            info['author_is_verified'] = True
-
-        is_pinned = traverse_obj(comment_renderer, 'pinnedCommentBadge')
-        if is_pinned:
-            info['is_pinned'] = True
-
-        return info
-
-    def _comment_entries(self, root_continuation_data, ytcfg, video_id, parent=None, tracker=None):
-
-        get_single_config_arg = lambda c: self._configuration_arg(c, [''])[0]
-
-        def extract_header(contents):
-            _continuation = None
-            for content in contents:
-                comments_header_renderer = traverse_obj(content, 'commentsHeaderRenderer')
-                expected_comment_count = self._get_count(
-                    comments_header_renderer, 'countText', 'commentsCount')
-
-                if expected_comment_count is not None:
-                    tracker['est_total'] = expected_comment_count
-                    self.to_screen(f'Downloading ~{expected_comment_count} comments')
-                comment_sort_index = int(get_single_config_arg('comment_sort') != 'top')  # 1 = new, 0 = top
-
-                sort_menu_item = try_get(
-                    comments_header_renderer,
-                    lambda x: x['sortMenu']['sortFilterSubMenuRenderer']['subMenuItems'][comment_sort_index], dict) or {}
-                sort_continuation_ep = sort_menu_item.get('serviceEndpoint') or {}
-
-                _continuation = self._extract_continuation_ep_data(sort_continuation_ep) or self._extract_continuation(sort_menu_item)
-                if not _continuation:
-                    continue
-
-                sort_text = str_or_none(sort_menu_item.get('title'))
-                if not sort_text:
-                    sort_text = 'top comments' if comment_sort_index == 0 else 'newest first'
-                self.to_screen(f'Sorting comments by {sort_text.lower()}')
-                break
-            return _continuation
-
-        def extract_thread(contents, entity_payloads):
-            if not parent:
-                tracker['current_page_thread'] = 0
-            for content in contents:
-                if not parent and tracker['total_parent_comments'] >= max_parents:
-                    yield
-                comment_thread_renderer = try_get(content, lambda x: x['commentThreadRenderer'])
-
-                # old comment format
-                if not entity_payloads:
-                    comment_renderer = get_first(
-                        (comment_thread_renderer, content), [['commentRenderer', ('comment', 'commentRenderer')]],
-                        expected_type=dict, default={})
-
-                    comment = self._extract_comment_old(comment_renderer, parent)
-
-                # new comment format
-                else:
-                    view_model = (
-                        traverse_obj(comment_thread_renderer, ('commentViewModel', 'commentViewModel', {dict}))
-                        or traverse_obj(content, ('commentViewModel', {dict})))
-                    comment_keys = traverse_obj(view_model, (('commentKey', 'toolbarStateKey'), {str}))
-                    if not comment_keys:
-                        continue
-                    entities = traverse_obj(entity_payloads, lambda _, v: v['entityKey'] in comment_keys)
-                    comment = self._extract_comment(entities, parent)
-                    if comment:
-                        comment['is_pinned'] = traverse_obj(view_model, ('pinnedText', {str})) is not None
-
-                if not comment:
-                    continue
-                comment_id = comment['id']
-
-                if comment.get('is_pinned'):
-                    tracker['pinned_comment_ids'].add(comment_id)
-                # Sometimes YouTube may break and give us infinite looping comments.
-                # See: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/6290
-                if comment_id in tracker['seen_comment_ids']:
-                    if comment_id in tracker['pinned_comment_ids'] and not comment.get('is_pinned'):
-                        # Pinned comments may appear a second time in newest first sort
-                        # See: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/6712
-                        continue
-                    self.report_warning(
-                        'Detected YouTube comments looping. Stopping comment extraction '
-                        f'{"for this thread" if parent else ""} as we probably cannot get any more.')
-                    yield
-                else:
-                    tracker['seen_comment_ids'].add(comment['id'])
-
-                tracker['running_total'] += 1
-                tracker['total_reply_comments' if parent else 'total_parent_comments'] += 1
-                yield comment
-
-                # Attempt to get the replies
-                comment_replies_renderer = try_get(
-                    comment_thread_renderer, lambda x: x['replies']['commentRepliesRenderer'], dict)
-
-                if comment_replies_renderer:
-                    tracker['current_page_thread'] += 1
-                    comment_entries_iter = self._comment_entries(
-                        comment_replies_renderer, ytcfg, video_id,
-                        parent=comment.get('id'), tracker=tracker)
-                    yield from itertools.islice(comment_entries_iter, min(
-                        max_replies_per_thread, max(0, max_replies - tracker['total_reply_comments'])))
-
-        # Keeps track of counts across recursive calls
-        if not tracker:
-            tracker = {
-                'running_total': 0,
-                'est_total': None,
-                'current_page_thread': 0,
-                'total_parent_comments': 0,
-                'total_reply_comments': 0,
-                'seen_comment_ids': set(),
-                'pinned_comment_ids': set(),
-            }
-
-        # TODO: Deprecated
-        # YouTube comments have a max depth of 2
-        max_depth = int_or_none(get_single_config_arg('max_comment_depth'))
-        if max_depth:
-            self._downloader.deprecated_feature('[youtube] max_comment_depth extractor argument is deprecated. '
-                                                'Set max replies in the max-comments extractor argument instead')
-        if max_depth == 1 and parent:
-            return
-
-        max_comments, max_parents, max_replies, max_replies_per_thread, *_ = (
-            int_or_none(p, default=sys.maxsize) for p in self._configuration_arg('max_comments') + [''] * 4)
-
-        continuation = self._extract_continuation(root_continuation_data)
-
-        response = None
-        is_forced_continuation = False
-        is_first_continuation = parent is None
-        if is_first_continuation and not continuation:
-            # Sometimes you can get comments by generating the continuation yourself,
-            # even if YouTube initially reports them being disabled - e.g. stories comments.
-            # Note: if the comment section is actually disabled, YouTube may return a response with
-            # required check_get_keys missing. So we will disable that check initially in this case.
-            continuation = self._build_api_continuation_query(self._generate_comment_continuation(video_id))
-            is_forced_continuation = True
-
-        continuation_items_path = (
-            'onResponseReceivedEndpoints', ..., ('reloadContinuationItemsCommand', 'appendContinuationItemsAction'), 'continuationItems')
-        for page_num in itertools.count(0):
-            if not continuation:
-                break
-            headers = self.generate_api_headers(ytcfg=ytcfg, visitor_data=self._extract_visitor_data(response))
-            comment_prog_str = f"({tracker['running_total']}/~{tracker['est_total']})"
-            if page_num == 0:
-                if is_first_continuation:
-                    note_prefix = 'Downloading comment section API JSON'
-                else:
-                    note_prefix = '    Downloading comment API JSON reply thread %d %s' % (
-                        tracker['current_page_thread'], comment_prog_str)
-            else:
-                note_prefix = '{}Downloading comment{} API JSON page {} {}'.format(
-                    '       ' if parent else '', ' replies' if parent else '',
-                    page_num, comment_prog_str)
-
-            # Do a deep check for incomplete data as sometimes YouTube may return no comments for a continuation
-            # Ignore check if YouTube says the comment count is 0.
-            check_get_keys = None
-            if not is_forced_continuation and not (tracker['est_total'] == 0 and tracker['running_total'] == 0):
-                check_get_keys = [[*continuation_items_path, ..., (
-                    'commentsHeaderRenderer' if is_first_continuation else ('commentThreadRenderer', 'commentViewModel', 'commentRenderer'))]]
-            try:
-                response = self._extract_response(
-                    item_id=None, query=continuation,
-                    ep='next', ytcfg=ytcfg, headers=headers, note=note_prefix,
-                    check_get_keys=check_get_keys)
-            except ExtractorError as e:
-                # Ignore incomplete data error for replies if retries didn't work.
-                # This is to allow any other parent comments and comment threads to be downloaded.
-                # See: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/4669
-                if 'incomplete data' in str(e).lower() and parent:
-                    if self.get_param('ignoreerrors') in (True, 'only_download'):
-                        self.report_warning(
-                            'Received incomplete data for a comment reply thread and retrying did not help. '
-                            'Ignoring to let other comments be downloaded. Pass --no-ignore-errors to not ignore.')
-                        return
-                    else:
-                        raise ExtractorError(
-                            'Incomplete data received for comment reply thread. '
-                            'Pass --ignore-errors to ignore and allow rest of comments to download.',
-                            expected=True)
-                raise
-            is_forced_continuation = False
-            continuation = None
-            mutations = traverse_obj(response, ('frameworkUpdates', 'entityBatchUpdate', 'mutations', ..., {dict}))
-            for continuation_items in traverse_obj(response, continuation_items_path, expected_type=list, default=[]):
-                if is_first_continuation:
-                    continuation = extract_header(continuation_items)
-                    is_first_continuation = False
-                    if continuation:
-                        break
-                    continue
-
-                for entry in extract_thread(continuation_items, mutations):
-                    if not entry:
-                        return
-                    yield entry
-                continuation = self._extract_continuation({'contents': continuation_items})
-                if continuation:
-                    break
-
-        message = self._get_text(root_continuation_data, ('contents', ..., 'messageRenderer', 'text'), max_runs=1)
-        if message and not parent and tracker['running_total'] == 0:
-            self.report_warning(f'Youtube said: {message}', video_id=video_id, only_once=True)
-            raise self.CommentsDisabled
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _generate_comment_continuation(video_id):
-        """
-        Generates initial comment section continuation token from given video id
-        """
-        token = f'\x12\r\x12\x0b{video_id}\x18\x062\'"\x11"\x0b{video_id}0\x00x\x020\x00B\x10comments-section'
-        return base64.b64encode(token.encode()).decode()
-
-    def _get_comments(self, ytcfg, video_id, contents, webpage):
-        """Entry for comment extraction"""
-        def _real_comment_extract(contents):
-            renderer = next((
-                item for item in traverse_obj(contents, (..., 'itemSectionRenderer'), default={})
-                if item.get('sectionIdentifier') == 'comment-item-section'), None)
-            yield from self._comment_entries(renderer, ytcfg, video_id)
-
-        max_comments = int_or_none(self._configuration_arg('max_comments', [''])[0])
-        return itertools.islice(_real_comment_extract(contents), 0, max_comments)
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _get_checkok_params():
-        return {'contentCheckOk': True, 'racyCheckOk': True}
-
-    @classmethod
-    def _generate_player_context(cls, sts=None):
-        context = {
-            'html5Preference': 'HTML5_PREF_WANTS',
-        }
-        if sts is not None:
-            context['signatureTimestamp'] = sts
-        return {
-            'playbackContext': {
-                'contentPlaybackContext': context,
-            },
-            **cls._get_checkok_params(),
-        }
-
-    def _get_config_po_token(self, client: str, context: _PoTokenContext):
-        po_token_strs = self._configuration_arg('po_token', [], ie_key=YoutubeIE, casesense=True)
-        for token_str in po_token_strs:
-            po_token_meta, sep, po_token = token_str.partition('+')
-            if not sep:
-                self.report_warning(
-                    f'Invalid po_token configuration format. '
-                    f'Expected "CLIENT.CONTEXT+PO_TOKEN", got "{token_str}"', only_once=True)
-                continue
-
-            po_token_client, sep, po_token_context = po_token_meta.partition('.')
-            if po_token_client.lower() != client:
-                continue
-
-            if not sep:
-                # TODO(future): deprecate the old format?
-                self.write_debug(
-                    f'po_token configuration for {client} client is missing a context; assuming GVS. '
-                    'You can provide a context with the format "CLIENT.CONTEXT+PO_TOKEN"',
-                    only_once=True)
-                po_token_context = _PoTokenContext.GVS.value
-
-            if po_token_context.lower() != context.value:
-                continue
-
-            # Clean and validate the PO Token. This will strip invalid characters off
-            # (e.g. additional url params the user may accidentally include)
-            try:
-                return base64.urlsafe_b64encode(base64.urlsafe_b64decode(urllib.parse.unquote(po_token))).decode()
-            except (binascii.Error, ValueError):
-                self.report_warning(
-                    f'Invalid po_token configuration for {client} client: '
-                    f'{po_token_context} PO Token should be a base64url-encoded string.',
-                    only_once=True)
-                continue
-
-    def fetch_po_token(self, client='web', context=_PoTokenContext.GVS, ytcfg=None, visitor_data=None,
-                       data_sync_id=None, session_index=None, player_url=None, video_id=None, **kwargs):
-        """
-        Fetch a PO Token for a given client and context. This function will validate required parameters for a given context and client.
-
-        EXPERIMENTAL: This method is unstable and may change or be removed without notice.
-
-        @param client: The client to fetch the PO Token for.
-        @param context: The context in which the PO Token is used.
-        @param ytcfg: The ytcfg for the client.
-        @param visitor_data: visitor data.
-        @param data_sync_id: data sync ID.
-        @param session_index: session index.
-        @param player_url: player URL.
-        @param video_id: video ID.
-        @param kwargs: Additional arguments to pass down. May be more added in the future.
-        @return: The fetched PO Token. None if it could not be fetched.
-        """
-
-        # GVS WebPO Token is bound to visitor_data / Visitor ID when logged out.
-        # Must have visitor_data for it to function.
-        if player_url and context == _PoTokenContext.GVS and not visitor_data and not self.is_authenticated:
-            self.report_warning(
-                f'Unable to fetch GVS PO Token for {client} client: Missing required Visitor Data. '
-                f'You may need to pass Visitor Data with --extractor-args "youtube:visitor_data=XXX"')
-            return
-
-        if context == _PoTokenContext.PLAYER and not video_id:
-            self.report_warning(
-                f'Unable to fetch Player PO Token for {client} client: Missing required Video ID')
-            return
-
-        config_po_token = self._get_config_po_token(client, context)
-        if config_po_token:
-            # GVS WebPO token is bound to data_sync_id / account Session ID when logged in.
-            if player_url and context == _PoTokenContext.GVS and not data_sync_id and self.is_authenticated:
-                self.report_warning(
-                    f'Got a GVS PO Token for {client} client, but missing Data Sync ID for account. Formats may not work.'
-                    f'You may need to pass a Data Sync ID with --extractor-args "youtube:data_sync_id=XXX"')
-
-            return config_po_token
-
-        # Require GVS WebPO Token if logged in for external fetching
-        if player_url and context == _PoTokenContext.GVS and not data_sync_id and self.is_authenticated:
-            self.report_warning(
-                f'Unable to fetch GVS PO Token for {client} client: Missing required Data Sync ID for account. '
-                f'You may need to pass a Data Sync ID with --extractor-args "youtube:data_sync_id=XXX"')
-            return
-
-        return self._fetch_po_token(
-            client=client,
-            context=context.value,
-            ytcfg=ytcfg,
-            visitor_data=visitor_data,
-            data_sync_id=data_sync_id,
-            session_index=session_index,
-            player_url=player_url,
-            video_id=video_id,
-            **kwargs,
-        )
-
-    def _fetch_po_token(self, client, **kwargs):
-        """(Unstable) External PO Token fetch stub"""
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _is_agegated(player_response):
-        if traverse_obj(player_response, ('playabilityStatus', 'desktopLegacyAgeGateReason')):
-            return True
-
-        reasons = traverse_obj(player_response, ('playabilityStatus', ('status', 'reason')))
-        AGE_GATE_REASONS = (
-            'confirm your age', 'age-restricted', 'inappropriate',  # reason
-            'age_verification_required', 'age_check_required',  # status
-        )
-        return any(expected in reason for expected in AGE_GATE_REASONS for reason in reasons)
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _is_unplayable(player_response):
-        return traverse_obj(player_response, ('playabilityStatus', 'status')) == 'UNPLAYABLE'
-
-    def _extract_player_response(self, client, video_id, master_ytcfg, player_ytcfg, player_url, initial_pr, visitor_data, data_sync_id, po_token):
-        headers = self.generate_api_headers(
-            ytcfg=player_ytcfg,
-            default_client=client,
-            visitor_data=visitor_data,
-            session_index=self._extract_session_index(master_ytcfg, player_ytcfg),
-            delegated_session_id=(
-                self._parse_data_sync_id(data_sync_id)[0]
-                or self._extract_delegated_session_id(master_ytcfg, initial_pr, player_ytcfg)
-            ),
-            user_session_id=(
-                self._parse_data_sync_id(data_sync_id)[1]
-                or self._extract_user_session_id(master_ytcfg, initial_pr, player_ytcfg)
-            ),
-        )
-
-        yt_query = {
-            'videoId': video_id,
-        }
-
-        default_pp = traverse_obj(
-            INNERTUBE_CLIENTS, (_split_innertube_client(client)[0], 'PLAYER_PARAMS', {str}))
-        if player_params := self._configuration_arg('player_params', [default_pp], casesense=True)[0]:
-            yt_query['params'] = player_params
-
-        if po_token:
-            yt_query['serviceIntegrityDimensions'] = {'poToken': po_token}
-
-        sts = self._extract_signature_timestamp(video_id, player_url, master_ytcfg, fatal=False) if player_url else None
-        yt_query.update(self._generate_player_context(sts))
-        return self._extract_response(
-            item_id=video_id, ep='player', query=yt_query,
-            ytcfg=player_ytcfg, headers=headers, fatal=True,
-            default_client=client,
-            note='Downloading {} player API JSON'.format(client.replace('_', ' ').strip()),
-        ) or None
-
-    def _get_requested_clients(self, url, smuggled_data):
-        requested_clients = []
-        excluded_clients = []
-        default_clients = self._DEFAULT_AUTHED_CLIENTS if self.is_authenticated else self._DEFAULT_CLIENTS
-        allowed_clients = sorted(
-            (client for client in INNERTUBE_CLIENTS if client[:1] != '_'),
-            key=lambda client: INNERTUBE_CLIENTS[client]['priority'], reverse=True)
-        for client in self._configuration_arg('player_client'):
-            if client == 'default':
-                requested_clients.extend(default_clients)
-            elif client == 'all':
-                requested_clients.extend(allowed_clients)
-            elif client.startswith('-'):
-                excluded_clients.append(client[1:])
-            elif client not in allowed_clients:
-                self.report_warning(f'Skipping unsupported client "{client}"')
-            else:
-                requested_clients.append(client)
-        if not requested_clients:
-            requested_clients.extend(default_clients)
-        for excluded_client in excluded_clients:
-            if excluded_client in requested_clients:
-                requested_clients.remove(excluded_client)
-        if not requested_clients:
-            raise ExtractorError('No player clients have been requested', expected=True)
-
-        if self.is_authenticated:
-            if (smuggled_data.get('is_music_url') or self.is_music_url(url)) and 'web_music' not in requested_clients:
-                requested_clients.append('web_music')
-
-            unsupported_clients = [
-                client for client in requested_clients if not INNERTUBE_CLIENTS[client]['SUPPORTS_COOKIES']
-            ]
-            for client in unsupported_clients:
-                self.report_warning(f'Skipping client "{client}" since it does not support cookies', only_once=True)
-                requested_clients.remove(client)
-
-        return orderedSet(requested_clients)
-
-    def _invalid_player_response(self, pr, video_id):
-        # YouTube may return a different video player response than expected.
-        # See: https://github.com/TeamNewPipe/NewPipe/issues/8713
-        if (pr_id := traverse_obj(pr, ('videoDetails', 'videoId'))) != video_id:
-            return pr_id
-
-    def _extract_player_responses(self, clients, video_id, webpage, master_ytcfg, smuggled_data):
-        initial_pr = None
-        if webpage:
-            initial_pr = self._search_json(
-                self._YT_INITIAL_PLAYER_RESPONSE_RE, webpage, 'initial player response', video_id, fatal=False)
-
-        prs = []
-        deprioritized_prs = []
-
-        if initial_pr and not self._invalid_player_response(initial_pr, video_id):
-            # Android player_response does not have microFormats which are needed for
-            # extraction of some data. So we return the initial_pr with formats
-            # stripped out even if not requested by the user
-            # See: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/501
-            prs.append({**initial_pr, 'streamingData': None})
-
-        all_clients = set(clients)
-        clients = clients[::-1]
-
-        def append_client(*client_names):
-            """ Append the first client name that exists but not already used """
-            for client_name in client_names:
-                actual_client = _split_innertube_client(client_name)[0]
-                if actual_client in INNERTUBE_CLIENTS:
-                    if actual_client not in all_clients:
-                        clients.append(client_name)
-                        all_clients.add(actual_client)
-                        return
-
-        tried_iframe_fallback = False
-        player_url = visitor_data = data_sync_id = None
-        skipped_clients = {}
-        while clients:
-            deprioritize_pr = False
-            client, base_client, variant = _split_innertube_client(clients.pop())
-            player_ytcfg = master_ytcfg if client == 'web' else {}
-            if 'configs' not in self._configuration_arg('player_skip') and client != 'web':
-                player_ytcfg = self._download_ytcfg(client, video_id) or player_ytcfg
-
-            player_url = player_url or self._extract_player_url(master_ytcfg, player_ytcfg, webpage=webpage)
-            require_js_player = self._get_default_ytcfg(client).get('REQUIRE_JS_PLAYER')
-            if 'js' in self._configuration_arg('player_skip'):
-                require_js_player = False
-                player_url = None
-
-            if not player_url and not tried_iframe_fallback and require_js_player:
-                player_url = self._download_player_url(video_id)
-                tried_iframe_fallback = True
-
-            visitor_data = visitor_data or self._extract_visitor_data(master_ytcfg, initial_pr, player_ytcfg)
-            data_sync_id = data_sync_id or self._extract_data_sync_id(master_ytcfg, initial_pr, player_ytcfg)
-
-            fetch_po_token_args = {
-                'client': client,
-                'visitor_data': visitor_data,
-                'video_id': video_id,
-                'data_sync_id': data_sync_id if self.is_authenticated else None,
-                'player_url': player_url if require_js_player else None,
-                'session_index': self._extract_session_index(master_ytcfg, player_ytcfg),
-                'ytcfg': player_ytcfg,
-            }
-
-            player_po_token = self.fetch_po_token(
-                context=_PoTokenContext.PLAYER, **fetch_po_token_args)
-
-            gvs_po_token = self.fetch_po_token(
-                context=_PoTokenContext.GVS, **fetch_po_token_args)
-
-            required_pot_contexts = self._get_default_ytcfg(client)['PO_TOKEN_REQUIRED_CONTEXTS']
-
-            if (
-                not player_po_token
-                and _PoTokenContext.PLAYER in required_pot_contexts
-            ):
-                # TODO: may need to skip player response request. Unsure yet..
-                self.report_warning(
-                    f'No Player PO Token provided for {client} client, '
-                    f'which may be required for working {client} formats. This client will be deprioritized'
-                    f'You can manually pass a Player PO Token for this client with --extractor-args "youtube:po_token={client}.player+XXX". '
-                    f'For more information, refer to {PO_TOKEN_GUIDE_URL} .', only_once=True)
-                deprioritize_pr = True
-
-            if (
-                not gvs_po_token
-                and _PoTokenContext.GVS in required_pot_contexts
-                and 'missing_pot' in self._configuration_arg('formats')
-            ):
-                # note: warning with help message is provided later during format processing
-                self.report_warning(
-                    f'No GVS PO Token provided for {client} client, '
-                    f'which may be required for working {client} formats. This client will be deprioritized',
-                    only_once=True)
-                deprioritize_pr = True
-
-            pr = initial_pr if client == 'web' else None
-            try:
-                pr = pr or self._extract_player_response(
-                    client, video_id,
-                    master_ytcfg=player_ytcfg or master_ytcfg,
-                    player_ytcfg=player_ytcfg,
-                    player_url=player_url,
-                    initial_pr=initial_pr,
-                    visitor_data=visitor_data,
-                    data_sync_id=data_sync_id,
-                    po_token=player_po_token)
-            except ExtractorError as e:
-                self.report_warning(e)
-                continue
-
-            if pr_id := self._invalid_player_response(pr, video_id):
-                skipped_clients[client] = pr_id
-            elif pr:
-                # Save client name for introspection later
-                sd = traverse_obj(pr, ('streamingData', {dict})) or {}
-                sd[STREAMING_DATA_CLIENT_NAME] = client
-                sd[STREAMING_DATA_INITIAL_PO_TOKEN] = gvs_po_token
-                for f in traverse_obj(sd, (('formats', 'adaptiveFormats'), ..., {dict})):
-                    f[STREAMING_DATA_CLIENT_NAME] = client
-                    f[STREAMING_DATA_INITIAL_PO_TOKEN] = gvs_po_token
-                if deprioritize_pr:
-                    deprioritized_prs.append(pr)
-                else:
-                    prs.append(pr)
-
-            # EU countries require age-verification for accounts to access age-restricted videos
-            # If account is not age-verified, _is_agegated() will be truthy for non-embedded clients
-            if self.is_authenticated and self._is_agegated(pr):
-                self.to_screen(
-                    f'{video_id}: This video is age-restricted and YouTube is requiring '
-                    'account age-verification; some formats may be missing', only_once=True)
-                # tv_embedded can work around the age-verification requirement for embeddable videos
-                # web_creator may work around age-verification for all videos but requires PO token
-                append_client('tv_embedded', 'web_creator')
-
-        prs.extend(deprioritized_prs)
-
-        if skipped_clients:
-            self.report_warning(
-                f'Skipping player responses from {"/".join(skipped_clients)} clients '
-                f'(got player responses for video "{"/".join(set(skipped_clients.values()))}" instead of "{video_id}")')
-            if not prs:
-                raise ExtractorError(
-                    'All player responses are invalid. Your IP is likely being blocked by Youtube', expected=True)
-        elif not prs:
-            raise ExtractorError('Failed to extract any player response')
-        return prs, player_url
-
-    def _needs_live_processing(self, live_status, duration):
-        if ((live_status == 'is_live' and self.get_param('live_from_start'))
-                or (live_status == 'post_live' and (duration or 0) > 2 * 3600)):
-            return live_status
-
-    def _report_pot_format_skipped(self, video_id, client_name, proto):
-        msg = (
-            f'{video_id}: {client_name} client {proto} formats require a GVS PO Token which was not provided. '
-            'They will be skipped as they may yield HTTP Error 403. '
-            f'You can manually pass a GVS PO Token for this client with --extractor-args "youtube:po_token={client_name}.gvs+XXX". '
-            f'For more information, refer to  {PO_TOKEN_GUIDE_URL} . '
-            'To enable these broken formats anyway, pass --extractor-args "youtube:formats=missing_pot"')
-
-        # Only raise a warning for non-default clients, to not confuse users.
-        # iOS HLS formats still work without PO Token, so we don't need to warn about them.
-        if client_name in (*self._DEFAULT_CLIENTS, *self._DEFAULT_AUTHED_CLIENTS):
-            self.write_debug(msg, only_once=True)
-        else:
-            self.report_warning(msg, only_once=True)
-
-    def _extract_formats_and_subtitles(self, streaming_data, video_id, player_url, live_status, duration):
-        CHUNK_SIZE = 10 << 20
-        PREFERRED_LANG_VALUE = 10
-        original_language = None
-        itags, stream_ids = collections.defaultdict(set), []
-        itag_qualities, res_qualities = {}, {0: None}
-        q = qualities([
-            # Normally tiny is the smallest video-only formats. But
-            # audio-only formats with unknown quality may get tagged as tiny
-            'tiny',
-            'audio_quality_ultralow', 'audio_quality_low', 'audio_quality_medium', 'audio_quality_high',  # Audio only formats
-            'small', 'medium', 'large', 'hd720', 'hd1080', 'hd1440', 'hd2160', 'hd2880', 'highres',
-        ])
-        streaming_formats = traverse_obj(streaming_data, (..., ('formats', 'adaptiveFormats'), ...))
-        format_types = self._configuration_arg('formats')
-        all_formats = 'duplicate' in format_types
-        if self._configuration_arg('include_duplicate_formats'):
-            all_formats = True
-            self._downloader.deprecated_feature('[youtube] include_duplicate_formats extractor argument is deprecated. '
-                                                'Use formats=duplicate extractor argument instead')
-
-        def build_fragments(f):
-            return LazyList({
-                'url': update_url_query(f['url'], {
-                    'range': f'{range_start}-{min(range_start + CHUNK_SIZE - 1, f["filesize"])}',
-                }),
-            } for range_start in range(0, f['filesize'], CHUNK_SIZE))
-
-        for fmt in streaming_formats:
-            client_name = fmt[STREAMING_DATA_CLIENT_NAME]
-            if fmt.get('targetDurationSec'):
-                continue
-
-            itag = str_or_none(fmt.get('itag'))
-            audio_track = fmt.get('audioTrack') or {}
-            stream_id = (itag, audio_track.get('id'), fmt.get('isDrc'))
-            if not all_formats:
-                if stream_id in stream_ids:
-                    continue
-
-            quality = fmt.get('quality')
-            height = int_or_none(fmt.get('height'))
-            if quality == 'tiny' or not quality:
-                quality = fmt.get('audioQuality', '').lower() or quality
-            # The 3gp format (17) in android client has a quality of "small",
-            # but is actually worse than other formats
-            if itag == '17':
-                quality = 'tiny'
-            if quality:
-                if itag:
-                    itag_qualities[itag] = quality
-                if height:
-                    res_qualities[height] = quality
-
-            display_name = audio_track.get('displayName') or ''
-            is_original = 'original' in display_name.lower()
-            is_descriptive = 'descriptive' in display_name.lower()
-            is_default = audio_track.get('audioIsDefault')
-            language_code = audio_track.get('id', '').split('.')[0]
-            if language_code and (is_original or (is_default and not original_language)):
-                original_language = language_code
-
-            # FORMAT_STREAM_TYPE_OTF(otf=1) requires downloading the init fragment
-            # (adding `&sq=0` to the URL) and parsing emsg box to determine the
-            # number of fragment that would subsequently requested with (`&sq=N`)
-            if fmt.get('type') == 'FORMAT_STREAM_TYPE_OTF':
-                continue
-
-            fmt_url = fmt.get('url')
-            if not fmt_url:
-                sc = urllib.parse.parse_qs(fmt.get('signatureCipher'))
-                fmt_url = url_or_none(try_get(sc, lambda x: x['url'][0]))
-                encrypted_sig = try_get(sc, lambda x: x['s'][0])
-                if not all((sc, fmt_url, player_url, encrypted_sig)):
-                    self.report_warning(
-                        f'Some {client_name} client formats have been skipped as they are missing a url. '
-                        f'{"Your account" if self.is_authenticated else "The current session"} may have '
-                        f'the SSAP (server-side ads) experiment which may be interfering with yt-dlp. '
-                        f'Please see  https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12482  for more details.',
-                        only_once=True)
-                    continue
-                try:
-                    fmt_url += '&{}={}'.format(
-                        traverse_obj(sc, ('sp', -1)) or 'signature',
-                        self._decrypt_signature(encrypted_sig, video_id, player_url),
-                    )
-                except ExtractorError as e:
-                    self.report_warning('Signature extraction failed: Some formats may be missing',
-                                        video_id=video_id, only_once=True)
-                    self.write_debug(e, only_once=True)
-                    continue
-
-            query = parse_qs(fmt_url)
-            if query.get('n'):
-                try:
-                    decrypt_nsig = self._cached(self._decrypt_nsig, 'nsig', query['n'][0])
-                    fmt_url = update_url_query(fmt_url, {
-                        'n': decrypt_nsig(query['n'][0], video_id, player_url),
-                    })
-                except ExtractorError as e:
-                    phantomjs_hint = ''
-                    if isinstance(e, JSInterpreter.Exception):
-                        phantomjs_hint = (f'         Install {self._downloader._format_err("PhantomJS", self._downloader.Styles.EMPHASIS)} '
-                                          f'to workaround the issue. {PhantomJSwrapper.INSTALL_HINT}\n')
-                    if player_url:
-                        self.report_warning(
-                            f'nsig extraction failed: Some formats may be missing\n{phantomjs_hint}'
-                            f'         n = {query["n"][0]} ; player = {player_url}', video_id=video_id, only_once=True)
-                        self.write_debug(e, only_once=True)
-                    else:
-                        self.report_warning(
-                            'Cannot decrypt nsig without player_url: Some formats may be missing',
-                            video_id=video_id, only_once=True)
-                    continue
-
-            tbr = float_or_none(fmt.get('averageBitrate') or fmt.get('bitrate'), 1000)
-            format_duration = traverse_obj(fmt, ('approxDurationMs', {float_or_none(scale=1000)}))
-            # Some formats may have much smaller duration than others (possibly damaged during encoding)
-            # E.g. 2-nOtRESiUc Ref: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/2823
-            # Make sure to avoid false positives with small duration differences.
-            # E.g. __2ABJjxzNo, ySuUZEjARPY
-            is_damaged = try_call(lambda: format_duration < duration // 2)
-            if is_damaged:
-                self.report_warning(
-                    f'{video_id}: Some formats are possibly damaged. They will be deprioritized', only_once=True)
-
-            po_token = fmt.get(STREAMING_DATA_INITIAL_PO_TOKEN)
-
-            if po_token:
-                fmt_url = update_url_query(fmt_url, {'pot': po_token})
-
-            # Clients that require PO Token return videoplayback URLs that may return 403
-            require_po_token = (
-                not po_token
-                and _PoTokenContext.GVS in self._get_default_ytcfg(client_name)['PO_TOKEN_REQUIRED_CONTEXTS']
-                and itag not in ['18'])  # these formats do not require PO Token
-
-            if require_po_token and 'missing_pot' not in self._configuration_arg('formats'):
-                self._report_pot_format_skipped(video_id, client_name, 'https')
-                continue
-
-            name = fmt.get('qualityLabel') or quality.replace('audio_quality_', '') or ''
-            fps = int_or_none(fmt.get('fps')) or 0
-            dct = {
-                'asr': int_or_none(fmt.get('audioSampleRate')),
-                'filesize': int_or_none(fmt.get('contentLength')),
-                'format_id': f'{itag}{"-drc" if fmt.get("isDrc") else ""}',
-                'format_note': join_nonempty(
-                    join_nonempty(display_name, is_default and ' (default)', delim=''),
-                    name, fmt.get('isDrc') and 'DRC',
-                    try_get(fmt, lambda x: x['projectionType'].replace('RECTANGULAR', '').lower()),
-                    try_get(fmt, lambda x: x['spatialAudioType'].replace('SPATIAL_AUDIO_TYPE_', '').lower()),
-                    is_damaged and 'DAMAGED', require_po_token and 'MISSING POT',
-                    (self.get_param('verbose') or all_formats) and short_client_name(client_name),
-                    delim=', '),
-                # Format 22 is likely to be damaged. See https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/3372
-                'source_preference': (-5 if itag == '22' else -1) + (100 if 'Premium' in name else 0),
-                'fps': fps if fps > 1 else None,  # For some formats, fps is wrongly returned as 1
-                'audio_channels': fmt.get('audioChannels'),
-                'height': height,
-                'quality': q(quality) - bool(fmt.get('isDrc')) / 2,
-                'has_drm': bool(fmt.get('drmFamilies')),
-                'tbr': tbr,
-                'filesize_approx': filesize_from_tbr(tbr, format_duration),
-                'url': fmt_url,
-                'width': int_or_none(fmt.get('width')),
-                'language': join_nonempty(language_code, 'desc' if is_descriptive else '') or None,
-                'language_preference': PREFERRED_LANG_VALUE if is_original else 5 if is_default else -10 if is_descriptive else -1,
-                # Strictly de-prioritize broken, damaged and 3gp formats
-                'preference': -20 if require_po_token else -10 if is_damaged else -2 if itag == '17' else None,
-            }
-            mime_mobj = re.match(
-                r'((?:[^/]+)/(?:[^;]+))(?:;\s*codecs="([^"]+)")?', fmt.get('mimeType') or '')
-            if mime_mobj:
-                dct['ext'] = mimetype2ext(mime_mobj.group(1))
-                dct.update(parse_codecs(mime_mobj.group(2)))
-            if itag:
-                itags[itag].add(('https', dct.get('language')))
-                stream_ids.append(stream_id)
-            single_stream = 'none' in (dct.get('acodec'), dct.get('vcodec'))
-            if single_stream and dct.get('ext'):
-                dct['container'] = dct['ext'] + '_dash'
-
-            if (all_formats or 'dashy' in format_types) and dct['filesize']:
-                yield {
-                    **dct,
-                    'format_id': f'{dct["format_id"]}-dashy' if all_formats else dct['format_id'],
-                    'protocol': 'http_dash_segments',
-                    'fragments': build_fragments(dct),
-                }
-            if all_formats or 'dashy' not in format_types:
-                dct['downloader_options'] = {'http_chunk_size': CHUNK_SIZE}
-                yield dct
-
-        needs_live_processing = self._needs_live_processing(live_status, duration)
-        skip_bad_formats = 'incomplete' not in format_types
-        if self._configuration_arg('include_incomplete_formats'):
-            skip_bad_formats = False
-            self._downloader.deprecated_feature('[youtube] include_incomplete_formats extractor argument is deprecated. '
-                                                'Use formats=incomplete extractor argument instead')
-
-        skip_manifests = set(self._configuration_arg('skip'))
-        if (not self.get_param('youtube_include_hls_manifest', True)
-                or needs_live_processing == 'is_live'  # These will be filtered out by YoutubeDL anyway
-                or (needs_live_processing and skip_bad_formats)):
-            skip_manifests.add('hls')
-
-        if not self.get_param('youtube_include_dash_manifest', True):
-            skip_manifests.add('dash')
-        if self._configuration_arg('include_live_dash'):
-            self._downloader.deprecated_feature('[youtube] include_live_dash extractor argument is deprecated. '
-                                                'Use formats=incomplete extractor argument instead')
-        elif skip_bad_formats and live_status == 'is_live' and needs_live_processing != 'is_live':
-            skip_manifests.add('dash')
-
-        def process_manifest_format(f, proto, client_name, itag, po_token):
-            key = (proto, f.get('language'))
-            if not all_formats and key in itags[itag]:
-                return False
-
-            if f.get('source_preference') is None:
-                f['source_preference'] = -1
-
-            # Clients that require PO Token return videoplayback URLs that may return 403
-            # hls does not currently require PO Token
-            if (
-                not po_token
-                and _PoTokenContext.GVS in self._get_default_ytcfg(client_name)['PO_TOKEN_REQUIRED_CONTEXTS']
-                and proto != 'hls'
-            ):
-                if 'missing_pot' not in self._configuration_arg('formats'):
-                    self._report_pot_format_skipped(video_id, client_name, proto)
-                    return False
-                f['format_note'] = join_nonempty(f.get('format_note'), 'MISSING POT', delim=' ')
-                f['source_preference'] -= 20
-
-            itags[itag].add(key)
-
-            if itag and all_formats:
-                f['format_id'] = f'{itag}-{proto}'
-            elif any(p != proto for p, _ in itags[itag]):
-                f['format_id'] = f'{itag}-{proto}'
-            elif itag:
-                f['format_id'] = itag
-
-            if original_language and f.get('language') == original_language:
-                f['format_note'] = join_nonempty(f.get('format_note'), '(default)', delim=' ')
-                f['language_preference'] = PREFERRED_LANG_VALUE
-
-            if itag in ('616', '235'):
-                f['format_note'] = join_nonempty(f.get('format_note'), 'Premium', delim=' ')
-                f['source_preference'] += 100
-
-            f['quality'] = q(itag_qualities.get(try_get(f, lambda f: f['format_id'].split('-')[0]), -1))
-            if f['quality'] == -1 and f.get('height'):
-                f['quality'] = q(res_qualities[min(res_qualities, key=lambda x: abs(x - f['height']))])
-            if self.get_param('verbose') or all_formats:
-                f['format_note'] = join_nonempty(
-                    f.get('format_note'), short_client_name(client_name), delim=', ')
-            if f.get('fps') and f['fps'] <= 1:
-                del f['fps']
-
-            if proto == 'hls' and f.get('has_drm'):
-                f['has_drm'] = 'maybe'
-                f['source_preference'] -= 5
-            return True
-
-        subtitles = {}
-        for sd in streaming_data:
-            client_name = sd[STREAMING_DATA_CLIENT_NAME]
-            po_token = sd.get(STREAMING_DATA_INITIAL_PO_TOKEN)
-            hls_manifest_url = 'hls' not in skip_manifests and sd.get('hlsManifestUrl')
-            if hls_manifest_url:
-                if po_token:
-                    hls_manifest_url = hls_manifest_url.rstrip('/') + f'/pot/{po_token}'
-                fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
-                    hls_manifest_url, video_id, 'mp4', fatal=False, live=live_status == 'is_live')
-                subtitles = self._merge_subtitles(subs, subtitles)
-                for f in fmts:
-                    if process_manifest_format(f, 'hls', client_name, self._search_regex(
-                            r'/itag/(\d+)', f['url'], 'itag', default=None), po_token):
-                        yield f
-
-            dash_manifest_url = 'dash' not in skip_manifests and sd.get('dashManifestUrl')
-            if dash_manifest_url:
-                if po_token:
-                    dash_manifest_url = dash_manifest_url.rstrip('/') + f'/pot/{po_token}'
-                formats, subs = self._extract_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(dash_manifest_url, video_id, fatal=False)
-                subtitles = self._merge_subtitles(subs, subtitles)  # Prioritize HLS subs over DASH
-                for f in formats:
-                    if process_manifest_format(f, 'dash', client_name, f['format_id'], po_token):
-                        f['filesize'] = int_or_none(self._search_regex(
-                            r'/clen/(\d+)', f.get('fragment_base_url') or f['url'], 'file size', default=None))
-                        if needs_live_processing:
-                            f['is_from_start'] = True
-
-                        yield f
-        yield subtitles
-
-    def _extract_storyboard(self, player_responses, duration):
-        spec = get_first(
-            player_responses, ('storyboards', 'playerStoryboardSpecRenderer', 'spec'), default='').split('|')[::-1]
-        base_url = url_or_none(urljoin('https://i.ytimg.com/', spec.pop() or None))
-        if not base_url:
-            return
-        L = len(spec) - 1
-        for i, args in enumerate(spec):
-            args = args.split('#')
-            counts = list(map(int_or_none, args[:5]))
-            if len(args) != 8 or not all(counts):
-                self.report_warning(f'Malformed storyboard {i}: {"#".join(args)}{bug_reports_message()}')
-                continue
-            width, height, frame_count, cols, rows = counts
-            N, sigh = args[6:]
-
-            url = base_url.replace('$L', str(L - i)).replace('$N', N) + f'&sigh={sigh}'
-            fragment_count = frame_count / (cols * rows)
-            fragment_duration = duration / fragment_count
-            yield {
-                'format_id': f'sb{i}',
-                'format_note': 'storyboard',
-                'ext': 'mhtml',
-                'protocol': 'mhtml',
-                'acodec': 'none',
-                'vcodec': 'none',
-                'url': url,
-                'width': width,
-                'height': height,
-                'fps': frame_count / duration,
-                'rows': rows,
-                'columns': cols,
-                'fragments': [{
-                    'url': url.replace('$M', str(j)),
-                    'duration': min(fragment_duration, duration - (j * fragment_duration)),
-                } for j in range(math.ceil(fragment_count))],
-            }
-
-    def _download_player_responses(self, url, smuggled_data, video_id, webpage_url):
-        webpage = None
-        if 'webpage' not in self._configuration_arg('player_skip'):
-            query = {'bpctr': '9999999999', 'has_verified': '1'}
-            pp = self._configuration_arg('player_params', [None], casesense=True)[0]
-            if pp:
-                query['pp'] = pp
-            webpage = self._download_webpage_with_retries(webpage_url, video_id, query=query)
-
-        master_ytcfg = self.extract_ytcfg(video_id, webpage) or self._get_default_ytcfg()
-
-        player_responses, player_url = self._extract_player_responses(
-            self._get_requested_clients(url, smuggled_data),
-            video_id, webpage, master_ytcfg, smuggled_data)
-
-        return webpage, master_ytcfg, player_responses, player_url
-
-    def _list_formats(self, video_id, microformats, video_details, player_responses, player_url, duration=None):
-        live_broadcast_details = traverse_obj(microformats, (..., 'liveBroadcastDetails'))
-        is_live = get_first(video_details, 'isLive')
-        if is_live is None:
-            is_live = get_first(live_broadcast_details, 'isLiveNow')
-        live_content = get_first(video_details, 'isLiveContent')
-        is_upcoming = get_first(video_details, 'isUpcoming')
-        post_live = get_first(video_details, 'isPostLiveDvr')
-        live_status = ('post_live' if post_live
-                       else 'is_live' if is_live
-                       else 'is_upcoming' if is_upcoming
-                       else 'was_live' if live_content
-                       else 'not_live' if False in (is_live, live_content)
-                       else None)
-        streaming_data = traverse_obj(player_responses, (..., 'streamingData'))
-        *formats, subtitles = self._extract_formats_and_subtitles(streaming_data, video_id, player_url, live_status, duration)
-        if all(f.get('has_drm') for f in formats):
-            # If there are no formats that definitely don't have DRM, all have DRM
-            for f in formats:
-                f['has_drm'] = True
-
-        return live_broadcast_details, live_status, streaming_data, formats, subtitles
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        url, smuggled_data = unsmuggle_url(url, {})
-        video_id = self._match_id(url)
-
-        base_url = self.http_scheme() + '//www.youtube.com/'
-        webpage_url = base_url + 'watch?v=' + video_id
-
-        webpage, master_ytcfg, player_responses, player_url = self._download_player_responses(url, smuggled_data, video_id, webpage_url)
-
-        playability_statuses = traverse_obj(
-            player_responses, (..., 'playabilityStatus'), expected_type=dict)
-
-        trailer_video_id = get_first(
-            playability_statuses,
-            ('errorScreen', 'playerLegacyDesktopYpcTrailerRenderer', 'trailerVideoId'),
-            expected_type=str)
-        if trailer_video_id:
-            return self.url_result(
-                trailer_video_id, self.ie_key(), trailer_video_id)
-
-        search_meta = ((lambda x: self._html_search_meta(x, webpage, default=None))
-                       if webpage else (lambda x: None))
-
-        video_details = traverse_obj(player_responses, (..., 'videoDetails'), expected_type=dict)
-        microformats = traverse_obj(
-            player_responses, (..., 'microformat', 'playerMicroformatRenderer'),
-            expected_type=dict)
-
-        translated_title = self._get_text(microformats, (..., 'title'))
-        video_title = ((self._preferred_lang and translated_title)
-                       or get_first(video_details, 'title')  # primary
-                       or translated_title
-                       or search_meta(['og:title', 'twitter:title', 'title']))
-        translated_description = self._get_text(microformats, (..., 'description'))
-        original_description = get_first(video_details, 'shortDescription')
-        video_description = (
-            (self._preferred_lang and translated_description)
-            # If original description is blank, it will be an empty string.
-            # Do not prefer translated description in this case.
-            or original_description if original_description is not None else translated_description)
-
-        multifeed_metadata_list = get_first(
-            player_responses,
-            ('multicamera', 'playerLegacyMulticameraRenderer', 'metadataList'),
-            expected_type=str)
-        if multifeed_metadata_list and not smuggled_data.get('force_singlefeed'):
-            if self.get_param('noplaylist'):
-                self.to_screen(f'Downloading just video {video_id} because of --no-playlist')
-            else:
-                entries = []
-                feed_ids = []
-                for feed in multifeed_metadata_list.split(','):
-                    # Unquote should take place before split on comma (,) since textual
-                    # fields may contain comma as well (see
-                    # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/8536)
-                    feed_data = urllib.parse.parse_qs(
-                        urllib.parse.unquote_plus(feed))
-
-                    def feed_entry(name):
-                        return try_get(
-                            feed_data, lambda x: x[name][0], str)
-
-                    feed_id = feed_entry('id')
-                    if not feed_id:
-                        continue
-                    feed_title = feed_entry('title')
-                    title = video_title
-                    if feed_title:
-                        title += f' ({feed_title})'
-                    entries.append({
-                        '_type': 'url_transparent',
-                        'ie_key': 'Youtube',
-                        'url': smuggle_url(
-                            '{}watch?v={}'.format(base_url, feed_data['id'][0]),
-                            {'force_singlefeed': True}),
-                        'title': title,
-                    })
-                    feed_ids.append(feed_id)
-                self.to_screen(
-                    'Downloading multifeed video ({}) - add --no-playlist to just download video {}'.format(
-                        ', '.join(feed_ids), video_id))
-                return self.playlist_result(
-                    entries, video_id, video_title, video_description)
-
-        duration = (int_or_none(get_first(video_details, 'lengthSeconds'))
-                    or int_or_none(get_first(microformats, 'lengthSeconds'))
-                    or parse_duration(search_meta('duration')) or None)
-
-        live_broadcast_details, live_status, streaming_data, formats, automatic_captions = \
-            self._list_formats(video_id, microformats, video_details, player_responses, player_url, duration)
-        if live_status == 'post_live':
-            self.write_debug(f'{video_id}: Video is in Post-Live Manifestless mode')
-
-        if not formats:
-            if not self.get_param('allow_unplayable_formats') and traverse_obj(streaming_data, (..., 'licenseInfos')):
-                self.report_drm(video_id)
-            pemr = get_first(
-                playability_statuses,
-                ('errorScreen', 'playerErrorMessageRenderer'), expected_type=dict) or {}
-            reason = self._get_text(pemr, 'reason') or get_first(playability_statuses, 'reason')
-            subreason = clean_html(self._get_text(pemr, 'subreason') or '')
-            if subreason:
-                if subreason == 'The uploader has not made this video available in your country.':
-                    countries = get_first(microformats, 'availableCountries')
-                    if not countries:
-                        regions_allowed = search_meta('regionsAllowed')
-                        countries = regions_allowed.split(',') if regions_allowed else None
-                    self.raise_geo_restricted(subreason, countries, metadata_available=True)
-                reason += f'. {subreason}'
-            if reason:
-                if 'sign in' in reason.lower():
-                    reason = remove_end(reason, 'This helps protect our community. Learn more')
-                    reason = f'{remove_end(reason.strip(), ".")}. {self._youtube_login_hint}'
-                self.raise_no_formats(reason, expected=True)
-
-        keywords = get_first(video_details, 'keywords', expected_type=list) or []
-        if not keywords and webpage:
-            keywords = [
-                unescapeHTML(m.group('content'))
-                for m in re.finditer(self._meta_regex('og:video:tag'), webpage)]
-        for keyword in keywords:
-            if keyword.startswith('yt:stretch='):
-                mobj = re.search(r'(\d+)\s*:\s*(\d+)', keyword)
-                if mobj:
-                    # NB: float is intentional for forcing float division
-                    w, h = (float(v) for v in mobj.groups())
-                    if w > 0 and h > 0:
-                        ratio = w / h
-                        for f in formats:
-                            if f.get('vcodec') != 'none':
-                                f['stretched_ratio'] = ratio
-                        break
-        thumbnails = self._extract_thumbnails((video_details, microformats), (..., ..., 'thumbnail'))
-        thumbnail_url = search_meta(['og:image', 'twitter:image'])
-        if thumbnail_url:
-            thumbnails.append({
-                'url': thumbnail_url,
-            })
-        original_thumbnails = thumbnails.copy()
-
-        # The best resolution thumbnails sometimes does not appear in the webpage
-        # See: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/340
-        # List of possible thumbnails - Ref: <https://stackoverflow.com/a/20542029>
-        thumbnail_names = [
-            # While the *1,*2,*3 thumbnails are just below their corresponding "*default" variants
-            # in resolution, these are not the custom thumbnail. So de-prioritize them
-            'maxresdefault', 'hq720', 'sddefault', 'hqdefault', '0', 'mqdefault', 'default',
-            'sd1', 'sd2', 'sd3', 'hq1', 'hq2', 'hq3', 'mq1', 'mq2', 'mq3', '1', '2', '3',
-        ]
-        n_thumbnail_names = len(thumbnail_names)
-        thumbnails.extend({
-            'url': 'https://i.ytimg.com/vi{webp}/{video_id}/{name}{live}.{ext}'.format(
-                video_id=video_id, name=name, ext=ext,
-                webp='_webp' if ext == 'webp' else '', live='_live' if live_status == 'is_live' else ''),
-        } for name in thumbnail_names for ext in ('webp', 'jpg'))
-        for thumb in thumbnails:
-            i = next((i for i, t in enumerate(thumbnail_names) if f'/{video_id}/{t}' in thumb['url']), n_thumbnail_names)
-            thumb['preference'] = (0 if '.webp' in thumb['url'] else -1) - (2 * i)
-        self._remove_duplicate_formats(thumbnails)
-        self._downloader._sort_thumbnails(original_thumbnails)
-
-        category = get_first(microformats, 'category') or search_meta('genre')
-        channel_id = self.ucid_or_none(str_or_none(
-            get_first(video_details, 'channelId')
-            or get_first(microformats, 'externalChannelId')
-            or search_meta('channelId')))
-        owner_profile_url = get_first(microformats, 'ownerProfileUrl')
-
-        live_start_time = parse_iso8601(get_first(live_broadcast_details, 'startTimestamp'))
-        live_end_time = parse_iso8601(get_first(live_broadcast_details, 'endTimestamp'))
-        if not duration and live_end_time and live_start_time:
-            duration = live_end_time - live_start_time
-
-        needs_live_processing = self._needs_live_processing(live_status, duration)
-
-        def is_bad_format(fmt):
-            if needs_live_processing and not fmt.get('is_from_start'):
-                return True
-            elif (live_status == 'is_live' and needs_live_processing != 'is_live'
-                    and fmt.get('protocol') == 'http_dash_segments'):
-                return True
-
-        for fmt in filter(is_bad_format, formats):
-            fmt['preference'] = (fmt.get('preference') or -1) - 10
-            fmt['format_note'] = join_nonempty(fmt.get('format_note'), '(Last 2 hours)', delim=' ')
-
-        if needs_live_processing:
-            self._prepare_live_from_start_formats(
-                formats, video_id, live_start_time, url, webpage_url, smuggled_data, live_status == 'is_live')
-
-        formats.extend(self._extract_storyboard(player_responses, duration))
-
-        channel_handle = self.handle_from_url(owner_profile_url)
-
-        info = {
-            'id': video_id,
-            'title': video_title,
-            'formats': formats,
-            'thumbnails': thumbnails,
-            # The best thumbnail that we are sure exists. Prevents unnecessary
-            # URL checking if user don't care about getting the best possible thumbnail
-            'thumbnail': traverse_obj(original_thumbnails, (-1, 'url')),
-            'description': video_description,
-            'channel_id': channel_id,
-            'channel_url': format_field(channel_id, None, 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/%s', default=None),
-            'duration': duration,
-            'view_count': int_or_none(
-                get_first((video_details, microformats), (..., 'viewCount'))
-                or search_meta('interactionCount')),
-            'average_rating': float_or_none(get_first(video_details, 'averageRating')),
-            'age_limit': 18 if (
-                get_first(microformats, 'isFamilySafe') is False
-                or search_meta('isFamilyFriendly') == 'false'
-                or search_meta('og:restrictions:age') == '18+') else 0,
-            'webpage_url': webpage_url,
-            'categories': [category] if category else None,
-            'tags': keywords,
-            'playable_in_embed': get_first(playability_statuses, 'playableInEmbed'),
-            'live_status': live_status,
-            'media_type': 'livestream' if get_first(video_details, 'isLiveContent') else None,
-            'release_timestamp': live_start_time,
-            '_format_sort_fields': (  # source_preference is lower for potentially damaged formats
-                'quality', 'res', 'fps', 'hdr:12', 'source', 'vcodec', 'channels', 'acodec', 'lang', 'proto'),
-        }
-
-        subtitles = {}
-        pctr = traverse_obj(player_responses, (..., 'captions', 'playerCaptionsTracklistRenderer'), expected_type=dict)
-        if pctr:
-            def get_lang_code(track):
-                return (remove_start(track.get('vssId') or '', '.').replace('.', '-')
-                        or track.get('languageCode'))
-
-            # Converted into dicts to remove duplicates
-            captions = {
-                get_lang_code(sub): sub
-                for sub in traverse_obj(pctr, (..., 'captionTracks', ...))}
-            translation_languages = {
-                lang.get('languageCode'): self._get_text(lang.get('languageName'), max_runs=1)
-                for lang in traverse_obj(pctr, (..., 'translationLanguages', ...))}
-
-            def process_language(container, base_url, lang_code, sub_name, query):
-                lang_subs = container.setdefault(lang_code, [])
-                for fmt in self._SUBTITLE_FORMATS:
-                    query.update({
-                        'fmt': fmt,
-                    })
-                    lang_subs.append({
-                        'ext': fmt,
-                        'url': urljoin('https://www.youtube.com', update_url_query(base_url, query)),
-                        'name': sub_name,
-                    })
-
-            # NB: Constructing the full subtitle dictionary is slow
-            get_translated_subs = 'translated_subs' not in self._configuration_arg('skip') and (
-                self.get_param('writeautomaticsub', False) or self.get_param('listsubtitles'))
-            for lang_code, caption_track in captions.items():
-                base_url = caption_track.get('baseUrl')
-                orig_lang = parse_qs(base_url).get('lang', [None])[-1]
-                if not base_url:
-                    continue
-                lang_name = self._get_text(caption_track, 'name', max_runs=1)
-                if caption_track.get('kind') != 'asr':
-                    if not lang_code:
-                        continue
-                    process_language(
-                        subtitles, base_url, lang_code, lang_name, {})
-                    if not caption_track.get('isTranslatable'):
-                        continue
-                for trans_code, trans_name in translation_languages.items():
-                    if not trans_code:
-                        continue
-                    orig_trans_code = trans_code
-                    if caption_track.get('kind') != 'asr' and trans_code != 'und':
-                        if not get_translated_subs:
-                            continue
-                        trans_code += f'-{lang_code}'
-                        trans_name += format_field(lang_name, None, ' from %s')
-                    if lang_code == f'a-{orig_trans_code}':
-                        # Set audio language based on original subtitles
-                        for f in formats:
-                            if f.get('acodec') != 'none' and not f.get('language'):
-                                f['language'] = orig_trans_code
-                        # Add an "-orig" label to the original language so that it can be distinguished.
-                        # The subs are returned without "-orig" as well for compatibility
-                        process_language(
-                            automatic_captions, base_url, f'{trans_code}-orig', f'{trans_name} (Original)', {})
-                    # Setting tlang=lang returns damaged subtitles.
-                    process_language(automatic_captions, base_url, trans_code, trans_name,
-                                     {} if orig_lang == orig_trans_code else {'tlang': trans_code})
-
-        info['automatic_captions'] = automatic_captions
-        info['subtitles'] = subtitles
-
-        parsed_url = urllib.parse.urlparse(url)
-        for component in [parsed_url.fragment, parsed_url.query]:
-            query = urllib.parse.parse_qs(component)
-            for k, v in query.items():
-                for d_k, s_ks in [('start', ('start', 't')), ('end', ('end',))]:
-                    d_k += '_time'
-                    if d_k not in info and k in s_ks:
-                        info[d_k] = parse_duration(v[0])
-
-        # Youtube Music Auto-generated description
-        if (video_description or '').strip().endswith('\nAuto-generated by YouTube.'):
-            # XXX: Causes catastrophic backtracking if description has "·"
-            # E.g. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DoPaAxMQoiI
-            # Simulating atomic groups:  (?P<a>[^xy]+)x  =>  (?=(?P<a>[^xy]+))(?P=a)x
-            # reduces it, but does not fully fix it. https://regex101.com/r/8Ssf2h/2
-            mobj = re.search(
-                r'''(?xs)
-                    (?=(?P<track>[^\n·]+))(?P=track)·
-                    (?=(?P<artist>[^\n]+))(?P=artist)\n+
-                    (?=(?P<album>[^\n]+))(?P=album)\n
-                    (?:.+?â„—\s*(?P<release_year>\d{4})(?!\d))?
-                    (?:.+?Released\ on\s*:\s*(?P<release_date>\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}))?
-                    (.+?\nArtist\s*:\s*
-                        (?=(?P<clean_artist>[^\n]+))(?P=clean_artist)\n
-                    )?.+\nAuto-generated\ by\ YouTube\.\s*$
-                ''', video_description)
-            if mobj:
-                release_year = mobj.group('release_year')
-                release_date = mobj.group('release_date')
-                if release_date:
-                    release_date = release_date.replace('-', '')
-                    if not release_year:
-                        release_year = release_date[:4]
-                info.update({
-                    'album': mobj.group('album'.strip()),
-                    'artists': ([a] if (a := mobj.group('clean_artist'))
-                                else [a.strip() for a in mobj.group('artist').split('·')]),
-                    'track': mobj.group('track').strip(),
-                    'release_date': release_date,
-                    'release_year': int_or_none(release_year),
-                })
-
-        initial_data = None
-        if webpage:
-            initial_data = self.extract_yt_initial_data(video_id, webpage, fatal=False)
-            if not traverse_obj(initial_data, 'contents'):
-                self.report_warning('Incomplete data received in embedded initial data; re-fetching using API.')
-                initial_data = None
-        if not initial_data:
-            query = {'videoId': video_id}
-            query.update(self._get_checkok_params())
-            initial_data = self._extract_response(
-                item_id=video_id, ep='next', fatal=False,
-                ytcfg=master_ytcfg, query=query, check_get_keys='contents',
-                headers=self.generate_api_headers(ytcfg=master_ytcfg),
-                note='Downloading initial data API JSON')
-
-        COMMENTS_SECTION_IDS = ('comment-item-section', 'engagement-panel-comments-section')
-        info['comment_count'] = traverse_obj(initial_data, (
-            'contents', 'twoColumnWatchNextResults', 'results', 'results', 'contents', ..., 'itemSectionRenderer',
-            'contents', ..., 'commentsEntryPointHeaderRenderer', 'commentCount',
-        ), (
-            'engagementPanels', lambda _, v: v['engagementPanelSectionListRenderer']['panelIdentifier'] in COMMENTS_SECTION_IDS,
-            'engagementPanelSectionListRenderer', 'header', 'engagementPanelTitleHeaderRenderer', 'contextualInfo',
-        ), expected_type=self._get_count, get_all=False)
-
-        try:  # This will error if there is no livechat
-            initial_data['contents']['twoColumnWatchNextResults']['conversationBar']['liveChatRenderer']['continuations'][0]['reloadContinuationData']['continuation']
-        except (KeyError, IndexError, TypeError):
-            pass
-        else:
-            info.setdefault('subtitles', {})['live_chat'] = [{
-                # url is needed to set cookies
-                'url': f'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v={video_id}&bpctr=9999999999&has_verified=1',
-                'video_id': video_id,
-                'ext': 'json',
-                'protocol': ('youtube_live_chat' if live_status in ('is_live', 'is_upcoming')
-                             else 'youtube_live_chat_replay'),
-            }]
-
-        if initial_data:
-            info['chapters'] = (
-                self._extract_chapters_from_json(initial_data, duration)
-                or self._extract_chapters_from_engagement_panel(initial_data, duration)
-                or self._extract_chapters_from_description(video_description, duration)
-                or None)
-
-            info['heatmap'] = self._extract_heatmap(initial_data)
-
-        contents = traverse_obj(
-            initial_data, ('contents', 'twoColumnWatchNextResults', 'results', 'results', 'contents'),
-            expected_type=list, default=[])
-
-        vpir = get_first(contents, 'videoPrimaryInfoRenderer')
-        if vpir:
-            stl = vpir.get('superTitleLink')
-            if stl:
-                stl = self._get_text(stl)
-                if try_get(
-                        vpir,
-                        lambda x: x['superTitleIcon']['iconType']) == 'LOCATION_PIN':
-                    info['location'] = stl
-                else:
-                    mobj = re.search(r'(.+?)\s*S(\d+)\s*•?\s*E(\d+)', stl)
-                    if mobj:
-                        info.update({
-                            'series': mobj.group(1),
-                            'season_number': int(mobj.group(2)),
-                            'episode_number': int(mobj.group(3)),
-                        })
-            for tlb in (try_get(
-                    vpir,
-                    lambda x: x['videoActions']['menuRenderer']['topLevelButtons'],
-                    list) or []):
-                tbrs = variadic(
-                    traverse_obj(
-                        tlb, ('toggleButtonRenderer', ...),
-                        ('segmentedLikeDislikeButtonRenderer', ..., 'toggleButtonRenderer')))
-                for tbr in tbrs:
-                    for getter, regex in [(
-                            lambda x: x['defaultText']['accessibility']['accessibilityData'],
-                            r'(?P<count>[\d,]+)\s*(?P<type>(?:dis)?like)'), ([
-                                lambda x: x['accessibility'],
-                                lambda x: x['accessibilityData']['accessibilityData'],
-                            ], r'(?P<type>(?:dis)?like) this video along with (?P<count>[\d,]+) other people')]:
-                        label = (try_get(tbr, getter, dict) or {}).get('label')
-                        if label:
-                            mobj = re.match(regex, label)
-                            if mobj:
-                                info[mobj.group('type') + '_count'] = str_to_int(mobj.group('count'))
-                                break
-
-            info['like_count'] = traverse_obj(vpir, (
-                'videoActions', 'menuRenderer', 'topLevelButtons', ...,
-                'segmentedLikeDislikeButtonViewModel', 'likeButtonViewModel', 'likeButtonViewModel',
-                'toggleButtonViewModel', 'toggleButtonViewModel', 'defaultButtonViewModel',
-                'buttonViewModel', 'accessibilityText', {parse_count}), get_all=False)
-
-            vcr = traverse_obj(vpir, ('viewCount', 'videoViewCountRenderer'))
-            if vcr:
-                vc = self._get_count(vcr, 'viewCount')
-                # Upcoming premieres with waiting count are treated as live here
-                if vcr.get('isLive'):
-                    info['concurrent_view_count'] = vc
-                elif info.get('view_count') is None:
-                    info['view_count'] = vc
-
-        vsir = get_first(contents, 'videoSecondaryInfoRenderer')
-        if vsir:
-            vor = traverse_obj(vsir, ('owner', 'videoOwnerRenderer'))
-            info.update({
-                'channel': self._get_text(vor, 'title'),
-                'channel_follower_count': self._get_count(vor, 'subscriberCountText')})
-
-            if not channel_handle:
-                channel_handle = self.handle_from_url(
-                    traverse_obj(vor, (
-                        ('navigationEndpoint', ('title', 'runs', ..., 'navigationEndpoint')),
-                        (('commandMetadata', 'webCommandMetadata', 'url'), ('browseEndpoint', 'canonicalBaseUrl')),
-                        {str}), get_all=False))
-
-            rows = try_get(
-                vsir,
-                lambda x: x['metadataRowContainer']['metadataRowContainerRenderer']['rows'],
-                list) or []
-            multiple_songs = False
-            for row in rows:
-                if try_get(row, lambda x: x['metadataRowRenderer']['hasDividerLine']) is True:
-                    multiple_songs = True
-                    break
-            for row in rows:
-                mrr = row.get('metadataRowRenderer') or {}
-                mrr_title = mrr.get('title')
-                if not mrr_title:
-                    continue
-                mrr_title = self._get_text(mrr, 'title')
-                mrr_contents_text = self._get_text(mrr, ('contents', 0))
-                if mrr_title == 'License':
-                    info['license'] = mrr_contents_text
-                elif not multiple_songs:
-                    if mrr_title == 'Album':
-                        info['album'] = mrr_contents_text
-                    elif mrr_title == 'Artist':
-                        info['artists'] = [mrr_contents_text] if mrr_contents_text else None
-                    elif mrr_title == 'Song':
-                        info['track'] = mrr_contents_text
-            owner_badges = self._extract_badges(traverse_obj(vsir, ('owner', 'videoOwnerRenderer', 'badges')))
-            if self._has_badge(owner_badges, BadgeType.VERIFIED):
-                info['channel_is_verified'] = True
-
-        info.update({
-            'uploader': info.get('channel'),
-            'uploader_id': channel_handle,
-            'uploader_url': format_field(channel_handle, None, 'https://www.youtube.com/%s', default=None),
-        })
-
-        # We only want timestamp IF it has time precision AND a timezone
-        # Currently the uploadDate in microformats appears to be in US/Pacific timezone.
-        timestamp = (
-            parse_iso8601(get_first(microformats, 'uploadDate'), timezone=NO_DEFAULT)
-            or parse_iso8601(search_meta('uploadDate'), timezone=NO_DEFAULT)
-        )
-        upload_date = (
-            dt.datetime.fromtimestamp(timestamp, dt.timezone.utc).strftime('%Y%m%d') if timestamp else
-            (
-                unified_strdate(get_first(microformats, 'uploadDate'))
-                or unified_strdate(search_meta('uploadDate'))
-            ))
-
-        # In the case we cannot get the timestamp:
-        # The upload date for scheduled, live and past live streams / premieres in microformats
-        # may be different from the stream date. Although not in UTC, we will prefer it in this case.
-        # See: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/pull/2223#issuecomment-1008485139
-        if not upload_date or (not timestamp and live_status in ('not_live', None)):
-            # this should be in UTC, as configured in the cookie/client context
-            upload_date = strftime_or_none(
-                self._parse_time_text(self._get_text(vpir, 'dateText'))) or upload_date
-
-        info['upload_date'] = upload_date
-        info['timestamp'] = timestamp
-
-        if upload_date and live_status not in ('is_live', 'post_live', 'is_upcoming'):
-            # Newly uploaded videos' HLS formats are potentially problematic and need to be checked
-            upload_datetime = datetime_from_str(upload_date).replace(tzinfo=dt.timezone.utc)
-            if upload_datetime >= datetime_from_str('today-2days'):
-                for fmt in info['formats']:
-                    if fmt.get('protocol') == 'm3u8_native':
-                        fmt['__needs_testing'] = True
-
-        for s_k, d_k in [('artists', 'creators'), ('track', 'alt_title')]:
-            v = info.get(s_k)
-            if v:
-                info[d_k] = v
-
-        badges = self._extract_badges(traverse_obj(vpir, 'badges'))
-
-        is_private = (self._has_badge(badges, BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_PRIVATE)
-                      or get_first(video_details, 'isPrivate', expected_type=bool))
-
-        info['availability'] = (
-            'public' if self._has_badge(badges, BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_PUBLIC)
-            else self._availability(
-                is_private=is_private,
-                needs_premium=(
-                    self._has_badge(badges, BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_PREMIUM)
-                    or False if initial_data and is_private is not None else None),
-                needs_subscription=(
-                    self._has_badge(badges, BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_SUBSCRIPTION)
-                    or False if initial_data and is_private is not None else None),
-                needs_auth=info['age_limit'] >= 18,
-                is_unlisted=None if is_private is None else (
-                    self._has_badge(badges, BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_UNLISTED)
-                    or get_first(microformats, 'isUnlisted', expected_type=bool))))
-
-        info['__post_extractor'] = self.extract_comments(master_ytcfg, video_id, contents, webpage)
-
-        self.mark_watched(video_id, player_responses)
-
-        return info
-
-
-class YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
-    @staticmethod
-    def passthrough_smuggled_data(func):
-        def _smuggle(info, smuggled_data):
-            if info.get('_type') not in ('url', 'url_transparent'):
-                return info
-            if smuggled_data.get('is_music_url'):
-                parsed_url = urllib.parse.urlparse(info['url'])
-                if parsed_url.netloc in ('www.youtube.com', 'music.youtube.com'):
-                    smuggled_data.pop('is_music_url')
-                    info['url'] = urllib.parse.urlunparse(parsed_url._replace(netloc='music.youtube.com'))
-            if smuggled_data:
-                info['url'] = smuggle_url(info['url'], smuggled_data)
-            return info
-
-        @functools.wraps(func)
-        def wrapper(self, url):
-            url, smuggled_data = unsmuggle_url(url, {})
-            if self.is_music_url(url):
-                smuggled_data['is_music_url'] = True
-            info_dict = func(self, url, smuggled_data)
-            if smuggled_data:
-                _smuggle(info_dict, smuggled_data)
-                if info_dict.get('entries'):
-                    info_dict['entries'] = (_smuggle(i, smuggled_data.copy()) for i in info_dict['entries'])
-            return info_dict
-        return wrapper
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _extract_basic_item_renderer(item):
-        # Modified from _extract_grid_item_renderer
-        known_basic_renderers = (
-            'playlistRenderer', 'videoRenderer', 'channelRenderer', 'showRenderer', 'reelItemRenderer',
-        )
-        for key, renderer in item.items():
-            if not isinstance(renderer, dict):
-                continue
-            elif key in known_basic_renderers:
-                return renderer
-            elif key.startswith('grid') and key.endswith('Renderer'):
-                return renderer
-
-    def _extract_channel_renderer(self, renderer):
-        channel_id = self.ucid_or_none(renderer['channelId'])
-        title = self._get_text(renderer, 'title')
-        channel_url = format_field(channel_id, None, 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/%s', default=None)
-        channel_handle = self.handle_from_url(
-            traverse_obj(renderer, (
-                'navigationEndpoint', (('commandMetadata', 'webCommandMetadata', 'url'),
-                                       ('browseEndpoint', 'canonicalBaseUrl')),
-                {str}), get_all=False))
-        if not channel_handle:
-            # As of 2023-06-01, YouTube sets subscriberCountText to the handle in search
-            channel_handle = self.handle_or_none(self._get_text(renderer, 'subscriberCountText'))
-        return {
-            '_type': 'url',
-            'url': channel_url,
-            'id': channel_id,
-            'ie_key': YoutubeTabIE.ie_key(),
-            'channel': title,
-            'uploader': title,
-            'channel_id': channel_id,
-            'channel_url': channel_url,
-            'title': title,
-            'uploader_id': channel_handle,
-            'uploader_url': format_field(channel_handle, None, 'https://www.youtube.com/%s', default=None),
-            # See above. YouTube sets videoCountText to the subscriber text in search channel renderers.
-            # However, in feed/channels this is set correctly to the subscriber count
-            'channel_follower_count': traverse_obj(
-                renderer, 'subscriberCountText', 'videoCountText', expected_type=self._get_count),
-            'thumbnails': self._extract_thumbnails(renderer, 'thumbnail'),
-            'playlist_count': (
-                # videoCountText may be the subscriber count
-                self._get_count(renderer, 'videoCountText')
-                if self._get_count(renderer, 'subscriberCountText') is not None else None),
-            'description': self._get_text(renderer, 'descriptionSnippet'),
-            'channel_is_verified': True if self._has_badge(
-                self._extract_badges(traverse_obj(renderer, 'ownerBadges')), BadgeType.VERIFIED) else None,
-        }
-
-    def _grid_entries(self, grid_renderer):
-        for item in grid_renderer['items']:
-            if not isinstance(item, dict):
-                continue
-            if lockup_view_model := traverse_obj(item, ('lockupViewModel', {dict})):
-                if entry := self._extract_lockup_view_model(lockup_view_model):
-                    yield entry
-                continue
-            renderer = self._extract_basic_item_renderer(item)
-            if not isinstance(renderer, dict):
-                continue
-            title = self._get_text(renderer, 'title')
-
-            # playlist
-            playlist_id = renderer.get('playlistId')
-            if playlist_id:
-                yield self.url_result(
-                    f'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list={playlist_id}',
-                    ie=YoutubeTabIE.ie_key(), video_id=playlist_id,
-                    video_title=title)
-                continue
-            # video
-            video_id = renderer.get('videoId')
-            if video_id:
-                yield self._extract_video(renderer)
-                continue
-            # channel
-            channel_id = renderer.get('channelId')
-            if channel_id:
-                yield self._extract_channel_renderer(renderer)
-                continue
-            # generic endpoint URL support
-            ep_url = urljoin('https://www.youtube.com/', try_get(
-                renderer, lambda x: x['navigationEndpoint']['commandMetadata']['webCommandMetadata']['url'],
-                str))
-            if ep_url:
-                for ie in (YoutubeTabIE, YoutubePlaylistIE, YoutubeIE):
-                    if ie.suitable(ep_url):
-                        yield self.url_result(
-                            ep_url, ie=ie.ie_key(), video_id=ie._match_id(ep_url), video_title=title)
-                        break
-
-    def _music_reponsive_list_entry(self, renderer):
-        video_id = traverse_obj(renderer, ('playlistItemData', 'videoId'))
-        if video_id:
-            title = traverse_obj(renderer, (
-                'flexColumns', 0, 'musicResponsiveListItemFlexColumnRenderer',
-                'text', 'runs', 0, 'text'))
-            return self.url_result(f'https://music.youtube.com/watch?v={video_id}',
-                                   ie=YoutubeIE.ie_key(), video_id=video_id, title=title)
-        playlist_id = traverse_obj(renderer, ('navigationEndpoint', 'watchEndpoint', 'playlistId'))
-        if playlist_id:
-            video_id = traverse_obj(renderer, ('navigationEndpoint', 'watchEndpoint', 'videoId'))
-            if video_id:
-                return self.url_result(f'https://music.youtube.com/watch?v={video_id}&list={playlist_id}',
-                                       ie=YoutubeTabIE.ie_key(), video_id=playlist_id)
-            return self.url_result(f'https://music.youtube.com/playlist?list={playlist_id}',
-                                   ie=YoutubeTabIE.ie_key(), video_id=playlist_id)
-        browse_id = traverse_obj(renderer, ('navigationEndpoint', 'browseEndpoint', 'browseId'))
-        if browse_id:
-            return self.url_result(f'https://music.youtube.com/browse/{browse_id}',
-                                   ie=YoutubeTabIE.ie_key(), video_id=browse_id)
-
-    def _shelf_entries_from_content(self, shelf_renderer):
-        content = shelf_renderer.get('content')
-        if not isinstance(content, dict):
-            return
-        renderer = content.get('gridRenderer') or content.get('expandedShelfContentsRenderer')
-        if renderer:
-            # TODO: add support for nested playlists so each shelf is processed
-            # as separate playlist
-            # TODO: this includes only first N items
-            yield from self._grid_entries(renderer)
-        renderer = content.get('horizontalListRenderer')
-        if renderer:
-            # TODO: handle case
-            pass
-
-    def _shelf_entries(self, shelf_renderer, skip_channels=False):
-        ep = try_get(
-            shelf_renderer, lambda x: x['endpoint']['commandMetadata']['webCommandMetadata']['url'],
-            str)
-        shelf_url = urljoin('https://www.youtube.com', ep)
-        if shelf_url:
-            # Skipping links to another channels, note that checking for
-            # endpoint.commandMetadata.webCommandMetadata.webPageTypwebPageType == WEB_PAGE_TYPE_CHANNEL
-            # will not work
-            if skip_channels and '/channels?' in shelf_url:
-                return
-            title = self._get_text(shelf_renderer, 'title')
-            yield self.url_result(shelf_url, video_title=title)
-        # Shelf may not contain shelf URL, fallback to extraction from content
-        yield from self._shelf_entries_from_content(shelf_renderer)
-
-    def _playlist_entries(self, video_list_renderer):
-        for content in video_list_renderer['contents']:
-            if not isinstance(content, dict):
-                continue
-            renderer = content.get('playlistVideoRenderer') or content.get('playlistPanelVideoRenderer')
-            if not isinstance(renderer, dict):
-                continue
-            video_id = renderer.get('videoId')
-            if not video_id:
-                continue
-            yield self._extract_video(renderer)
-
-    def _extract_lockup_view_model(self, view_model):
-        content_id = view_model.get('contentId')
-        if not content_id:
-            return
-        content_type = view_model.get('contentType')
-        if content_type not in ('LOCKUP_CONTENT_TYPE_PLAYLIST', 'LOCKUP_CONTENT_TYPE_PODCAST'):
-            self.report_warning(
-                f'Unsupported lockup view model content type "{content_type}"{bug_reports_message()}', only_once=True)
-            return
-        return self.url_result(
-            f'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list={content_id}', ie=YoutubeTabIE, video_id=content_id,
-            title=traverse_obj(view_model, (
-                'metadata', 'lockupMetadataViewModel', 'title', 'content', {str})),
-            thumbnails=self._extract_thumbnails(view_model, (
-                'contentImage', 'collectionThumbnailViewModel', 'primaryThumbnail', 'thumbnailViewModel', 'image'), final_key='sources'))
-
-    def _rich_entries(self, rich_grid_renderer):
-        if lockup_view_model := traverse_obj(rich_grid_renderer, ('content', 'lockupViewModel', {dict})):
-            if entry := self._extract_lockup_view_model(lockup_view_model):
-                yield entry
-            return
-        renderer = traverse_obj(
-            rich_grid_renderer,
-            ('content', ('videoRenderer', 'reelItemRenderer', 'playlistRenderer', 'shortsLockupViewModel'), any)) or {}
-        video_id = renderer.get('videoId')
-        if video_id:
-            yield self._extract_video(renderer)
-            return
-        playlist_id = renderer.get('playlistId')
-        if playlist_id:
-            yield self.url_result(
-                f'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list={playlist_id}',
-                ie=YoutubeTabIE.ie_key(), video_id=playlist_id,
-                video_title=self._get_text(renderer, 'title'))
-            return
-        # shortsLockupViewModel extraction
-        entity_id = renderer.get('entityId')
-        if entity_id:
-            video_id = traverse_obj(renderer, ('onTap', 'innertubeCommand', 'reelWatchEndpoint', 'videoId', {str}))
-            if not video_id:
-                return
-            yield self.url_result(
-                f'https://www.youtube.com/shorts/{video_id}',
-                ie=YoutubeIE, video_id=video_id,
-                **traverse_obj(renderer, {
-                    'title': ((
-                        ('overlayMetadata', 'primaryText', 'content', {str}),
-                        ('accessibilityText', {lambda x: re.fullmatch(r'(.+), (?:[\d,.]+(?:[KM]| million)?|No) views? - play Short', x)}, 1)), any),
-                    'view_count': ('overlayMetadata', 'secondaryText', 'content', {parse_count}),
-                }),
-                thumbnails=self._extract_thumbnails(renderer, 'thumbnail', final_key='sources'))
-            return
-
-    def _video_entry(self, video_renderer):
-        video_id = video_renderer.get('videoId')
-        if video_id:
-            return self._extract_video(video_renderer)
-
-    def _hashtag_tile_entry(self, hashtag_tile_renderer):
-        url = urljoin('https://youtube.com', traverse_obj(
-            hashtag_tile_renderer, ('onTapCommand', 'commandMetadata', 'webCommandMetadata', 'url')))
-        if url:
-            return self.url_result(
-                url, ie=YoutubeTabIE.ie_key(), title=self._get_text(hashtag_tile_renderer, 'hashtag'))
-
-    def _post_thread_entries(self, post_thread_renderer):
-        post_renderer = try_get(
-            post_thread_renderer, lambda x: x['post']['backstagePostRenderer'], dict)
-        if not post_renderer:
-            return
-        # video attachment
-        video_renderer = try_get(
-            post_renderer, lambda x: x['backstageAttachment']['videoRenderer'], dict) or {}
-        video_id = video_renderer.get('videoId')
-        if video_id:
-            entry = self._extract_video(video_renderer)
-            if entry:
-                yield entry
-        # playlist attachment
-        playlist_id = try_get(
-            post_renderer, lambda x: x['backstageAttachment']['playlistRenderer']['playlistId'], str)
-        if playlist_id:
-            yield self.url_result(
-                f'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list={playlist_id}',
-                ie=YoutubeTabIE.ie_key(), video_id=playlist_id)
-        # inline video links
-        runs = try_get(post_renderer, lambda x: x['contentText']['runs'], list) or []
-        for run in runs:
-            if not isinstance(run, dict):
-                continue
-            ep_url = try_get(
-                run, lambda x: x['navigationEndpoint']['urlEndpoint']['url'], str)
-            if not ep_url:
-                continue
-            if not YoutubeIE.suitable(ep_url):
-                continue
-            ep_video_id = YoutubeIE._match_id(ep_url)
-            if video_id == ep_video_id:
-                continue
-            yield self.url_result(ep_url, ie=YoutubeIE.ie_key(), video_id=ep_video_id)
-
-    def _post_thread_continuation_entries(self, post_thread_continuation):
-        contents = post_thread_continuation.get('contents')
-        if not isinstance(contents, list):
-            return
-        for content in contents:
-            renderer = content.get('backstagePostThreadRenderer')
-            if isinstance(renderer, dict):
-                yield from self._post_thread_entries(renderer)
-                continue
-            renderer = content.get('videoRenderer')
-            if isinstance(renderer, dict):
-                yield self._video_entry(renderer)
-
-    r''' # unused
-    def _rich_grid_entries(self, contents):
-        for content in contents:
-            video_renderer = try_get(content, lambda x: x['richItemRenderer']['content']['videoRenderer'], dict)
-            if video_renderer:
-                entry = self._video_entry(video_renderer)
-                if entry:
-                    yield entry
-    '''
-
-    def _report_history_entries(self, renderer):
-        for url in traverse_obj(renderer, (
-                'rows', ..., 'reportHistoryTableRowRenderer', 'cells', ...,
-                'reportHistoryTableCellRenderer', 'cell', 'reportHistoryTableTextCellRenderer', 'text', 'runs', ...,
-                'navigationEndpoint', 'commandMetadata', 'webCommandMetadata', 'url')):
-            yield self.url_result(urljoin('https://www.youtube.com', url), YoutubeIE)
-
-    def _extract_entries(self, parent_renderer, continuation_list):
-        # continuation_list is modified in-place with continuation_list = [continuation_token]
-        continuation_list[:] = [None]
-        contents = try_get(parent_renderer, lambda x: x['contents'], list) or []
-        for content in contents:
-            if not isinstance(content, dict):
-                continue
-            is_renderer = traverse_obj(
-                content, 'itemSectionRenderer', 'musicShelfRenderer', 'musicShelfContinuation',
-                expected_type=dict)
-            if not is_renderer:
-                if content.get('richItemRenderer'):
-                    for entry in self._rich_entries(content['richItemRenderer']):
-                        yield entry
-                    continuation_list[0] = self._extract_continuation(parent_renderer)
-                elif content.get('reportHistorySectionRenderer'):  # https://www.youtube.com/reporthistory
-                    table = traverse_obj(content, ('reportHistorySectionRenderer', 'table', 'tableRenderer'))
-                    yield from self._report_history_entries(table)
-                    continuation_list[0] = self._extract_continuation(table)
-                continue
-
-            isr_contents = try_get(is_renderer, lambda x: x['contents'], list) or []
-            for isr_content in isr_contents:
-                if not isinstance(isr_content, dict):
-                    continue
-
-                known_renderers = {
-                    'playlistVideoListRenderer': self._playlist_entries,
-                    'gridRenderer': self._grid_entries,
-                    'reelShelfRenderer': self._grid_entries,
-                    'shelfRenderer': self._shelf_entries,
-                    'musicResponsiveListItemRenderer': lambda x: [self._music_reponsive_list_entry(x)],
-                    'backstagePostThreadRenderer': self._post_thread_entries,
-                    'videoRenderer': lambda x: [self._video_entry(x)],
-                    'playlistRenderer': lambda x: self._grid_entries({'items': [{'playlistRenderer': x}]}),
-                    'channelRenderer': lambda x: self._grid_entries({'items': [{'channelRenderer': x}]}),
-                    'hashtagTileRenderer': lambda x: [self._hashtag_tile_entry(x)],
-                    'richGridRenderer': lambda x: self._extract_entries(x, continuation_list),
-                    'lockupViewModel': lambda x: [self._extract_lockup_view_model(x)],
-                }
-                for key, renderer in isr_content.items():
-                    if key not in known_renderers:
-                        continue
-                    for entry in known_renderers[key](renderer):
-                        if entry:
-                            yield entry
-                    continuation_list[0] = self._extract_continuation(renderer)
-                    break
-
-            if not continuation_list[0]:
-                continuation_list[0] = self._extract_continuation(is_renderer)
-
-        if not continuation_list[0]:
-            continuation_list[0] = self._extract_continuation(parent_renderer)
-
-    def _entries(self, tab, item_id, ytcfg, delegated_session_id, visitor_data):
-        continuation_list = [None]
-        extract_entries = lambda x: self._extract_entries(x, continuation_list)
-        tab_content = try_get(tab, lambda x: x['content'], dict)
-        if not tab_content:
-            return
-        parent_renderer = (
-            try_get(tab_content, lambda x: x['sectionListRenderer'], dict)
-            or try_get(tab_content, lambda x: x['richGridRenderer'], dict) or {})
-        yield from extract_entries(parent_renderer)
-        continuation = continuation_list[0]
-        seen_continuations = set()
-        for page_num in itertools.count(1):
-            if not continuation:
-                break
-            continuation_token = continuation.get('continuation')
-            if continuation_token is not None and continuation_token in seen_continuations:
-                self.write_debug('Detected YouTube feed looping - assuming end of feed.')
-                break
-            seen_continuations.add(continuation_token)
-            headers = self.generate_api_headers(
-                ytcfg=ytcfg, delegated_session_id=delegated_session_id, visitor_data=visitor_data)
-            response = self._extract_response(
-                item_id=f'{item_id} page {page_num}',
-                query=continuation, headers=headers, ytcfg=ytcfg,
-                check_get_keys=('continuationContents', 'onResponseReceivedActions', 'onResponseReceivedEndpoints'))
-
-            if not response:
-                break
-            # Extracting updated visitor data is required to prevent an infinite extraction loop in some cases
-            # See: https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/28702
-            visitor_data = self._extract_visitor_data(response) or visitor_data
-
-            known_renderers = {
-                'videoRenderer': (self._grid_entries, 'items'),  # for membership tab
-                'gridPlaylistRenderer': (self._grid_entries, 'items'),
-                'gridVideoRenderer': (self._grid_entries, 'items'),
-                'gridChannelRenderer': (self._grid_entries, 'items'),
-                'playlistVideoRenderer': (self._playlist_entries, 'contents'),
-                'itemSectionRenderer': (extract_entries, 'contents'),  # for feeds
-                'richItemRenderer': (extract_entries, 'contents'),  # for hashtag
-                'backstagePostThreadRenderer': (self._post_thread_continuation_entries, 'contents'),
-                'reportHistoryTableRowRenderer': (self._report_history_entries, 'rows'),
-                'playlistVideoListContinuation': (self._playlist_entries, None),
-                'gridContinuation': (self._grid_entries, None),
-                'itemSectionContinuation': (self._post_thread_continuation_entries, None),
-                'sectionListContinuation': (extract_entries, None),  # for feeds
-            }
-
-            continuation_items = traverse_obj(response, (
-                ('onResponseReceivedActions', 'onResponseReceivedEndpoints'), ...,
-                'appendContinuationItemsAction', 'continuationItems',
-            ), 'continuationContents', get_all=False)
-            continuation_item = traverse_obj(continuation_items, 0, None, expected_type=dict, default={})
-
-            video_items_renderer = None
-            for key in continuation_item:
-                if key not in known_renderers:
-                    continue
-                func, parent_key = known_renderers[key]
-                video_items_renderer = {parent_key: continuation_items} if parent_key else continuation_items
-                continuation_list = [None]
-                yield from func(video_items_renderer)
-                continuation = continuation_list[0] or self._extract_continuation(video_items_renderer)
-
-            if not video_items_renderer:
-                break
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _extract_selected_tab(tabs, fatal=True):
-        for tab_renderer in tabs:
-            if tab_renderer.get('selected'):
-                return tab_renderer
-        if fatal:
-            raise ExtractorError('Unable to find selected tab')
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _extract_tab_renderers(response):
-        return traverse_obj(
-            response, ('contents', 'twoColumnBrowseResultsRenderer', 'tabs', ..., ('tabRenderer', 'expandableTabRenderer')), expected_type=dict)
-
-    def _extract_from_tabs(self, item_id, ytcfg, data, tabs):
-        metadata = self._extract_metadata_from_tabs(item_id, data)
-
-        selected_tab = self._extract_selected_tab(tabs)
-        metadata['title'] += format_field(selected_tab, 'title', ' - %s')
-        metadata['title'] += format_field(selected_tab, 'expandedText', ' - %s')
-
-        return self.playlist_result(
-            self._entries(
-                selected_tab, metadata['id'], ytcfg,
-                self._extract_delegated_session_id(ytcfg, data),
-                self._extract_visitor_data(data, ytcfg)),
-            **metadata)
-
-    def _extract_metadata_from_tabs(self, item_id, data):
-        info = {'id': item_id}
-
-        metadata_renderer = traverse_obj(data, ('metadata', 'channelMetadataRenderer'), expected_type=dict)
-        if metadata_renderer:
-            channel_id = traverse_obj(metadata_renderer, ('externalId', {self.ucid_or_none}),
-                                      ('channelUrl', {self.ucid_from_url}))
-            info.update({
-                'channel': metadata_renderer.get('title'),
-                'channel_id': channel_id,
-            })
-            if info['channel_id']:
-                info['id'] = info['channel_id']
-        else:
-            metadata_renderer = traverse_obj(data, ('metadata', 'playlistMetadataRenderer'), expected_type=dict)
-
-        # pageHeaderViewModel slow rollout began April 2024
-        page_header_view_model = traverse_obj(data, (
-            'header', 'pageHeaderRenderer', 'content', 'pageHeaderViewModel', {dict}))
-
-        # We can get the uncropped banner/avatar by replacing the crop params with '=s0'
-        # See: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/2237#issuecomment-1013694714
-        def _get_uncropped(url):
-            return url_or_none((url or '').split('=')[0] + '=s0')
-
-        avatar_thumbnails = self._extract_thumbnails(metadata_renderer, 'avatar')
-        if avatar_thumbnails:
-            uncropped_avatar = _get_uncropped(avatar_thumbnails[0]['url'])
-            if uncropped_avatar:
-                avatar_thumbnails.append({
-                    'url': uncropped_avatar,
-                    'id': 'avatar_uncropped',
-                    'preference': 1,
-                })
-
-        channel_banners = (
-            self._extract_thumbnails(data, ('header', ..., ('banner', 'mobileBanner', 'tvBanner')))
-            or self._extract_thumbnails(
-                page_header_view_model, ('banner', 'imageBannerViewModel', 'image'), final_key='sources'))
-        for banner in channel_banners:
-            banner['preference'] = -10
-
-        if channel_banners:
-            uncropped_banner = _get_uncropped(channel_banners[0]['url'])
-            if uncropped_banner:
-                channel_banners.append({
-                    'url': uncropped_banner,
-                    'id': 'banner_uncropped',
-                    'preference': -5,
-                })
-
-        # Deprecated - remove primary_sidebar_renderer when layout discontinued
-        primary_sidebar_renderer = self._extract_sidebar_info_renderer(data, 'playlistSidebarPrimaryInfoRenderer')
-        playlist_header_renderer = traverse_obj(data, ('header', 'playlistHeaderRenderer'), expected_type=dict)
-
-        primary_thumbnails = self._extract_thumbnails(
-            primary_sidebar_renderer, ('thumbnailRenderer', ('playlistVideoThumbnailRenderer', 'playlistCustomThumbnailRenderer'), 'thumbnail'))
-        playlist_thumbnails = self._extract_thumbnails(
-            playlist_header_renderer, ('playlistHeaderBanner', 'heroPlaylistThumbnailRenderer', 'thumbnail'))
-
-        info.update({
-            'title': (traverse_obj(metadata_renderer, 'title')
-                      or self._get_text(data, ('header', 'hashtagHeaderRenderer', 'hashtag'))
-                      or info['id']),
-            'availability': self._extract_availability(data),
-            'channel_follower_count': (
-                self._get_count(data, ('header', ..., 'subscriberCountText'))
-                or traverse_obj(page_header_view_model, (
-                    'metadata', 'contentMetadataViewModel', 'metadataRows', ..., 'metadataParts',
-                    lambda _, v: 'subscribers' in v['text']['content'], 'text', 'content', {parse_count}, any))),
-            'description': try_get(metadata_renderer, lambda x: x.get('description', '')),
-            'tags': (traverse_obj(data, ('microformat', 'microformatDataRenderer', 'tags', ..., {str}))
-                     or traverse_obj(metadata_renderer, ('keywords', {lambda x: x and shlex.split(x)}, ...))),
-            'thumbnails': (primary_thumbnails or playlist_thumbnails) + avatar_thumbnails + channel_banners,
-        })
-
-        channel_handle = (
-            traverse_obj(metadata_renderer, (('vanityChannelUrl', ('ownerUrls', ...)), {self.handle_from_url}), get_all=False)
-            or traverse_obj(data, ('header', ..., 'channelHandleText', {self.handle_or_none}), get_all=False))
-
-        if channel_handle:
-            info.update({
-                'uploader_id': channel_handle,
-                'uploader_url': format_field(channel_handle, None, 'https://www.youtube.com/%s', default=None),
-            })
-
-        channel_badges = self._extract_badges(traverse_obj(data, ('header', ..., 'badges'), get_all=False))
-        if self._has_badge(channel_badges, BadgeType.VERIFIED):
-            info['channel_is_verified'] = True
-        # Playlist stats is a text runs array containing [video count, view count, last updated].
-        # last updated or (view count and last updated) may be missing.
-        playlist_stats = get_first(
-            (primary_sidebar_renderer, playlist_header_renderer), (('stats', 'briefStats', 'numVideosText'), ))
-
-        last_updated_unix = self._parse_time_text(
-            self._get_text(playlist_stats, 2)  # deprecated, remove when old layout discontinued
-            or self._get_text(playlist_header_renderer, ('byline', 1, 'playlistBylineRenderer', 'text')))
-        info['modified_date'] = strftime_or_none(last_updated_unix)
-
-        info['view_count'] = self._get_count(playlist_stats, 1)
-        if info['view_count'] is None:  # 0 is allowed
-            info['view_count'] = self._get_count(playlist_header_renderer, 'viewCountText')
-        if info['view_count'] is None:
-            info['view_count'] = self._get_count(data, (
-                'contents', 'twoColumnBrowseResultsRenderer', 'tabs', ..., 'tabRenderer', 'content', 'sectionListRenderer',
-                'contents', ..., 'itemSectionRenderer', 'contents', ..., 'channelAboutFullMetadataRenderer', 'viewCountText'))
-
-        info['playlist_count'] = self._get_count(playlist_stats, 0)
-        if info['playlist_count'] is None:  # 0 is allowed
-            info['playlist_count'] = self._get_count(playlist_header_renderer, ('byline', 0, 'playlistBylineRenderer', 'text'))
-
-        if not info.get('channel_id'):
-            owner = traverse_obj(playlist_header_renderer, 'ownerText')
-            if not owner:  # Deprecated
-                owner = traverse_obj(
-                    self._extract_sidebar_info_renderer(data, 'playlistSidebarSecondaryInfoRenderer'),
-                    ('videoOwner', 'videoOwnerRenderer', 'title'))
-            owner_text = self._get_text(owner)
-            browse_ep = traverse_obj(owner, ('runs', 0, 'navigationEndpoint', 'browseEndpoint')) or {}
-            info.update({
-                'channel': self._search_regex(r'^by (.+) and \d+ others?$', owner_text, 'uploader', default=owner_text),
-                'channel_id': self.ucid_or_none(browse_ep.get('browseId')),
-                'uploader_id': self.handle_from_url(urljoin('https://www.youtube.com', browse_ep.get('canonicalBaseUrl'))),
-            })
-
-        info.update({
-            'uploader': info['channel'],
-            'channel_url': format_field(info.get('channel_id'), None, 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/%s', default=None),
-            'uploader_url': format_field(info.get('uploader_id'), None, 'https://www.youtube.com/%s', default=None),
-        })
-
-        return info
-
-    def _extract_inline_playlist(self, playlist, playlist_id, data, ytcfg):
-        first_id = last_id = response = None
-        for page_num in itertools.count(1):
-            videos = list(self._playlist_entries(playlist))
-            if not videos:
-                return
-            start = next((i for i, v in enumerate(videos) if v['id'] == last_id), -1) + 1
-            if start >= len(videos):
-                return
-            yield from videos[start:]
-            first_id = first_id or videos[0]['id']
-            last_id = videos[-1]['id']
-            watch_endpoint = try_get(
-                playlist, lambda x: x['contents'][-1]['playlistPanelVideoRenderer']['navigationEndpoint']['watchEndpoint'])
-            headers = self.generate_api_headers(
-                ytcfg=ytcfg, delegated_session_id=self._extract_delegated_session_id(ytcfg, data),
-                visitor_data=self._extract_visitor_data(response, data, ytcfg))
-            query = {
-                'playlistId': playlist_id,
-                'videoId': watch_endpoint.get('videoId') or last_id,
-                'index': watch_endpoint.get('index') or len(videos),
-                'params': watch_endpoint.get('params') or 'OAE%3D',
-            }
-            response = self._extract_response(
-                item_id=f'{playlist_id} page {page_num}',
-                query=query, ep='next', headers=headers, ytcfg=ytcfg,
-                check_get_keys='contents',
-            )
-            playlist = try_get(
-                response, lambda x: x['contents']['twoColumnWatchNextResults']['playlist']['playlist'], dict)
-
-    def _extract_from_playlist(self, item_id, url, data, playlist, ytcfg):
-        title = playlist.get('title') or try_get(
-            data, lambda x: x['titleText']['simpleText'], str)
-        playlist_id = playlist.get('playlistId') or item_id
-
-        # Delegating everything except mix playlists to regular tab-based playlist URL
-        playlist_url = urljoin(url, try_get(
-            playlist, lambda x: x['endpoint']['commandMetadata']['webCommandMetadata']['url'],
-            str))
-
-        # Some playlists are unviewable but YouTube still provides a link to the (broken) playlist page [1]
-        # [1] MLCT, RLTDwFCb4jeqaKWnciAYM-ZVHg
-        is_known_unviewable = re.fullmatch(r'MLCT|RLTD[\w-]{22}', playlist_id)
-
-        if playlist_url and playlist_url != url and not is_known_unviewable:
-            return self.url_result(
-                playlist_url, ie=YoutubeTabIE.ie_key(), video_id=playlist_id,
-                video_title=title)
-
-        return self.playlist_result(
-            self._extract_inline_playlist(playlist, playlist_id, data, ytcfg),
-            playlist_id=playlist_id, playlist_title=title)
-
-    def _extract_availability(self, data):
-        """
-        Gets the availability of a given playlist/tab.
-        Note: Unless YouTube tells us explicitly, we do not assume it is public
-        @param data: response
-        """
-        sidebar_renderer = self._extract_sidebar_info_renderer(data, 'playlistSidebarPrimaryInfoRenderer') or {}
-        playlist_header_renderer = traverse_obj(data, ('header', 'playlistHeaderRenderer')) or {}
-        player_header_privacy = playlist_header_renderer.get('privacy')
-
-        badges = self._extract_badges(traverse_obj(sidebar_renderer, 'badges'))
-
-        # Personal playlists, when authenticated, have a dropdown visibility selector instead of a badge
-        privacy_setting_icon = get_first(
-            (playlist_header_renderer, sidebar_renderer),
-            ('privacyForm', 'dropdownFormFieldRenderer', 'dropdown', 'dropdownRenderer', 'entries',
-             lambda _, v: v['privacyDropdownItemRenderer']['isSelected'], 'privacyDropdownItemRenderer', 'icon', 'iconType'),
-            expected_type=str)
-
-        microformats_is_unlisted = traverse_obj(
-            data, ('microformat', 'microformatDataRenderer', 'unlisted'), expected_type=bool)
-
-        return (
-            'public' if (
-                self._has_badge(badges, BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_PUBLIC)
-                or player_header_privacy == 'PUBLIC'
-                or privacy_setting_icon == 'PRIVACY_PUBLIC')
-            else self._availability(
-                is_private=(
-                    self._has_badge(badges, BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_PRIVATE)
-                    or player_header_privacy == 'PRIVATE' if player_header_privacy is not None
-                    else privacy_setting_icon == 'PRIVACY_PRIVATE' if privacy_setting_icon is not None else None),
-                is_unlisted=(
-                    self._has_badge(badges, BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_UNLISTED)
-                    or player_header_privacy == 'UNLISTED' if player_header_privacy is not None
-                    else privacy_setting_icon == 'PRIVACY_UNLISTED' if privacy_setting_icon is not None
-                    else microformats_is_unlisted if microformats_is_unlisted is not None else None),
-                needs_subscription=self._has_badge(badges, BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_SUBSCRIPTION) or None,
-                needs_premium=self._has_badge(badges, BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_PREMIUM) or None,
-                needs_auth=False))
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _extract_sidebar_info_renderer(data, info_renderer, expected_type=dict):
-        sidebar_renderer = try_get(
-            data, lambda x: x['sidebar']['playlistSidebarRenderer']['items'], list) or []
-        for item in sidebar_renderer:
-            renderer = try_get(item, lambda x: x[info_renderer], expected_type)
-            if renderer:
-                return renderer
-
-    def _reload_with_unavailable_videos(self, item_id, data, ytcfg):
-        """
-        Reload playlists with unavailable videos (e.g. private videos, region blocked, etc.)
-        """
-        is_playlist = bool(traverse_obj(
-            data, ('metadata', 'playlistMetadataRenderer'), ('header', 'playlistHeaderRenderer')))
-        if not is_playlist:
-            return
-        headers = self.generate_api_headers(
-            ytcfg=ytcfg, delegated_session_id=self._extract_delegated_session_id(ytcfg, data),
-            visitor_data=self._extract_visitor_data(data, ytcfg))
-        query = {
-            'params': 'wgYCCAA=',
-            'browseId': f'VL{item_id}',
-        }
-        return self._extract_response(
-            item_id=item_id, headers=headers, query=query,
-            check_get_keys='contents', fatal=False, ytcfg=ytcfg,
-            note='Redownloading playlist API JSON with unavailable videos')
-
-    @functools.cached_property
-    def skip_webpage(self):
-        return 'webpage' in self._configuration_arg('skip', ie_key=YoutubeTabIE.ie_key())
-
-    def _extract_webpage(self, url, item_id, fatal=True):
-        webpage, data = None, None
-        for retry in self.RetryManager(fatal=fatal):
-            try:
-                webpage = self._download_webpage(url, item_id, note='Downloading webpage')
-                data = self.extract_yt_initial_data(item_id, webpage or '', fatal=fatal) or {}
-            except ExtractorError as e:
-                if isinstance(e.cause, network_exceptions):
-                    if not isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) or e.cause.status not in (403, 429):
-                        retry.error = e
-                        continue
-                self._error_or_warning(e, fatal=fatal)
-                break
-
-            try:
-                self._extract_and_report_alerts(data)
-            except ExtractorError as e:
-                self._error_or_warning(e, fatal=fatal)
-                break
-
-            # Sometimes youtube returns a webpage with incomplete ytInitialData
-            # See: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/116
-            if not traverse_obj(data, 'contents', 'currentVideoEndpoint', 'onResponseReceivedActions'):
-                retry.error = ExtractorError('Incomplete yt initial data received')
-                data = None
-                continue
-
-        return webpage, data
-
-    def _report_playlist_authcheck(self, ytcfg, fatal=True):
-        """Use if failed to extract ytcfg (and data) from initial webpage"""
-        if not ytcfg and self.is_authenticated:
-            msg = 'Playlists that require authentication may not extract correctly without a successful webpage download'
-            if 'authcheck' not in self._configuration_arg('skip', ie_key=YoutubeTabIE.ie_key()) and fatal:
-                raise ExtractorError(
-                    f'{msg}. If you are not downloading private content, or '
-                    'your cookies are only for the first account and channel,'
-                    ' pass "--extractor-args youtubetab:skip=authcheck" to skip this check',
-                    expected=True)
-            self.report_warning(msg, only_once=True)
-
-    def _extract_data(self, url, item_id, ytcfg=None, fatal=True, webpage_fatal=False, default_client='web'):
-        data = None
-        if not self.skip_webpage:
-            webpage, data = self._extract_webpage(url, item_id, fatal=webpage_fatal)
-            ytcfg = ytcfg or self.extract_ytcfg(item_id, webpage)
-            # Reject webpage data if redirected to home page without explicitly requesting
-            selected_tab = self._extract_selected_tab(self._extract_tab_renderers(data), fatal=False) or {}
-            if (url != 'https://www.youtube.com/feed/recommended'
-                    and selected_tab.get('tabIdentifier') == 'FEwhat_to_watch'  # Home page
-                    and 'no-youtube-channel-redirect' not in self.get_param('compat_opts', [])):
-                msg = 'The channel/playlist does not exist and the URL redirected to youtube.com home page'
-                if fatal:
-                    raise ExtractorError(msg, expected=True)
-                self.report_warning(msg, only_once=True)
-        if not data:
-            self._report_playlist_authcheck(ytcfg, fatal=fatal)
-            data = self._extract_tab_endpoint(url, item_id, ytcfg, fatal=fatal, default_client=default_client)
-        return data, ytcfg
-
-    def _extract_tab_endpoint(self, url, item_id, ytcfg=None, fatal=True, default_client='web'):
-        headers = self.generate_api_headers(ytcfg=ytcfg, default_client=default_client)
-        resolve_response = self._extract_response(
-            item_id=item_id, query={'url': url}, check_get_keys='endpoint', headers=headers, ytcfg=ytcfg, fatal=fatal,
-            ep='navigation/resolve_url', note='Downloading API parameters API JSON', default_client=default_client)
-        endpoints = {'browseEndpoint': 'browse', 'watchEndpoint': 'next'}
-        for ep_key, ep in endpoints.items():
-            params = try_get(resolve_response, lambda x: x['endpoint'][ep_key], dict)
-            if params:
-                return self._extract_response(
-                    item_id=item_id, query=params, ep=ep, headers=headers,
-                    ytcfg=ytcfg, fatal=fatal, default_client=default_client,
-                    check_get_keys=('contents', 'currentVideoEndpoint', 'onResponseReceivedActions'))
-        err_note = 'Failed to resolve url (does the playlist exist?)'
-        if fatal:
-            raise ExtractorError(err_note, expected=True)
-        self.report_warning(err_note, item_id)
-
-    _SEARCH_PARAMS = None
-
-    def _search_results(self, query, params=NO_DEFAULT, default_client='web'):
-        data = {'query': query}
-        if params is NO_DEFAULT:
-            params = self._SEARCH_PARAMS
-        if params:
-            data['params'] = params
-
-        content_keys = (
-            ('contents', 'twoColumnSearchResultsRenderer', 'primaryContents', 'sectionListRenderer', 'contents'),
-            ('onResponseReceivedCommands', 0, 'appendContinuationItemsAction', 'continuationItems'),
-            # ytmusic search
-            ('contents', 'tabbedSearchResultsRenderer', 'tabs', 0, 'tabRenderer', 'content', 'sectionListRenderer', 'contents'),
-            ('continuationContents', ),
-        )
-        display_id = f'query "{query}"'
-        check_get_keys = tuple({keys[0] for keys in content_keys})
-        ytcfg = self._download_ytcfg(default_client, display_id) if not self.skip_webpage else {}
-        self._report_playlist_authcheck(ytcfg, fatal=False)
-
-        continuation_list = [None]
-        search = None
-        for page_num in itertools.count(1):
-            data.update(continuation_list[0] or {})
-            headers = self.generate_api_headers(
-                ytcfg=ytcfg, visitor_data=self._extract_visitor_data(search), default_client=default_client)
-            search = self._extract_response(
-                item_id=f'{display_id} page {page_num}', ep='search', query=data,
-                default_client=default_client, check_get_keys=check_get_keys, ytcfg=ytcfg, headers=headers)
-            slr_contents = traverse_obj(search, *content_keys)
-            yield from self._extract_entries({'contents': list(variadic(slr_contents))}, continuation_list)
-            if not continuation_list[0]:
-                break
-
-
-class YoutubeTabIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
-    IE_DESC = 'YouTube Tabs'
-    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x:
-        https?://
-            (?!consent\.)(?:\w+\.)?
-            (?:
-                youtube(?:kids)?\.com|
-                {invidious}
-            )/
-            (?:
-                (?P<channel_type>channel|c|user|browse)/|
-                (?P<not_channel>
-                    feed/|hashtag/|
-                    (?:playlist|watch)\?.*?\blist=
-                )|
-                (?!(?:{reserved_names})\b)  # Direct URLs
-            )
-            (?P<id>[^/?\#&]+)
-    )'''.format(
-        reserved_names=YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor._RESERVED_NAMES,
-        invidious='|'.join(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor._INVIDIOUS_SITES),
-    )
-    IE_NAME = 'youtube:tab'
-
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'note': 'playlists, multipage',
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/c/ИгорьКлейнер/playlists?view=1&flow=grid',
-        'playlist_mincount': 94,
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'UCqj7Cz7revf5maW9g5pgNcg',
-            'title': 'Igor Kleiner Ph.D. - Playlists',
-            'description': 'md5:15d7dd9e333cb987907fcb0d604b233a',
-            'uploader': 'Igor Kleiner Ph.D.',
-            'uploader_id': '@IgorDataScience',
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@IgorDataScience',
-            'channel': 'Igor Kleiner Ph.D.',
-            'channel_id': 'UCqj7Cz7revf5maW9g5pgNcg',
-            'tags': ['критиче�кое мышление', 'наука про�то', 'математика', 'анализ данных'],
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqj7Cz7revf5maW9g5pgNcg',
-            'channel_follower_count': int,
-        },
-    }, {
-        'note': 'playlists, multipage, different order',
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/user/igorkle1/playlists?view=1&sort=dd',
-        'playlist_mincount': 94,
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'UCqj7Cz7revf5maW9g5pgNcg',
-            'title': 'Igor Kleiner Ph.D. - Playlists',
-            'description': 'md5:15d7dd9e333cb987907fcb0d604b233a',
-            'uploader': 'Igor Kleiner Ph.D.',
-            'uploader_id': '@IgorDataScience',
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@IgorDataScience',
-            'tags': ['критиче�кое мышление', 'наука про�то', 'математика', 'анализ данных'],
-            'channel_id': 'UCqj7Cz7revf5maW9g5pgNcg',
-            'channel': 'Igor Kleiner Ph.D.',
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqj7Cz7revf5maW9g5pgNcg',
-            'channel_follower_count': int,
-        },
-    }, {
-        'note': 'playlists, series',
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/c/3blue1brown/playlists?view=50&sort=dd&shelf_id=3',
-        'playlist_mincount': 5,
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'UCYO_jab_esuFRV4b17AJtAw',
-            'title': '3Blue1Brown - Playlists',
-            'description': 'md5:602e3789e6a0cb7d9d352186b720e395',
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYO_jab_esuFRV4b17AJtAw',
-            'channel': '3Blue1Brown',
-            'channel_id': 'UCYO_jab_esuFRV4b17AJtAw',
-            'uploader_id': '@3blue1brown',
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@3blue1brown',
-            'uploader': '3Blue1Brown',
-            'tags': ['Mathematics'],
-            'channel_follower_count': int,
-            'channel_is_verified': True,
-        },
-    }, {
-        'note': 'playlists, singlepage',
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/user/ThirstForScience/playlists',
-        'playlist_mincount': 4,
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'UCAEtajcuhQ6an9WEzY9LEMQ',
-            'title': 'ThirstForScience - Playlists',
-            'description': 'md5:609399d937ea957b0f53cbffb747a14c',
-            'uploader': 'ThirstForScience',
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@ThirstForScience',
-            'uploader_id': '@ThirstForScience',
-            'channel_id': 'UCAEtajcuhQ6an9WEzY9LEMQ',
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAEtajcuhQ6an9WEzY9LEMQ',
-            'tags': 'count:12',
-            'channel': 'ThirstForScience',
-            'channel_follower_count': int,
-        },
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/c/ChristophLaimer/playlists',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'note': 'basic, single video playlist',
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL4lCao7KL_QFVb7Iudeipvc2BCavECqzc',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'PL4lCao7KL_QFVb7Iudeipvc2BCavECqzc',
-            'title': 'youtube-dl public playlist',
-            'description': '',
-            'tags': [],
-            'view_count': int,
-            'modified_date': '20201130',
-            'channel': 'Sergey M.',
-            'channel_id': 'UCmlqkdCBesrv2Lak1mF_MxA',
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmlqkdCBesrv2Lak1mF_MxA',
-            'availability': 'public',
-            'uploader': 'Sergey M.',
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@sergeym.6173',
-            'uploader_id': '@sergeym.6173',
-        },
-        'playlist_count': 1,
-    }, {
-        'note': 'empty playlist',
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL4lCao7KL_QFodcLWhDpGCYnngnHtQ-Xf',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'PL4lCao7KL_QFodcLWhDpGCYnngnHtQ-Xf',
-            'title': 'youtube-dl empty playlist',
-            'tags': [],
-            'channel': 'Sergey M.',
-            'description': '',
-            'modified_date': '20230921',
-            'channel_id': 'UCmlqkdCBesrv2Lak1mF_MxA',
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmlqkdCBesrv2Lak1mF_MxA',
-            'availability': 'unlisted',
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@sergeym.6173',
-            'uploader_id': '@sergeym.6173',
-            'uploader': 'Sergey M.',
-        },
-        'playlist_count': 0,
-    }, {
-        'note': 'Home tab',
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w/featured',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w',
-            'title': 'lex will - Home',
-            'description': 'md5:2163c5d0ff54ed5f598d6a7e6211e488',
-            'uploader': 'lex will',
-            'uploader_id': '@lexwill718',
-            'channel': 'lex will',
-            'tags': ['bible', 'history', 'prophesy'],
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@lexwill718',
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w',
-            'channel_id': 'UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w',
-            'channel_follower_count': int,
-        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 2,
-    }, {
-        'note': 'Videos tab',
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w/videos',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w',
-            'title': 'lex will - Videos',
-            'description': 'md5:2163c5d0ff54ed5f598d6a7e6211e488',
-            'uploader': 'lex will',
-            'uploader_id': '@lexwill718',
-            'tags': ['bible', 'history', 'prophesy'],
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w',
-            'channel_id': 'UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w',
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@lexwill718',
-            'channel': 'lex will',
-            'channel_follower_count': int,
-        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 975,
-    }, {
-        'note': 'Videos tab, sorted by popular',
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w/videos?view=0&sort=p&flow=grid',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w',
-            'title': 'lex will - Videos',
-            'description': 'md5:2163c5d0ff54ed5f598d6a7e6211e488',
-            'uploader': 'lex will',
-            'uploader_id': '@lexwill718',
-            'channel_id': 'UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w',
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@lexwill718',
-            'channel': 'lex will',
-            'tags': ['bible', 'history', 'prophesy'],
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w',
-            'channel_follower_count': int,
-        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 199,
-    }, {
-        'note': 'Playlists tab',
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w/playlists',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w',
-            'title': 'lex will - Playlists',
-            'description': 'md5:2163c5d0ff54ed5f598d6a7e6211e488',
-            'uploader': 'lex will',
-            'uploader_id': '@lexwill718',
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@lexwill718',
-            'channel': 'lex will',
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w',
-            'channel_id': 'UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w',
-            'tags': ['bible', 'history', 'prophesy'],
-            'channel_follower_count': int,
-        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 17,
-    }, {
-        'note': 'Community tab',
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w/community',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w',
-            'title': 'lex will - Community',
-            'description': 'md5:2163c5d0ff54ed5f598d6a7e6211e488',
-            'channel': 'lex will',
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w',
-            'channel_id': 'UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w',
-            'tags': ['bible', 'history', 'prophesy'],
-            'channel_follower_count': int,
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@lexwill718',
-            'uploader_id': '@lexwill718',
-            'uploader': 'lex will',
-        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 18,
-    }, {
-        'note': 'Channels tab',
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w/channels',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w',
-            'title': 'lex will - Channels',
-            'description': 'md5:2163c5d0ff54ed5f598d6a7e6211e488',
-            'channel': 'lex will',
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w',
-            'channel_id': 'UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w',
-            'tags': ['bible', 'history', 'prophesy'],
-            'channel_follower_count': int,
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@lexwill718',
-            'uploader_id': '@lexwill718',
-            'uploader': 'lex will',
-        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 12,
-    }, {
-        'note': 'Search tab',
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/c/3blue1brown/search?query=linear%20algebra',
-        'playlist_mincount': 40,
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'UCYO_jab_esuFRV4b17AJtAw',
-            'title': '3Blue1Brown - Search - linear algebra',
-            'description': 'md5:4d1da95432004b7ba840ebc895b6b4c9',
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYO_jab_esuFRV4b17AJtAw',
-            'tags': ['Mathematics'],
-            'channel': '3Blue1Brown',
-            'channel_id': 'UCYO_jab_esuFRV4b17AJtAw',
-            'channel_follower_count': int,
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@3blue1brown',
-            'uploader_id': '@3blue1brown',
-            'uploader': '3Blue1Brown',
-            'channel_is_verified': True,
-        },
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://invidio.us/channel/UCmlqkdCBesrv2Lak1mF_MxA',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.youtubekids.com/channel/UCmlqkdCBesrv2Lak1mF_MxA',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://music.youtube.com/channel/UCmlqkdCBesrv2Lak1mF_MxA',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'note': 'Playlist with deleted videos (#651). As a bonus, the video #51 is also twice in this list.',
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwP_SiAcdui0KVebT0mU9Apz359a4ubsC',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'title': '29C3: Not my department',
-            'id': 'PLwP_SiAcdui0KVebT0mU9Apz359a4ubsC',
-            'description': 'md5:a14dc1a8ef8307a9807fe136a0660268',
-            'tags': [],
-            'view_count': int,
-            'modified_date': '20150605',
-            'channel_id': 'UCEPzS1rYsrkqzSLNp76nrcg',
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEPzS1rYsrkqzSLNp76nrcg',
-            'channel': 'Christiaan008',
-            'availability': 'public',
-            'uploader_id': '@ChRiStIaAn008',
-            'uploader': 'Christiaan008',
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@ChRiStIaAn008',
-        },
-        'playlist_count': 96,
-    }, {
-        'note': 'Large playlist',
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=UUBABnxM4Ar9ten8Mdjj1j0Q',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'title': 'Uploads from Cauchemar',
-            'id': 'UUBABnxM4Ar9ten8Mdjj1j0Q',
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCBABnxM4Ar9ten8Mdjj1j0Q',
-            'tags': [],
-            'modified_date': r're:\d{8}',
-            'channel': 'Cauchemar',
-            'view_count': int,
-            'description': '',
-            'channel_id': 'UCBABnxM4Ar9ten8Mdjj1j0Q',
-            'availability': 'public',
-            'uploader_id': '@Cauchemar89',
-            'uploader': 'Cauchemar',
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@Cauchemar89',
-        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 1123,
-        'expected_warnings': [r'[Uu]navailable videos (are|will be) hidden'],
-    }, {
-        'note': 'even larger playlist, 8832 videos',
-        'url': 'http://www.youtube.com/user/NASAgovVideo/videos',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'note': 'Buggy playlist: the webpage has a "Load more" button but it doesn\'t have more videos',
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=UUXw-G3eDE9trcvY2sBMM_aA',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'title': 'Uploads from Interstellar Movie',
-            'id': 'UUXw-G3eDE9trcvY2sBMM_aA',
-            'tags': [],
-            'view_count': int,
-            'channel_id': 'UCXw-G3eDE9trcvY2sBMM_aA',
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXw-G3eDE9trcvY2sBMM_aA',
-            'channel': 'Interstellar Movie',
-            'description': '',
-            'modified_date': r're:\d{8}',
-            'availability': 'public',
-            'uploader_id': '@InterstellarMovie',
-            'uploader': 'Interstellar Movie',
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@InterstellarMovie',
-        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 21,
-    }, {
-        'note': 'Playlist with "show unavailable videos" button',
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=UUTYLiWFZy8xtPwxFwX9rV7Q',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'title': 'Uploads from Phim Siêu Nhân Nhật Bản',
-            'id': 'UUTYLiWFZy8xtPwxFwX9rV7Q',
-            'view_count': int,
-            'channel': 'Phim Siêu Nhân Nhật Bản',
-            'tags': [],
-            'description': '',
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTYLiWFZy8xtPwxFwX9rV7Q',
-            'channel_id': 'UCTYLiWFZy8xtPwxFwX9rV7Q',
-            'modified_date': r're:\d{8}',
-            'availability': 'public',
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@phimsieunhannhatban',
-            'uploader_id': '@phimsieunhannhatban',
-            'uploader': 'Phim Siêu Nhân Nhật Bản',
-        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 200,
-        'expected_warnings': [r'[Uu]navailable videos (are|will be) hidden'],
-    }, {
-        'note': 'Playlist with unavailable videos in page 7',
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=UU8l9frL61Yl5KFOl87nIm2w',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'title': 'Uploads from BlankTV',
-            'id': 'UU8l9frL61Yl5KFOl87nIm2w',
-            'channel': 'BlankTV',
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC8l9frL61Yl5KFOl87nIm2w',
-            'channel_id': 'UC8l9frL61Yl5KFOl87nIm2w',
-            'view_count': int,
-            'tags': [],
-            'modified_date': r're:\d{8}',
-            'description': '',
-            'availability': 'public',
-            'uploader_id': '@blanktv',
-            'uploader': 'BlankTV',
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@blanktv',
-        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 1000,
-        'expected_warnings': [r'[Uu]navailable videos (are|will be) hidden'],
-    }, {
-        'note': 'https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/21844',
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzH6n4zXuckpfMu_4Ff8E7Z1behQks5ba',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'title': 'Data Analysis with Dr Mike Pound',
-            'id': 'PLzH6n4zXuckpfMu_4Ff8E7Z1behQks5ba',
-            'description': 'md5:7f567c574d13d3f8c0954d9ffee4e487',
-            'tags': [],
-            'view_count': int,
-            'channel_id': 'UC9-y-6csu5WGm29I7JiwpnA',
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9-y-6csu5WGm29I7JiwpnA',
-            'channel': 'Computerphile',
-            'availability': 'public',
-            'modified_date': '20190712',
-            'uploader_id': '@Computerphile',
-            'uploader': 'Computerphile',
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@Computerphile',
-        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 11,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://invidio.us/playlist?list=PL4lCao7KL_QFVb7Iudeipvc2BCavECqzc',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'note': 'Playlist URL that does not actually serve a playlist',
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FqZTN594JQw&list=PLMYEtVRpaqY00V9W81Cwmzp6N6vZqfUKD4',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'FqZTN594JQw',
-            'ext': 'webm',
-            'title': "Smiley's People 01 detective, Adventure Series, Action",
-            'upload_date': '20150526',
-            'license': 'Standard YouTube License',
-            'description': 'md5:507cdcb5a49ac0da37a920ece610be80',
-            'categories': ['People & Blogs'],
-            'tags': list,
-            'view_count': int,
-            'like_count': int,
-        },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
-        'skip': 'This video is not available.',
-        'add_ie': [YoutubeIE.ie_key()],
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.youtubekids.com/watch?v=Agk7R8I8o5U&list=PUZ6jURNr1WQZCNHF0ao-c0g',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MuAGGZNfUkU&list=RDMM',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCoMdktPbSTixAyNGwb-UYkQ/live',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'hGkQjiJLjWQ',  # This will keep changing
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': str,
-            'upload_date': r're:\d{8}',
-            'description': str,
-            'categories': ['News & Politics'],
-            'tags': list,
-            'like_count': int,
-            'release_timestamp': int,
-            'channel': 'Sky News',
-            'channel_id': 'UCoMdktPbSTixAyNGwb-UYkQ',
-            'age_limit': 0,
-            'view_count': int,
-            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/vi/[^/]+/maxresdefault(?:_live)?\.jpg',
-            'playable_in_embed': True,
-            'release_date': r're:\d+',
-            'availability': 'public',
-            'live_status': 'is_live',
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCoMdktPbSTixAyNGwb-UYkQ',
-            'channel_follower_count': int,
-            'concurrent_view_count': int,
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@SkyNews',
-            'uploader_id': '@SkyNews',
-            'uploader': 'Sky News',
-            'channel_is_verified': True,
-        },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
-        'expected_warnings': ['Ignoring subtitle tracks found in '],
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/user/TheYoungTurks/live',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'a48o2S1cPoo',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'The Young Turks - Live Main Show',
-            'upload_date': '20150715',
-            'license': 'Standard YouTube License',
-            'description': 'md5:438179573adcdff3c97ebb1ee632b891',
-            'categories': ['News & Politics'],
-            'tags': ['Cenk Uygur (TV Program Creator)', 'The Young Turks (Award-Winning Work)', 'Talk Show (TV Genre)'],
-            'like_count': int,
-        },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1yBKRuGpC1tSM73A0ZjYjQ/live',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/c/CommanderVideoHq/live',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'note': 'A channel that is not live. Should raise error',
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/user/numberphile/live',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/feed/trending',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/feed/library',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/feed/history',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/feed/subscriptions',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/feed/watch_later',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'note': 'Recommended - redirects to home page.',
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/feed/recommended',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'note': 'inline playlist with not always working continuations',
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UC6u0Tct-Fo&list=PL36D642111D65BE7C',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/course',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/zsecurity',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.youtube.com/NASAgovVideo/videos',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/TheYoungTurks/live',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/hashtag/cctv9',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'cctv9',
-            'title': 'cctv9 - All',
-            'tags': [],
-        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 300,  # not consistent but should be over 300
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?list=PLW4dVinRY435CBE_JD3t-0SRXKfnZHS1P&feature=youtu.be&v=M9cJMXmQ_ZU',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'note': 'Requires Premium: should request additional YTM-info webpage (and have format 141) for videos in playlist',
-        'url': 'https://music.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLRBp0Fe2GpgmgoscNFLxNyBVSFVdYmFkq',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'note': '/browse/ should redirect to /channel/',
-        'url': 'https://music.youtube.com/browse/UC1a8OFewdjuLq6KlF8M_8Ng',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'note': 'VLPL, should redirect to playlist?list=PL...',
-        'url': 'https://music.youtube.com/browse/VLPLRBp0Fe2GpgmgoscNFLxNyBVSFVdYmFkq',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'PLRBp0Fe2GpgmgoscNFLxNyBVSFVdYmFkq',
-            'description': 'Providing you with copyright free / safe music for gaming, live streaming, studying and more!',
-            'title': 'NCS : All Releases 💿',
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_aEa8K-EOJ3D6gOs7HcyNg',
-            'modified_date': r're:\d{8}',
-            'view_count': int,
-            'channel_id': 'UC_aEa8K-EOJ3D6gOs7HcyNg',
-            'tags': [],
-            'channel': 'NoCopyrightSounds',
-            'availability': 'public',
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@NoCopyrightSounds',
-            'uploader': 'NoCopyrightSounds',
-            'uploader_id': '@NoCopyrightSounds',
-        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 166,
-        'expected_warnings': [r'[Uu]navailable videos (are|will be) hidden', 'YouTube Music is not directly supported'],
-    }, {
-        # TODO: fix 'unviewable' issue with this playlist when reloading with unavailable videos
-        'note': 'Topic, should redirect to playlist?list=UU...',
-        'url': 'https://music.youtube.com/browse/UC9ALqqC4aIeG5iDs7i90Bfw',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'UU9ALqqC4aIeG5iDs7i90Bfw',
-            'title': 'Uploads from Royalty Free Music - Topic',
-            'tags': [],
-            'channel_id': 'UC9ALqqC4aIeG5iDs7i90Bfw',
-            'channel': 'Royalty Free Music - Topic',
-            'view_count': int,
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9ALqqC4aIeG5iDs7i90Bfw',
-            'modified_date': r're:\d{8}',
-            'description': '',
-            'availability': 'public',
-            'uploader': 'Royalty Free Music - Topic',
-        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 101,
-        'expected_warnings': ['YouTube Music is not directly supported', r'[Uu]navailable videos (are|will be) hidden'],
-    }, {
-        # Destination channel with only a hidden self tab (tab id is UCtFRv9O2AHqOZjjynzrv-xg)
-        # Treat as a general feed
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCtFRv9O2AHqOZjjynzrv-xg',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'UCtFRv9O2AHqOZjjynzrv-xg',
-            'title': 'UCtFRv9O2AHqOZjjynzrv-xg',
-            'tags': [],
-        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 9,
-    }, {
-        'note': 'Youtube music Album',
-        'url': 'https://music.youtube.com/browse/MPREb_gTAcphH99wE',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'OLAK5uy_l1m0thk3g31NmIIz_vMIbWtyv7eZixlH0',
-            'title': 'Album - Royalty Free Music Library V2 (50 Songs)',
-            'tags': [],
-            'view_count': int,
-            'description': '',
-            'availability': 'unlisted',
-            'modified_date': r're:\d{8}',
-        },
-        'playlist_count': 50,
-        'expected_warnings': ['YouTube Music is not directly supported'],
-    }, {
-        'note': 'unlisted single video playlist',
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwL24UFy54GrB3s2KMMfjZscDi1x5Dajf',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'PLwL24UFy54GrB3s2KMMfjZscDi1x5Dajf',
-            'title': 'yt-dlp unlisted playlist test',
-            'availability': 'unlisted',
-            'tags': [],
-            'modified_date': '20220418',
-            'channel': 'colethedj',
-            'view_count': int,
-            'description': '',
-            'channel_id': 'UC9zHu_mHU96r19o-wV5Qs1Q',
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9zHu_mHU96r19o-wV5Qs1Q',
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@colethedj1894',
-            'uploader_id': '@colethedj1894',
-            'uploader': 'colethedj',
-        },
-        'playlist': [{
-            'info_dict': {
-                'title': 'youtube-dl test video "\'/\\ä↭�',
-                'id': 'BaW_jenozKc',
-                '_type': 'url',
-                'ie_key': 'Youtube',
-                'duration': 10,
-                'channel_id': 'UCLqxVugv74EIW3VWh2NOa3Q',
-                'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCLqxVugv74EIW3VWh2NOa3Q',
-                'view_count': int,
-                'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaW_jenozKc',
-                'channel': 'Philipp Hagemeister',
-                'uploader_id': '@PhilippHagemeister',
-                'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@PhilippHagemeister',
-                'uploader': 'Philipp Hagemeister',
-            },
-        }],
-        'playlist_count': 1,
-        'params': {'extract_flat': True},
-    }, {
-        'note': 'API Fallback: Recommended - redirects to home page. Requires visitorData',
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/feed/recommended',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'recommended',
-            'title': 'recommended',
-            'tags': [],
-        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 50,
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,
-            'extractor_args': {'youtubetab': {'skip': ['webpage']}},
-        },
-    }, {
-        'note': 'API Fallback: /videos tab, sorted by oldest first',
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/user/theCodyReeder/videos?view=0&sort=da&flow=grid',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'UCu6mSoMNzHQiBIOCkHUa2Aw',
-            'title': 'Cody\'sLab - Videos',
-            'description': 'md5:d083b7c2f0c67ee7a6c74c3e9b4243fa',
-            'channel': 'Cody\'sLab',
-            'channel_id': 'UCu6mSoMNzHQiBIOCkHUa2Aw',
-            'tags': [],
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu6mSoMNzHQiBIOCkHUa2Aw',
-            'channel_follower_count': int,
-        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 650,
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,
-            'extractor_args': {'youtubetab': {'skip': ['webpage']}},
-        },
-        'skip': 'Query for sorting no longer works',
-    }, {
-        'note': 'API Fallback: Topic, should redirect to playlist?list=UU...',
-        'url': 'https://music.youtube.com/browse/UC9ALqqC4aIeG5iDs7i90Bfw',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'UU9ALqqC4aIeG5iDs7i90Bfw',
-            'title': 'Uploads from Royalty Free Music - Topic',
-            'modified_date': r're:\d{8}',
-            'channel_id': 'UC9ALqqC4aIeG5iDs7i90Bfw',
-            'description': '',
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9ALqqC4aIeG5iDs7i90Bfw',
-            'tags': [],
-            'channel': 'Royalty Free Music - Topic',
-            'view_count': int,
-            'availability': 'public',
-            'uploader': 'Royalty Free Music - Topic',
-        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 101,
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,
-            'extractor_args': {'youtubetab': {'skip': ['webpage']}},
-        },
-        'expected_warnings': ['YouTube Music is not directly supported', r'[Uu]navailable videos (are|will be) hidden'],
-    }, {
-        'note': 'non-standard redirect to regional channel',
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCwVVpHQ2Cs9iGJfpdFngePQ',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'note': 'collaborative playlist (uploader name in the form "by <uploader> and x other(s)")',
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLx-_-Kk4c89oOHEDQAojOXzEzemXxoqx6',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'PLx-_-Kk4c89oOHEDQAojOXzEzemXxoqx6',
-            'modified_date': '20220407',
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKcqXmCcyqnhgpA5P0oHH_Q',
-            'tags': [],
-            'availability': 'unlisted',
-            'channel_id': 'UCKcqXmCcyqnhgpA5P0oHH_Q',
-            'channel': 'pukkandan',
-            'description': 'Test for collaborative playlist',
-            'title': 'yt-dlp test - collaborative playlist',
-            'view_count': int,
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@pukkandan',
-            'uploader_id': '@pukkandan',
-            'uploader': 'pukkandan',
-        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 2,
-    }, {
-        'note': 'translated tab name',
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiu-3thuViMebBjw_5nWYrA/playlists',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'UCiu-3thuViMebBjw_5nWYrA',
-            'tags': [],
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiu-3thuViMebBjw_5nWYrA',
-            'description': 'test description',
-            'title': 'cole-dlp-test-acc - �生リスト',
-            'channel_id': 'UCiu-3thuViMebBjw_5nWYrA',
-            'channel': 'cole-dlp-test-acc',
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@coletdjnz',
-            'uploader_id': '@coletdjnz',
-            'uploader': 'cole-dlp-test-acc',
-        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 1,
-        'params': {'extractor_args': {'youtube': {'lang': ['ja']}}},
-        'expected_warnings': ['Preferring "ja"'],
-    }, {
-        # XXX: this should really check flat playlist entries, but the test suite doesn't support that
-        'note': 'preferred lang set with playlist with translated video titles',
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLt5yu3-wZAlQAaPZ5Z-rJoTdbT-45Q7c0',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'PLt5yu3-wZAlQAaPZ5Z-rJoTdbT-45Q7c0',
-            'tags': [],
-            'view_count': int,
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiu-3thuViMebBjw_5nWYrA',
-            'channel': 'cole-dlp-test-acc',
-            'channel_id': 'UCiu-3thuViMebBjw_5nWYrA',
-            'description': 'test',
-            'title': 'dlp test playlist',
-            'availability': 'public',
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@coletdjnz',
-            'uploader_id': '@coletdjnz',
-            'uploader': 'cole-dlp-test-acc',
-        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 1,
-        'params': {'extractor_args': {'youtube': {'lang': ['ja']}}},
-        'expected_warnings': ['Preferring "ja"'],
-    }, {
-        # shorts audio pivot for 2GtVksBMYFM.
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/feed/sfv_audio_pivot?bp=8gUrCikSJwoLMkd0VmtzQk1ZRk0SCzJHdFZrc0JNWUZNGgsyR3RWa3NCTVlGTQ==',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'sfv_audio_pivot',
-            'title': 'sfv_audio_pivot',
-            'tags': [],
-        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 50,
-
-    }, {
-        # Channel with a real live tab (not to be mistaken with streams tab)
-        # Do not treat like it should redirect to live stream
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEH7P7kyJIkS_gJf93VYbmg/live',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'UCEH7P7kyJIkS_gJf93VYbmg',
-            'title': 'UCEH7P7kyJIkS_gJf93VYbmg - Live',
-            'tags': [],
-        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 20,
-    }, {
-        # Tab name is not the same as tab id
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQvWX73GQygcwXOTSf_VDVg/letsplay',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'UCQvWX73GQygcwXOTSf_VDVg',
-            'title': 'UCQvWX73GQygcwXOTSf_VDVg - Let\'s play',
-            'tags': [],
-        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 8,
-    }, {
-        # Home tab id is literally home. Not to get mistaken with featured
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQvWX73GQygcwXOTSf_VDVg/home',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'UCQvWX73GQygcwXOTSf_VDVg',
-            'title': 'UCQvWX73GQygcwXOTSf_VDVg - Home',
-            'tags': [],
-        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 8,
-    }, {
-        # Should get three playlists for videos, shorts and streams tabs
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCK9V2B22uJYu3N7eR_BT9QA',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'UCK9V2B22uJYu3N7eR_BT9QA',
-            'title': 'Polka Ch. 尾丸�ルカ',
-            'channel_follower_count': int,
-            'channel_id': 'UCK9V2B22uJYu3N7eR_BT9QA',
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCK9V2B22uJYu3N7eR_BT9QA',
-            'description': 'md5:49809d8bf9da539bc48ed5d1f83c33f2',
-            'channel': 'Polka Ch. 尾丸�ルカ',
-            'tags': 'count:35',
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@OmaruPolka',
-            'uploader': 'Polka Ch. 尾丸�ルカ',
-            'uploader_id': '@OmaruPolka',
-            'channel_is_verified': True,
-        },
-        'playlist_count': 3,
-    }, {
-        # Shorts tab with channel with handle
-        # TODO: fix channel description
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@NotJustBikes/shorts',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'UC0intLFzLaudFG-xAvUEO-A',
-            'title': 'Not Just Bikes - Shorts',
-            'tags': 'count:10',
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0intLFzLaudFG-xAvUEO-A',
-            'description': 'md5:5e82545b3a041345927a92d0585df247',
-            'channel_follower_count': int,
-            'channel_id': 'UC0intLFzLaudFG-xAvUEO-A',
-            'channel': 'Not Just Bikes',
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@NotJustBikes',
-            'uploader': 'Not Just Bikes',
-            'uploader_id': '@NotJustBikes',
-            'channel_is_verified': True,
-        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 10,
-    }, {
-        # Streams tab
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3eYAvjCVwNHgkaGbXX3sig/streams',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'UC3eYAvjCVwNHgkaGbXX3sig',
-            'title': '中�悠一 - Live',
-            'tags': 'count:7',
-            'channel_id': 'UC3eYAvjCVwNHgkaGbXX3sig',
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3eYAvjCVwNHgkaGbXX3sig',
-            'channel': '中�悠一',
-            'channel_follower_count': int,
-            'description': 'md5:e744f6c93dafa7a03c0c6deecb157300',
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@Yuichi-Nakamura',
-            'uploader_id': '@Yuichi-Nakamura',
-            'uploader': '中�悠一',
-        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 60,
-    }, {
-        # Channel with no uploads and hence no videos, streams, shorts tabs or uploads playlist. This should fail.
-        # See test_youtube_lists
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC2yXPzFejc422buOIzn_0CA',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        # No uploads and no UCID given. Should fail with no uploads error
-        # See test_youtube_lists
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/news',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        # No videos tab but has a shorts tab
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/c/TKFShorts',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'UCgJ5_1F6yJhYLnyMszUdmUg',
-            'title': 'Shorts Break - Shorts',
-            'tags': 'count:48',
-            'channel_id': 'UCgJ5_1F6yJhYLnyMszUdmUg',
-            'channel': 'Shorts Break',
-            'description': 'md5:6de33c5e7ba686e5f3efd4e19c7ef499',
-            'channel_follower_count': int,
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCgJ5_1F6yJhYLnyMszUdmUg',
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@ShortsBreak_Official',
-            'uploader': 'Shorts Break',
-            'uploader_id': '@ShortsBreak_Official',
-        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 30,
-    }, {
-        # Trending Now Tab. tab id is empty
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/feed/trending',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'trending',
-            'title': 'trending - Now',
-            'tags': [],
-        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 30,
-    }, {
-        # Trending Gaming Tab. tab id is empty
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/feed/trending?bp=4gIcGhpnYW1pbmdfY29ycHVzX21vc3RfcG9wdWxhcg%3D%3D',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'trending',
-            'title': 'trending - Gaming',
-            'tags': [],
-        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 30,
-    }, {
-        # Shorts url result in shorts tab
-        # TODO: Fix channel id extraction
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiu-3thuViMebBjw_5nWYrA/shorts',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'UCiu-3thuViMebBjw_5nWYrA',
-            'title': 'cole-dlp-test-acc - Shorts',
-            'channel': 'cole-dlp-test-acc',
-            'description': 'test description',
-            'channel_id': 'UCiu-3thuViMebBjw_5nWYrA',
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiu-3thuViMebBjw_5nWYrA',
-            'tags': [],
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@coletdjnz',
-            'uploader_id': '@coletdjnz',
-            'uploader': 'cole-dlp-test-acc',
-        },
-        'playlist': [{
-            'info_dict': {
-                # Channel data is not currently available for short renderers (as of 2023-03-01)
-                '_type': 'url',
-                'ie_key': 'Youtube',
-                'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/shorts/sSM9J5YH_60',
-                'id': 'sSM9J5YH_60',
-                'title': 'SHORT short',
-                'view_count': int,
-                'thumbnails': list,
-            },
-        }],
-        'params': {'extract_flat': True},
-    }, {
-        # Live video status should be extracted
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQvWX73GQygcwXOTSf_VDVg/live',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'UCQvWX73GQygcwXOTSf_VDVg',
-            'title': 'UCQvWX73GQygcwXOTSf_VDVg - Live',  # TODO: should be Minecraft - Live or Minecraft - Topic - Live
-            'tags': [],
-        },
-        'playlist': [{
-            'info_dict': {
-                '_type': 'url',
-                'ie_key': 'Youtube',
-                'url': 'startswith:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=',
-                'id': str,
-                'title': str,
-                'live_status': 'is_live',
-                'channel_id': str,
-                'channel_url': str,
-                'concurrent_view_count': int,
-                'channel': str,
-                'uploader': str,
-                'uploader_url': str,
-                'uploader_id': str,
-                'channel_is_verified': bool,  # this will keep changing
-            },
-        }],
-        'params': {'extract_flat': True, 'playlist_items': '1'},
-        'playlist_mincount': 1,
-    }, {
-        # Channel renderer metadata. Contains number of videos on the channel
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiu-3thuViMebBjw_5nWYrA/channels',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'UCiu-3thuViMebBjw_5nWYrA',
-            'title': 'cole-dlp-test-acc - Channels',
-            'channel': 'cole-dlp-test-acc',
-            'description': 'test description',
-            'channel_id': 'UCiu-3thuViMebBjw_5nWYrA',
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiu-3thuViMebBjw_5nWYrA',
-            'tags': [],
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@coletdjnz',
-            'uploader_id': '@coletdjnz',
-            'uploader': 'cole-dlp-test-acc',
-        },
-        'playlist': [{
-            'info_dict': {
-                '_type': 'url',
-                'ie_key': 'YoutubeTab',
-                'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC-lHJZR3Gqxm24_Vd_AJ5Yw',
-                'id': 'UC-lHJZR3Gqxm24_Vd_AJ5Yw',
-                'channel_id': 'UC-lHJZR3Gqxm24_Vd_AJ5Yw',
-                'title': 'PewDiePie',
-                'channel': 'PewDiePie',
-                'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC-lHJZR3Gqxm24_Vd_AJ5Yw',
-                'thumbnails': list,
-                'channel_follower_count': int,
-                'playlist_count': int,
-                'uploader': 'PewDiePie',
-                'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@PewDiePie',
-                'uploader_id': '@PewDiePie',
-                'channel_is_verified': True,
-            },
-        }],
-        'params': {'extract_flat': True},
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@3blue1brown/about',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '@3blue1brown',
-            'tags': ['Mathematics'],
-            'title': '3Blue1Brown',
-            'channel_follower_count': int,
-            'channel_id': 'UCYO_jab_esuFRV4b17AJtAw',
-            'channel': '3Blue1Brown',
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYO_jab_esuFRV4b17AJtAw',
-            'description': 'md5:4d1da95432004b7ba840ebc895b6b4c9',
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@3blue1brown',
-            'uploader_id': '@3blue1brown',
-            'uploader': '3Blue1Brown',
-            'channel_is_verified': True,
-        },
-        'playlist_count': 0,
-    }, {
-        # Podcasts tab, with rich entry lockupViewModel
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@99percentinvisiblepodcast/podcasts',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'UCVMF2HD4ZgC0QHpU9Yq5Xrw',
-            'channel_id': 'UCVMF2HD4ZgC0QHpU9Yq5Xrw',
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@99percentinvisiblepodcast',
-            'description': 'md5:3a0ed38f1ad42a68ef0428c04a15695c',
-            'title': '99% Invisible - Podcasts',
-            'uploader': '99% Invisible',
-            'channel_follower_count': int,
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVMF2HD4ZgC0QHpU9Yq5Xrw',
-            'tags': [],
-            'channel': '99% Invisible',
-            'uploader_id': '@99percentinvisiblepodcast',
-        },
-        'playlist_count': 5,
-    }, {
-        # Releases tab, with rich entry playlistRenderers (same as Podcasts tab)
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@AHimitsu/releases',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'UCgFwu-j5-xNJml2FtTrrB3A',
-            'channel': 'A Himitsu',
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@AHimitsu',
-            'title': 'A Himitsu - Releases',
-            'uploader_id': '@AHimitsu',
-            'uploader': 'A Himitsu',
-            'channel_id': 'UCgFwu-j5-xNJml2FtTrrB3A',
-            'tags': 'count:12',
-            'description': 'I make music',
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCgFwu-j5-xNJml2FtTrrB3A',
-            'channel_follower_count': int,
-            'channel_is_verified': True,
-        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 10,
-    }, {
-        # Playlist with only shorts, shown as reel renderers
-        # FIXME: future: YouTube currently doesn't give continuation for this,
-        # may do in future.
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=UUxqPAgubo4coVn9Lx1FuKcg',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'UUxqPAgubo4coVn9Lx1FuKcg',
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCxqPAgubo4coVn9Lx1FuKcg',
-            'view_count': int,
-            'uploader_id': '@BangyShorts',
-            'description': '',
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@BangyShorts',
-            'channel_id': 'UCxqPAgubo4coVn9Lx1FuKcg',
-            'channel': 'Bangy Shorts',
-            'uploader': 'Bangy Shorts',
-            'tags': [],
-            'availability': 'public',
-            'modified_date': r're:\d{8}',
-            'title': 'Uploads from Bangy Shorts',
-        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 100,
-        'expected_warnings': [r'[Uu]navailable videos (are|will be) hidden'],
-    }, {
-        'note': 'Tags containing spaces',
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7_YxT-KID8kRbqZo7MyscQ',
-        'playlist_count': 3,
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'UC7_YxT-KID8kRbqZo7MyscQ',
-            'channel': 'Markiplier',
-            'channel_id': 'UC7_YxT-KID8kRbqZo7MyscQ',
-            'title': 'Markiplier',
-            'channel_follower_count': int,
-            'description': 'md5:0c010910558658824402809750dc5d97',
-            'uploader_id': '@markiplier',
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@markiplier',
-            'uploader': 'Markiplier',
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7_YxT-KID8kRbqZo7MyscQ',
-            'channel_is_verified': True,
-            'tags': ['markiplier', 'comedy', 'gaming', 'funny videos', 'funny moments',
-                     'sketch comedy', 'laughing', 'lets play', 'challenge videos', 'hilarious',
-                     'challenges', 'sketches', 'scary games', 'funny games', 'rage games',
-                     'mark fischbach'],
-        },
-    }]
-
-    @classmethod
-    def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if YoutubeIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
-
-    _URL_RE = re.compile(rf'(?P<pre>{_VALID_URL})(?(not_channel)|(?P<tab>/[^?#/]+))?(?P<post>.*)$')
-
-    def _get_url_mobj(self, url):
-        mobj = self._URL_RE.match(url).groupdict()
-        mobj.update((k, '') for k, v in mobj.items() if v is None)
-        return mobj
-
-    def _extract_tab_id_and_name(self, tab, base_url='https://www.youtube.com'):
-        tab_name = (tab.get('title') or '').lower()
-        tab_url = urljoin(base_url, traverse_obj(
-            tab, ('endpoint', 'commandMetadata', 'webCommandMetadata', 'url')))
-
-        tab_id = ((tab_url and self._get_url_mobj(tab_url)['tab'][1:])
-                  or traverse_obj(tab, 'tabIdentifier', expected_type=str))
-        if tab_id:
-            return {
-                'TAB_ID_SPONSORSHIPS': 'membership',
-            }.get(tab_id, tab_id), tab_name
-
-        # Fallback to tab name if we cannot get the tab id.
-        # XXX: should we strip non-ascii letters? e.g. in case of 'let's play' tab example on special gaming channel
-        # Note that in the case of translated tab name this may result in an empty string, which we don't want.
-        if tab_name:
-            self.write_debug(f'Falling back to selected tab name: {tab_name}')
-        return {
-            'home': 'featured',
-            'live': 'streams',
-        }.get(tab_name, tab_name), tab_name
-
-    def _has_tab(self, tabs, tab_id):
-        return any(self._extract_tab_id_and_name(tab)[0] == tab_id for tab in tabs)
-
-    def _empty_playlist(self, item_id, data):
-        return self.playlist_result([], item_id, **self._extract_metadata_from_tabs(item_id, data))
-
-    @YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor.passthrough_smuggled_data
-    def _real_extract(self, url, smuggled_data):
-        item_id = self._match_id(url)
-        url = urllib.parse.urlunparse(
-            urllib.parse.urlparse(url)._replace(netloc='www.youtube.com'))
-        compat_opts = self.get_param('compat_opts', [])
-
-        mobj = self._get_url_mobj(url)
-        pre, tab, post, is_channel = mobj['pre'], mobj['tab'], mobj['post'], not mobj['not_channel']
-        if is_channel and smuggled_data.get('is_music_url'):
-            if item_id[:2] == 'VL':  # Youtube music VL channels have an equivalent playlist
-                return self.url_result(
-                    f'https://music.youtube.com/playlist?list={item_id[2:]}', YoutubeTabIE, item_id[2:])
-            elif item_id[:2] == 'MP':  # Resolve albums (/[channel/browse]/MP...) to their equivalent playlist
-                mdata = self._extract_tab_endpoint(
-                    f'https://music.youtube.com/channel/{item_id}', item_id, default_client='web_music')
-                murl = traverse_obj(mdata, ('microformat', 'microformatDataRenderer', 'urlCanonical'),
-                                    get_all=False, expected_type=str)
-                if not murl:
-                    raise ExtractorError('Failed to resolve album to playlist')
-                return self.url_result(murl, YoutubeTabIE)
-            elif mobj['channel_type'] == 'browse':  # Youtube music /browse/ should be changed to /channel/
-                return self.url_result(
-                    f'https://music.youtube.com/channel/{item_id}{tab}{post}', YoutubeTabIE, item_id)
-
-        original_tab_id, display_id = tab[1:], f'{item_id}{tab}'
-        if is_channel and not tab and 'no-youtube-channel-redirect' not in compat_opts:
-            url = f'{pre}/videos{post}'
-        if smuggled_data.get('is_music_url'):
-            self.report_warning(f'YouTube Music is not directly supported. Redirecting to {url}')
-
-        # Handle both video/playlist URLs
-        qs = parse_qs(url)
-        video_id, playlist_id = (traverse_obj(qs, (key, 0)) for key in ('v', 'list'))
-        if not video_id and mobj['not_channel'].startswith('watch'):
-            if not playlist_id:
-                # If there is neither video or playlist ids, youtube redirects to home page, which is undesirable
-                raise ExtractorError('A video URL was given without video ID', expected=True)
-            # Common mistake: https://www.youtube.com/watch?list=playlist_id
-            self.report_warning(f'A video URL was given without video ID. Trying to download playlist {playlist_id}')
-            return self.url_result(
-                f'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list={playlist_id}', YoutubeTabIE, playlist_id)
-
-        if not self._yes_playlist(playlist_id, video_id):
-            return self.url_result(
-                f'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v={video_id}', YoutubeIE, video_id)
-
-        data, ytcfg = self._extract_data(url, display_id)
-
-        # YouTube may provide a non-standard redirect to the regional channel
-        # See: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/2694
-        # https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/2976814#zippy=,conditional-redirects
-        redirect_url = traverse_obj(
-            data, ('onResponseReceivedActions', ..., 'navigateAction', 'endpoint', 'commandMetadata', 'webCommandMetadata', 'url'), get_all=False)
-        if redirect_url and 'no-youtube-channel-redirect' not in compat_opts:
-            redirect_url = ''.join((urljoin('https://www.youtube.com', redirect_url), tab, post))
-            self.to_screen(f'This playlist is likely not available in your region. Following conditional redirect to {redirect_url}')
-            return self.url_result(redirect_url, YoutubeTabIE)
-
-        tabs, extra_tabs = self._extract_tab_renderers(data), []
-        if is_channel and tabs and 'no-youtube-channel-redirect' not in compat_opts:
-            selected_tab = self._extract_selected_tab(tabs)
-            selected_tab_id, selected_tab_name = self._extract_tab_id_and_name(selected_tab, url)  # NB: Name may be translated
-            self.write_debug(f'Selected tab: {selected_tab_id!r} ({selected_tab_name}), Requested tab: {original_tab_id!r}')
-
-            # /about is no longer a tab
-            if original_tab_id == 'about':
-                return self._empty_playlist(item_id, data)
-
-            if not original_tab_id and selected_tab_name:
-                self.to_screen('Downloading all uploads of the channel. '
-                               'To download only the videos in a specific tab, pass the tab\'s URL')
-                if self._has_tab(tabs, 'streams'):
-                    extra_tabs.append(''.join((pre, '/streams', post)))
-                if self._has_tab(tabs, 'shorts'):
-                    extra_tabs.append(''.join((pre, '/shorts', post)))
-                # XXX: Members-only tab should also be extracted
-
-                if not extra_tabs and selected_tab_id != 'videos':
-                    # Channel does not have streams, shorts or videos tabs
-                    if item_id[:2] != 'UC':
-                        return self._empty_playlist(item_id, data)
-
-                    # Topic channels don't have /videos. Use the equivalent playlist instead
-                    pl_id = f'UU{item_id[2:]}'
-                    pl_url = f'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list={pl_id}'
-                    try:
-                        data, ytcfg = self._extract_data(pl_url, pl_id, ytcfg=ytcfg, fatal=True, webpage_fatal=True)
-                    except ExtractorError:
-                        return self._empty_playlist(item_id, data)
-                    else:
-                        item_id, url = pl_id, pl_url
-                        self.to_screen(
-                            f'The channel does not have a videos, shorts, or live tab. Redirecting to playlist {pl_id} instead')
-
-                elif extra_tabs and selected_tab_id != 'videos':
-                    # When there are shorts/live tabs but not videos tab
-                    url, data = f'{pre}{post}', None
-
-            elif (original_tab_id or 'videos') != selected_tab_id:
-                if original_tab_id == 'live':
-                    # Live tab should have redirected to the video
-                    # Except in the case the channel has an actual live tab
-                    # Example: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEH7P7kyJIkS_gJf93VYbmg/live
-                    raise UserNotLive(video_id=item_id)
-                elif selected_tab_name:
-                    raise ExtractorError(f'This channel does not have a {original_tab_id} tab', expected=True)
-
-                # For channels such as https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCtFRv9O2AHqOZjjynzrv-xg
-                url = f'{pre}{post}'
-
-        # YouTube sometimes provides a button to reload playlist with unavailable videos.
-        if 'no-youtube-unavailable-videos' not in compat_opts:
-            data = self._reload_with_unavailable_videos(display_id, data, ytcfg) or data
-        self._extract_and_report_alerts(data, only_once=True)
-
-        tabs, entries = self._extract_tab_renderers(data), []
-        if tabs:
-            entries = [self._extract_from_tabs(item_id, ytcfg, data, tabs)]
-            entries[0].update({
-                'extractor_key': YoutubeTabIE.ie_key(),
-                'extractor': YoutubeTabIE.IE_NAME,
-                'webpage_url': url,
-            })
-        if self.get_param('playlist_items') == '0':
-            entries.extend(self.url_result(u, YoutubeTabIE) for u in extra_tabs)
-        else:  # Users expect to get all `video_id`s even with `--flat-playlist`. So don't return `url_result`
-            entries.extend(map(self._real_extract, extra_tabs))
-
-        if len(entries) == 1:
-            return entries[0]
-        elif entries:
-            metadata = self._extract_metadata_from_tabs(item_id, data)
-            uploads_url = 'the Uploads (UU) playlist URL'
-            if try_get(metadata, lambda x: x['channel_id'].startswith('UC')):
-                uploads_url = f'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=UU{metadata["channel_id"][2:]}'
-            self.to_screen(
-                'Downloading as multiple playlists, separated by tabs. '
-                f'To download as a single playlist instead, pass {uploads_url}')
-            return self.playlist_result(entries, item_id, **metadata)
-
-        # Inline playlist
-        playlist = traverse_obj(
-            data, ('contents', 'twoColumnWatchNextResults', 'playlist', 'playlist'), expected_type=dict)
-        if playlist:
-            return self._extract_from_playlist(item_id, url, data, playlist, ytcfg)
-
-        video_id = traverse_obj(
-            data, ('currentVideoEndpoint', 'watchEndpoint', 'videoId'), expected_type=str) or video_id
-        if video_id:
-            if tab != '/live':  # live tab is expected to redirect to video
-                self.report_warning(f'Unable to recognize playlist. Downloading just video {video_id}')
-            return self.url_result(f'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v={video_id}', YoutubeIE, video_id)
-
-        raise ExtractorError('Unable to recognize tab page')
-
-
-class YoutubePlaylistIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
-    IE_DESC = 'YouTube playlists'
-    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)(?:
-                        (?:https?://)?
-                        (?:\w+\.)?
-                        (?:
-                            (?:
-                                youtube(?:kids)?\.com|
-                                {invidious}
-                            )
-                            /.*?\?.*?\blist=
-                        )?
-                        (?P<id>{playlist_id})
-                     )'''.format(
-        playlist_id=YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor._PLAYLIST_ID_RE,
-        invidious='|'.join(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor._INVIDIOUS_SITES),
-    )
-    IE_NAME = 'youtube:playlist'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'note': 'issue #673',
-        'url': 'PLBB231211A4F62143',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'title': '[OLD]Team Fortress 2 (Class-based LP)',
-            'id': 'PLBB231211A4F62143',
-            'uploader': 'Wickman',
-            'uploader_id': '@WickmanVT',
-            'description': 'md5:8fa6f52abb47a9552002fa3ddfc57fc2',
-            'view_count': int,
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@WickmanVT',
-            'modified_date': r're:\d{8}',
-            'channel_id': 'UCKSpbfbl5kRQpTdL7kMc-1Q',
-            'channel': 'Wickman',
-            'tags': [],
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKSpbfbl5kRQpTdL7kMc-1Q',
-            'availability': 'public',
-        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 29,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'PLtPgu7CB4gbY9oDN3drwC3cMbJggS7dKl',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'title': 'YDL_safe_search',
-            'id': 'PLtPgu7CB4gbY9oDN3drwC3cMbJggS7dKl',
-        },
-        'playlist_count': 2,
-        'skip': 'This playlist is private',
-    }, {
-        'note': 'embedded',
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/embed/videoseries?list=PL6IaIsEjSbf96XFRuNccS_RuEXwNdsoEu',
-        'playlist_count': 4,
-        'info_dict': {
-            'title': 'JODA15',
-            'id': 'PL6IaIsEjSbf96XFRuNccS_RuEXwNdsoEu',
-            'uploader': 'milan',
-            'uploader_id': '@milan5503',
-            'description': '',
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEI1-PVPcYXjB73Hfelbmaw',
-            'tags': [],
-            'modified_date': '20140919',
-            'view_count': int,
-            'channel': 'milan',
-            'channel_id': 'UCEI1-PVPcYXjB73Hfelbmaw',
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@milan5503',
-            'availability': 'public',
-        },
-        'expected_warnings': [r'[Uu]navailable videos? (is|are|will be) hidden', 'Retrying', 'Giving up'],
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.youtube.com/embed/_xDOZElKyNU?list=PLsyOSbh5bs16vubvKePAQ1x3PhKavfBIl',
-        'playlist_mincount': 455,
-        'info_dict': {
-            'title': '2018 Chinese New Singles (11/6 updated)',
-            'id': 'PLsyOSbh5bs16vubvKePAQ1x3PhKavfBIl',
-            'uploader': 'LBK',
-            'uploader_id': '@music_king',
-            'description': 'md5:da521864744d60a198e3a88af4db0d9d',
-            'channel': 'LBK',
-            'view_count': int,
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC21nz3_MesPLqtDqwdvnoxA',
-            'tags': [],
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@music_king',
-            'channel_id': 'UC21nz3_MesPLqtDqwdvnoxA',
-            'modified_date': r're:\d{8}',
-            'availability': 'public',
-        },
-        'expected_warnings': [r'[Uu]navailable videos (are|will be) hidden'],
-    }, {
-        'url': 'TLGGrESM50VT6acwMjAyMjAxNw',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        # music album playlist
-        'url': 'OLAK5uy_m4xAFdmMC5rX3Ji3g93pQe3hqLZw_9LhM',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-
-    @classmethod
-    def suitable(cls, url):
-        if YoutubeTabIE.suitable(url):
-            return False
-        from ..utils import parse_qs
-        qs = parse_qs(url)
-        if qs.get('v', [None])[0]:
-            return False
-        return super().suitable(url)
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
-        is_music_url = YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor.is_music_url(url)
-        url = update_url_query(
-            'https://www.youtube.com/playlist',
-            parse_qs(url) or {'list': playlist_id})
-        if is_music_url:
-            url = smuggle_url(url, {'is_music_url': True})
-        return self.url_result(url, ie=YoutubeTabIE.ie_key(), video_id=playlist_id)
-
-
-class YoutubeYtBeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
-    IE_DESC = 'youtu.be'
-    _VALID_URL = rf'https?://youtu\.be/(?P<id>[0-9A-Za-z_-]{{11}})/*?.*?\blist=(?P<playlist_id>{YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor._PLAYLIST_ID_RE})'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://youtu.be/yeWKywCrFtk?list=PL2qgrgXsNUG5ig9cat4ohreBjYLAPC0J5',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'yeWKywCrFtk',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Small Scale Baler and Braiding Rugs',
-            'uploader': 'Backus-Page House Museum',
-            'uploader_id': '@backuspagemuseum',
-            'uploader_url': r're:https?://(?:www\.)?youtube\.com/@backuspagemuseum',
-            'upload_date': '20161008',
-            'description': 'md5:800c0c78d5eb128500bffd4f0b4f2e8a',
-            'categories': ['Nonprofits & Activism'],
-            'tags': list,
-            'like_count': int,
-            'age_limit': 0,
-            'playable_in_embed': True,
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.webp',
-            'channel': 'Backus-Page House Museum',
-            'channel_id': 'UCEfMCQ9bs3tjvjy1s451zaw',
-            'live_status': 'not_live',
-            'view_count': int,
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEfMCQ9bs3tjvjy1s451zaw',
-            'availability': 'public',
-            'duration': 59,
-            'comment_count': int,
-            'channel_follower_count': int,
-        },
-        'params': {
-            'noplaylist': True,
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://youtu.be/uWyaPkt-VOI?list=PL9D9FC436B881BA21',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
-        video_id = mobj.group('id')
-        playlist_id = mobj.group('playlist_id')
-        return self.url_result(
-            update_url_query('https://www.youtube.com/watch', {
-                'v': video_id,
-                'list': playlist_id,
-                'feature': 'youtu.be',
-            }), ie=YoutubeTabIE.ie_key(), video_id=playlist_id)
-
-
-class YoutubeLivestreamEmbedIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
-    IE_DESC = 'YouTube livestream embeds'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:\w+\.)?youtube\.com/embed/live_stream/?\?(?:[^#]+&)?channel=(?P<id>[^&#]+)'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/embed/live_stream?channel=UC2_KI6RB__jGdlnK6dvFEZA',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        channel_id = self._match_id(url)
-        return self.url_result(
-            f'https://www.youtube.com/channel/{channel_id}/live',
-            ie=YoutubeTabIE.ie_key(), video_id=channel_id)
-
-
-class YoutubeYtUserIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
-    IE_DESC = 'YouTube user videos; "ytuser:" prefix'
-    IE_NAME = 'youtube:user'
-    _VALID_URL = r'ytuser:(?P<id>.+)'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'ytuser:phihag',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        user_id = self._match_id(url)
-        return self.url_result(f'https://www.youtube.com/user/{user_id}', YoutubeTabIE, user_id)
-
-
-class YoutubeFavouritesIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
-    IE_NAME = 'youtube:favorites'
-    IE_DESC = 'YouTube liked videos; ":ytfav" keyword (requires cookies)'
-    _VALID_URL = r':ytfav(?:ou?rite)?s?'
-    _LOGIN_REQUIRED = True
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': ':ytfav',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': ':ytfavorites',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        return self.url_result(
-            'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=LL',
-            ie=YoutubeTabIE.ie_key())
-
-
-class YoutubeNotificationsIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
-    IE_NAME = 'youtube:notif'
-    IE_DESC = 'YouTube notifications; ":ytnotif" keyword (requires cookies)'
-    _VALID_URL = r':ytnotif(?:ication)?s?'
-    _LOGIN_REQUIRED = True
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': ':ytnotif',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': ':ytnotifications',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-
-    def _extract_notification_menu(self, response, continuation_list):
-        notification_list = traverse_obj(
-            response,
-            ('actions', 0, 'openPopupAction', 'popup', 'multiPageMenuRenderer', 'sections', 0, 'multiPageMenuNotificationSectionRenderer', 'items'),
-            ('actions', 0, 'appendContinuationItemsAction', 'continuationItems'),
-            expected_type=list) or []
-        continuation_list[0] = None
-        for item in notification_list:
-            entry = self._extract_notification_renderer(item.get('notificationRenderer'))
-            if entry:
-                yield entry
-            continuation = item.get('continuationItemRenderer')
-            if continuation:
-                continuation_list[0] = continuation
-
-    def _extract_notification_renderer(self, notification):
-        video_id = traverse_obj(
-            notification, ('navigationEndpoint', 'watchEndpoint', 'videoId'), expected_type=str)
-        url = f'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v={video_id}'
-        channel_id = None
-        if not video_id:
-            browse_ep = traverse_obj(
-                notification, ('navigationEndpoint', 'browseEndpoint'), expected_type=dict)
-            channel_id = self.ucid_or_none(traverse_obj(browse_ep, 'browseId', expected_type=str))
-            post_id = self._search_regex(
-                r'/post/(.+)', traverse_obj(browse_ep, 'canonicalBaseUrl', expected_type=str),
-                'post id', default=None)
-            if not channel_id or not post_id:
-                return
-            # The direct /post url redirects to this in the browser
-            url = f'https://www.youtube.com/channel/{channel_id}/community?lb={post_id}'
-
-        channel = traverse_obj(
-            notification, ('contextualMenu', 'menuRenderer', 'items', 1, 'menuServiceItemRenderer', 'text', 'runs', 1, 'text'),
-            expected_type=str)
-        notification_title = self._get_text(notification, 'shortMessage')
-        if notification_title:
-            notification_title = notification_title.replace('\xad', '')  # remove soft hyphens
-        # TODO: handle recommended videos
-        title = self._search_regex(
-            rf'{re.escape(channel or "")}[^:]+: (.+)', notification_title,
-            'video title', default=None)
-        timestamp = (self._parse_time_text(self._get_text(notification, 'sentTimeText'))
-                     if self._configuration_arg('approximate_date', ie_key=YoutubeTabIE)
-                     else None)
-        return {
-            '_type': 'url',
-            'url': url,
-            'ie_key': (YoutubeIE if video_id else YoutubeTabIE).ie_key(),
-            'video_id': video_id,
-            'title': title,
-            'channel_id': channel_id,
-            'channel': channel,
-            'uploader': channel,
-            'thumbnails': self._extract_thumbnails(notification, 'videoThumbnail'),
-            'timestamp': timestamp,
-        }
-
-    def _notification_menu_entries(self, ytcfg):
-        continuation_list = [None]
-        response = None
-        for page in itertools.count(1):
-            ctoken = traverse_obj(
-                continuation_list, (0, 'continuationEndpoint', 'getNotificationMenuEndpoint', 'ctoken'), expected_type=str)
-            response = self._extract_response(
-                item_id=f'page {page}', query={'ctoken': ctoken} if ctoken else {}, ytcfg=ytcfg,
-                ep='notification/get_notification_menu', check_get_keys='actions',
-                headers=self.generate_api_headers(ytcfg=ytcfg, visitor_data=self._extract_visitor_data(response)))
-            yield from self._extract_notification_menu(response, continuation_list)
-            if not continuation_list[0]:
-                break
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        display_id = 'notifications'
-        ytcfg = self._download_ytcfg('web', display_id) if not self.skip_webpage else {}
-        self._report_playlist_authcheck(ytcfg)
-        return self.playlist_result(self._notification_menu_entries(ytcfg), display_id, display_id)
-
-
-class YoutubeSearchIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor, SearchInfoExtractor):
-    IE_DESC = 'YouTube search'
-    IE_NAME = 'youtube:search'
-    _SEARCH_KEY = 'ytsearch'
-    _SEARCH_PARAMS = 'EgIQAfABAQ=='  # Videos only
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'ytsearch5:youtube-dl test video',
-        'playlist_count': 5,
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'youtube-dl test video',
-            'title': 'youtube-dl test video',
-        },
-    }, {
-        'note': 'Suicide/self-harm search warning',
-        'url': 'ytsearch1:i hate myself and i wanna die',
-        'playlist_count': 1,
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'i hate myself and i wanna die',
-            'title': 'i hate myself and i wanna die',
-        },
-    }]
-
-
-class YoutubeSearchDateIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor, SearchInfoExtractor):
-    IE_NAME = YoutubeSearchIE.IE_NAME + ':date'
-    _SEARCH_KEY = 'ytsearchdate'
-    IE_DESC = 'YouTube search, newest videos first'
-    _SEARCH_PARAMS = 'CAISAhAB8AEB'  # Videos only, sorted by date
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'ytsearchdate5:youtube-dl test video',
-        'playlist_count': 5,
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'youtube-dl test video',
-            'title': 'youtube-dl test video',
-        },
-    }]
-
-
-class YoutubeSearchURLIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
-    IE_DESC = 'YouTube search URLs with sorting and filter support'
-    IE_NAME = YoutubeSearchIE.IE_NAME + '_url'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?youtube\.com/(?:results|search)\?([^#]+&)?(?:search_query|q)=(?:[^&]+)(?:[&#]|$)'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/results?baz=bar&search_query=youtube-dl+test+video&filters=video&lclk=video',
-        'playlist_mincount': 5,
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'youtube-dl test video',
-            'title': 'youtube-dl test video',
-        },
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=python&sp=EgIQAg%253D%253D',
-        'playlist_mincount': 5,
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'python',
-            'title': 'python',
-        },
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=%23cats',
-        'playlist_mincount': 1,
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '#cats',
-            'title': '#cats',
-            # The test suite does not have support for nested playlists
-            # 'entries': [{
-            #     'url': r're:https://(www\.)?youtube\.com/hashtag/cats',
-            #     'title': '#cats',
-            # }],
-        },
-    }, {
-        # Channel results
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=kurzgesagt&sp=EgIQAg%253D%253D',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'kurzgesagt',
-            'title': 'kurzgesagt',
-        },
-        'playlist': [{
-            'info_dict': {
-                '_type': 'url',
-                'id': 'UCsXVk37bltHxD1rDPwtNM8Q',
-                'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCsXVk37bltHxD1rDPwtNM8Q',
-                'ie_key': 'YoutubeTab',
-                'channel': 'Kurzgesagt – In a Nutshell',
-                'description': 'md5:4ae48dfa9505ffc307dad26342d06bfc',
-                'title': 'Kurzgesagt – In a Nutshell',
-                'channel_id': 'UCsXVk37bltHxD1rDPwtNM8Q',
-                # No longer available for search as it is set to the handle.
-                # 'playlist_count': int,
-                'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCsXVk37bltHxD1rDPwtNM8Q',
-                'thumbnails': list,
-                'uploader_id': '@kurzgesagt',
-                'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@kurzgesagt',
-                'uploader': 'Kurzgesagt – In a Nutshell',
-                'channel_is_verified': True,
-                'channel_follower_count': int,
-            },
-        }],
-        'params': {'extract_flat': True, 'playlist_items': '1'},
-        'playlist_mincount': 1,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/results?q=test&sp=EgQIBBgB',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        qs = parse_qs(url)
-        query = (qs.get('search_query') or qs.get('q'))[0]
-        return self.playlist_result(self._search_results(query, qs.get('sp', (None,))[0]), query, query)
-
-
-class YoutubeMusicSearchURLIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
-    IE_DESC = 'YouTube music search URLs with selectable sections, e.g. #songs'
-    IE_NAME = 'youtube:music:search_url'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://music\.youtube\.com/search\?([^#]+&)?(?:search_query|q)=(?:[^&]+)(?:[&#]|$)'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://music.youtube.com/search?q=royalty+free+music',
-        'playlist_count': 16,
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'royalty free music',
-            'title': 'royalty free music',
-        },
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://music.youtube.com/search?q=royalty+free+music&sp=EgWKAQIIAWoKEAoQAxAEEAkQBQ%3D%3D',
-        'playlist_mincount': 30,
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'royalty free music - songs',
-            'title': 'royalty free music - songs',
-        },
-        'params': {'extract_flat': 'in_playlist'},
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://music.youtube.com/search?q=royalty+free+music#community+playlists',
-        'playlist_mincount': 30,
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'royalty free music - community playlists',
-            'title': 'royalty free music - community playlists',
-        },
-        'params': {'extract_flat': 'in_playlist'},
-    }]
-
-    _SECTIONS = {
-        'albums': 'EgWKAQIYAWoKEAoQAxAEEAkQBQ==',
-        'artists': 'EgWKAQIgAWoKEAoQAxAEEAkQBQ==',
-        'community playlists': 'EgeKAQQoAEABagoQChADEAQQCRAF',
-        'featured playlists': 'EgeKAQQoADgBagwQAxAJEAQQDhAKEAU==',
-        'songs': 'EgWKAQIIAWoKEAoQAxAEEAkQBQ==',
-        'videos': 'EgWKAQIQAWoKEAoQAxAEEAkQBQ==',
-    }
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        qs = parse_qs(url)
-        query = (qs.get('search_query') or qs.get('q'))[0]
-        params = qs.get('sp', (None,))[0]
-        if params:
-            section = next((k for k, v in self._SECTIONS.items() if v == params), params)
-        else:
-            section = urllib.parse.unquote_plus(([*url.split('#'), ''])[1]).lower()
-            params = self._SECTIONS.get(section)
-            if not params:
-                section = None
-        title = join_nonempty(query, section, delim=' - ')
-        return self.playlist_result(self._search_results(query, params, default_client='web_music'), title, title)
-
-
-class YoutubeFeedsInfoExtractor(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
-    """
-    Base class for feed extractors
-    Subclasses must re-define the _FEED_NAME property.
-    """
-    _LOGIN_REQUIRED = True
-    _FEED_NAME = 'feeds'
-
-    @classproperty
-    def IE_NAME(cls):
-        return f'youtube:{cls._FEED_NAME}'
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        return self.url_result(
-            f'https://www.youtube.com/feed/{self._FEED_NAME}', ie=YoutubeTabIE.ie_key())
-
-
-class YoutubeWatchLaterIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
-    IE_NAME = 'youtube:watchlater'
-    IE_DESC = 'Youtube watch later list; ":ytwatchlater" keyword (requires cookies)'
-    _VALID_URL = r':ytwatchlater'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': ':ytwatchlater',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        return self.url_result(
-            'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=WL', ie=YoutubeTabIE.ie_key())
-
-
-class YoutubeRecommendedIE(YoutubeFeedsInfoExtractor):
-    IE_DESC = 'YouTube recommended videos; ":ytrec" keyword'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?youtube\.com/?(?:[?#]|$)|:ytrec(?:ommended)?'
-    _FEED_NAME = 'recommended'
-    _LOGIN_REQUIRED = False
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': ':ytrec',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': ':ytrecommended',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://youtube.com',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-
-
-class YoutubeSubscriptionsIE(YoutubeFeedsInfoExtractor):
-    IE_DESC = 'YouTube subscriptions feed; ":ytsubs" keyword (requires cookies)'
-    _VALID_URL = r':ytsub(?:scription)?s?'
-    _FEED_NAME = 'subscriptions'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': ':ytsubs',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': ':ytsubscriptions',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-
-
-class YoutubeHistoryIE(YoutubeFeedsInfoExtractor):
-    IE_DESC = 'Youtube watch history; ":ythis" keyword (requires cookies)'
-    _VALID_URL = r':ythis(?:tory)?'
-    _FEED_NAME = 'history'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': ':ythistory',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-
-
-class YoutubeShortsAudioPivotIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
-    IE_DESC = 'YouTube Shorts audio pivot (Shorts using audio of a given video)'
-    IE_NAME = 'youtube:shorts:pivot:audio'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?youtube\.com/source/(?P<id>[\w-]{11})/shorts'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/source/Lyj-MZSAA9o/shorts',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _generate_audio_pivot_params(video_id):
-        """
-        Generates sfv_audio_pivot browse params for this video id
-        """
-        pb_params = b'\xf2\x05+\n)\x12\'\n\x0b%b\x12\x0b%b\x1a\x0b%b' % ((video_id.encode(),) * 3)
-        return urllib.parse.quote(base64.b64encode(pb_params).decode())
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        return self.url_result(
-            f'https://www.youtube.com/feed/sfv_audio_pivot?bp={self._generate_audio_pivot_params(video_id)}',
-            ie=YoutubeTabIE)
-
-
-class YoutubeTruncatedURLIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
-    IE_NAME = 'youtube:truncated_url'
-    IE_DESC = False  # Do not list
-    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
-        (?:https?://)?
-        (?:\w+\.)?[yY][oO][uU][tT][uU][bB][eE](?:-nocookie)?\.com/
-        (?:watch\?(?:
-            feature=[a-z_]+|
-            annotation_id=annotation_[^&]+|
-            x-yt-cl=[0-9]+|
-            hl=[^&]*|
-            t=[0-9]+
-        )?
-        |
-            attribution_link\?a=[^&]+
-        )
-        $
-    '''
-
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?annotation_id=annotation_3951667041',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?x-yt-cl=84503534',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=foo',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?hl=en-GB',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=2372',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        raise ExtractorError(
-            'Did you forget to quote the URL? Remember that & is a meta '
-            'character in most shells, so you want to put the URL in quotes, '
-            'like  yt-dlp '
-            '"https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=foo&v=BaW_jenozKc" '
-            ' or simply  yt-dlp BaW_jenozKc  .',
-            expected=True)
-
-
-class YoutubeClipIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
-    IE_NAME = 'youtube:clip'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?youtube\.com/clip/(?P<id>[^/?#]+)'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        # FIXME: Other metadata should be extracted from the clip, not from the base video
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/clip/UgytZKpehg-hEMBSn3F4AaABCQ',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'UgytZKpehg-hEMBSn3F4AaABCQ',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'section_start': 29.0,
-            'section_end': 39.7,
-            'duration': 10.7,
-            'age_limit': 0,
-            'availability': 'public',
-            'categories': ['Gaming'],
-            'channel': 'Scott The Woz',
-            'channel_id': 'UC4rqhyiTs7XyuODcECvuiiQ',
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4rqhyiTs7XyuODcECvuiiQ',
-            'description': 'md5:7a4517a17ea9b4bd98996399d8bb36e7',
-            'like_count': int,
-            'playable_in_embed': True,
-            'tags': 'count:17',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://i.ytimg.com/vi_webp/ScPX26pdQik/maxresdefault.webp',
-            'title': 'Mobile Games on Console - Scott The Woz',
-            'upload_date': '20210920',
-            'uploader': 'Scott The Woz',
-            'uploader_id': '@ScottTheWoz',
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@ScottTheWoz',
-            'view_count': int,
-            'live_status': 'not_live',
-            'channel_follower_count': int,
-            'chapters': 'count:20',
-            'comment_count': int,
-            'heatmap': 'count:100',
-        },
-    }]
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        clip_id = self._match_id(url)
-        _, data = self._extract_webpage(url, clip_id)
-
-        video_id = traverse_obj(data, ('currentVideoEndpoint', 'watchEndpoint', 'videoId'))
-        if not video_id:
-            raise ExtractorError('Unable to find video ID')
-
-        clip_data = traverse_obj(data, (
-            'engagementPanels', ..., 'engagementPanelSectionListRenderer', 'content', 'clipSectionRenderer',
-            'contents', ..., 'clipAttributionRenderer', 'onScrubExit', 'commandExecutorCommand', 'commands', ...,
-            'openPopupAction', 'popup', 'notificationActionRenderer', 'actionButton', 'buttonRenderer', 'command',
-            'commandExecutorCommand', 'commands', ..., 'loopCommand'), get_all=False)
-
-        return {
-            '_type': 'url_transparent',
-            'url': f'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v={video_id}',
-            'ie_key': YoutubeIE.ie_key(),
-            'id': clip_id,
-            'section_start': int(clip_data['startTimeMs']) / 1000,
-            'section_end': int(clip_data['endTimeMs']) / 1000,
-            '_format_sort_fields': (  # https protocol is prioritized for ffmpeg compatibility
-                'proto:https', 'quality', 'res', 'fps', 'hdr:12', 'source', 'vcodec', 'channels', 'acodec', 'lang'),
-        }
-
-
-class YoutubeConsentRedirectIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
-    IE_NAME = 'youtube:consent'
-    IE_DESC = False  # Do not list
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://consent\.youtube\.com/m\?'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://consent.youtube.com/m?continue=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Flive%2FqVv6vCqciTM%3Fcbrd%3D1&gl=NL&m=0&pc=yt&hl=en&src=1',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'qVv6vCqciTM',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'age_limit': 0,
-            'uploader_id': '@sana_natori',
-            'comment_count': int,
-            'chapters': 'count:13',
-            'upload_date': '20221223',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://i.ytimg.com/vi/qVv6vCqciTM/maxresdefault.jpg',
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCIdEIHpS0TdkqRkHL5OkLtA',
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@sana_natori',
-            'like_count': int,
-            'release_date': '20221223',
-            'tags': ['Vtuber', '月ノ美兎', '����', '���ん�', 'クリスマス', '3D�信'],
-            'title': '� #インター�ット女クリスマス 】3D�歌����ゃ�インター�ット�女���月ノ美兎/����】',
-            'view_count': int,
-            'playable_in_embed': True,
-            'duration': 4438,
-            'availability': 'public',
-            'channel_follower_count': int,
-            'channel_id': 'UCIdEIHpS0TdkqRkHL5OkLtA',
-            'categories': ['Entertainment'],
-            'live_status': 'was_live',
-            'release_timestamp': 1671793345,
-            'channel': '���ゃん�る',
-            'description': 'md5:6aebf95cc4a1d731aebc01ad6cc9806d',
-            'uploader': '���ゃん�る',
-            'channel_is_verified': True,
-            'heatmap': 'count:100',
-        },
-        'add_ie': ['Youtube'],
-        'params': {'skip_download': 'Youtube'},
-    }]
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        redirect_url = url_or_none(parse_qs(url).get('continue', [None])[-1])
-        if not redirect_url:
-            raise ExtractorError('Invalid cookie consent redirect URL', expected=True)
-        return self.url_result(redirect_url)
-
-
-class YoutubeTruncatedIDIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
-    IE_NAME = 'youtube:truncated_id'
-    IE_DESC = False  # Do not list
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?youtube\.com/watch\?v=(?P<id>[0-9A-Za-z_-]{1,10})$'
-
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N_708QY7Ob',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        raise ExtractorError(
-            f'Incomplete YouTube ID {video_id}. URL {url} looks truncated.',
-            expected=True)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/__init__.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..892d860b0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+# flake8: noqa: F401
+from ._base import YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor
+from ._clip import YoutubeClipIE
+from ._mistakes import YoutubeTruncatedIDIE, YoutubeTruncatedURLIE
+from ._notifications import YoutubeNotificationsIE
+from ._redirect import (
+    YoutubeConsentRedirectIE,
+    YoutubeFavouritesIE,
+    YoutubeFeedsInfoExtractor,
+    YoutubeHistoryIE,
+    YoutubeLivestreamEmbedIE,
+    YoutubeRecommendedIE,
+    YoutubeShortsAudioPivotIE,
+    YoutubeSubscriptionsIE,
+    YoutubeWatchLaterIE,
+    YoutubeYtBeIE,
+    YoutubeYtUserIE,
+)
+from ._search import YoutubeMusicSearchURLIE, YoutubeSearchDateIE, YoutubeSearchIE, YoutubeSearchURLIE
+from ._tab import YoutubePlaylistIE, YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor, YoutubeTabIE
+from ._video import YoutubeIE
+
+# Hack to allow plugin overrides work
+for _cls in [
+    YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor,
+    YoutubeClipIE,
+    YoutubeTruncatedIDIE,
+    YoutubeTruncatedURLIE,
+    YoutubeNotificationsIE,
+    YoutubeConsentRedirectIE,
+    YoutubeFavouritesIE,
+    YoutubeFeedsInfoExtractor,
+    YoutubeHistoryIE,
+    YoutubeLivestreamEmbedIE,
+    YoutubeRecommendedIE,
+    YoutubeShortsAudioPivotIE,
+    YoutubeSubscriptionsIE,
+    YoutubeWatchLaterIE,
+    YoutubeYtBeIE,
+    YoutubeYtUserIE,
+    YoutubeMusicSearchURLIE,
+    YoutubeSearchDateIE,
+    YoutubeSearchIE,
+    YoutubeSearchURLIE,
+    YoutubePlaylistIE,
+    YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor,
+    YoutubeTabIE,
+    YoutubeIE,
+]:
+    _cls.__module__ = 'yt_dlp.extractor.youtube'
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/_base.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/_base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5a0f55c53e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/_base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1273 @@
+import calendar
+import copy
+import dataclasses
+import datetime as dt
+import enum
+import functools
+import hashlib
+import json
+import re
+import time
+import urllib.parse
+
+from ..common import InfoExtractor
+from ...networking.exceptions import HTTPError, network_exceptions
+from ...utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
+    bug_reports_message,
+    datetime_from_str,
+    filter_dict,
+    get_first,
+    int_or_none,
+    is_html,
+    join_nonempty,
+    parse_count,
+    qualities,
+    str_to_int,
+    traverse_obj,
+    try_call,
+    try_get,
+    unified_timestamp,
+    url_or_none,
+    variadic,
+)
+
+
+class _PoTokenContext(enum.Enum):
+    PLAYER = 'player'
+    GVS = 'gvs'
+    SUBS = 'subs'
+
+
+class StreamingProtocol(enum.Enum):
+    HTTPS = 'https'
+    DASH = 'dash'
+    HLS = 'hls'
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class BasePoTokenPolicy:
+    required: bool = False
+    # Try to fetch a PO Token even if it is not required.
+    recommended: bool = False
+    not_required_for_premium: bool = False
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class GvsPoTokenPolicy(BasePoTokenPolicy):
+    not_required_with_player_token: bool = False
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class PlayerPoTokenPolicy(BasePoTokenPolicy):
+    pass
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class SubsPoTokenPolicy(BasePoTokenPolicy):
+    pass
+
+
+WEB_PO_TOKEN_POLICIES = {
+    'GVS_PO_TOKEN_POLICY': {
+        StreamingProtocol.HTTPS: GvsPoTokenPolicy(
+            required=True,
+            recommended=True,
+            not_required_for_premium=True,
+            not_required_with_player_token=False,
+        ),
+        StreamingProtocol.DASH: GvsPoTokenPolicy(
+            required=True,
+            recommended=True,
+            not_required_for_premium=True,
+            not_required_with_player_token=False,
+        ),
+        StreamingProtocol.HLS: GvsPoTokenPolicy(
+            required=False,
+            recommended=True,
+        ),
+    },
+    'PLAYER_PO_TOKEN_POLICY': PlayerPoTokenPolicy(required=False),
+    # In rollout, currently detected via experiment
+    # Premium users DO require a PO Token for subtitles
+    'SUBS_PO_TOKEN_POLICY': SubsPoTokenPolicy(required=False),
+}
+
+# any clients starting with _ cannot be explicitly requested by the user
+INNERTUBE_CLIENTS = {
+    'web': {
+        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT': {
+            'client': {
+                'clientName': 'WEB',
+                'clientVersion': '2.20250312.04.00',
+            },
+        },
+        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 1,
+        'SUPPORTS_COOKIES': True,
+        **WEB_PO_TOKEN_POLICIES,
+    },
+    # Safari UA returns pre-merged video+audio 144p/240p/360p/720p/1080p HLS formats
+    'web_safari': {
+        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT': {
+            'client': {
+                'clientName': 'WEB',
+                'clientVersion': '2.20250312.04.00',
+                'userAgent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/605.1.15 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/15.5 Safari/605.1.15,gzip(gfe)',
+            },
+        },
+        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 1,
+        'SUPPORTS_COOKIES': True,
+        **WEB_PO_TOKEN_POLICIES,
+    },
+    'web_embedded': {
+        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT': {
+            'client': {
+                'clientName': 'WEB_EMBEDDED_PLAYER',
+                'clientVersion': '1.20250310.01.00',
+            },
+        },
+        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 56,
+        'SUPPORTS_COOKIES': True,
+    },
+    'web_music': {
+        'INNERTUBE_HOST': 'music.youtube.com',
+        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT': {
+            'client': {
+                'clientName': 'WEB_REMIX',
+                'clientVersion': '1.20250310.01.00',
+            },
+        },
+        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 67,
+        'GVS_PO_TOKEN_POLICY': {
+            StreamingProtocol.HTTPS: GvsPoTokenPolicy(
+                required=True,
+                recommended=True,
+                not_required_for_premium=True,
+                not_required_with_player_token=False,
+            ),
+            StreamingProtocol.DASH: GvsPoTokenPolicy(
+                required=True,
+                recommended=True,
+                not_required_for_premium=True,
+                not_required_with_player_token=False,
+            ),
+            StreamingProtocol.HLS: GvsPoTokenPolicy(
+                required=False,
+                recommended=True,
+            ),
+        },
+        'SUPPORTS_COOKIES': True,
+    },
+    # This client now requires sign-in for every video
+    'web_creator': {
+        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT': {
+            'client': {
+                'clientName': 'WEB_CREATOR',
+                'clientVersion': '1.20250312.03.01',
+            },
+        },
+        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 62,
+        'GVS_PO_TOKEN_POLICY': {
+            StreamingProtocol.HTTPS: GvsPoTokenPolicy(
+                required=True,
+                recommended=True,
+                not_required_for_premium=True,
+                not_required_with_player_token=False,
+            ),
+            StreamingProtocol.DASH: GvsPoTokenPolicy(
+                required=True,
+                recommended=True,
+                not_required_for_premium=True,
+                not_required_with_player_token=False,
+            ),
+            StreamingProtocol.HLS: GvsPoTokenPolicy(
+                required=False,
+                recommended=True,
+            ),
+        },
+        'REQUIRE_AUTH': True,
+        'SUPPORTS_COOKIES': True,
+    },
+    'android': {
+        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT': {
+            'client': {
+                'clientName': 'ANDROID',
+                'clientVersion': '20.10.38',
+                'androidSdkVersion': 30,
+                'userAgent': 'com.google.android.youtube/20.10.38 (Linux; U; Android 11) gzip',
+                'osName': 'Android',
+                'osVersion': '11',
+            },
+        },
+        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 3,
+        'REQUIRE_JS_PLAYER': False,
+        'GVS_PO_TOKEN_POLICY': {
+            StreamingProtocol.HTTPS: GvsPoTokenPolicy(
+                required=True,
+                recommended=True,
+                not_required_with_player_token=True,
+            ),
+            StreamingProtocol.DASH: GvsPoTokenPolicy(
+                required=True,
+                recommended=True,
+                not_required_with_player_token=True,
+            ),
+            StreamingProtocol.HLS: GvsPoTokenPolicy(
+                required=False,
+                recommended=True,
+                not_required_with_player_token=True,
+            ),
+        },
+        'PLAYER_PO_TOKEN_POLICY': PlayerPoTokenPolicy(required=False, recommended=True),
+    },
+    # YouTube Kids videos aren't returned on this client for some reason
+    'android_vr': {
+        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT': {
+            'client': {
+                'clientName': 'ANDROID_VR',
+                'clientVersion': '1.62.27',
+                'deviceMake': 'Oculus',
+                'deviceModel': 'Quest 3',
+                'androidSdkVersion': 32,
+                'userAgent': 'com.google.android.apps.youtube.vr.oculus/1.62.27 (Linux; U; Android 12L; eureka-user Build/SQ3A.220605.009.A1) gzip',
+                'osName': 'Android',
+                'osVersion': '12L',
+            },
+        },
+        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 28,
+        'REQUIRE_JS_PLAYER': False,
+    },
+    # iOS clients have HLS live streams. Setting device model to get 60fps formats.
+    # See: https://github.com/TeamNewPipe/NewPipeExtractor/issues/680#issuecomment-1002724558
+    'ios': {
+        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT': {
+            'client': {
+                'clientName': 'IOS',
+                'clientVersion': '20.10.4',
+                'deviceMake': 'Apple',
+                'deviceModel': 'iPhone16,2',
+                'userAgent': 'com.google.ios.youtube/20.10.4 (iPhone16,2; U; CPU iOS 18_3_2 like Mac OS X;)',
+                'osName': 'iPhone',
+                'osVersion': '18.3.2.22D82',
+            },
+        },
+        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 5,
+        'GVS_PO_TOKEN_POLICY': {
+            StreamingProtocol.HTTPS: GvsPoTokenPolicy(
+                required=True,
+                recommended=True,
+                not_required_with_player_token=True,
+            ),
+            # HLS Livestreams require POT 30 seconds in
+            StreamingProtocol.HLS: GvsPoTokenPolicy(
+                required=True,
+                recommended=True,
+                not_required_with_player_token=True,
+            ),
+        },
+        'PLAYER_PO_TOKEN_POLICY': PlayerPoTokenPolicy(required=False, recommended=True),
+        'REQUIRE_JS_PLAYER': False,
+    },
+    # mweb has 'ultralow' formats
+    # See: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/pull/557
+    'mweb': {
+        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT': {
+            'client': {
+                'clientName': 'MWEB',
+                'clientVersion': '2.20250311.03.00',
+                # mweb previously did not require PO Token with this UA
+                'userAgent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (iPad; CPU OS 16_7_10 like Mac OS X) AppleWebKit/605.1.15 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/16.6 Mobile/15E148 Safari/604.1,gzip(gfe)',
+            },
+        },
+        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 2,
+        'GVS_PO_TOKEN_POLICY': {
+            StreamingProtocol.HTTPS: GvsPoTokenPolicy(
+                required=True,
+                recommended=True,
+                not_required_for_premium=True,
+                not_required_with_player_token=False,
+            ),
+            StreamingProtocol.DASH: GvsPoTokenPolicy(
+                required=True,
+                recommended=True,
+                not_required_for_premium=True,
+                not_required_with_player_token=False,
+            ),
+            StreamingProtocol.HLS: GvsPoTokenPolicy(
+                required=False,
+                recommended=True,
+            ),
+        },
+        'SUPPORTS_COOKIES': True,
+    },
+    'tv': {
+        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT': {
+            'client': {
+                'clientName': 'TVHTML5',
+                'clientVersion': '7.20250312.16.00',
+                'userAgent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (ChromiumStylePlatform) Cobalt/Version',
+            },
+        },
+        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 7,
+        'SUPPORTS_COOKIES': True,
+        # See: https://github.com/youtube/cobalt/blob/main/cobalt/browser/user_agent/user_agent_platform_info.cc#L506
+        'AUTHENTICATED_USER_AGENT': 'Mozilla/5.0 (ChromiumStylePlatform) Cobalt/25.lts.30.1034943-gold (unlike Gecko), Unknown_TV_Unknown_0/Unknown (Unknown, Unknown)',
+    },
+    'tv_simply': {
+        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT': {
+            'client': {
+                'clientName': 'TVHTML5_SIMPLY',
+                'clientVersion': '1.0',
+            },
+        },
+        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 75,
+    },
+    # This client now requires sign-in for every video
+    # It was previously an age-gate workaround for videos that were `playable_in_embed`
+    # It may still be useful if signed into an EU account that is not age-verified
+    'tv_embedded': {
+        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT': {
+            'client': {
+                'clientName': 'TVHTML5_SIMPLY_EMBEDDED_PLAYER',
+                'clientVersion': '2.0',
+            },
+        },
+        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 85,
+        'REQUIRE_AUTH': True,
+        'SUPPORTS_COOKIES': True,
+    },
+}
+
+
+def _split_innertube_client(client_name):
+    variant, *base = client_name.rsplit('.', 1)
+    if base:
+        return variant, base[0], variant
+    base, *variant = client_name.split('_', 1)
+    return client_name, base, variant[0] if variant else None
+
+
+def short_client_name(client_name):
+    main, *parts = _split_innertube_client(client_name)[0].split('_')
+    return join_nonempty(main[:4], ''.join(x[0] for x in parts)).upper()
+
+
+def build_innertube_clients():
+    THIRD_PARTY = {
+        'embedUrl': 'https://www.youtube.com/',  # Can be any valid URL
+    }
+    BASE_CLIENTS = ('ios', 'web', 'tv', 'mweb', 'android')
+    priority = qualities(BASE_CLIENTS[::-1])
+
+    for client, ytcfg in tuple(INNERTUBE_CLIENTS.items()):
+        ytcfg.setdefault('INNERTUBE_HOST', 'www.youtube.com')
+        ytcfg.setdefault('REQUIRE_JS_PLAYER', True)
+        ytcfg.setdefault('GVS_PO_TOKEN_POLICY', {})
+        for protocol in StreamingProtocol:
+            ytcfg['GVS_PO_TOKEN_POLICY'].setdefault(protocol, GvsPoTokenPolicy())
+        ytcfg.setdefault('PLAYER_PO_TOKEN_POLICY', PlayerPoTokenPolicy())
+        ytcfg.setdefault('SUBS_PO_TOKEN_POLICY', SubsPoTokenPolicy())
+        ytcfg.setdefault('REQUIRE_AUTH', False)
+        ytcfg.setdefault('SUPPORTS_COOKIES', False)
+        ytcfg.setdefault('PLAYER_PARAMS', None)
+        ytcfg.setdefault('AUTHENTICATED_USER_AGENT', None)
+        ytcfg['INNERTUBE_CONTEXT']['client'].setdefault('hl', 'en')
+
+        _, base_client, variant = _split_innertube_client(client)
+        ytcfg['priority'] = 10 * priority(base_client)
+
+        if variant == 'embedded':
+            ytcfg['INNERTUBE_CONTEXT']['thirdParty'] = THIRD_PARTY
+            ytcfg['priority'] -= 2
+        elif variant:
+            ytcfg['priority'] -= 3
+
+
+build_innertube_clients()
+
+
+class BadgeType(enum.Enum):
+    AVAILABILITY_UNLISTED = enum.auto()
+    AVAILABILITY_PRIVATE = enum.auto()
+    AVAILABILITY_PUBLIC = enum.auto()
+    AVAILABILITY_PREMIUM = enum.auto()
+    AVAILABILITY_SUBSCRIPTION = enum.auto()
+    LIVE_NOW = enum.auto()
+    VERIFIED = enum.auto()
+
+
+CONFIGURATION_ARG_KEY = 'youtube'
+
+
+class YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
+    """Provide base functions for Youtube extractors"""
+
+    _RESERVED_NAMES = (
+        r'channel|c|user|playlist|watch|w|v|embed|e|live|watch_popup|clip|'
+        r'shorts|movies|results|search|shared|hashtag|trending|explore|feed|feeds|'
+        r'browse|oembed|get_video_info|iframe_api|s/player|source|'
+        r'storefront|oops|index|account|t/terms|about|upload|signin|logout')
+
+    _PLAYLIST_ID_RE = r'(?:(?:PL|LL|EC|UU|FL|RD|UL|TL|PU|OLAK5uy_)[0-9A-Za-z-_]{10,}|RDMM|WL|LL|LM)'
+
+    # _NETRC_MACHINE = 'youtube'
+
+    # If True it will raise an error if no login info is provided
+    _LOGIN_REQUIRED = False
+
+    _INVIDIOUS_SITES = (
+        # invidious-redirect websites
+        r'(?:www\.)?redirect\.invidious\.io',
+        r'(?:(?:www|dev)\.)?invidio\.us',
+        # Invidious instances taken from https://github.com/iv-org/documentation/blob/master/docs/instances.md
+        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.pussthecat\.org',
+        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.zee\.li',
+        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.ethibox\.fr',
+        r'(?:www\.)?iv\.ggtyler\.dev',
+        r'(?:www\.)?inv\.vern\.i2p',
+        r'(?:www\.)?am74vkcrjp2d5v36lcdqgsj2m6x36tbrkhsruoegwfcizzabnfgf5zyd\.onion',
+        r'(?:www\.)?inv\.riverside\.rocks',
+        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.silur\.me',
+        r'(?:www\.)?inv\.bp\.projectsegfau\.lt',
+        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.g4c3eya4clenolymqbpgwz3q3tawoxw56yhzk4vugqrl6dtu3ejvhjid\.onion',
+        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.slipfox\.xyz',
+        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.esmail5pdn24shtvieloeedh7ehz3nrwcdivnfhfcedl7gf4kwddhkqd\.onion',
+        r'(?:www\.)?inv\.vernccvbvyi5qhfzyqengccj7lkove6bjot2xhh5kajhwvidqafczrad\.onion',
+        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.tiekoetter\.com',
+        r'(?:www\.)?iv\.odysfvr23q5wgt7i456o5t3trw2cw5dgn56vbjfbq2m7xsc5vqbqpcyd\.onion',
+        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.nerdvpn\.de',
+        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.weblibre\.org',
+        r'(?:www\.)?inv\.odyssey346\.dev',
+        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.dhusch\.de',
+        r'(?:www\.)?iv\.melmac\.space',
+        r'(?:www\.)?watch\.thekitty\.zone',
+        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.privacydev\.net',
+        r'(?:www\.)?ng27owmagn5amdm7l5s3rsqxwscl5ynppnis5dqcasogkyxcfqn7psid\.onion',
+        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.drivet\.xyz',
+        r'(?:www\.)?vid\.priv\.au',
+        r'(?:www\.)?euxxcnhsynwmfidvhjf6uzptsmh4dipkmgdmcmxxuo7tunp3ad2jrwyd\.onion',
+        r'(?:www\.)?inv\.vern\.cc',
+        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.esmailelbob\.xyz',
+        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.sethforprivacy\.com',
+        r'(?:www\.)?yt\.oelrichsgarcia\.de',
+        r'(?:www\.)?yt\.artemislena\.eu',
+        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.flokinet\.to',
+        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.baczek\.me',
+        r'(?:www\.)?y\.com\.sb',
+        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.epicsite\.xyz',
+        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.lidarshield\.cloud',
+        r'(?:www\.)?yt\.funami\.tech',
+        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.3o7z6yfxhbw7n3za4rss6l434kmv55cgw2vuziwuigpwegswvwzqipyd\.onion',
+        r'(?:www\.)?osbivz6guyeahrwp2lnwyjk2xos342h4ocsxyqrlaopqjuhwn2djiiyd\.onion',
+        r'(?:www\.)?u2cvlit75owumwpy4dj2hsmvkq7nvrclkpht7xgyye2pyoxhpmclkrad\.onion',
+        # youtube-dl invidious instances list
+        r'(?:(?:www|no)\.)?invidiou\.sh',
+        r'(?:(?:www|fi)\.)?invidious\.snopyta\.org',
+        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.kabi\.tk',
+        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.mastodon\.host',
+        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.zapashcanon\.fr',
+        r'(?:www\.)?(?:invidious(?:-us)?|piped)\.kavin\.rocks',
+        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.tinfoil-hat\.net',
+        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.himiko\.cloud',
+        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.reallyancient\.tech',
+        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.tube',
+        r'(?:www\.)?invidiou\.site',
+        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.site',
+        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.xyz',
+        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.nixnet\.xyz',
+        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.048596\.xyz',
+        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.drycat\.fr',
+        r'(?:www\.)?inv\.skyn3t\.in',
+        r'(?:www\.)?tube\.poal\.co',
+        r'(?:www\.)?tube\.connect\.cafe',
+        r'(?:www\.)?vid\.wxzm\.sx',
+        r'(?:www\.)?vid\.mint\.lgbt',
+        r'(?:www\.)?vid\.puffyan\.us',
+        r'(?:www\.)?yewtu\.be',
+        r'(?:www\.)?yt\.elukerio\.org',
+        r'(?:www\.)?yt\.lelux\.fi',
+        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.ggc-project\.de',
+        r'(?:www\.)?yt\.maisputain\.ovh',
+        r'(?:www\.)?ytprivate\.com',
+        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.13ad\.de',
+        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.toot\.koeln',
+        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.fdn\.fr',
+        r'(?:www\.)?watch\.nettohikari\.com',
+        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.namazso\.eu',
+        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.silkky\.cloud',
+        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.exonip\.de',
+        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.riverside\.rocks',
+        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.blamefran\.net',
+        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.moomoo\.de',
+        r'(?:www\.)?ytb\.trom\.tf',
+        r'(?:www\.)?yt\.cyberhost\.uk',
+        r'(?:www\.)?kgg2m7yk5aybusll\.onion',
+        r'(?:www\.)?qklhadlycap4cnod\.onion',
+        r'(?:www\.)?axqzx4s6s54s32yentfqojs3x5i7faxza6xo3ehd4bzzsg2ii4fv2iid\.onion',
+        r'(?:www\.)?c7hqkpkpemu6e7emz5b4vyz7idjgdvgaaa3dyimmeojqbgpea3xqjoid\.onion',
+        r'(?:www\.)?fz253lmuao3strwbfbmx46yu7acac2jz27iwtorgmbqlkurlclmancad\.onion',
+        r'(?:www\.)?invidious\.l4qlywnpwqsluw65ts7md3khrivpirse744un3x7mlskqauz5pyuzgqd\.onion',
+        r'(?:www\.)?owxfohz4kjyv25fvlqilyxast7inivgiktls3th44jhk3ej3i7ya\.b32\.i2p',
+        r'(?:www\.)?4l2dgddgsrkf2ous66i6seeyi6etzfgrue332grh2n7madpwopotugyd\.onion',
+        r'(?:www\.)?w6ijuptxiku4xpnnaetxvnkc5vqcdu7mgns2u77qefoixi63vbvnpnqd\.onion',
+        r'(?:www\.)?kbjggqkzv65ivcqj6bumvp337z6264huv5kpkwuv6gu5yjiskvan7fad\.onion',
+        r'(?:www\.)?grwp24hodrefzvjjuccrkw3mjq4tzhaaq32amf33dzpmuxe7ilepcmad\.onion',
+        r'(?:www\.)?hpniueoejy4opn7bc4ftgazyqjoeqwlvh2uiku2xqku6zpoa4bf5ruid\.onion',
+        # piped instances from https://github.com/TeamPiped/Piped/wiki/Instances
+        r'(?:www\.)?piped\.kavin\.rocks',
+        r'(?:www\.)?piped\.tokhmi\.xyz',
+        r'(?:www\.)?piped\.syncpundit\.io',
+        r'(?:www\.)?piped\.mha\.fi',
+        r'(?:www\.)?watch\.whatever\.social',
+        r'(?:www\.)?piped\.garudalinux\.org',
+        r'(?:www\.)?piped\.rivo\.lol',
+        r'(?:www\.)?piped-libre\.kavin\.rocks',
+        r'(?:www\.)?yt\.jae\.fi',
+        r'(?:www\.)?piped\.mint\.lgbt',
+        r'(?:www\.)?il\.ax',
+        r'(?:www\.)?piped\.esmailelbob\.xyz',
+        r'(?:www\.)?piped\.projectsegfau\.lt',
+        r'(?:www\.)?piped\.privacydev\.net',
+        r'(?:www\.)?piped\.palveluntarjoaja\.eu',
+        r'(?:www\.)?piped\.smnz\.de',
+        r'(?:www\.)?piped\.adminforge\.de',
+        r'(?:www\.)?watch\.whatevertinfoil\.de',
+        r'(?:www\.)?piped\.qdi\.fi',
+        r'(?:(?:www|cf)\.)?piped\.video',
+        r'(?:www\.)?piped\.aeong\.one',
+        r'(?:www\.)?piped\.moomoo\.me',
+        r'(?:www\.)?piped\.chauvet\.pro',
+        r'(?:www\.)?watch\.leptons\.xyz',
+        r'(?:www\.)?pd\.vern\.cc',
+        r'(?:www\.)?piped\.hostux\.net',
+        r'(?:www\.)?piped\.lunar\.icu',
+        # Hyperpipe instances from https://hyperpipe.codeberg.page/
+        r'(?:www\.)?hyperpipe\.surge\.sh',
+        r'(?:www\.)?hyperpipe\.esmailelbob\.xyz',
+        r'(?:www\.)?listen\.whatever\.social',
+        r'(?:www\.)?music\.adminforge\.de',
+    )
+
+    # extracted from account/account_menu ep
+    # XXX: These are the supported YouTube UI and API languages,
+    # which is slightly different from languages supported for translation in YouTube studio
+    _SUPPORTED_LANG_CODES = [
+        'af', 'az', 'id', 'ms', 'bs', 'ca', 'cs', 'da', 'de', 'et', 'en-IN', 'en-GB', 'en', 'es',
+        'es-419', 'es-US', 'eu', 'fil', 'fr', 'fr-CA', 'gl', 'hr', 'zu', 'is', 'it', 'sw', 'lv',
+        'lt', 'hu', 'nl', 'no', 'uz', 'pl', 'pt-PT', 'pt', 'ro', 'sq', 'sk', 'sl', 'sr-Latn', 'fi',
+        'sv', 'vi', 'tr', 'be', 'bg', 'ky', 'kk', 'mk', 'mn', 'ru', 'sr', 'uk', 'el', 'hy', 'iw',
+        'ur', 'ar', 'fa', 'ne', 'mr', 'hi', 'as', 'bn', 'pa', 'gu', 'or', 'ta', 'te', 'kn', 'ml',
+        'si', 'th', 'lo', 'my', 'ka', 'am', 'km', 'zh-CN', 'zh-TW', 'zh-HK', 'ja', 'ko',
+    ]
+
+    _IGNORED_WARNINGS = {
+        'Unavailable videos will be hidden during playback',
+        'Unavailable videos are hidden',
+    }
+
+    _YT_HANDLE_RE = r'@[\w.-]{3,30}'  # https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/11585688?hl=en
+    _YT_CHANNEL_UCID_RE = r'UC[\w-]{22}'
+
+    _NETRC_MACHINE = 'youtube'
+
+    _COOKIE_HOWTO_WIKI_URL = 'https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/wiki/Extractors#exporting-youtube-cookies'
+
+    def ucid_or_none(self, ucid):
+        return self._search_regex(rf'^({self._YT_CHANNEL_UCID_RE})$', ucid, 'UC-id', default=None)
+
+    def handle_or_none(self, handle):
+        return self._search_regex(rf'^({self._YT_HANDLE_RE})$', urllib.parse.unquote(handle or ''),
+                                  '@-handle', default=None)
+
+    def handle_from_url(self, url):
+        return self._search_regex(rf'^(?:https?://(?:www\.)?youtube\.com)?/({self._YT_HANDLE_RE})',
+                                  urllib.parse.unquote(url or ''), 'channel handle', default=None)
+
+    def ucid_from_url(self, url):
+        return self._search_regex(rf'^(?:https?://(?:www\.)?youtube\.com)?/({self._YT_CHANNEL_UCID_RE})',
+                                  url, 'channel id', default=None)
+
+    @functools.cached_property
+    def _preferred_lang(self):
+        """
+        Returns a language code supported by YouTube for the user preferred language.
+        Returns None if no preferred language set.
+        """
+        preferred_lang = self._configuration_arg('lang', ie_key='Youtube', casesense=True, default=[''])[0]
+        if not preferred_lang:
+            return
+        if preferred_lang not in self._SUPPORTED_LANG_CODES:
+            raise ExtractorError(
+                f'Unsupported language code: {preferred_lang}. Supported language codes (case-sensitive): {join_nonempty(*self._SUPPORTED_LANG_CODES, delim=", ")}.',
+                expected=True)
+        elif preferred_lang != 'en':
+            self.report_warning(
+                f'Preferring "{preferred_lang}" translated fields. Note that some metadata extraction may fail or be incorrect.')
+        return preferred_lang
+
+    def _initialize_consent(self):
+        if self._has_auth_cookies:
+            return
+        socs = self._youtube_cookies.get('SOCS')
+        if socs and not socs.value.startswith('CAA'):  # not consented
+            return
+        self._set_cookie('.youtube.com', 'SOCS', 'CAI', secure=True)  # accept all (required for mixes)
+
+    def _initialize_pref(self):
+        pref_cookie = self._youtube_cookies.get('PREF')
+        pref = {}
+        if pref_cookie:
+            try:
+                pref = dict(urllib.parse.parse_qsl(pref_cookie.value))
+            except ValueError:
+                self.report_warning('Failed to parse user PREF cookie' + bug_reports_message())
+        pref.update({'hl': self._preferred_lang or 'en', 'tz': 'UTC'})
+        self._set_cookie('.youtube.com', name='PREF', value=urllib.parse.urlencode(pref))
+
+    def _initialize_cookie_auth(self):
+        self._passed_auth_cookies = False
+        if self._has_auth_cookies:
+            self._passed_auth_cookies = True
+            self.write_debug('Found YouTube account cookies')
+
+    def _real_initialize(self):
+        self._initialize_pref()
+        self._initialize_consent()
+        self._initialize_cookie_auth()
+        self._check_login_required()
+
+    def _perform_login(self, username, password):
+        if username.startswith('oauth'):
+            raise ExtractorError(
+                f'Login with OAuth is no longer supported. {self._youtube_login_hint}', expected=True)
+
+        self.report_warning(
+            f'Login with password is not supported for YouTube. {self._youtube_login_hint}')
+
+    @property
+    def _youtube_login_hint(self):
+        return (f'{self._login_hint(method="cookies")}. Also see  {self._COOKIE_HOWTO_WIKI_URL}  '
+                'for tips on effectively exporting YouTube cookies')
+
+    def _check_login_required(self):
+        if self._LOGIN_REQUIRED and not self.is_authenticated:
+            self.raise_login_required(
+                f'Login details are needed to download this content. {self._youtube_login_hint}', method=None)
+
+    _YT_INITIAL_DATA_RE = r'(?:window\s*\[\s*["\']ytInitialData["\']\s*\]|ytInitialData)\s*='
+    _YT_INITIAL_PLAYER_RESPONSE_RE = r'ytInitialPlayerResponse\s*='
+
+    def _get_default_ytcfg(self, client='web'):
+        ytcfg = copy.deepcopy(INNERTUBE_CLIENTS[client])
+
+        # Currently, only the tv client needs to use an alternative user-agent when logged-in
+        if ytcfg.get('AUTHENTICATED_USER_AGENT') and self.is_authenticated:
+            client_context = ytcfg.setdefault('INNERTUBE_CONTEXT', {}).setdefault('client', {})
+            client_context['userAgent'] = ytcfg['AUTHENTICATED_USER_AGENT']
+
+        return ytcfg
+
+    def _get_innertube_host(self, client='web'):
+        return INNERTUBE_CLIENTS[client]['INNERTUBE_HOST']
+
+    def _ytcfg_get_safe(self, ytcfg, getter, expected_type=None, default_client='web'):
+        # try_get but with fallback to default ytcfg client values when present
+        _func = lambda y: try_get(y, getter, expected_type)
+        return _func(ytcfg) or _func(self._get_default_ytcfg(default_client))
+
+    def _extract_client_name(self, ytcfg, default_client='web'):
+        return self._ytcfg_get_safe(
+            ytcfg, (lambda x: x['INNERTUBE_CLIENT_NAME'],
+                    lambda x: x['INNERTUBE_CONTEXT']['client']['clientName']), str, default_client)
+
+    def _extract_client_version(self, ytcfg, default_client='web'):
+        return self._ytcfg_get_safe(
+            ytcfg, (lambda x: x['INNERTUBE_CLIENT_VERSION'],
+                    lambda x: x['INNERTUBE_CONTEXT']['client']['clientVersion']), str, default_client)
+
+    def _select_api_hostname(self, req_api_hostname, default_client=None):
+        return (self._configuration_arg('innertube_host', [''], ie_key=CONFIGURATION_ARG_KEY)[0]
+                or req_api_hostname or self._get_innertube_host(default_client or 'web'))
+
+    def _extract_context(self, ytcfg=None, default_client='web'):
+        context = get_first(
+            (ytcfg, self._get_default_ytcfg(default_client)), 'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT', expected_type=dict)
+        # Enforce language and tz for extraction
+        client_context = traverse_obj(context, 'client', expected_type=dict, default={})
+        client_context.update({'hl': self._preferred_lang or 'en', 'timeZone': 'UTC', 'utcOffsetMinutes': 0})
+        return context
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _make_sid_authorization(scheme, sid, origin, additional_parts):
+        timestamp = str(round(time.time()))
+
+        hash_parts = []
+        if additional_parts:
+            hash_parts.append(':'.join(additional_parts.values()))
+        hash_parts.extend([timestamp, sid, origin])
+        sidhash = hashlib.sha1(' '.join(hash_parts).encode()).hexdigest()
+
+        parts = [timestamp, sidhash]
+        if additional_parts:
+            parts.append(''.join(additional_parts))
+
+        return f'{scheme} {"_".join(parts)}'
+
+    @property
+    def _youtube_cookies(self):
+        return self._get_cookies('https://www.youtube.com')
+
+    def _get_sid_cookies(self):
+        """
+        Get SAPISID, 1PSAPISID, 3PSAPISID cookie values
+        @returns sapisid, 1psapisid, 3psapisid
+        """
+        yt_cookies = self._youtube_cookies
+        yt_sapisid = try_call(lambda: yt_cookies['SAPISID'].value)
+        yt_3papisid = try_call(lambda: yt_cookies['__Secure-3PAPISID'].value)
+        yt_1papisid = try_call(lambda: yt_cookies['__Secure-1PAPISID'].value)
+
+        # Sometimes SAPISID cookie isn't present but __Secure-3PAPISID is.
+        # YouTube also falls back to __Secure-3PAPISID if SAPISID is missing.
+        # See: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/393
+
+        return yt_sapisid or yt_3papisid, yt_1papisid, yt_3papisid
+
+    def _get_sid_authorization_header(self, origin='https://www.youtube.com', user_session_id=None):
+        """
+        Generate API Session ID Authorization for Innertube requests. Assumes all requests are secure (https).
+        @param origin: Origin URL
+        @param user_session_id: Optional User Session ID
+        @return: Authorization header value
+        """
+
+        authorizations = []
+        additional_parts = {}
+        if user_session_id:
+            additional_parts['u'] = user_session_id
+
+        yt_sapisid, yt_1psapisid, yt_3psapisid = self._get_sid_cookies()
+
+        for scheme, sid in (('SAPISIDHASH', yt_sapisid),
+                            ('SAPISID1PHASH', yt_1psapisid),
+                            ('SAPISID3PHASH', yt_3psapisid)):
+            if sid:
+                authorizations.append(self._make_sid_authorization(scheme, sid, origin, additional_parts))
+
+        if not authorizations:
+            return None
+
+        return ' '.join(authorizations)
+
+    @property
+    def is_authenticated(self):
+        return self._has_auth_cookies
+
+    @property
+    def _has_auth_cookies(self):
+        yt_sapisid, yt_1psapisid, yt_3psapisid = self._get_sid_cookies()
+        # YouTube doesn't appear to clear 3PSAPISID when rotating cookies (as of 2025-04-26)
+        # But LOGIN_INFO is cleared and should exist if logged in
+        has_login_info = 'LOGIN_INFO' in self._youtube_cookies
+        return bool(has_login_info and (yt_sapisid or yt_1psapisid or yt_3psapisid))
+
+    def _request_webpage(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        response = super()._request_webpage(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        # Check that we are still logged-in and cookies have not rotated after every request
+        if getattr(self, '_passed_auth_cookies', None) and not self._has_auth_cookies:
+            self.report_warning(
+                'The provided YouTube account cookies are no longer valid. '
+                'They have likely been rotated in the browser as a security measure. '
+                f'For tips on how to effectively export YouTube cookies, refer to  {self._COOKIE_HOWTO_WIKI_URL} .',
+                only_once=False)
+
+        return response
+
+    def _call_api(self, ep, query, video_id, fatal=True, headers=None,
+                  note='Downloading API JSON', errnote='Unable to download API page',
+                  context=None, api_key=None, api_hostname=None, default_client='web'):
+
+        data = {'context': context} if context else {'context': self._extract_context(default_client=default_client)}
+        data.update(query)
+        real_headers = self.generate_api_headers(default_client=default_client)
+        real_headers.update({'content-type': 'application/json'})
+        if headers:
+            real_headers.update(headers)
+        return self._download_json(
+            f'https://{self._select_api_hostname(api_hostname, default_client)}/youtubei/v1/{ep}',
+            video_id=video_id, fatal=fatal, note=note, errnote=errnote,
+            data=json.dumps(data).encode('utf8'), headers=real_headers,
+            query=filter_dict({
+                'key': self._configuration_arg(
+                    'innertube_key', [api_key], ie_key=CONFIGURATION_ARG_KEY, casesense=True)[0],
+                'prettyPrint': 'false',
+            }, cndn=lambda _, v: v))
+
+    def extract_yt_initial_data(self, item_id, webpage, fatal=True):
+        return self._search_json(self._YT_INITIAL_DATA_RE, webpage, 'yt initial data', item_id, fatal=fatal)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _extract_session_index(*data):
+        """
+        Index of current account in account list.
+        See: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/pull/519
+        """
+        for ytcfg in data:
+            session_index = int_or_none(try_get(ytcfg, lambda x: x['SESSION_INDEX']))
+            if session_index is not None:
+                return session_index
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _parse_data_sync_id(data_sync_id):
+        """
+        Parse data_sync_id into delegated_session_id and user_session_id.
+
+        data_sync_id is of the form "delegated_session_id||user_session_id" for secondary channel
+        and just "user_session_id||" for primary channel.
+
+        @param data_sync_id: data_sync_id string
+        @return: Tuple of (delegated_session_id, user_session_id)
+        """
+        if not data_sync_id:
+            return None, None
+        first, _, second = data_sync_id.partition('||')
+        if second:
+            return first, second
+        return None, first
+
+    def _extract_delegated_session_id(self, *args):
+        """
+        Extract current delegated session ID required to download private playlists of secondary channels
+        @params response and/or ytcfg
+        @return: delegated session ID
+        """
+        # ytcfg includes channel_syncid if on secondary channel
+        if delegated_sid := traverse_obj(args, (..., 'DELEGATED_SESSION_ID', {str}, any)):
+            return delegated_sid
+
+        data_sync_id = self._extract_data_sync_id(*args)
+        return self._parse_data_sync_id(data_sync_id)[0]
+
+    def _extract_user_session_id(self, *args):
+        """
+        Extract current user session ID
+        @params response and/or ytcfg
+        @return: user session ID
+        """
+        if user_sid := traverse_obj(args, (..., 'USER_SESSION_ID', {str}, any)):
+            return user_sid
+
+        data_sync_id = self._extract_data_sync_id(*args)
+        return self._parse_data_sync_id(data_sync_id)[1]
+
+    def _extract_data_sync_id(self, *args):
+        """
+        Extract current account dataSyncId.
+        In the format DELEGATED_SESSION_ID||USER_SESSION_ID or USER_SESSION_ID||
+        @params response and/or ytcfg
+        """
+        if data_sync_id := self._configuration_arg('data_sync_id', [None], ie_key=CONFIGURATION_ARG_KEY, casesense=True)[0]:
+            return data_sync_id
+
+        return traverse_obj(
+            args, (..., ('DATASYNC_ID', ('responseContext', 'mainAppWebResponseContext', 'datasyncId')), {str}, any))
+
+    def _extract_visitor_data(self, *args):
+        """
+        Extracts visitorData from an API response or ytcfg
+        Appears to be used to track session state
+        """
+        if visitor_data := self._configuration_arg('visitor_data', [None], ie_key=CONFIGURATION_ARG_KEY, casesense=True)[0]:
+            return visitor_data
+        return get_first(
+            args, [('VISITOR_DATA', ('INNERTUBE_CONTEXT', 'client', 'visitorData'), ('responseContext', 'visitorData'))],
+            expected_type=str)
+
+    def extract_ytcfg(self, video_id, webpage):
+        if not webpage:
+            return {}
+        return self._parse_json(
+            self._search_regex(
+                r'ytcfg\.set\s*\(\s*({.+?})\s*\)\s*;', webpage, 'ytcfg',
+                default='{}'), video_id, fatal=False) or {}
+
+    def _generate_cookie_auth_headers(self, *, ytcfg=None, delegated_session_id=None, user_session_id=None, session_index=None, origin=None, **kwargs):
+        headers = {}
+        delegated_session_id = delegated_session_id or self._extract_delegated_session_id(ytcfg)
+        if delegated_session_id:
+            headers['X-Goog-PageId'] = delegated_session_id
+        if session_index is None:
+            session_index = self._extract_session_index(ytcfg)
+        if delegated_session_id or session_index is not None:
+            headers['X-Goog-AuthUser'] = session_index if session_index is not None else 0
+
+        auth = self._get_sid_authorization_header(origin, user_session_id=user_session_id or self._extract_user_session_id(ytcfg))
+        if auth is not None:
+            headers['Authorization'] = auth
+            headers['X-Origin'] = origin
+
+        if traverse_obj(ytcfg, 'LOGGED_IN', expected_type=bool):
+            headers['X-Youtube-Bootstrap-Logged-In'] = 'true'
+
+        return headers
+
+    def generate_api_headers(
+            self, *, ytcfg=None, delegated_session_id=None, user_session_id=None, session_index=None,
+            visitor_data=None, api_hostname=None, default_client='web', **kwargs):
+
+        origin = 'https://' + (self._select_api_hostname(api_hostname, default_client))
+        headers = {
+            'X-YouTube-Client-Name': str(
+                self._ytcfg_get_safe(ytcfg, lambda x: x['INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME'], default_client=default_client)),
+            'X-YouTube-Client-Version': self._extract_client_version(ytcfg, default_client),
+            'Origin': origin,
+            'X-Goog-Visitor-Id': visitor_data or self._extract_visitor_data(ytcfg),
+            'User-Agent': self._ytcfg_get_safe(ytcfg, lambda x: x['INNERTUBE_CONTEXT']['client']['userAgent'], default_client=default_client),
+            **self._generate_cookie_auth_headers(
+                ytcfg=ytcfg,
+                delegated_session_id=delegated_session_id,
+                user_session_id=user_session_id,
+                session_index=session_index,
+                origin=origin),
+        }
+        return filter_dict(headers)
+
+    def _download_webpage_with_retries(self, *args, retry_fatal=False, retry_on_status=None, **kwargs):
+        for retry in self.RetryManager(fatal=retry_fatal):
+            try:
+                return self._download_webpage(*args, **kwargs)
+            except ExtractorError as e:
+                if isinstance(e.cause, network_exceptions):
+                    if not isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) or e.cause.status not in (retry_on_status or (403, 429)):
+                        retry.error = e
+                        continue
+                self._error_or_warning(e, fatal=retry_fatal)
+                break
+
+    def _download_ytcfg(self, client, video_id):
+        url = {
+            'mweb': 'https://m.youtube.com',
+            'web': 'https://www.youtube.com',
+            'web_music': 'https://music.youtube.com',
+            'web_embedded': f'https://www.youtube.com/embed/{video_id}?html5=1',
+            'tv': 'https://www.youtube.com/tv',
+        }.get(client)
+        if not url:
+            return {}
+        webpage = self._download_webpage_with_retries(
+            url, video_id, note=f'Downloading {client.replace("_", " ").strip()} client config',
+            headers=traverse_obj(self._get_default_ytcfg(client), {
+                'User-Agent': ('INNERTUBE_CONTEXT', 'client', 'userAgent', {str}),
+            }))
+
+        ytcfg = self.extract_ytcfg(video_id, webpage) or {}
+
+        # Workaround for https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12563
+        # But it's not effective when logged-in
+        if client == 'tv' and not self.is_authenticated:
+            config_info = traverse_obj(ytcfg, (
+                'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT', 'client', 'configInfo', {dict})) or {}
+            config_info.pop('appInstallData', None)
+
+        return ytcfg
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _build_api_continuation_query(continuation, ctp=None):
+        query = {
+            'continuation': continuation,
+        }
+        # TODO: Inconsistency with clickTrackingParams.
+        # Currently we have a fixed ctp contained within context (from ytcfg)
+        # and a ctp in root query for continuation.
+        if ctp:
+            query['clickTracking'] = {'clickTrackingParams': ctp}
+        return query
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _extract_next_continuation_data(cls, renderer):
+        next_continuation = try_get(
+            renderer, (lambda x: x['continuations'][0]['nextContinuationData'],
+                       lambda x: x['continuation']['reloadContinuationData']), dict)
+        if not next_continuation:
+            return
+        continuation = next_continuation.get('continuation')
+        if not continuation:
+            return
+        ctp = next_continuation.get('clickTrackingParams')
+        return cls._build_api_continuation_query(continuation, ctp)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _extract_continuation_ep_data(cls, continuation_ep: dict):
+        continuation_commands = traverse_obj(
+            continuation_ep, ('commandExecutorCommand', 'commands', ..., {dict}))
+        continuation_commands.append(continuation_ep)
+        for command in continuation_commands:
+            continuation = traverse_obj(command, ('continuationCommand', 'token', {str}))
+            if not continuation:
+                continue
+            ctp = command.get('clickTrackingParams')
+            return cls._build_api_continuation_query(continuation, ctp)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _extract_continuation(cls, renderer):
+        next_continuation = cls._extract_next_continuation_data(renderer)
+        if next_continuation:
+            return next_continuation
+
+        return traverse_obj(renderer, (
+            ('contents', 'items', 'rows'), ..., 'continuationItemRenderer',
+            ('continuationEndpoint', ('button', 'buttonRenderer', 'command')),
+        ), get_all=False, expected_type=cls._extract_continuation_ep_data)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _extract_alerts(cls, data):
+        for alert_dict in try_get(data, lambda x: x['alerts'], list) or []:
+            if not isinstance(alert_dict, dict):
+                continue
+            for alert in alert_dict.values():
+                alert_type = alert.get('type')
+                if not alert_type:
+                    continue
+                message = cls._get_text(alert, 'text')
+                if message:
+                    yield alert_type, message
+
+    def _report_alerts(self, alerts, expected=True, fatal=True, only_once=False):
+        errors, warnings = [], []
+        for alert_type, alert_message in alerts:
+            if alert_type.lower() == 'error' and fatal:
+                errors.append([alert_type, alert_message])
+            elif alert_message not in self._IGNORED_WARNINGS:
+                warnings.append([alert_type, alert_message])
+
+        for alert_type, alert_message in (warnings + errors[:-1]):
+            self.report_warning(f'YouTube said: {alert_type} - {alert_message}', only_once=only_once)
+        if errors:
+            raise ExtractorError(f'YouTube said: {errors[-1][1]}', expected=expected)
+
+    def _extract_and_report_alerts(self, data, *args, **kwargs):
+        return self._report_alerts(self._extract_alerts(data), *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def _extract_badges(self, badge_list: list):
+        """
+        Extract known BadgeType's from a list of badge renderers.
+        @returns [{'type': BadgeType}]
+        """
+        icon_type_map = {
+            'PRIVACY_UNLISTED': BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_UNLISTED,
+            'PRIVACY_PRIVATE': BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_PRIVATE,
+            'PRIVACY_PUBLIC': BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_PUBLIC,
+            'CHECK_CIRCLE_THICK': BadgeType.VERIFIED,
+            'OFFICIAL_ARTIST_BADGE': BadgeType.VERIFIED,
+            'CHECK': BadgeType.VERIFIED,
+        }
+
+        badge_style_map = {
+            'BADGE_STYLE_TYPE_MEMBERS_ONLY': BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_SUBSCRIPTION,
+            'BADGE_STYLE_TYPE_PREMIUM': BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_PREMIUM,
+            'BADGE_STYLE_TYPE_LIVE_NOW': BadgeType.LIVE_NOW,
+            'BADGE_STYLE_TYPE_VERIFIED': BadgeType.VERIFIED,
+            'BADGE_STYLE_TYPE_VERIFIED_ARTIST': BadgeType.VERIFIED,
+        }
+
+        label_map = {
+            'unlisted': BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_UNLISTED,
+            'private': BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_PRIVATE,
+            'members only': BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_SUBSCRIPTION,
+            'live': BadgeType.LIVE_NOW,
+            'premium': BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_PREMIUM,
+            'verified': BadgeType.VERIFIED,
+            'official artist channel': BadgeType.VERIFIED,
+        }
+
+        badges = []
+        for badge in traverse_obj(badge_list, (..., lambda key, _: re.search(r'[bB]adgeRenderer$', key))):
+            badge_type = (
+                icon_type_map.get(traverse_obj(badge, ('icon', 'iconType'), expected_type=str))
+                or badge_style_map.get(traverse_obj(badge, 'style'))
+            )
+            if badge_type:
+                badges.append({'type': badge_type})
+                continue
+
+            # fallback, won't work in some languages
+            label = traverse_obj(
+                badge, 'label', ('accessibilityData', 'label'), 'tooltip', 'iconTooltip', get_all=False, expected_type=str, default='')
+            for match, label_badge_type in label_map.items():
+                if match in label.lower():
+                    badges.append({'type': label_badge_type})
+                    break
+
+        return badges
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _has_badge(badges, badge_type):
+        return bool(traverse_obj(badges, lambda _, v: v['type'] == badge_type))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _get_text(data, *path_list, max_runs=None):
+        for path in path_list or [None]:
+            if path is None:
+                obj = [data]
+            else:
+                obj = traverse_obj(data, path, default=[])
+                if not any(key is ... or isinstance(key, (list, tuple)) for key in variadic(path)):
+                    obj = [obj]
+            for item in obj:
+                text = try_get(item, lambda x: x['simpleText'], str)
+                if text:
+                    return text
+                runs = try_get(item, lambda x: x['runs'], list) or []
+                if not runs and isinstance(item, list):
+                    runs = item
+
+                runs = runs[:min(len(runs), max_runs or len(runs))]
+                text = ''.join(traverse_obj(runs, (..., 'text'), expected_type=str))
+                if text:
+                    return text
+
+    def _get_count(self, data, *path_list):
+        count_text = self._get_text(data, *path_list) or ''
+        count = parse_count(count_text)
+        if count is None:
+            count = str_to_int(
+                self._search_regex(r'^([\d,]+)', re.sub(r'\s', '', count_text), 'count', default=None))
+        return count
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _extract_thumbnails(data, *path_list, final_key='thumbnails'):
+        """
+        Extract thumbnails from thumbnails dict
+        @param path_list: path list to level that contains 'thumbnails' key
+        """
+        thumbnails = []
+        for path in path_list or [()]:
+            for thumbnail in traverse_obj(data, (*variadic(path), final_key, ...)):
+                thumbnail_url = url_or_none(thumbnail.get('url'))
+                if not thumbnail_url:
+                    continue
+                # Sometimes youtube gives a wrong thumbnail URL. See:
+                # https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/233
+                # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/28023
+                if 'maxresdefault' in thumbnail_url:
+                    thumbnail_url = thumbnail_url.split('?')[0]
+                thumbnails.append({
+                    'url': thumbnail_url,
+                    'height': int_or_none(thumbnail.get('height')),
+                    'width': int_or_none(thumbnail.get('width')),
+                })
+        return thumbnails
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def extract_relative_time(relative_time_text):
+        """
+        Extracts a relative time from string and converts to dt object
+        e.g. 'streamed 6 days ago', '5 seconds ago (edited)', 'updated today', '8 yr ago'
+        """
+
+        # XXX: this could be moved to a general function in utils/_utils.py
+        # The relative time text strings are roughly the same as what
+        # Javascript's Intl.RelativeTimeFormat function generates.
+        # See: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Intl/RelativeTimeFormat
+        mobj = re.search(
+            r'(?P<start>today|yesterday|now)|(?P<time>\d+)\s*(?P<unit>sec(?:ond)?|s|min(?:ute)?|h(?:our|r)?|d(?:ay)?|w(?:eek|k)?|mo(?:nth)?|y(?:ear|r)?)s?\s*ago',
+            relative_time_text)
+        if mobj:
+            start = mobj.group('start')
+            if start:
+                return datetime_from_str(start)
+            try:
+                return datetime_from_str('now-{}{}'.format(mobj.group('time'), mobj.group('unit')))
+            except ValueError:
+                return None
+
+    def _parse_time_text(self, text):
+        if not text:
+            return
+        dt_ = self.extract_relative_time(text)
+        timestamp = None
+        if isinstance(dt_, dt.datetime):
+            timestamp = calendar.timegm(dt_.timetuple())
+
+        if timestamp is None:
+            timestamp = (
+                unified_timestamp(text) or unified_timestamp(
+                    self._search_regex(
+                        (r'([a-z]+\s*\d{1,2},?\s*20\d{2})', r'(?:.+|^)(?:live|premieres|ed|ing)(?:\s*(?:on|for))?\s*(.+\d)'),
+                        text.lower(), 'time text', default=None)))
+
+        if text and timestamp is None and self._preferred_lang in (None, 'en'):
+            self.report_warning(
+                f'Cannot parse localized time text "{text}"', only_once=True)
+        return timestamp
+
+    def _extract_response(self, item_id, query, note='Downloading API JSON', headers=None,
+                          ytcfg=None, check_get_keys=None, ep='browse', fatal=True, api_hostname=None,
+                          default_client='web'):
+        raise_for_incomplete = bool(self._configuration_arg('raise_incomplete_data', ie_key=CONFIGURATION_ARG_KEY))
+        # Incomplete Data should be a warning by default when retries are exhausted, while other errors should be fatal.
+        icd_retries = iter(self.RetryManager(fatal=raise_for_incomplete))
+        icd_rm = next(icd_retries)
+        main_retries = iter(self.RetryManager())
+        main_rm = next(main_retries)
+        # Manual retry loop for multiple RetryManagers
+        # The proper RetryManager MUST be advanced after an error
+        # and its result MUST be checked if the manager is non fatal
+        while True:
+            try:
+                response = self._call_api(
+                    ep=ep, fatal=True, headers=headers,
+                    video_id=item_id, query=query, note=note,
+                    context=self._extract_context(ytcfg, default_client),
+                    api_hostname=api_hostname, default_client=default_client)
+            except ExtractorError as e:
+                if not isinstance(e.cause, network_exceptions):
+                    return self._error_or_warning(e, fatal=fatal)
+                elif not isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError):
+                    main_rm.error = e
+                    next(main_retries)
+                    continue
+
+                first_bytes = e.cause.response.read(512)
+                if not is_html(first_bytes):
+                    yt_error = try_get(
+                        self._parse_json(
+                            self._webpage_read_content(e.cause.response, None, item_id, prefix=first_bytes) or '{}', item_id, fatal=False),
+                        lambda x: x['error']['message'], str)
+                    if yt_error:
+                        self._report_alerts([('ERROR', yt_error)], fatal=False)
+                # Downloading page may result in intermittent 5xx HTTP error
+                # Sometimes a 404 is also received. See: https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/28289
+                # We also want to catch all other network exceptions since errors in later pages can be troublesome
+                # See https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/507#issuecomment-880188210
+                if e.cause.status not in (403, 429):
+                    main_rm.error = e
+                    next(main_retries)
+                    continue
+                return self._error_or_warning(e, fatal=fatal)
+
+            try:
+                self._extract_and_report_alerts(response, only_once=True)
+            except ExtractorError as e:
+                # YouTube's servers may return errors we want to retry on in a 200 OK response
+                # See: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/839
+                if 'unknown error' in e.msg.lower():
+                    main_rm.error = e
+                    next(main_retries)
+                    continue
+                return self._error_or_warning(e, fatal=fatal)
+            # Youtube sometimes sends incomplete data
+            # See: https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/28194
+            if not traverse_obj(response, *variadic(check_get_keys)):
+                icd_rm.error = ExtractorError('Incomplete data received', expected=True)
+                should_retry = next(icd_retries, None)
+                if not should_retry:
+                    return None
+                continue
+
+            return response
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def is_music_url(url):
+        return re.match(r'(https?://)?music\.youtube\.com/', url) is not None
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/_clip.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/_clip.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1a708cd01b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/_clip.py
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+from ._tab import YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor
+from ._video import YoutubeIE
+from ...utils import ExtractorError, traverse_obj
+
+
+class YoutubeClipIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
+    IE_NAME = 'youtube:clip'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?youtube\.com/clip/(?P<id>[^/?#]+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        # FIXME: Other metadata should be extracted from the clip, not from the base video
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/clip/UgytZKpehg-hEMBSn3F4AaABCQ',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'UgytZKpehg-hEMBSn3F4AaABCQ',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'section_start': 29.0,
+            'section_end': 39.7,
+            'duration': 10.7,
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'categories': ['Gaming'],
+            'channel': 'Scott The Woz',
+            'channel_id': 'UC4rqhyiTs7XyuODcECvuiiQ',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4rqhyiTs7XyuODcECvuiiQ',
+            'description': 'md5:7a4517a17ea9b4bd98996399d8bb36e7',
+            'like_count': int,
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'tags': 'count:17',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://i.ytimg.com/vi_webp/ScPX26pdQik/maxresdefault.webp',
+            'title': 'Mobile Games on Console - Scott The Woz',
+            'upload_date': '20210920',
+            'uploader': 'Scott The Woz',
+            'uploader_id': '@ScottTheWoz',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@ScottTheWoz',
+            'view_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'chapters': 'count:20',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'heatmap': 'count:100',
+            'media_type': 'clip',
+        },
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        clip_id = self._match_id(url)
+        _, data = self._extract_webpage(url, clip_id)
+
+        video_id = traverse_obj(data, ('currentVideoEndpoint', 'watchEndpoint', 'videoId'))
+        if not video_id:
+            raise ExtractorError('Unable to find video ID')
+
+        clip_data = traverse_obj(data, (
+            'engagementPanels', ..., 'engagementPanelSectionListRenderer', 'content', 'clipSectionRenderer',
+            'contents', ..., 'clipAttributionRenderer', 'onScrubExit', 'commandExecutorCommand', 'commands', ...,
+            'openPopupAction', 'popup', 'notificationActionRenderer', 'actionButton', 'buttonRenderer', 'command',
+            'commandExecutorCommand', 'commands', ..., 'loopCommand'), get_all=False)
+
+        return {
+            '_type': 'url_transparent',
+            'url': f'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v={video_id}',
+            'ie_key': YoutubeIE.ie_key(),
+            'id': clip_id,
+            'media_type': 'clip',
+            'section_start': int(clip_data['startTimeMs']) / 1000,
+            'section_end': int(clip_data['endTimeMs']) / 1000,
+            '_format_sort_fields': (  # https protocol is prioritized for ffmpeg compatibility
+                'proto:https', 'quality', 'res', 'fps', 'hdr:12', 'source', 'vcodec', 'channels', 'acodec', 'lang'),
+        }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/_mistakes.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/_mistakes.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c5eb5161c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/_mistakes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+
+from ._base import YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor
+from ...utils import ExtractorError
+
+
+class YoutubeTruncatedURLIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
+    IE_NAME = 'youtube:truncated_url'
+    IE_DESC = False  # Do not list
+    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
+        (?:https?://)?
+        (?:\w+\.)?[yY][oO][uU][tT][uU][bB][eE](?:-nocookie)?\.com/
+        (?:watch\?(?:
+            feature=[a-z_]+|
+            annotation_id=annotation_[^&]+|
+            x-yt-cl=[0-9]+|
+            hl=[^&]*|
+            t=[0-9]+
+        )?
+        |
+            attribution_link\?a=[^&]+
+        )
+        $
+    '''
+
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?annotation_id=annotation_3951667041',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?x-yt-cl=84503534',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=foo',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?hl=en-GB',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=2372',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        raise ExtractorError(
+            'Did you forget to quote the URL? Remember that & is a meta '
+            'character in most shells, so you want to put the URL in quotes, '
+            'like  yt-dlp '
+            '"https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=foo&v=BaW_jenozKc" '
+            ' or simply  yt-dlp BaW_jenozKc  .',
+            expected=True)
+
+
+class YoutubeTruncatedIDIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
+    IE_NAME = 'youtube:truncated_id'
+    IE_DESC = False  # Do not list
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?youtube\.com/watch\?v=(?P<id>[0-9A-Za-z_-]{1,10})$'
+
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N_708QY7Ob',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        raise ExtractorError(
+            f'Incomplete YouTube ID {video_id}. URL {url} looks truncated.',
+            expected=True)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/_notifications.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/_notifications.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ae55528da2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/_notifications.py
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+import itertools
+import re
+
+from ._tab import YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor, YoutubeTabIE
+from ._video import YoutubeIE
+from ...utils import traverse_obj
+
+
+class YoutubeNotificationsIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
+    IE_NAME = 'youtube:notif'
+    IE_DESC = 'YouTube notifications; ":ytnotif" keyword (requires cookies)'
+    _VALID_URL = r':ytnotif(?:ication)?s?'
+    _LOGIN_REQUIRED = True
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': ':ytnotif',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': ':ytnotifications',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]
+
+    def _extract_notification_menu(self, response, continuation_list):
+        notification_list = traverse_obj(
+            response,
+            ('actions', 0, 'openPopupAction', 'popup', 'multiPageMenuRenderer', 'sections', 0, 'multiPageMenuNotificationSectionRenderer', 'items'),
+            ('actions', 0, 'appendContinuationItemsAction', 'continuationItems'),
+            expected_type=list) or []
+        continuation_list[0] = None
+        for item in notification_list:
+            entry = self._extract_notification_renderer(item.get('notificationRenderer'))
+            if entry:
+                yield entry
+            continuation = item.get('continuationItemRenderer')
+            if continuation:
+                continuation_list[0] = continuation
+
+    def _extract_notification_renderer(self, notification):
+        video_id = traverse_obj(
+            notification, ('navigationEndpoint', 'watchEndpoint', 'videoId'), expected_type=str)
+        url = f'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v={video_id}'
+        channel_id = None
+        if not video_id:
+            browse_ep = traverse_obj(
+                notification, ('navigationEndpoint', 'browseEndpoint'), expected_type=dict)
+            channel_id = self.ucid_or_none(traverse_obj(browse_ep, 'browseId', expected_type=str))
+            post_id = self._search_regex(
+                r'/post/(.+)', traverse_obj(browse_ep, 'canonicalBaseUrl', expected_type=str),
+                'post id', default=None)
+            if not channel_id or not post_id:
+                return
+            # The direct /post url redirects to this in the browser
+            url = f'https://www.youtube.com/channel/{channel_id}/community?lb={post_id}'
+
+        channel = traverse_obj(
+            notification, ('contextualMenu', 'menuRenderer', 'items', 1, 'menuServiceItemRenderer', 'text', 'runs', 1, 'text'),
+            expected_type=str)
+        notification_title = self._get_text(notification, 'shortMessage')
+        if notification_title:
+            notification_title = notification_title.replace('\xad', '')  # remove soft hyphens
+        # TODO: handle recommended videos
+        title = self._search_regex(
+            rf'{re.escape(channel or "")}[^:]+: (.+)', notification_title,
+            'video title', default=None)
+        timestamp = (self._parse_time_text(self._get_text(notification, 'sentTimeText'))
+                     if self._configuration_arg('approximate_date', ie_key=YoutubeTabIE)
+                     else None)
+        return {
+            '_type': 'url',
+            'url': url,
+            'ie_key': (YoutubeIE if video_id else YoutubeTabIE).ie_key(),
+            'video_id': video_id,
+            'title': title,
+            'channel_id': channel_id,
+            'channel': channel,
+            'uploader': channel,
+            'thumbnails': self._extract_thumbnails(notification, 'videoThumbnail'),
+            'timestamp': timestamp,
+        }
+
+    def _notification_menu_entries(self, ytcfg):
+        continuation_list = [None]
+        response = None
+        for page in itertools.count(1):
+            ctoken = traverse_obj(
+                continuation_list, (0, 'continuationEndpoint', 'getNotificationMenuEndpoint', 'ctoken'), expected_type=str)
+            response = self._extract_response(
+                item_id=f'page {page}', query={'ctoken': ctoken} if ctoken else {}, ytcfg=ytcfg,
+                ep='notification/get_notification_menu', check_get_keys='actions',
+                headers=self.generate_api_headers(ytcfg=ytcfg, visitor_data=self._extract_visitor_data(response)))
+            yield from self._extract_notification_menu(response, continuation_list)
+            if not continuation_list[0]:
+                break
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        display_id = 'notifications'
+        ytcfg = self._download_ytcfg('web', display_id) if not self.skip_webpage else {}
+        self._report_playlist_authcheck(ytcfg)
+        return self.playlist_result(self._notification_menu_entries(ytcfg), display_id, display_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/_redirect.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/_redirect.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..14e565b426
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/_redirect.py
@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+import base64
+import urllib.parse
+
+from ._base import YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor
+from ._tab import YoutubeTabIE
+from ...utils import ExtractorError, classproperty, parse_qs, update_url_query, url_or_none
+
+
+class YoutubeYtBeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
+    IE_DESC = 'youtu.be'
+    _VALID_URL = rf'https?://youtu\.be/(?P<id>[0-9A-Za-z_-]{{11}})/*?.*?\blist=(?P<playlist_id>{YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor._PLAYLIST_ID_RE})'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://youtu.be/yeWKywCrFtk?list=PL2qgrgXsNUG5ig9cat4ohreBjYLAPC0J5',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'yeWKywCrFtk',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Small Scale Baler and Braiding Rugs',
+            'uploader': 'Backus-Page House Museum',
+            'uploader_id': '@backuspagemuseum',
+            'uploader_url': r're:https?://(?:www\.)?youtube\.com/@backuspagemuseum',
+            'upload_date': '20161008',
+            'description': 'md5:800c0c78d5eb128500bffd4f0b4f2e8a',
+            'categories': ['Nonprofits & Activism'],
+            'tags': list,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.webp',
+            'channel': 'Backus-Page House Museum',
+            'channel_id': 'UCEfMCQ9bs3tjvjy1s451zaw',
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'view_count': int,
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEfMCQ9bs3tjvjy1s451zaw',
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'duration': 59,
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'media_type': 'short',
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'noplaylist': True,
+            'skip_download': True,
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://youtu.be/uWyaPkt-VOI?list=PL9D9FC436B881BA21',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
+        video_id = mobj.group('id')
+        playlist_id = mobj.group('playlist_id')
+        return self.url_result(
+            update_url_query('https://www.youtube.com/watch', {
+                'v': video_id,
+                'list': playlist_id,
+                'feature': 'youtu.be',
+            }), ie=YoutubeTabIE.ie_key(), video_id=playlist_id)
+
+
+class YoutubeLivestreamEmbedIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
+    IE_DESC = 'YouTube livestream embeds'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:\w+\.)?youtube\.com/embed/live_stream/?\?(?:[^#]+&)?channel=(?P<id>[^&#]+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/embed/live_stream?channel=UC2_KI6RB__jGdlnK6dvFEZA',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        channel_id = self._match_id(url)
+        return self.url_result(
+            f'https://www.youtube.com/channel/{channel_id}/live',
+            ie=YoutubeTabIE.ie_key(), video_id=channel_id)
+
+
+class YoutubeYtUserIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
+    IE_DESC = 'YouTube user videos; "ytuser:" prefix'
+    IE_NAME = 'youtube:user'
+    _VALID_URL = r'ytuser:(?P<id>.+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'ytuser:phihag',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        user_id = self._match_id(url)
+        return self.url_result(f'https://www.youtube.com/user/{user_id}', YoutubeTabIE, user_id)
+
+
+class YoutubeFavouritesIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
+    IE_NAME = 'youtube:favorites'
+    IE_DESC = 'YouTube liked videos; ":ytfav" keyword (requires cookies)'
+    _VALID_URL = r':ytfav(?:ou?rite)?s?'
+    _LOGIN_REQUIRED = True
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': ':ytfav',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': ':ytfavorites',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        return self.url_result(
+            'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=LL',
+            ie=YoutubeTabIE.ie_key())
+
+
+class YoutubeFeedsInfoExtractor(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
+    """
+    Base class for feed extractors
+    Subclasses must re-define the _FEED_NAME property.
+    """
+    _LOGIN_REQUIRED = True
+    _FEED_NAME = 'feeds'
+
+    @classproperty
+    def IE_NAME(cls):
+        return f'youtube:{cls._FEED_NAME}'
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        return self.url_result(
+            f'https://www.youtube.com/feed/{self._FEED_NAME}', ie=YoutubeTabIE.ie_key())
+
+
+class YoutubeWatchLaterIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
+    IE_NAME = 'youtube:watchlater'
+    IE_DESC = 'Youtube watch later list; ":ytwatchlater" keyword (requires cookies)'
+    _VALID_URL = r':ytwatchlater'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': ':ytwatchlater',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        return self.url_result(
+            'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=WL', ie=YoutubeTabIE.ie_key())
+
+
+class YoutubeRecommendedIE(YoutubeFeedsInfoExtractor):
+    IE_DESC = 'YouTube recommended videos; ":ytrec" keyword'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?youtube\.com/?(?:[?#]|$)|:ytrec(?:ommended)?'
+    _FEED_NAME = 'recommended'
+    _LOGIN_REQUIRED = False
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': ':ytrec',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': ':ytrecommended',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://youtube.com',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]
+
+
+class YoutubeSubscriptionsIE(YoutubeFeedsInfoExtractor):
+    IE_DESC = 'YouTube subscriptions feed; ":ytsubs" keyword (requires cookies)'
+    _VALID_URL = r':ytsub(?:scription)?s?'
+    _FEED_NAME = 'subscriptions'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': ':ytsubs',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': ':ytsubscriptions',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]
+
+
+class YoutubeHistoryIE(YoutubeFeedsInfoExtractor):
+    IE_DESC = 'Youtube watch history; ":ythis" keyword (requires cookies)'
+    _VALID_URL = r':ythis(?:tory)?'
+    _FEED_NAME = 'history'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': ':ythistory',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]
+
+
+class YoutubeShortsAudioPivotIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
+    IE_DESC = 'YouTube Shorts audio pivot (Shorts using audio of a given video)'
+    IE_NAME = 'youtube:shorts:pivot:audio'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?youtube\.com/source/(?P<id>[\w-]{11})/shorts'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/source/Lyj-MZSAA9o/shorts',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _generate_audio_pivot_params(video_id):
+        """
+        Generates sfv_audio_pivot browse params for this video id
+        """
+        pb_params = b'\xf2\x05+\n)\x12\'\n\x0b%b\x12\x0b%b\x1a\x0b%b' % ((video_id.encode(),) * 3)
+        return urllib.parse.quote(base64.b64encode(pb_params).decode())
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        return self.url_result(
+            f'https://www.youtube.com/feed/sfv_audio_pivot?bp={self._generate_audio_pivot_params(video_id)}',
+            ie=YoutubeTabIE)
+
+
+class YoutubeConsentRedirectIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
+    IE_NAME = 'youtube:consent'
+    IE_DESC = False  # Do not list
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://consent\.youtube\.com/m\?'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://consent.youtube.com/m?continue=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Flive%2FqVv6vCqciTM%3Fcbrd%3D1&gl=NL&m=0&pc=yt&hl=en&src=1',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'qVv6vCqciTM',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'uploader_id': '@sana_natori',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'chapters': 'count:13',
+            'upload_date': '20221223',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://i.ytimg.com/vi/qVv6vCqciTM/maxresdefault.jpg',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCIdEIHpS0TdkqRkHL5OkLtA',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@sana_natori',
+            'like_count': int,
+            'release_date': '20221223',
+            'tags': ['Vtuber', '月ノ美兎', '����', '���ん�', 'クリスマス', '3D�信'],
+            'title': '� #インター�ット女クリスマス 】3D�歌����ゃ�インター�ット�女���月ノ美兎/����】',
+            'view_count': int,
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'duration': 4438,
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UCIdEIHpS0TdkqRkHL5OkLtA',
+            'categories': ['Entertainment'],
+            'live_status': 'was_live',
+            'release_timestamp': 1671793345,
+            'channel': '���ゃん�る',
+            'description': 'md5:6aebf95cc4a1d731aebc01ad6cc9806d',
+            'uploader': '���ゃん�る',
+            'channel_is_verified': True,
+            'heatmap': 'count:100',
+        },
+        'add_ie': ['Youtube'],
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'Youtube'},
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        redirect_url = url_or_none(parse_qs(url).get('continue', [None])[-1])
+        if not redirect_url:
+            raise ExtractorError('Invalid cookie consent redirect URL', expected=True)
+        return self.url_result(redirect_url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/_search.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/_search.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..be10a20da5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/_search.py
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
+from ._tab import YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor
+from ..common import SearchInfoExtractor
+from ...utils import join_nonempty, parse_qs
+
+
+class YoutubeSearchIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor, SearchInfoExtractor):
+    IE_DESC = 'YouTube search'
+    IE_NAME = 'youtube:search'
+    _SEARCH_KEY = 'ytsearch'
+    _SEARCH_PARAMS = 'EgIQAfABAQ=='  # Videos only
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'ytsearch5:youtube-dl test video',
+        'playlist_count': 5,
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'youtube-dl test video',
+            'title': 'youtube-dl test video',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'note': 'Suicide/self-harm search warning',
+        'url': 'ytsearch1:i hate myself and i wanna die',
+        'playlist_count': 1,
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'i hate myself and i wanna die',
+            'title': 'i hate myself and i wanna die',
+        },
+    }]
+
+
+class YoutubeSearchDateIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor, SearchInfoExtractor):
+    IE_NAME = YoutubeSearchIE.IE_NAME + ':date'
+    _SEARCH_KEY = 'ytsearchdate'
+    IE_DESC = 'YouTube search, newest videos first'
+    _SEARCH_PARAMS = 'CAISAhAB8AEB'  # Videos only, sorted by date
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'ytsearchdate5:youtube-dl test video',
+        'playlist_count': 5,
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'youtube-dl test video',
+            'title': 'youtube-dl test video',
+        },
+    }]
+
+
+class YoutubeSearchURLIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
+    IE_DESC = 'YouTube search URLs with sorting and filter support'
+    IE_NAME = YoutubeSearchIE.IE_NAME + '_url'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?youtube\.com/(?:results|search)\?([^#]+&)?(?:search_query|q)=(?:[^&]+)(?:[&#]|$)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/results?baz=bar&search_query=youtube-dl+test+video&filters=video&lclk=video',
+        'playlist_mincount': 5,
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'youtube-dl test video',
+            'title': 'youtube-dl test video',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=python&sp=EgIQAg%253D%253D',
+        'playlist_mincount': 5,
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'python',
+            'title': 'python',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=%23cats',
+        'playlist_mincount': 1,
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '#cats',
+            'title': '#cats',
+            # The test suite does not have support for nested playlists
+            # 'entries': [{
+            #     'url': r're:https://(www\.)?youtube\.com/hashtag/cats',
+            #     'title': '#cats',
+            # }],
+        },
+    }, {
+        # Channel results
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=kurzgesagt&sp=EgIQAg%253D%253D',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'kurzgesagt',
+            'title': 'kurzgesagt',
+        },
+        'playlist': [{
+            'info_dict': {
+                '_type': 'url',
+                'id': 'UCsXVk37bltHxD1rDPwtNM8Q',
+                'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCsXVk37bltHxD1rDPwtNM8Q',
+                'ie_key': 'YoutubeTab',
+                'channel': 'Kurzgesagt – In a Nutshell',
+                'description': 'md5:4ae48dfa9505ffc307dad26342d06bfc',
+                'title': 'Kurzgesagt – In a Nutshell',
+                'channel_id': 'UCsXVk37bltHxD1rDPwtNM8Q',
+                # No longer available for search as it is set to the handle.
+                # 'playlist_count': int,
+                'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCsXVk37bltHxD1rDPwtNM8Q',
+                'thumbnails': list,
+                'uploader_id': '@kurzgesagt',
+                'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@kurzgesagt',
+                'uploader': 'Kurzgesagt – In a Nutshell',
+                'channel_is_verified': True,
+                'channel_follower_count': int,
+            },
+        }],
+        'params': {'extract_flat': True, 'playlist_items': '1'},
+        'playlist_mincount': 1,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/results?q=test&sp=EgQIBBgB',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        qs = parse_qs(url)
+        query = (qs.get('search_query') or qs.get('q'))[0]
+        return self.playlist_result(self._search_results(query, qs.get('sp', (None,))[0]), query, query)
+
+
+class YoutubeMusicSearchURLIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
+    IE_DESC = 'YouTube music search URLs with selectable sections, e.g. #songs'
+    IE_NAME = 'youtube:music:search_url'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://music\.youtube\.com/search\?([^#]+&)?(?:search_query|q)=(?:[^&]+)(?:[&#]|$)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://music.youtube.com/search?q=royalty+free+music',
+        'playlist_count': 16,
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'royalty free music',
+            'title': 'royalty free music',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://music.youtube.com/search?q=royalty+free+music&sp=EgWKAQIIAWoKEAoQAxAEEAkQBQ%3D%3D',
+        'playlist_mincount': 30,
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'royalty free music - songs',
+            'title': 'royalty free music - songs',
+        },
+        'params': {'extract_flat': 'in_playlist'},
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://music.youtube.com/search?q=royalty+free+music#community+playlists',
+        'playlist_mincount': 30,
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'royalty free music - community playlists',
+            'title': 'royalty free music - community playlists',
+        },
+        'params': {'extract_flat': 'in_playlist'},
+    }]
+
+    _SECTIONS = {
+        'albums': 'EgWKAQIYAWoKEAoQAxAEEAkQBQ==',
+        'artists': 'EgWKAQIgAWoKEAoQAxAEEAkQBQ==',
+        'community playlists': 'EgeKAQQoAEABagoQChADEAQQCRAF',
+        'featured playlists': 'EgeKAQQoADgBagwQAxAJEAQQDhAKEAU==',
+        'songs': 'EgWKAQIIAWoKEAoQAxAEEAkQBQ==',
+        'videos': 'EgWKAQIQAWoKEAoQAxAEEAkQBQ==',
+    }
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        qs = parse_qs(url)
+        query = (qs.get('search_query') or qs.get('q'))[0]
+        params = qs.get('sp', (None,))[0]
+        if params:
+            section = next((k for k, v in self._SECTIONS.items() if v == params), params)
+        else:
+            section = urllib.parse.unquote_plus(([*url.split('#'), ''])[1]).lower()
+            params = self._SECTIONS.get(section)
+            if not params:
+                section = None
+        title = join_nonempty(query, section, delim=' - ')
+        return self.playlist_result(self._search_results(query, params, default_client='web_music'), title, title)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/_tab.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/_tab.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5870786978
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/_tab.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2406 @@
+import functools
+import itertools
+import re
+import shlex
+import urllib.parse
+
+from ._base import BadgeType, YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor
+from ._video import YoutubeIE
+from ...networking.exceptions import HTTPError, network_exceptions
+from ...utils import (
+    NO_DEFAULT,
+    ExtractorError,
+    UserNotLive,
+    bug_reports_message,
+    format_field,
+    get_first,
+    int_or_none,
+    parse_count,
+    parse_duration,
+    parse_qs,
+    smuggle_url,
+    str_to_int,
+    strftime_or_none,
+    traverse_obj,
+    try_get,
+    unsmuggle_url,
+    update_url_query,
+    url_or_none,
+    urljoin,
+    variadic,
+)
+
+
+class YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
+    @staticmethod
+    def passthrough_smuggled_data(func):
+        def _smuggle(info, smuggled_data):
+            if info.get('_type') not in ('url', 'url_transparent'):
+                return info
+            if smuggled_data.get('is_music_url'):
+                parsed_url = urllib.parse.urlparse(info['url'])
+                if parsed_url.netloc in ('www.youtube.com', 'music.youtube.com'):
+                    smuggled_data.pop('is_music_url')
+                    info['url'] = urllib.parse.urlunparse(parsed_url._replace(netloc='music.youtube.com'))
+            if smuggled_data:
+                info['url'] = smuggle_url(info['url'], smuggled_data)
+            return info
+
+        @functools.wraps(func)
+        def wrapper(self, url):
+            url, smuggled_data = unsmuggle_url(url, {})
+            if self.is_music_url(url):
+                smuggled_data['is_music_url'] = True
+            info_dict = func(self, url, smuggled_data)
+            if smuggled_data:
+                _smuggle(info_dict, smuggled_data)
+                if info_dict.get('entries'):
+                    info_dict['entries'] = (_smuggle(i, smuggled_data.copy()) for i in info_dict['entries'])
+            return info_dict
+        return wrapper
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _extract_basic_item_renderer(item):
+        # Modified from _extract_grid_item_renderer
+        known_basic_renderers = (
+            'playlistRenderer', 'videoRenderer', 'channelRenderer', 'showRenderer', 'reelItemRenderer',
+        )
+        for key, renderer in item.items():
+            if not isinstance(renderer, dict):
+                continue
+            elif key in known_basic_renderers:
+                return renderer
+            elif key.startswith('grid') and key.endswith('Renderer'):
+                return renderer
+
+    def _extract_video(self, renderer):
+        video_id = renderer.get('videoId')
+
+        reel_header_renderer = traverse_obj(renderer, (
+            'navigationEndpoint', 'reelWatchEndpoint', 'overlay', 'reelPlayerOverlayRenderer',
+            'reelPlayerHeaderSupportedRenderers', 'reelPlayerHeaderRenderer'))
+
+        title = self._get_text(renderer, 'title', 'headline') or self._get_text(reel_header_renderer, 'reelTitleText')
+        description = self._get_text(renderer, 'descriptionSnippet')
+
+        duration = int_or_none(renderer.get('lengthSeconds'))
+        if duration is None:
+            duration = parse_duration(self._get_text(
+                renderer, 'lengthText', ('thumbnailOverlays', ..., 'thumbnailOverlayTimeStatusRenderer', 'text')))
+        if duration is None:
+            # XXX: should write a parser to be more general to support more cases (e.g. shorts in shorts tab)
+            duration = parse_duration(self._search_regex(
+                r'(?i)(ago)(?!.*\1)\s+(?P<duration>[a-z0-9 ,]+?)(?:\s+[\d,]+\s+views)?(?:\s+-\s+play\s+short)?$',
+                traverse_obj(renderer, ('title', 'accessibility', 'accessibilityData', 'label'), default='', expected_type=str),
+                video_id, default=None, group='duration'))
+
+        channel_id = traverse_obj(
+            renderer, ('shortBylineText', 'runs', ..., 'navigationEndpoint', 'browseEndpoint', 'browseId'),
+            expected_type=str, get_all=False)
+        if not channel_id:
+            channel_id = traverse_obj(reel_header_renderer, ('channelNavigationEndpoint', 'browseEndpoint', 'browseId'))
+
+        channel_id = self.ucid_or_none(channel_id)
+
+        overlay_style = traverse_obj(
+            renderer, ('thumbnailOverlays', ..., 'thumbnailOverlayTimeStatusRenderer', 'style'),
+            get_all=False, expected_type=str)
+        badges = self._extract_badges(traverse_obj(renderer, 'badges'))
+        owner_badges = self._extract_badges(traverse_obj(renderer, 'ownerBadges'))
+        navigation_url = urljoin('https://www.youtube.com/', traverse_obj(
+            renderer, ('navigationEndpoint', 'commandMetadata', 'webCommandMetadata', 'url'),
+            expected_type=str)) or ''
+        url = f'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v={video_id}'
+        if overlay_style == 'SHORTS' or '/shorts/' in navigation_url:
+            url = f'https://www.youtube.com/shorts/{video_id}'
+
+        time_text = (self._get_text(renderer, 'publishedTimeText', 'videoInfo')
+                     or self._get_text(reel_header_renderer, 'timestampText') or '')
+        scheduled_timestamp = str_to_int(traverse_obj(renderer, ('upcomingEventData', 'startTime'), get_all=False))
+
+        live_status = (
+            'is_upcoming' if scheduled_timestamp is not None
+            else 'was_live' if 'streamed' in time_text.lower()
+            else 'is_live' if overlay_style == 'LIVE' or self._has_badge(badges, BadgeType.LIVE_NOW)
+            else None)
+
+        # videoInfo is a string like '50K views • 10 years ago'.
+        view_count_text = self._get_text(renderer, 'viewCountText', 'shortViewCountText', 'videoInfo') or ''
+        view_count = (0 if 'no views' in view_count_text.lower()
+                      else self._get_count({'simpleText': view_count_text}))
+        view_count_field = 'concurrent_view_count' if live_status in ('is_live', 'is_upcoming') else 'view_count'
+
+        channel = (self._get_text(renderer, 'ownerText', 'shortBylineText')
+                   or self._get_text(reel_header_renderer, 'channelTitleText'))
+
+        channel_handle = traverse_obj(renderer, (
+            'shortBylineText', 'runs', ..., 'navigationEndpoint',
+            (('commandMetadata', 'webCommandMetadata', 'url'), ('browseEndpoint', 'canonicalBaseUrl'))),
+            expected_type=self.handle_from_url, get_all=False)
+        return {
+            '_type': 'url',
+            'ie_key': YoutubeIE.ie_key(),
+            'id': video_id,
+            'url': url,
+            'title': title,
+            'description': description,
+            'duration': duration,
+            'channel_id': channel_id,
+            'channel': channel,
+            'channel_url': f'https://www.youtube.com/channel/{channel_id}' if channel_id else None,
+            'uploader': channel,
+            'uploader_id': channel_handle,
+            'uploader_url': format_field(channel_handle, None, 'https://www.youtube.com/%s', default=None),
+            'thumbnails': self._extract_thumbnails(renderer, 'thumbnail'),
+            'timestamp': (self._parse_time_text(time_text)
+                          if self._configuration_arg('approximate_date', ie_key=YoutubeTabIE)
+                          else None),
+            'release_timestamp': scheduled_timestamp,
+            'availability':
+                'public' if self._has_badge(badges, BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_PUBLIC)
+                else self._availability(
+                    is_private=self._has_badge(badges, BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_PRIVATE) or None,
+                    needs_premium=self._has_badge(badges, BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_PREMIUM) or None,
+                    needs_subscription=self._has_badge(badges, BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_SUBSCRIPTION) or None,
+                    is_unlisted=self._has_badge(badges, BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_UNLISTED) or None),
+            view_count_field: view_count,
+            'live_status': live_status,
+            'channel_is_verified': True if self._has_badge(owner_badges, BadgeType.VERIFIED) else None,
+        }
+
+    def _extract_channel_renderer(self, renderer):
+        channel_id = self.ucid_or_none(renderer['channelId'])
+        title = self._get_text(renderer, 'title')
+        channel_url = format_field(channel_id, None, 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/%s', default=None)
+        channel_handle = self.handle_from_url(
+            traverse_obj(renderer, (
+                'navigationEndpoint', (('commandMetadata', 'webCommandMetadata', 'url'),
+                                       ('browseEndpoint', 'canonicalBaseUrl')),
+                {str}), get_all=False))
+        if not channel_handle:
+            # As of 2023-06-01, YouTube sets subscriberCountText to the handle in search
+            channel_handle = self.handle_or_none(self._get_text(renderer, 'subscriberCountText'))
+        return {
+            '_type': 'url',
+            'url': channel_url,
+            'id': channel_id,
+            'ie_key': YoutubeTabIE.ie_key(),
+            'channel': title,
+            'uploader': title,
+            'channel_id': channel_id,
+            'channel_url': channel_url,
+            'title': title,
+            'uploader_id': channel_handle,
+            'uploader_url': format_field(channel_handle, None, 'https://www.youtube.com/%s', default=None),
+            # See above. YouTube sets videoCountText to the subscriber text in search channel renderers.
+            # However, in feed/channels this is set correctly to the subscriber count
+            'channel_follower_count': traverse_obj(
+                renderer, 'subscriberCountText', 'videoCountText', expected_type=self._get_count),
+            'thumbnails': self._extract_thumbnails(renderer, 'thumbnail'),
+            'playlist_count': (
+                # videoCountText may be the subscriber count
+                self._get_count(renderer, 'videoCountText')
+                if self._get_count(renderer, 'subscriberCountText') is not None else None),
+            'description': self._get_text(renderer, 'descriptionSnippet'),
+            'channel_is_verified': True if self._has_badge(
+                self._extract_badges(traverse_obj(renderer, 'ownerBadges')), BadgeType.VERIFIED) else None,
+        }
+
+    def _grid_entries(self, grid_renderer):
+        for item in grid_renderer['items']:
+            if not isinstance(item, dict):
+                continue
+            if lockup_view_model := traverse_obj(item, ('lockupViewModel', {dict})):
+                if entry := self._extract_lockup_view_model(lockup_view_model):
+                    yield entry
+                continue
+            renderer = self._extract_basic_item_renderer(item)
+            if not isinstance(renderer, dict):
+                continue
+            title = self._get_text(renderer, 'title')
+
+            # playlist
+            playlist_id = renderer.get('playlistId')
+            if playlist_id:
+                yield self.url_result(
+                    f'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list={playlist_id}',
+                    ie=YoutubeTabIE.ie_key(), video_id=playlist_id,
+                    video_title=title)
+                continue
+            # video
+            video_id = renderer.get('videoId')
+            if video_id:
+                yield self._extract_video(renderer)
+                continue
+            # channel
+            channel_id = renderer.get('channelId')
+            if channel_id:
+                yield self._extract_channel_renderer(renderer)
+                continue
+            # generic endpoint URL support
+            ep_url = urljoin('https://www.youtube.com/', try_get(
+                renderer, lambda x: x['navigationEndpoint']['commandMetadata']['webCommandMetadata']['url'],
+                str))
+            if ep_url:
+
+                for ie in (YoutubeTabIE, YoutubePlaylistIE, YoutubeIE):
+                    if ie.suitable(ep_url):
+                        yield self.url_result(
+                            ep_url, ie=ie.ie_key(), video_id=ie._match_id(ep_url), video_title=title)
+                        break
+
+    def _music_reponsive_list_entry(self, renderer):
+        video_id = traverse_obj(renderer, ('playlistItemData', 'videoId'))
+        if video_id:
+            title = traverse_obj(renderer, (
+                'flexColumns', 0, 'musicResponsiveListItemFlexColumnRenderer',
+                'text', 'runs', 0, 'text'))
+            return self.url_result(f'https://music.youtube.com/watch?v={video_id}',
+                                   ie=YoutubeIE.ie_key(), video_id=video_id, title=title)
+        playlist_id = traverse_obj(renderer, ('navigationEndpoint', 'watchEndpoint', 'playlistId'))
+        if playlist_id:
+            video_id = traverse_obj(renderer, ('navigationEndpoint', 'watchEndpoint', 'videoId'))
+            if video_id:
+                return self.url_result(f'https://music.youtube.com/watch?v={video_id}&list={playlist_id}',
+                                       ie=YoutubeTabIE.ie_key(), video_id=playlist_id)
+            return self.url_result(f'https://music.youtube.com/playlist?list={playlist_id}',
+                                   ie=YoutubeTabIE.ie_key(), video_id=playlist_id)
+        browse_id = traverse_obj(renderer, ('navigationEndpoint', 'browseEndpoint', 'browseId'))
+        if browse_id:
+            return self.url_result(f'https://music.youtube.com/browse/{browse_id}',
+                                   ie=YoutubeTabIE.ie_key(), video_id=browse_id)
+
+    def _shelf_entries_from_content(self, shelf_renderer):
+        content = shelf_renderer.get('content')
+        if not isinstance(content, dict):
+            return
+        renderer = content.get('gridRenderer') or content.get('expandedShelfContentsRenderer')
+        if renderer:
+            # TODO: add support for nested playlists so each shelf is processed
+            # as separate playlist
+            # TODO: this includes only first N items
+            yield from self._grid_entries(renderer)
+        renderer = content.get('horizontalListRenderer')
+        if renderer:
+            # TODO: handle case
+            pass
+
+    def _shelf_entries(self, shelf_renderer, skip_channels=False):
+        ep = try_get(
+            shelf_renderer, lambda x: x['endpoint']['commandMetadata']['webCommandMetadata']['url'],
+            str)
+        shelf_url = urljoin('https://www.youtube.com', ep)
+        if shelf_url:
+            # Skipping links to another channels, note that checking for
+            # endpoint.commandMetadata.webCommandMetadata.webPageTypwebPageType == WEB_PAGE_TYPE_CHANNEL
+            # will not work
+            if skip_channels and '/channels?' in shelf_url:
+                return
+            title = self._get_text(shelf_renderer, 'title')
+            yield self.url_result(shelf_url, video_title=title)
+        # Shelf may not contain shelf URL, fallback to extraction from content
+        yield from self._shelf_entries_from_content(shelf_renderer)
+
+    def _playlist_entries(self, video_list_renderer):
+        for content in video_list_renderer['contents']:
+            if not isinstance(content, dict):
+                continue
+            renderer = content.get('playlistVideoRenderer') or content.get('playlistPanelVideoRenderer')
+            if not isinstance(renderer, dict):
+                continue
+            video_id = renderer.get('videoId')
+            if not video_id:
+                continue
+            yield self._extract_video(renderer)
+
+    def _extract_lockup_view_model(self, view_model):
+        content_id = view_model.get('contentId')
+        if not content_id:
+            return
+
+        content_type = view_model.get('contentType')
+        if content_type == 'LOCKUP_CONTENT_TYPE_VIDEO':
+            ie = YoutubeIE
+            url = f'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v={content_id}'
+            thumb_keys = (None,)
+        elif content_type in ('LOCKUP_CONTENT_TYPE_PLAYLIST', 'LOCKUP_CONTENT_TYPE_PODCAST'):
+            ie = YoutubeTabIE
+            url = f'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list={content_id}'
+            thumb_keys = ('collectionThumbnailViewModel', 'primaryThumbnail')
+        else:
+            self.report_warning(
+                f'Unsupported lockup view model content type "{content_type}"{bug_reports_message()}',
+                only_once=True)
+            return
+
+        return self.url_result(
+            url, ie, content_id,
+            title=traverse_obj(view_model, (
+                'metadata', 'lockupMetadataViewModel', 'title', 'content', {str})),
+            thumbnails=self._extract_thumbnails(view_model, (
+                'contentImage', *thumb_keys, 'thumbnailViewModel', 'image'), final_key='sources'),
+            duration=traverse_obj(view_model, (
+                'contentImage', 'thumbnailViewModel', 'overlays', ..., 'thumbnailOverlayBadgeViewModel',
+                'thumbnailBadges', ..., 'thumbnailBadgeViewModel', 'text', {parse_duration}, any)))
+
+    def _rich_entries(self, rich_grid_renderer):
+        if lockup_view_model := traverse_obj(rich_grid_renderer, ('content', 'lockupViewModel', {dict})):
+            if entry := self._extract_lockup_view_model(lockup_view_model):
+                yield entry
+            return
+        renderer = traverse_obj(
+            rich_grid_renderer,
+            ('content', ('videoRenderer', 'reelItemRenderer', 'playlistRenderer', 'shortsLockupViewModel'), any)) or {}
+        video_id = renderer.get('videoId')
+        if video_id:
+            yield self._extract_video(renderer)
+            return
+        playlist_id = renderer.get('playlistId')
+        if playlist_id:
+            yield self.url_result(
+                f'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list={playlist_id}',
+                ie=YoutubeTabIE.ie_key(), video_id=playlist_id,
+                video_title=self._get_text(renderer, 'title'))
+            return
+        # shortsLockupViewModel extraction
+        entity_id = renderer.get('entityId')
+        if entity_id:
+            video_id = traverse_obj(renderer, ('onTap', 'innertubeCommand', 'reelWatchEndpoint', 'videoId', {str}))
+            if not video_id:
+                return
+            yield self.url_result(
+                f'https://www.youtube.com/shorts/{video_id}',
+                ie=YoutubeIE, video_id=video_id,
+                **traverse_obj(renderer, {
+                    'title': ((
+                        ('overlayMetadata', 'primaryText', 'content', {str}),
+                        ('accessibilityText', {lambda x: re.fullmatch(r'(.+), (?:[\d,.]+(?:[KM]| million)?|No) views? - play Short', x)}, 1)), any),
+                    'view_count': ('overlayMetadata', 'secondaryText', 'content', {parse_count}),
+                }),
+                thumbnails=self._extract_thumbnails(renderer, 'thumbnail', final_key='sources'))
+            return
+
+    def _video_entry(self, video_renderer):
+        video_id = video_renderer.get('videoId')
+        if video_id:
+            return self._extract_video(video_renderer)
+
+    def _hashtag_tile_entry(self, hashtag_tile_renderer):
+        url = urljoin('https://youtube.com', traverse_obj(
+            hashtag_tile_renderer, ('onTapCommand', 'commandMetadata', 'webCommandMetadata', 'url')))
+        if url:
+            return self.url_result(
+                url, ie=YoutubeTabIE.ie_key(), title=self._get_text(hashtag_tile_renderer, 'hashtag'))
+
+    def _post_thread_entries(self, post_thread_renderer):
+        post_renderer = try_get(
+            post_thread_renderer, lambda x: x['post']['backstagePostRenderer'], dict)
+        if not post_renderer:
+            return
+        # video attachment
+        video_renderer = try_get(
+            post_renderer, lambda x: x['backstageAttachment']['videoRenderer'], dict) or {}
+        video_id = video_renderer.get('videoId')
+        if video_id:
+            entry = self._extract_video(video_renderer)
+            if entry:
+                yield entry
+        # playlist attachment
+        playlist_id = try_get(
+            post_renderer, lambda x: x['backstageAttachment']['playlistRenderer']['playlistId'], str)
+        if playlist_id:
+            yield self.url_result(
+                f'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list={playlist_id}',
+                ie=YoutubeTabIE.ie_key(), video_id=playlist_id)
+        # inline video links
+        runs = try_get(post_renderer, lambda x: x['contentText']['runs'], list) or []
+        for run in runs:
+            if not isinstance(run, dict):
+                continue
+            ep_url = try_get(
+                run, lambda x: x['navigationEndpoint']['urlEndpoint']['url'], str)
+            if not ep_url:
+                continue
+            if not YoutubeIE.suitable(ep_url):
+                continue
+            ep_video_id = YoutubeIE._match_id(ep_url)
+            if video_id == ep_video_id:
+                continue
+            yield self.url_result(ep_url, ie=YoutubeIE.ie_key(), video_id=ep_video_id)
+
+    def _post_thread_continuation_entries(self, post_thread_continuation):
+        contents = post_thread_continuation.get('contents')
+        if not isinstance(contents, list):
+            return
+        for content in contents:
+            renderer = content.get('backstagePostThreadRenderer')
+            if isinstance(renderer, dict):
+                yield from self._post_thread_entries(renderer)
+                continue
+            renderer = content.get('videoRenderer')
+            if isinstance(renderer, dict):
+                yield self._video_entry(renderer)
+
+    r''' # unused
+    def _rich_grid_entries(self, contents):
+        for content in contents:
+            video_renderer = try_get(content, lambda x: x['richItemRenderer']['content']['videoRenderer'], dict)
+            if video_renderer:
+                entry = self._video_entry(video_renderer)
+                if entry:
+                    yield entry
+    '''
+
+    def _report_history_entries(self, renderer):
+        for url in traverse_obj(renderer, (
+                'rows', ..., 'reportHistoryTableRowRenderer', 'cells', ...,
+                'reportHistoryTableCellRenderer', 'cell', 'reportHistoryTableTextCellRenderer', 'text', 'runs', ...,
+                'navigationEndpoint', 'commandMetadata', 'webCommandMetadata', 'url')):
+            yield self.url_result(urljoin('https://www.youtube.com', url), YoutubeIE)
+
+    def _extract_entries(self, parent_renderer, continuation_list):
+        # continuation_list is modified in-place with continuation_list = [continuation_token]
+        continuation_list[:] = [None]
+        contents = try_get(parent_renderer, lambda x: x['contents'], list) or []
+        for content in contents:
+            if not isinstance(content, dict):
+                continue
+            is_renderer = traverse_obj(
+                content, 'itemSectionRenderer', 'musicShelfRenderer', 'musicShelfContinuation',
+                expected_type=dict)
+            if not is_renderer:
+                if content.get('richItemRenderer'):
+                    for entry in self._rich_entries(content['richItemRenderer']):
+                        yield entry
+                    continuation_list[0] = self._extract_continuation(parent_renderer)
+                elif content.get('reportHistorySectionRenderer'):  # https://www.youtube.com/reporthistory
+                    table = traverse_obj(content, ('reportHistorySectionRenderer', 'table', 'tableRenderer'))
+                    yield from self._report_history_entries(table)
+                    continuation_list[0] = self._extract_continuation(table)
+                continue
+
+            isr_contents = try_get(is_renderer, lambda x: x['contents'], list) or []
+            for isr_content in isr_contents:
+                if not isinstance(isr_content, dict):
+                    continue
+
+                known_renderers = {
+                    'playlistVideoListRenderer': self._playlist_entries,
+                    'gridRenderer': self._grid_entries,
+                    'reelShelfRenderer': self._grid_entries,
+                    'shelfRenderer': self._shelf_entries,
+                    'musicResponsiveListItemRenderer': lambda x: [self._music_reponsive_list_entry(x)],
+                    'backstagePostThreadRenderer': self._post_thread_entries,
+                    'videoRenderer': lambda x: [self._video_entry(x)],
+                    'playlistRenderer': lambda x: self._grid_entries({'items': [{'playlistRenderer': x}]}),
+                    'channelRenderer': lambda x: self._grid_entries({'items': [{'channelRenderer': x}]}),
+                    'hashtagTileRenderer': lambda x: [self._hashtag_tile_entry(x)],
+                    'richGridRenderer': lambda x: self._extract_entries(x, continuation_list),
+                    'lockupViewModel': lambda x: [self._extract_lockup_view_model(x)],
+                }
+                for key, renderer in isr_content.items():
+                    if key not in known_renderers:
+                        continue
+                    for entry in known_renderers[key](renderer):
+                        if entry:
+                            yield entry
+                    continuation_list[0] = self._extract_continuation(renderer)
+                    break
+
+            if not continuation_list[0]:
+                continuation_list[0] = self._extract_continuation(is_renderer)
+
+        if not continuation_list[0]:
+            continuation_list[0] = self._extract_continuation(parent_renderer)
+
+    def _entries(self, tab, item_id, ytcfg, delegated_session_id, visitor_data):
+        continuation_list = [None]
+        extract_entries = lambda x: self._extract_entries(x, continuation_list)
+        tab_content = try_get(tab, lambda x: x['content'], dict)
+        if not tab_content:
+            return
+        parent_renderer = (
+            try_get(tab_content, lambda x: x['sectionListRenderer'], dict)
+            or try_get(tab_content, lambda x: x['richGridRenderer'], dict) or {})
+        yield from extract_entries(parent_renderer)
+        continuation = continuation_list[0]
+        seen_continuations = set()
+        for page_num in itertools.count(1):
+            if not continuation:
+                break
+            continuation_token = continuation.get('continuation')
+            if continuation_token is not None and continuation_token in seen_continuations:
+                self.write_debug('Detected YouTube feed looping - assuming end of feed.')
+                break
+            seen_continuations.add(continuation_token)
+            headers = self.generate_api_headers(
+                ytcfg=ytcfg, delegated_session_id=delegated_session_id, visitor_data=visitor_data)
+            response = self._extract_response(
+                item_id=f'{item_id} page {page_num}',
+                query=continuation, headers=headers, ytcfg=ytcfg,
+                check_get_keys=(
+                    'continuationContents', 'onResponseReceivedActions', 'onResponseReceivedEndpoints',
+                    # Playlist recommendations may return with no data - ignore
+                    ('responseContext', 'serviceTrackingParams', ..., 'params', ..., lambda k, v: k == 'key' and v == 'GetRecommendedMusicPlaylists_rid'),
+                ))
+
+            if not response:
+                break
+
+            continuation = None
+            # Extracting updated visitor data is required to prevent an infinite extraction loop in some cases
+            # See: https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/28702
+            visitor_data = self._extract_visitor_data(response) or visitor_data
+
+            known_renderers = {
+                'videoRenderer': (self._grid_entries, 'items'),  # for membership tab
+                'gridPlaylistRenderer': (self._grid_entries, 'items'),
+                'gridVideoRenderer': (self._grid_entries, 'items'),
+                'gridChannelRenderer': (self._grid_entries, 'items'),
+                'playlistVideoRenderer': (self._playlist_entries, 'contents'),
+                'itemSectionRenderer': (extract_entries, 'contents'),  # for feeds
+                'richItemRenderer': (extract_entries, 'contents'),  # for hashtag
+                'backstagePostThreadRenderer': (self._post_thread_continuation_entries, 'contents'),
+                'reportHistoryTableRowRenderer': (self._report_history_entries, 'rows'),
+                'playlistVideoListContinuation': (self._playlist_entries, None),
+                'gridContinuation': (self._grid_entries, None),
+                'itemSectionContinuation': (self._post_thread_continuation_entries, None),
+                'sectionListContinuation': (extract_entries, None),  # for feeds
+                'lockupViewModel': (self._grid_entries, 'items'),  # for playlists tab
+            }
+
+            continuation_items = traverse_obj(response, (
+                ('onResponseReceivedActions', 'onResponseReceivedEndpoints'), ...,
+                'appendContinuationItemsAction', 'continuationItems',
+            ), 'continuationContents', get_all=False)
+            continuation_item = traverse_obj(continuation_items, 0, None, expected_type=dict, default={})
+
+            video_items_renderer = None
+            for key in continuation_item:
+                if key not in known_renderers:
+                    continue
+                func, parent_key = known_renderers[key]
+                video_items_renderer = {parent_key: continuation_items} if parent_key else continuation_items
+                continuation_list = [None]
+                yield from func(video_items_renderer)
+                continuation = continuation_list[0] or self._extract_continuation(video_items_renderer)
+
+            # In the case only a continuation is returned, try to follow it.
+            # We extract this after trying to extract non-continuation items as otherwise this
+            # may be prioritized over other continuations.
+            # see: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12933
+            continuation = continuation or self._extract_continuation({'contents': [continuation_item]})
+
+            if not continuation and not video_items_renderer:
+                break
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _extract_selected_tab(tabs, fatal=True):
+        for tab_renderer in tabs:
+            if tab_renderer.get('selected'):
+                return tab_renderer
+        if fatal:
+            raise ExtractorError('Unable to find selected tab')
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _extract_tab_renderers(response):
+        return traverse_obj(
+            response, ('contents', 'twoColumnBrowseResultsRenderer', 'tabs', ..., ('tabRenderer', 'expandableTabRenderer')), expected_type=dict)
+
+    def _extract_from_tabs(self, item_id, ytcfg, data, tabs):
+        metadata = self._extract_metadata_from_tabs(item_id, data)
+
+        selected_tab = self._extract_selected_tab(tabs)
+        metadata['title'] += format_field(selected_tab, 'title', ' - %s')
+        metadata['title'] += format_field(selected_tab, 'expandedText', ' - %s')
+
+        return self.playlist_result(
+            self._entries(
+                selected_tab, metadata['id'], ytcfg,
+                self._extract_delegated_session_id(ytcfg, data),
+                self._extract_visitor_data(data, ytcfg)),
+            **metadata)
+
+    def _extract_metadata_from_tabs(self, item_id, data):
+        info = {'id': item_id}
+
+        metadata_renderer = traverse_obj(data, ('metadata', 'channelMetadataRenderer'), expected_type=dict)
+        if metadata_renderer:
+            channel_id = traverse_obj(metadata_renderer, ('externalId', {self.ucid_or_none}),
+                                      ('channelUrl', {self.ucid_from_url}))
+            info.update({
+                'channel': metadata_renderer.get('title'),
+                'channel_id': channel_id,
+            })
+            if info['channel_id']:
+                info['id'] = info['channel_id']
+        else:
+            metadata_renderer = traverse_obj(data, ('metadata', 'playlistMetadataRenderer'), expected_type=dict)
+
+        # pageHeaderViewModel slow rollout began April 2024
+        page_header_view_model = traverse_obj(data, (
+            'header', 'pageHeaderRenderer', 'content', 'pageHeaderViewModel', {dict}))
+
+        # We can get the uncropped banner/avatar by replacing the crop params with '=s0'
+        # See: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/2237#issuecomment-1013694714
+        def _get_uncropped(url):
+            return url_or_none((url or '').split('=')[0] + '=s0')
+
+        avatar_thumbnails = self._extract_thumbnails(metadata_renderer, 'avatar')
+        if avatar_thumbnails:
+            uncropped_avatar = _get_uncropped(avatar_thumbnails[0]['url'])
+            if uncropped_avatar:
+                avatar_thumbnails.append({
+                    'url': uncropped_avatar,
+                    'id': 'avatar_uncropped',
+                    'preference': 1,
+                })
+
+        channel_banners = (
+            self._extract_thumbnails(data, ('header', ..., ('banner', 'mobileBanner', 'tvBanner')))
+            or self._extract_thumbnails(
+                page_header_view_model, ('banner', 'imageBannerViewModel', 'image'), final_key='sources'))
+        for banner in channel_banners:
+            banner['preference'] = -10
+
+        if channel_banners:
+            uncropped_banner = _get_uncropped(channel_banners[0]['url'])
+            if uncropped_banner:
+                channel_banners.append({
+                    'url': uncropped_banner,
+                    'id': 'banner_uncropped',
+                    'preference': -5,
+                })
+
+        # Deprecated - remove primary_sidebar_renderer when layout discontinued
+        primary_sidebar_renderer = self._extract_sidebar_info_renderer(data, 'playlistSidebarPrimaryInfoRenderer')
+        playlist_header_renderer = traverse_obj(data, ('header', 'playlistHeaderRenderer'), expected_type=dict)
+
+        primary_thumbnails = self._extract_thumbnails(
+            primary_sidebar_renderer, ('thumbnailRenderer', ('playlistVideoThumbnailRenderer', 'playlistCustomThumbnailRenderer'), 'thumbnail'))
+        playlist_thumbnails = self._extract_thumbnails(
+            playlist_header_renderer, ('playlistHeaderBanner', 'heroPlaylistThumbnailRenderer', 'thumbnail'))
+
+        info.update({
+            'title': (traverse_obj(metadata_renderer, 'title')
+                      or self._get_text(data, ('header', 'hashtagHeaderRenderer', 'hashtag'))
+                      or info['id']),
+            'availability': self._extract_availability(data),
+            'channel_follower_count': (
+                self._get_count(data, ('header', ..., 'subscriberCountText'))
+                or traverse_obj(page_header_view_model, (
+                    'metadata', 'contentMetadataViewModel', 'metadataRows', ..., 'metadataParts',
+                    lambda _, v: 'subscribers' in v['text']['content'], 'text', 'content', {parse_count}, any))),
+            'description': try_get(metadata_renderer, lambda x: x.get('description', '')),
+            'tags': (traverse_obj(data, ('microformat', 'microformatDataRenderer', 'tags', ..., {str}))
+                     or traverse_obj(metadata_renderer, ('keywords', {lambda x: x and shlex.split(x)}, ...))),
+            'thumbnails': (primary_thumbnails or playlist_thumbnails) + avatar_thumbnails + channel_banners,
+        })
+
+        channel_handle = (
+            traverse_obj(metadata_renderer, (('vanityChannelUrl', ('ownerUrls', ...)), {self.handle_from_url}), get_all=False)
+            or traverse_obj(data, ('header', ..., 'channelHandleText', {self.handle_or_none}), get_all=False))
+
+        if channel_handle:
+            info.update({
+                'uploader_id': channel_handle,
+                'uploader_url': format_field(channel_handle, None, 'https://www.youtube.com/%s', default=None),
+            })
+
+        channel_badges = self._extract_badges(traverse_obj(data, ('header', ..., 'badges'), get_all=False))
+        if self._has_badge(channel_badges, BadgeType.VERIFIED):
+            info['channel_is_verified'] = True
+        # Playlist stats is a text runs array containing [video count, view count, last updated].
+        # last updated or (view count and last updated) may be missing.
+        playlist_stats = get_first(
+            (primary_sidebar_renderer, playlist_header_renderer), (('stats', 'briefStats', 'numVideosText'), ))
+
+        last_updated_unix = self._parse_time_text(
+            self._get_text(playlist_stats, 2)  # deprecated, remove when old layout discontinued
+            or self._get_text(playlist_header_renderer, ('byline', 1, 'playlistBylineRenderer', 'text')))
+        info['modified_date'] = strftime_or_none(last_updated_unix)
+
+        info['view_count'] = self._get_count(playlist_stats, 1)
+        if info['view_count'] is None:  # 0 is allowed
+            info['view_count'] = self._get_count(playlist_header_renderer, 'viewCountText')
+        if info['view_count'] is None:
+            info['view_count'] = self._get_count(data, (
+                'contents', 'twoColumnBrowseResultsRenderer', 'tabs', ..., 'tabRenderer', 'content', 'sectionListRenderer',
+                'contents', ..., 'itemSectionRenderer', 'contents', ..., 'channelAboutFullMetadataRenderer', 'viewCountText'))
+
+        info['playlist_count'] = self._get_count(playlist_stats, 0)
+        if info['playlist_count'] is None:  # 0 is allowed
+            info['playlist_count'] = self._get_count(playlist_header_renderer, ('byline', 0, 'playlistBylineRenderer', 'text'))
+
+        if not info.get('channel_id'):
+            owner = traverse_obj(playlist_header_renderer, 'ownerText')
+            if not owner:  # Deprecated
+                owner = traverse_obj(
+                    self._extract_sidebar_info_renderer(data, 'playlistSidebarSecondaryInfoRenderer'),
+                    ('videoOwner', 'videoOwnerRenderer', 'title'))
+            owner_text = self._get_text(owner)
+            browse_ep = traverse_obj(owner, ('runs', 0, 'navigationEndpoint', 'browseEndpoint')) or {}
+            info.update({
+                'channel': self._search_regex(r'^by (.+) and \d+ others?$', owner_text, 'uploader', default=owner_text),
+                'channel_id': self.ucid_or_none(browse_ep.get('browseId')),
+                'uploader_id': self.handle_from_url(urljoin('https://www.youtube.com', browse_ep.get('canonicalBaseUrl'))),
+            })
+
+        info.update({
+            'uploader': info['channel'],
+            'channel_url': format_field(info.get('channel_id'), None, 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/%s', default=None),
+            'uploader_url': format_field(info.get('uploader_id'), None, 'https://www.youtube.com/%s', default=None),
+        })
+
+        return info
+
+    def _extract_inline_playlist(self, playlist, playlist_id, data, ytcfg):
+        first_id = last_id = response = None
+        for page_num in itertools.count(1):
+            videos = list(self._playlist_entries(playlist))
+            if not videos:
+                return
+            start = next((i for i, v in enumerate(videos) if v['id'] == last_id), -1) + 1
+            if start >= len(videos):
+                return
+            yield from videos[start:]
+            first_id = first_id or videos[0]['id']
+            last_id = videos[-1]['id']
+            watch_endpoint = try_get(
+                playlist, lambda x: x['contents'][-1]['playlistPanelVideoRenderer']['navigationEndpoint']['watchEndpoint'])
+            headers = self.generate_api_headers(
+                ytcfg=ytcfg, delegated_session_id=self._extract_delegated_session_id(ytcfg, data),
+                visitor_data=self._extract_visitor_data(response, data, ytcfg))
+            query = {
+                'playlistId': playlist_id,
+                'videoId': watch_endpoint.get('videoId') or last_id,
+                'index': watch_endpoint.get('index') or len(videos),
+                'params': watch_endpoint.get('params') or 'OAE%3D',
+            }
+            response = self._extract_response(
+                item_id=f'{playlist_id} page {page_num}',
+                query=query, ep='next', headers=headers, ytcfg=ytcfg,
+                check_get_keys='contents',
+            )
+            playlist = try_get(
+                response, lambda x: x['contents']['twoColumnWatchNextResults']['playlist']['playlist'], dict)
+
+    def _extract_from_playlist(self, item_id, url, data, playlist, ytcfg):
+        title = playlist.get('title') or try_get(
+            data, lambda x: x['titleText']['simpleText'], str)
+        playlist_id = playlist.get('playlistId') or item_id
+
+        # Delegating everything except mix playlists to regular tab-based playlist URL
+        playlist_url = urljoin(url, try_get(
+            playlist, lambda x: x['endpoint']['commandMetadata']['webCommandMetadata']['url'],
+            str))
+
+        # Some playlists are unviewable but YouTube still provides a link to the (broken) playlist page [1]
+        # [1] MLCT, RLTDwFCb4jeqaKWnciAYM-ZVHg
+        is_known_unviewable = re.fullmatch(r'MLCT|RLTD[\w-]{22}', playlist_id)
+
+        if playlist_url and playlist_url != url and not is_known_unviewable:
+            return self.url_result(
+                playlist_url, ie=YoutubeTabIE.ie_key(), video_id=playlist_id,
+                video_title=title)
+
+        return self.playlist_result(
+            self._extract_inline_playlist(playlist, playlist_id, data, ytcfg),
+            playlist_id=playlist_id, playlist_title=title)
+
+    def _extract_availability(self, data):
+        """
+        Gets the availability of a given playlist/tab.
+        Note: Unless YouTube tells us explicitly, we do not assume it is public
+        @param data: response
+        """
+        sidebar_renderer = self._extract_sidebar_info_renderer(data, 'playlistSidebarPrimaryInfoRenderer') or {}
+        playlist_header_renderer = traverse_obj(data, ('header', 'playlistHeaderRenderer')) or {}
+        player_header_privacy = playlist_header_renderer.get('privacy')
+
+        badges = self._extract_badges(traverse_obj(sidebar_renderer, 'badges'))
+
+        # Personal playlists, when authenticated, have a dropdown visibility selector instead of a badge
+        privacy_setting_icon = get_first(
+            (playlist_header_renderer, sidebar_renderer),
+            ('privacyForm', 'dropdownFormFieldRenderer', 'dropdown', 'dropdownRenderer', 'entries',
+             lambda _, v: v['privacyDropdownItemRenderer']['isSelected'], 'privacyDropdownItemRenderer', 'icon', 'iconType'),
+            expected_type=str)
+
+        microformats_is_unlisted = traverse_obj(
+            data, ('microformat', 'microformatDataRenderer', 'unlisted'), expected_type=bool)
+
+        return (
+            'public' if (
+                self._has_badge(badges, BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_PUBLIC)
+                or player_header_privacy == 'PUBLIC'
+                or privacy_setting_icon == 'PRIVACY_PUBLIC')
+            else self._availability(
+                is_private=(
+                    self._has_badge(badges, BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_PRIVATE)
+                    or player_header_privacy == 'PRIVATE' if player_header_privacy is not None
+                    else privacy_setting_icon == 'PRIVACY_PRIVATE' if privacy_setting_icon is not None else None),
+                is_unlisted=(
+                    self._has_badge(badges, BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_UNLISTED)
+                    or player_header_privacy == 'UNLISTED' if player_header_privacy is not None
+                    else privacy_setting_icon == 'PRIVACY_UNLISTED' if privacy_setting_icon is not None
+                    else microformats_is_unlisted if microformats_is_unlisted is not None else None),
+                needs_subscription=self._has_badge(badges, BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_SUBSCRIPTION) or None,
+                needs_premium=self._has_badge(badges, BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_PREMIUM) or None,
+                needs_auth=False))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _extract_sidebar_info_renderer(data, info_renderer, expected_type=dict):
+        sidebar_renderer = try_get(
+            data, lambda x: x['sidebar']['playlistSidebarRenderer']['items'], list) or []
+        for item in sidebar_renderer:
+            renderer = try_get(item, lambda x: x[info_renderer], expected_type)
+            if renderer:
+                return renderer
+
+    def _reload_with_unavailable_videos(self, item_id, data, ytcfg):
+        """
+        Reload playlists with unavailable videos (e.g. private videos, region blocked, etc.)
+        """
+        is_playlist = bool(traverse_obj(
+            data, ('metadata', 'playlistMetadataRenderer'), ('header', 'playlistHeaderRenderer')))
+        if not is_playlist:
+            return
+        headers = self.generate_api_headers(
+            ytcfg=ytcfg, delegated_session_id=self._extract_delegated_session_id(ytcfg, data),
+            visitor_data=self._extract_visitor_data(data, ytcfg))
+        query = {
+            'params': 'wgYCCAA=',
+            'browseId': f'VL{item_id}',
+        }
+        return self._extract_response(
+            item_id=item_id, headers=headers, query=query,
+            check_get_keys='contents', fatal=False, ytcfg=ytcfg,
+            note='Redownloading playlist API JSON with unavailable videos')
+
+    @functools.cached_property
+    def skip_webpage(self):
+        return 'webpage' in self._configuration_arg('skip', ie_key=YoutubeTabIE.ie_key())
+
+    def _extract_webpage(self, url, item_id, fatal=True):
+        webpage, data = None, None
+        for retry in self.RetryManager(fatal=fatal):
+            try:
+                webpage = self._download_webpage(url, item_id, note='Downloading webpage')
+                data = self.extract_yt_initial_data(item_id, webpage or '', fatal=fatal) or {}
+            except ExtractorError as e:
+                if isinstance(e.cause, network_exceptions):
+                    if not isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) or e.cause.status not in (403, 429):
+                        retry.error = e
+                        continue
+                self._error_or_warning(e, fatal=fatal)
+                break
+
+            try:
+                self._extract_and_report_alerts(data)
+            except ExtractorError as e:
+                self._error_or_warning(e, fatal=fatal)
+                break
+
+            # Sometimes youtube returns a webpage with incomplete ytInitialData
+            # See: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/116
+            if not traverse_obj(data, 'contents', 'currentVideoEndpoint', 'onResponseReceivedActions'):
+                retry.error = ExtractorError('Incomplete yt initial data received')
+                data = None
+                continue
+
+        return webpage, data
+
+    def _report_playlist_authcheck(self, ytcfg, fatal=True):
+        """Use if failed to extract ytcfg (and data) from initial webpage"""
+        if not ytcfg and self.is_authenticated:
+            msg = 'Playlists that require authentication may not extract correctly without a successful webpage download'
+            if 'authcheck' not in self._configuration_arg('skip', ie_key=YoutubeTabIE.ie_key()) and fatal:
+                raise ExtractorError(
+                    f'{msg}. If you are not downloading private content, or '
+                    'your cookies are only for the first account and channel,'
+                    ' pass "--extractor-args youtubetab:skip=authcheck" to skip this check',
+                    expected=True)
+            self.report_warning(msg, only_once=True)
+
+    def _extract_data(self, url, item_id, ytcfg=None, fatal=True, webpage_fatal=False, default_client='web'):
+        data = None
+        if not self.skip_webpage:
+            webpage, data = self._extract_webpage(url, item_id, fatal=webpage_fatal)
+            ytcfg = ytcfg or self.extract_ytcfg(item_id, webpage)
+            # Reject webpage data if redirected to home page without explicitly requesting
+            selected_tab = self._extract_selected_tab(self._extract_tab_renderers(data), fatal=False) or {}
+            if (url != 'https://www.youtube.com/feed/recommended'
+                    and selected_tab.get('tabIdentifier') == 'FEwhat_to_watch'  # Home page
+                    and 'no-youtube-channel-redirect' not in self.get_param('compat_opts', [])):
+                msg = 'The channel/playlist does not exist and the URL redirected to youtube.com home page'
+                if fatal:
+                    raise ExtractorError(msg, expected=True)
+                self.report_warning(msg, only_once=True)
+        if not data:
+            self._report_playlist_authcheck(ytcfg, fatal=fatal)
+            data = self._extract_tab_endpoint(url, item_id, ytcfg, fatal=fatal, default_client=default_client)
+        return data, ytcfg
+
+    def _extract_tab_endpoint(self, url, item_id, ytcfg=None, fatal=True, default_client='web'):
+        headers = self.generate_api_headers(ytcfg=ytcfg, default_client=default_client)
+        resolve_response = self._extract_response(
+            item_id=item_id, query={'url': url}, check_get_keys='endpoint', headers=headers, ytcfg=ytcfg, fatal=fatal,
+            ep='navigation/resolve_url', note='Downloading API parameters API JSON', default_client=default_client)
+        endpoints = {'browseEndpoint': 'browse', 'watchEndpoint': 'next'}
+        for ep_key, ep in endpoints.items():
+            params = try_get(resolve_response, lambda x: x['endpoint'][ep_key], dict)
+            if params:
+                return self._extract_response(
+                    item_id=item_id, query=params, ep=ep, headers=headers,
+                    ytcfg=ytcfg, fatal=fatal, default_client=default_client,
+                    check_get_keys=('contents', 'currentVideoEndpoint', 'onResponseReceivedActions'))
+        err_note = 'Failed to resolve url (does the playlist exist?)'
+        if fatal:
+            raise ExtractorError(err_note, expected=True)
+        self.report_warning(err_note, item_id)
+
+    _SEARCH_PARAMS = None
+
+    def _search_results(self, query, params=NO_DEFAULT, default_client='web'):
+        data = {'query': query}
+        if params is NO_DEFAULT:
+            params = self._SEARCH_PARAMS
+        if params:
+            data['params'] = params
+
+        content_keys = (
+            ('contents', 'twoColumnSearchResultsRenderer', 'primaryContents', 'sectionListRenderer', 'contents'),
+            ('onResponseReceivedCommands', 0, 'appendContinuationItemsAction', 'continuationItems'),
+            # ytmusic search
+            ('contents', 'tabbedSearchResultsRenderer', 'tabs', 0, 'tabRenderer', 'content', 'sectionListRenderer', 'contents'),
+            ('continuationContents', ),
+        )
+        display_id = f'query "{query}"'
+        check_get_keys = tuple({keys[0] for keys in content_keys})
+        ytcfg = self._download_ytcfg(default_client, display_id) if not self.skip_webpage else {}
+        self._report_playlist_authcheck(ytcfg, fatal=False)
+
+        continuation_list = [None]
+        search = None
+        for page_num in itertools.count(1):
+            data.update(continuation_list[0] or {})
+            headers = self.generate_api_headers(
+                ytcfg=ytcfg, visitor_data=self._extract_visitor_data(search), default_client=default_client)
+            search = self._extract_response(
+                item_id=f'{display_id} page {page_num}', ep='search', query=data,
+                default_client=default_client, check_get_keys=check_get_keys, ytcfg=ytcfg, headers=headers)
+            slr_contents = traverse_obj(search, *content_keys)
+            yield from self._extract_entries({'contents': list(variadic(slr_contents))}, continuation_list)
+            if not continuation_list[0]:
+                break
+
+
+class YoutubeTabIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
+    IE_DESC = 'YouTube Tabs'
+    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x:
+        https?://
+            (?!consent\.)(?:\w+\.)?
+            (?:
+                youtube(?:kids)?\.com|
+                {invidious}
+            )/
+            (?:
+                (?P<channel_type>channel|c|user|browse)/|
+                (?P<not_channel>
+                    feed/|hashtag/|
+                    (?:playlist|watch)\?.*?\blist=
+                )|
+                (?!(?:{reserved_names})\b)  # Direct URLs
+            )
+            (?P<id>[^/?\#&]+)
+    )'''.format(
+        reserved_names=YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor._RESERVED_NAMES,
+        invidious='|'.join(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor._INVIDIOUS_SITES),
+    )
+    IE_NAME = 'youtube:tab'
+
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'note': 'playlists, multipage',
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/c/ИгорьКлейнер/playlists?view=1&flow=grid',
+        'playlist_mincount': 94,
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'UCqj7Cz7revf5maW9g5pgNcg',
+            'title': 'Igor Kleiner  - Playlists',
+            'description': r're:(?s)Добро пожаловать на мой канал! Зде�ь вы найдете видео .{504}/a1/50b/10a$',
+            'uploader': 'Igor Kleiner ',
+            'uploader_id': '@IgorDataScience',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@IgorDataScience',
+            'channel': 'Igor Kleiner ',
+            'channel_id': 'UCqj7Cz7revf5maW9g5pgNcg',
+            'tags': 'count:23',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqj7Cz7revf5maW9g5pgNcg',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+        },
+    }, {
+        'note': 'playlists, multipage, different order',
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/user/igorkle1/playlists?view=1&sort=dd',
+        'playlist_mincount': 94,
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'UCqj7Cz7revf5maW9g5pgNcg',
+            'title': 'Igor Kleiner  - Playlists',
+            'description': r're:(?s)Добро пожаловать на мой канал! Зде�ь вы найдете видео .{504}/a1/50b/10a$',
+            'uploader': 'Igor Kleiner ',
+            'uploader_id': '@IgorDataScience',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@IgorDataScience',
+            'tags': 'count:23',
+            'channel_id': 'UCqj7Cz7revf5maW9g5pgNcg',
+            'channel': 'Igor Kleiner ',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqj7Cz7revf5maW9g5pgNcg',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+        },
+    }, {
+        # TODO: fix channel_is_verified extraction
+        'note': 'playlists, series',
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/c/3blue1brown/playlists?view=50&sort=dd&shelf_id=3',
+        'playlist_mincount': 5,
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'UCYO_jab_esuFRV4b17AJtAw',
+            'title': '3Blue1Brown - Playlists',
+            'description': 'md5:602e3789e6a0cb7d9d352186b720e395',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYO_jab_esuFRV4b17AJtAw',
+            'channel': '3Blue1Brown',
+            'channel_id': 'UCYO_jab_esuFRV4b17AJtAw',
+            'uploader_id': '@3blue1brown',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@3blue1brown',
+            'uploader': '3Blue1Brown',
+            'tags': ['Mathematics'],
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_is_verified': True,
+        },
+    }, {
+        'note': 'playlists, singlepage',
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/user/ThirstForScience/playlists',
+        'playlist_mincount': 4,
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'UCAEtajcuhQ6an9WEzY9LEMQ',
+            'title': 'ThirstForScience - Playlists',
+            'description': 'md5:609399d937ea957b0f53cbffb747a14c',
+            'uploader': 'ThirstForScience',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@ThirstForScience',
+            'uploader_id': '@ThirstForScience',
+            'channel_id': 'UCAEtajcuhQ6an9WEzY9LEMQ',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAEtajcuhQ6an9WEzY9LEMQ',
+            'tags': 'count:12',
+            'channel': 'ThirstForScience',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/c/ChristophLaimer/playlists',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # TODO: fix availability and view_count extraction
+        'note': 'basic, single video playlist',
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLt5yu3-wZAlSLRHmI1qNm0wjyVNWw1pCU',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'PLt5yu3-wZAlSLRHmI1qNm0wjyVNWw1pCU',
+            'title': 'single video playlist',
+            'description': '',
+            'tags': [],
+            'view_count': int,
+            'modified_date': '20250417',
+            'channel': 'cole-dlp-test-acc',
+            'channel_id': 'UCiu-3thuViMebBjw_5nWYrA',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiu-3thuViMebBjw_5nWYrA',
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'uploader': 'cole-dlp-test-acc',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@coletdjnz',
+            'uploader_id': '@coletdjnz',
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 1,
+    }, {
+        'note': 'empty playlist',
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL4lCao7KL_QFodcLWhDpGCYnngnHtQ-Xf',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'PL4lCao7KL_QFodcLWhDpGCYnngnHtQ-Xf',
+            'title': 'youtube-dl empty playlist',
+            'tags': [],
+            'channel': 'Sergey M.',
+            'description': '',
+            'modified_date': '20230921',
+            'channel_id': 'UCmlqkdCBesrv2Lak1mF_MxA',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmlqkdCBesrv2Lak1mF_MxA',
+            'availability': 'unlisted',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@sergeym.6173',
+            'uploader_id': '@sergeym.6173',
+            'uploader': 'Sergey M.',
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 0,
+    }, {
+        'note': 'Home tab',
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w/featured',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w',
+            'title': 'lex will - Home',
+            'description': 'md5:2163c5d0ff54ed5f598d6a7e6211e488',
+            'uploader': 'lex will',
+            'uploader_id': '@lexwill718',
+            'channel': 'lex will',
+            'tags': ['bible', 'history', 'prophesy'],
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@lexwill718',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w',
+            'channel_id': 'UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 2,
+    }, {
+        'note': 'Videos tab',
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w/videos',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w',
+            'title': 'lex will - Videos',
+            'description': 'md5:2163c5d0ff54ed5f598d6a7e6211e488',
+            'uploader': 'lex will',
+            'uploader_id': '@lexwill718',
+            'tags': ['bible', 'history', 'prophesy'],
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w',
+            'channel_id': 'UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@lexwill718',
+            'channel': 'lex will',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 975,
+    }, {
+        'note': 'Videos tab, sorted by popular',
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w/videos?view=0&sort=p&flow=grid',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w',
+            'title': 'lex will - Videos',
+            'description': 'md5:2163c5d0ff54ed5f598d6a7e6211e488',
+            'uploader': 'lex will',
+            'uploader_id': '@lexwill718',
+            'channel_id': 'UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@lexwill718',
+            'channel': 'lex will',
+            'tags': ['bible', 'history', 'prophesy'],
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 199,
+    }, {
+        'note': 'Playlists tab',
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w/playlists',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w',
+            'title': 'lex will - Playlists',
+            'description': 'md5:2163c5d0ff54ed5f598d6a7e6211e488',
+            'uploader': 'lex will',
+            'uploader_id': '@lexwill718',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@lexwill718',
+            'channel': 'lex will',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w',
+            'channel_id': 'UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w',
+            'tags': ['bible', 'history', 'prophesy'],
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 17,
+    }, {
+        'note': 'Posts tab',
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w/community',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w',
+            'title': 'lex will - Posts',
+            'description': 'md5:2163c5d0ff54ed5f598d6a7e6211e488',
+            'channel': 'lex will',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w',
+            'channel_id': 'UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w',
+            'tags': ['bible', 'history', 'prophesy'],
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@lexwill718',
+            'uploader_id': '@lexwill718',
+            'uploader': 'lex will',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 18,
+        'skip': 'This Community isn\'t available',
+    }, {
+        # TODO: fix channel_is_verified extraction
+        'note': 'Search tab',
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/c/3blue1brown/search?query=linear%20algebra',
+        'playlist_mincount': 40,
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'UCYO_jab_esuFRV4b17AJtAw',
+            'title': '3Blue1Brown - Search - linear algebra',
+            'description': 'md5:602e3789e6a0cb7d9d352186b720e395',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYO_jab_esuFRV4b17AJtAw',
+            'tags': ['Mathematics'],
+            'channel': '3Blue1Brown',
+            'channel_id': 'UCYO_jab_esuFRV4b17AJtAw',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@3blue1brown',
+            'uploader_id': '@3blue1brown',
+            'uploader': '3Blue1Brown',
+            'channel_is_verified': True,
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://invidio.us/channel/UCmlqkdCBesrv2Lak1mF_MxA',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.youtubekids.com/channel/UCmlqkdCBesrv2Lak1mF_MxA',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://music.youtube.com/channel/UCmlqkdCBesrv2Lak1mF_MxA',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # TODO: fix availability extraction
+        'note': 'Playlist with deleted videos (#651). As a bonus, the video #51 is also twice in this list.',
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwP_SiAcdui0KVebT0mU9Apz359a4ubsC',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'title': '29C3: Not my department',
+            'id': 'PLwP_SiAcdui0KVebT0mU9Apz359a4ubsC',
+            'description': 'md5:a14dc1a8ef8307a9807fe136a0660268',
+            'tags': [],
+            'view_count': int,
+            'modified_date': '20150605',
+            'channel_id': 'UCEPzS1rYsrkqzSLNp76nrcg',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEPzS1rYsrkqzSLNp76nrcg',
+            'channel': 'Christiaan008',
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'uploader_id': '@ChRiStIaAn008',
+            'uploader': 'Christiaan008',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@ChRiStIaAn008',
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 96,
+    }, {
+        'note': 'Large playlist',
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=UUBABnxM4Ar9ten8Mdjj1j0Q',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'title': 'Uploads from Cauchemar',
+            'id': 'UUBABnxM4Ar9ten8Mdjj1j0Q',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCBABnxM4Ar9ten8Mdjj1j0Q',
+            'tags': [],
+            'modified_date': r're:\d{8}',
+            'channel': 'Cauchemar',
+            'view_count': int,
+            'description': '',
+            'channel_id': 'UCBABnxM4Ar9ten8Mdjj1j0Q',
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'uploader_id': '@Cauchemar89',
+            'uploader': 'Cauchemar',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@Cauchemar89',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 1123,
+        'expected_warnings': [r'[Uu]navailable videos (are|will be) hidden'],
+    }, {
+        'note': 'even larger playlist, 8832 videos',
+        'url': 'http://www.youtube.com/user/NASAgovVideo/videos',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'note': 'Buggy playlist: the webpage has a "Load more" button but it doesn\'t have more videos',
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=UUXw-G3eDE9trcvY2sBMM_aA',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'title': 'Uploads from Interstellar Movie',
+            'id': 'UUXw-G3eDE9trcvY2sBMM_aA',
+            'tags': [],
+            'view_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UCXw-G3eDE9trcvY2sBMM_aA',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXw-G3eDE9trcvY2sBMM_aA',
+            'channel': 'Interstellar Movie',
+            'description': '',
+            'modified_date': r're:\d{8}',
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'uploader_id': '@InterstellarMovie',
+            'uploader': 'Interstellar Movie',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@InterstellarMovie',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 21,
+    }, {
+        # TODO: fix availability extraction
+        'note': 'Playlist with "show unavailable videos" button',
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLYwq8WOe86_xGmR7FrcJq8Sb7VW8K3Tt2',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'title': 'The Memes Of 2010s.....',
+            'id': 'PLYwq8WOe86_xGmR7FrcJq8Sb7VW8K3Tt2',
+            'view_count': int,
+            'channel': "I'm Not JiNxEd",
+            'tags': [],
+            'description': 'md5:44dc3b315ba69394feaafa2f40e7b2a1',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC5H5H85D1QE5-fuWWQ1hdNg',
+            'channel_id': 'UC5H5H85D1QE5-fuWWQ1hdNg',
+            'modified_date': r're:\d{8}',
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@imnotjinxed1998',
+            'uploader_id': '@imnotjinxed1998',
+            'uploader': "I'm Not JiNxEd",
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 150,
+        'expected_warnings': [r'[Uu]navailable videos (are|will be) hidden'],
+    }, {
+        'note': 'Playlist with unavailable videos in page 7',
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=UU8l9frL61Yl5KFOl87nIm2w',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'title': 'Uploads from BlankTV',
+            'id': 'UU8l9frL61Yl5KFOl87nIm2w',
+            'channel': 'BlankTV',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC8l9frL61Yl5KFOl87nIm2w',
+            'channel_id': 'UC8l9frL61Yl5KFOl87nIm2w',
+            'view_count': int,
+            'tags': [],
+            'modified_date': r're:\d{8}',
+            'description': '',
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'uploader_id': '@blanktv',
+            'uploader': 'BlankTV',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@blanktv',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 1000,
+        'expected_warnings': [r'[Uu]navailable videos (are|will be) hidden'],
+    }, {
+        # TODO: fix availability extraction
+        'note': 'https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/21844',
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzH6n4zXuckpfMu_4Ff8E7Z1behQks5ba',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'title': 'Data Analysis with Dr Mike Pound',
+            'id': 'PLzH6n4zXuckpfMu_4Ff8E7Z1behQks5ba',
+            'description': 'md5:7f567c574d13d3f8c0954d9ffee4e487',
+            'tags': [],
+            'view_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UC9-y-6csu5WGm29I7JiwpnA',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9-y-6csu5WGm29I7JiwpnA',
+            'channel': 'Computerphile',
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'modified_date': '20190712',
+            'uploader_id': '@Computerphile',
+            'uploader': 'Computerphile',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@Computerphile',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 11,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://invidio.us/playlist?list=PL4lCao7KL_QFVb7Iudeipvc2BCavECqzc',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'note': 'Playlist URL that does not actually serve a playlist',
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FqZTN594JQw&list=PLMYEtVRpaqY00V9W81Cwmzp6N6vZqfUKD4',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'FqZTN594JQw',
+            'ext': 'webm',
+            'title': "Smiley's People 01 detective, Adventure Series, Action",
+            'upload_date': '20150526',
+            'license': 'Standard YouTube License',
+            'description': 'md5:507cdcb5a49ac0da37a920ece610be80',
+            'categories': ['People & Blogs'],
+            'tags': list,
+            'view_count': int,
+            'like_count': int,
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'skip_download': True,
+        },
+        'skip': 'This video is not available.',
+        'add_ie': [YoutubeIE.ie_key()],
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.youtubekids.com/watch?v=Agk7R8I8o5U&list=PUZ6jURNr1WQZCNHF0ao-c0g',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MuAGGZNfUkU&list=RDMM',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCoMdktPbSTixAyNGwb-UYkQ/live',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'VFGoUmo74wE',  # This will keep changing
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': str,
+            'upload_date': r're:\d{8}',
+            'description': str,
+            'categories': ['News & Politics'],
+            'tags': list,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'release_timestamp': int,
+            'channel': 'Sky News',
+            'channel_id': 'UCoMdktPbSTixAyNGwb-UYkQ',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'view_count': int,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/vi/[^/]+/maxresdefault(?:_live)?\.jpg',
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'release_date': r're:\d+',
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'live_status': 'is_live',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCoMdktPbSTixAyNGwb-UYkQ',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'concurrent_view_count': int,
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@SkyNews',
+            'uploader_id': '@SkyNews',
+            'uploader': 'Sky News',
+            'channel_is_verified': True,
+            'media_type': 'livestream',
+            'timestamp': int,
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'skip_download': True,
+        },
+        'expected_warnings': ['Ignoring subtitle tracks found in '],
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/user/TheYoungTurks/live',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'a48o2S1cPoo',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'The Young Turks - Live Main Show',
+            'upload_date': '20150715',
+            'license': 'Standard YouTube License',
+            'description': 'md5:438179573adcdff3c97ebb1ee632b891',
+            'categories': ['News & Politics'],
+            'tags': ['Cenk Uygur (TV Program Creator)', 'The Young Turks (Award-Winning Work)', 'Talk Show (TV Genre)'],
+            'like_count': int,
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'skip_download': True,
+        },
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1yBKRuGpC1tSM73A0ZjYjQ/live',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/c/CommanderVideoHq/live',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'note': 'A channel that is not live. Should raise error',
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/user/numberphile/live',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/feed/trending',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/feed/library',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/feed/history',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/feed/subscriptions',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/feed/watch_later',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'note': 'Recommended - redirects to home page.',
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/feed/recommended',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'note': 'inline playlist with not always working continuations',
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UC6u0Tct-Fo&list=PL36D642111D65BE7C',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/course',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/zsecurity',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'http://www.youtube.com/NASAgovVideo/videos',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/TheYoungTurks/live',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/hashtag/cctv9',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'cctv9',
+            'title': 'cctv9 - All',
+            'tags': [],
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 300,  # not consistent but should be over 300
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?list=PLW4dVinRY435CBE_JD3t-0SRXKfnZHS1P&feature=youtu.be&v=M9cJMXmQ_ZU',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'note': 'Requires Premium: should request additional YTM-info webpage (and have format 141) for videos in playlist',
+        'url': 'https://music.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLRBp0Fe2GpgmgoscNFLxNyBVSFVdYmFkq',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'note': '/browse/ should redirect to /channel/',
+        'url': 'https://music.youtube.com/browse/UC1a8OFewdjuLq6KlF8M_8Ng',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # TODO: fix availability extraction
+        'note': 'VLPL, should redirect to playlist?list=PL...',
+        'url': 'https://music.youtube.com/browse/VLPLRBp0Fe2GpgmgoscNFLxNyBVSFVdYmFkq',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'PLRBp0Fe2GpgmgoscNFLxNyBVSFVdYmFkq',
+            'description': 'Providing you with copyright free / safe music for gaming, live streaming, studying and more!',
+            'title': 'NCS : All Releases 💿',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_aEa8K-EOJ3D6gOs7HcyNg',
+            'modified_date': r're:\d{8}',
+            'view_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UC_aEa8K-EOJ3D6gOs7HcyNg',
+            'tags': [],
+            'channel': 'NoCopyrightSounds',
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@NoCopyrightSounds',
+            'uploader': 'NoCopyrightSounds',
+            'uploader_id': '@NoCopyrightSounds',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 166,
+        'expected_warnings': [r'[Uu]navailable videos (are|will be) hidden', 'YouTube Music is not directly supported'],
+    }, {
+        # TODO: fix 'unviewable' issue with this playlist when reloading with unavailable videos
+        'note': 'Topic, should redirect to playlist?list=UU...',
+        'url': 'https://music.youtube.com/browse/UC9ALqqC4aIeG5iDs7i90Bfw',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'UU9ALqqC4aIeG5iDs7i90Bfw',
+            'title': 'Uploads from Royalty Free Music - Topic',
+            'tags': [],
+            'channel_id': 'UC9ALqqC4aIeG5iDs7i90Bfw',
+            'channel': 'Royalty Free Music - Topic',
+            'view_count': int,
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9ALqqC4aIeG5iDs7i90Bfw',
+            'modified_date': r're:\d{8}',
+            'description': '',
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'uploader': 'Royalty Free Music - Topic',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 101,
+        'expected_warnings': ['YouTube Music is not directly supported', r'[Uu]navailable videos (are|will be) hidden'],
+    }, {
+        # Destination channel with only a hidden self tab (tab id is UCtFRv9O2AHqOZjjynzrv-xg)
+        # Treat as a general feed
+        # TODO: fix extraction
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCtFRv9O2AHqOZjjynzrv-xg',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'UCtFRv9O2AHqOZjjynzrv-xg',
+            'title': 'UCtFRv9O2AHqOZjjynzrv-xg',
+            'tags': [],
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 9,
+    }, {
+        'note': 'Youtube music Album',
+        'url': 'https://music.youtube.com/browse/MPREb_gTAcphH99wE',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'OLAK5uy_l1m0thk3g31NmIIz_vMIbWtyv7eZixlH0',
+            'title': 'Album - Royalty Free Music Library V2 (50 Songs)',
+            'tags': [],
+            'view_count': int,
+            'description': '',
+            'availability': 'unlisted',
+            'modified_date': r're:\d{8}',
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 50,
+        'expected_warnings': ['YouTube Music is not directly supported'],
+    }, {
+        # TODO: fix test suite, 208163447408c78673b08c172beafe5c310fb167 broke this test
+        'note': 'unlisted single video playlist',
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLt5yu3-wZAlQLfIN0MMgp0wVV6MP3bM4_',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'PLt5yu3-wZAlQLfIN0MMgp0wVV6MP3bM4_',
+            'title': 'unlisted playlist',
+            'availability': 'unlisted',
+            'tags': [],
+            'modified_date': '20250417',
+            'channel': 'cole-dlp-test-acc',
+            'view_count': int,
+            'description': '',
+            'channel_id': 'UCiu-3thuViMebBjw_5nWYrA',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiu-3thuViMebBjw_5nWYrA',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@coletdjnz',
+            'uploader_id': '@coletdjnz',
+            'uploader': 'cole-dlp-test-acc',
+        },
+        'playlist': [{
+            'info_dict': {
+                'title': 'Big Buck Bunny 60fps 4K - Official Blender Foundation Short Film',
+                'id': 'aqz-KE-bpKQ',
+                '_type': 'url',
+                'ie_key': 'Youtube',
+                'duration': 635,
+                'channel_id': 'UCSMOQeBJ2RAnuFungnQOxLg',
+                'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCSMOQeBJ2RAnuFungnQOxLg',
+                'view_count': int,
+                'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aqz-KE-bpKQ',
+                'channel': 'Blender',
+                'uploader_id': '@BlenderOfficial',
+                'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@BlenderOfficial',
+                'uploader': 'Blender',
+            },
+        }],
+        'playlist_count': 1,
+        'params': {'extract_flat': True},
+    }, {
+        # By default, recommended is always empty.
+        'note': 'API Fallback: Recommended - redirects to home page. Requires visitorData',
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/feed/recommended',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'recommended',
+            'title': 'recommended',
+            'tags': [],
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 0,
+        'params': {
+            'skip_download': True,
+            'extractor_args': {'youtubetab': {'skip': ['webpage']}},
+        },
+    }, {
+        'note': 'API Fallback: /videos tab, sorted by oldest first',
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/user/theCodyReeder/videos?view=0&sort=da&flow=grid',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'UCu6mSoMNzHQiBIOCkHUa2Aw',
+            'title': 'Cody\'sLab - Videos',
+            'description': 'md5:d083b7c2f0c67ee7a6c74c3e9b4243fa',
+            'channel': 'Cody\'sLab',
+            'channel_id': 'UCu6mSoMNzHQiBIOCkHUa2Aw',
+            'tags': [],
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu6mSoMNzHQiBIOCkHUa2Aw',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 650,
+        'params': {
+            'skip_download': True,
+            'extractor_args': {'youtubetab': {'skip': ['webpage']}},
+        },
+        'skip': 'Query for sorting no longer works',
+    }, {
+        # TODO: fix 'unviewable' issue with this playlist when reloading with unavailable videos
+        'note': 'API Fallback: Topic, should redirect to playlist?list=UU...',
+        'url': 'https://music.youtube.com/browse/UC9ALqqC4aIeG5iDs7i90Bfw',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'UU9ALqqC4aIeG5iDs7i90Bfw',
+            'title': 'Uploads from Royalty Free Music - Topic',
+            'modified_date': r're:\d{8}',
+            'channel_id': 'UC9ALqqC4aIeG5iDs7i90Bfw',
+            'description': '',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9ALqqC4aIeG5iDs7i90Bfw',
+            'tags': [],
+            'channel': 'Royalty Free Music - Topic',
+            'view_count': int,
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'uploader': 'Royalty Free Music - Topic',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 101,
+        'params': {
+            'skip_download': True,
+            'extractor_args': {'youtubetab': {'skip': ['webpage']}},
+        },
+        'expected_warnings': ['YouTube Music is not directly supported', r'[Uu]navailable videos (are|will be) hidden'],
+    }, {
+        'note': 'non-standard redirect to regional channel',
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCwVVpHQ2Cs9iGJfpdFngePQ',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'note': 'collaborative playlist (uploader name in the form "by <uploader> and x other(s)")',
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLx-_-Kk4c89oOHEDQAojOXzEzemXxoqx6',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'PLx-_-Kk4c89oOHEDQAojOXzEzemXxoqx6',
+            'modified_date': '20250115',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKcqXmCcyqnhgpA5P0oHH_Q',
+            'tags': [],
+            'availability': 'unlisted',
+            'channel_id': 'UCKcqXmCcyqnhgpA5P0oHH_Q',
+            'channel': 'pukkandan',
+            'description': 'Test for collaborative playlist',
+            'title': 'yt-dlp test - collaborative playlist',
+            'view_count': int,
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@pukkandan',
+            'uploader_id': '@pukkandan',
+            'uploader': 'pukkandan',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 2,
+        'skip': 'https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13690',
+    }, {
+        'note': 'translated tab name',
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiu-3thuViMebBjw_5nWYrA/playlists',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'UCiu-3thuViMebBjw_5nWYrA',
+            'tags': [],
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiu-3thuViMebBjw_5nWYrA',
+            'description': 'test description',
+            'title': 'cole-dlp-test-acc - �生リスト',
+            'channel_id': 'UCiu-3thuViMebBjw_5nWYrA',
+            'channel': 'cole-dlp-test-acc',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@coletdjnz',
+            'uploader_id': '@coletdjnz',
+            'uploader': 'cole-dlp-test-acc',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 1,
+        'params': {'extractor_args': {'youtube': {'lang': ['ja']}}},
+        'expected_warnings': ['Preferring "ja"'],
+    }, {
+        # XXX: this should really check flat playlist entries, but the test suite doesn't support that
+        # TODO: fix availability extraction
+        'note': 'preferred lang set with playlist with translated video titles',
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLt5yu3-wZAlQAaPZ5Z-rJoTdbT-45Q7c0',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'PLt5yu3-wZAlQAaPZ5Z-rJoTdbT-45Q7c0',
+            'tags': [],
+            'view_count': int,
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiu-3thuViMebBjw_5nWYrA',
+            'channel': 'cole-dlp-test-acc',
+            'channel_id': 'UCiu-3thuViMebBjw_5nWYrA',
+            'description': 'test',
+            'title': 'dlp test playlist',
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@coletdjnz',
+            'uploader_id': '@coletdjnz',
+            'uploader': 'cole-dlp-test-acc',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 1,
+        'params': {'extractor_args': {'youtube': {'lang': ['ja']}}},
+        'expected_warnings': ['Preferring "ja"'],
+    }, {
+        # shorts audio pivot for 2GtVksBMYFM.
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/feed/sfv_audio_pivot?bp=8gUrCikSJwoLMkd0VmtzQk1ZRk0SCzJHdFZrc0JNWUZNGgsyR3RWa3NCTVlGTQ==',
+        # TODO: fix extraction
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'sfv_audio_pivot',
+            'title': 'sfv_audio_pivot',
+            'tags': [],
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 50,
+
+    }, {
+        # Channel with a real live tab (not to be mistaken with streams tab)
+        # Do not treat like it should redirect to live stream
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEH7P7kyJIkS_gJf93VYbmg/live',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'UCEH7P7kyJIkS_gJf93VYbmg',
+            'title': 'UCEH7P7kyJIkS_gJf93VYbmg - Live',
+            'tags': [],
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 20,
+    }, {
+        # Tab name is not the same as tab id
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQvWX73GQygcwXOTSf_VDVg/letsplay',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'UCQvWX73GQygcwXOTSf_VDVg',
+            'title': 'UCQvWX73GQygcwXOTSf_VDVg - Let\'s play',
+            'tags': [],
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 8,
+    }, {
+        # Home tab id is literally home. Not to get mistaken with featured
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQvWX73GQygcwXOTSf_VDVg/home',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'UCQvWX73GQygcwXOTSf_VDVg',
+            'title': 'UCQvWX73GQygcwXOTSf_VDVg - Home',
+            'tags': [],
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 8,
+    }, {
+        # Should get three playlists for videos, shorts and streams tabs
+        # TODO: fix channel_is_verified extraction
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCK9V2B22uJYu3N7eR_BT9QA',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'UCK9V2B22uJYu3N7eR_BT9QA',
+            'title': 'Polka Ch. 尾丸�ルカ',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UCK9V2B22uJYu3N7eR_BT9QA',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCK9V2B22uJYu3N7eR_BT9QA',
+            'description': 'md5:01e53f350ab8ad6fcf7c4fedb3c1b99f',
+            'channel': 'Polka Ch. 尾丸�ルカ',
+            'tags': 'count:35',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@OmaruPolka',
+            'uploader': 'Polka Ch. 尾丸�ルカ',
+            'uploader_id': '@OmaruPolka',
+            'channel_is_verified': True,
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 3,
+    }, {
+        # Shorts tab with channel with handle
+        # TODO: fix channel_is_verified extraction
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@NotJustBikes/shorts',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'UC0intLFzLaudFG-xAvUEO-A',
+            'title': 'Not Just Bikes - Shorts',
+            'tags': 'count:10',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0intLFzLaudFG-xAvUEO-A',
+            'description': 'md5:295758591d0d43d8594277be54584da7',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UC0intLFzLaudFG-xAvUEO-A',
+            'channel': 'Not Just Bikes',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@NotJustBikes',
+            'uploader': 'Not Just Bikes',
+            'uploader_id': '@NotJustBikes',
+            'channel_is_verified': True,
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 10,
+    }, {
+        # Streams tab
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3eYAvjCVwNHgkaGbXX3sig/streams',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'UC3eYAvjCVwNHgkaGbXX3sig',
+            'title': '中�悠一 - Live',
+            'tags': 'count:7',
+            'channel_id': 'UC3eYAvjCVwNHgkaGbXX3sig',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3eYAvjCVwNHgkaGbXX3sig',
+            'channel': '中�悠一',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'description': 'md5:76b312b48a26c3b0e4d90e2dfc1b417d',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@Yuichi-Nakamura',
+            'uploader_id': '@Yuichi-Nakamura',
+            'uploader': '中�悠一',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 60,
+    }, {
+        # Channel with no uploads and hence no videos, streams, shorts tabs or uploads playlist. This should fail.
+        # See test_youtube_lists
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC2yXPzFejc422buOIzn_0CA',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # No uploads and no UCID given. Should fail with no uploads error
+        # See test_youtube_lists
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/news',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # No videos tab but has a shorts tab
+        # TODO: fix metadata extraction
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/c/TKFShorts',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'UCgJ5_1F6yJhYLnyMszUdmUg',
+            'title': 'Shorts Break - Shorts',
+            'tags': 'count:48',
+            'channel_id': 'UCgJ5_1F6yJhYLnyMszUdmUg',
+            'channel': 'Shorts Break',
+            'description': 'md5:6de33c5e7ba686e5f3efd4e19c7ef499',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCgJ5_1F6yJhYLnyMszUdmUg',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@ShortsBreak_Official',
+            'uploader': 'Shorts Break',
+            'uploader_id': '@ShortsBreak_Official',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 30,
+    }, {
+        # Trending Now Tab. tab id is empty
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/feed/trending',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'trending',
+            'title': 'trending - Now',
+            'tags': [],
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 30,
+        'skip': 'The channel/playlist does not exist and the URL redirected to youtube.com home page',
+    }, {
+        # Trending Gaming Tab. tab id is empty
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/feed/trending?bp=4gIcGhpnYW1pbmdfY29ycHVzX21vc3RfcG9wdWxhcg%3D%3D',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'trending',
+            'title': 'trending',
+            'tags': [],
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 30,
+    }, {
+        # Shorts url result in shorts tab
+        # TODO: Fix channel id extraction
+        # TODO: fix test suite, 208163447408c78673b08c172beafe5c310fb167 broke this test
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiu-3thuViMebBjw_5nWYrA/shorts',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'UCiu-3thuViMebBjw_5nWYrA',
+            'title': 'cole-dlp-test-acc - Shorts',
+            'channel': 'cole-dlp-test-acc',
+            'description': 'test description',
+            'channel_id': 'UCiu-3thuViMebBjw_5nWYrA',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiu-3thuViMebBjw_5nWYrA',
+            'tags': [],
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@coletdjnz',
+            'uploader_id': '@coletdjnz',
+            'uploader': 'cole-dlp-test-acc',
+        },
+        'playlist': [{
+            'info_dict': {
+                # Channel data is not currently available for short renderers (as of 2023-03-01)
+                '_type': 'url',
+                'ie_key': 'Youtube',
+                'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/shorts/sSM9J5YH_60',
+                'id': 'sSM9J5YH_60',
+                'title': 'SHORT short',
+                'view_count': int,
+                'thumbnails': list,
+            },
+        }],
+        'params': {'extract_flat': True},
+    }, {
+        # Live video status should be extracted
+        # TODO: fix test suite, 208163447408c78673b08c172beafe5c310fb167 broke this test
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQvWX73GQygcwXOTSf_VDVg/live',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'UCQvWX73GQygcwXOTSf_VDVg',
+            'title': 'UCQvWX73GQygcwXOTSf_VDVg - Live',  # TODO: should be Minecraft - Live or Minecraft - Topic - Live
+            'tags': [],
+        },
+        'playlist': [{
+            'info_dict': {
+                '_type': 'url',
+                'ie_key': 'Youtube',
+                'url': 'startswith:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=',
+                'id': str,
+                'title': str,
+                'live_status': 'is_live',
+                'channel_id': str,
+                'channel_url': str,
+                'concurrent_view_count': int,
+                'channel': str,
+                'uploader': str,
+                'uploader_url': str,
+                'uploader_id': str,
+                'channel_is_verified': bool,  # this will keep changing
+            },
+        }],
+        'params': {'extract_flat': True, 'playlist_items': '1'},
+        'playlist_mincount': 1,
+    }, {
+        # Channel renderer metadata. Contains number of videos on the channel
+        # TODO: channels tab removed, change this test to use another page with channel renderer
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiu-3thuViMebBjw_5nWYrA/channels',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'UCiu-3thuViMebBjw_5nWYrA',
+            'title': 'cole-dlp-test-acc - Channels',
+            'channel': 'cole-dlp-test-acc',
+            'description': 'test description',
+            'channel_id': 'UCiu-3thuViMebBjw_5nWYrA',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiu-3thuViMebBjw_5nWYrA',
+            'tags': [],
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@coletdjnz',
+            'uploader_id': '@coletdjnz',
+            'uploader': 'cole-dlp-test-acc',
+        },
+        'playlist': [{
+            'info_dict': {
+                '_type': 'url',
+                'ie_key': 'YoutubeTab',
+                'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC-lHJZR3Gqxm24_Vd_AJ5Yw',
+                'id': 'UC-lHJZR3Gqxm24_Vd_AJ5Yw',
+                'channel_id': 'UC-lHJZR3Gqxm24_Vd_AJ5Yw',
+                'title': 'PewDiePie',
+                'channel': 'PewDiePie',
+                'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC-lHJZR3Gqxm24_Vd_AJ5Yw',
+                'thumbnails': list,
+                'channel_follower_count': int,
+                'playlist_count': int,
+                'uploader': 'PewDiePie',
+                'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@PewDiePie',
+                'uploader_id': '@PewDiePie',
+                'channel_is_verified': True,
+            },
+        }],
+        'params': {'extract_flat': True},
+        'skip': 'channels tab removed',
+    }, {
+        # TODO: fix channel_is_verified extraction
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@3blue1brown/about',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '@3blue1brown',
+            'tags': ['Mathematics'],
+            'title': '3Blue1Brown',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UCYO_jab_esuFRV4b17AJtAw',
+            'channel': '3Blue1Brown',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYO_jab_esuFRV4b17AJtAw',
+            'description': 'md5:602e3789e6a0cb7d9d352186b720e395',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@3blue1brown',
+            'uploader_id': '@3blue1brown',
+            'uploader': '3Blue1Brown',
+            'channel_is_verified': True,
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 0,
+    }, {
+        # Podcasts tab, with rich entry lockupViewModel
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@99percentinvisiblepodcast/podcasts',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'UCVMF2HD4ZgC0QHpU9Yq5Xrw',
+            'channel_id': 'UCVMF2HD4ZgC0QHpU9Yq5Xrw',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@99percentinvisiblepodcast',
+            'description': 'md5:3a0ed38f1ad42a68ef0428c04a15695c',
+            'title': '99% Invisible - Podcasts',
+            'uploader': '99% Invisible',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVMF2HD4ZgC0QHpU9Yq5Xrw',
+            'tags': [],
+            'channel': '99% Invisible',
+            'uploader_id': '@99percentinvisiblepodcast',
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 5,
+    }, {
+        # Releases tab, with rich entry playlistRenderers (same as Podcasts tab)
+        # TODO: fix channel_is_verified extraction
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@AHimitsu/releases',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'UCgFwu-j5-xNJml2FtTrrB3A',
+            'channel': 'A Himitsu',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@AHimitsu',
+            'title': 'A Himitsu - Releases',
+            'uploader_id': '@AHimitsu',
+            'uploader': 'A Himitsu',
+            'channel_id': 'UCgFwu-j5-xNJml2FtTrrB3A',
+            'tags': 'count:12',
+            'description': 'Music producer, sometimes.',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCgFwu-j5-xNJml2FtTrrB3A',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_is_verified': True,
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 10,
+    }, {
+        # Playlist with only shorts, shown as reel renderers
+        # FIXME: future: YouTube currently doesn't give continuation for this,
+        # may do in future.
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=UUxqPAgubo4coVn9Lx1FuKcg',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'UUxqPAgubo4coVn9Lx1FuKcg',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCxqPAgubo4coVn9Lx1FuKcg',
+            'view_count': int,
+            'uploader_id': '@BangyShorts',
+            'description': '',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@BangyShorts',
+            'channel_id': 'UCxqPAgubo4coVn9Lx1FuKcg',
+            'channel': 'Bangy Shorts',
+            'uploader': 'Bangy Shorts',
+            'tags': [],
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'modified_date': r're:\d{8}',
+            'title': 'Uploads from Bangy Shorts',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 100,
+        'expected_warnings': [r'[Uu]navailable videos (are|will be) hidden'],
+    }, {
+        # TODO: fix channel_is_verified extraction
+        'note': 'Tags containing spaces',
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7_YxT-KID8kRbqZo7MyscQ',
+        'playlist_count': 3,
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'UC7_YxT-KID8kRbqZo7MyscQ',
+            'channel': 'Markiplier',
+            'channel_id': 'UC7_YxT-KID8kRbqZo7MyscQ',
+            'title': 'Markiplier',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'description': 'md5:0c010910558658824402809750dc5d97',
+            'uploader_id': '@markiplier',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@markiplier',
+            'uploader': 'Markiplier',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7_YxT-KID8kRbqZo7MyscQ',
+            'channel_is_verified': True,
+            'tags': ['markiplier', 'comedy', 'gaming', 'funny videos', 'funny moments',
+                     'sketch comedy', 'laughing', 'lets play', 'challenge videos', 'hilarious',
+                     'challenges', 'sketches', 'scary games', 'funny games', 'rage games',
+                     'mark fischbach'],
+        },
+    }, {
+        # https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12933
+        'note': 'streams tab, some scheduled streams. Empty intermediate response with only continuation - must follow',
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@sbcitygov/streams',
+        'playlist_mincount': 150,
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'UCH6-qfQwlUgz9SAf05jvc_w',
+            'channel': 'sbcitygov',
+            'channel_id': 'UCH6-qfQwlUgz9SAf05jvc_w',
+            'title': 'sbcitygov - Live',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'description': 'md5:ca1a92059835c071e33b3db52f4a6d67',
+            'uploader_id': '@sbcitygov',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@sbcitygov',
+            'uploader': 'sbcitygov',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCH6-qfQwlUgz9SAf05jvc_w',
+            'tags': [],
+        },
+    }]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def suitable(cls, url):
+        return False if YoutubeIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
+
+    _URL_RE = re.compile(rf'(?P<pre>{_VALID_URL})(?(not_channel)|(?P<tab>/[^?#/]+))?(?P<post>.*)$')
+
+    def _get_url_mobj(self, url):
+        mobj = self._URL_RE.match(url).groupdict()
+        mobj.update((k, '') for k, v in mobj.items() if v is None)
+        return mobj
+
+    def _extract_tab_id_and_name(self, tab, base_url='https://www.youtube.com'):
+        tab_name = (tab.get('title') or '').lower()
+        tab_url = urljoin(base_url, traverse_obj(
+            tab, ('endpoint', 'commandMetadata', 'webCommandMetadata', 'url')))
+
+        tab_id = ((tab_url and self._get_url_mobj(tab_url)['tab'][1:])
+                  or traverse_obj(tab, 'tabIdentifier', expected_type=str))
+        if tab_id:
+            return {
+                'TAB_ID_SPONSORSHIPS': 'membership',
+            }.get(tab_id, tab_id), tab_name
+
+        # Fallback to tab name if we cannot get the tab id.
+        # XXX: should we strip non-ascii letters? e.g. in case of 'let's play' tab example on special gaming channel
+        # Note that in the case of translated tab name this may result in an empty string, which we don't want.
+        if tab_name:
+            self.write_debug(f'Falling back to selected tab name: {tab_name}')
+        return {
+            'home': 'featured',
+            'live': 'streams',
+        }.get(tab_name, tab_name), tab_name
+
+    def _has_tab(self, tabs, tab_id):
+        return any(self._extract_tab_id_and_name(tab)[0] == tab_id for tab in tabs)
+
+    def _empty_playlist(self, item_id, data):
+        return self.playlist_result([], item_id, **self._extract_metadata_from_tabs(item_id, data))
+
+    @YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor.passthrough_smuggled_data
+    def _real_extract(self, url, smuggled_data):
+        item_id = self._match_id(url)
+        url = urllib.parse.urlunparse(
+            urllib.parse.urlparse(url)._replace(netloc='www.youtube.com'))
+        compat_opts = self.get_param('compat_opts', [])
+
+        mobj = self._get_url_mobj(url)
+        pre, tab, post, is_channel = mobj['pre'], mobj['tab'], mobj['post'], not mobj['not_channel']
+        if is_channel and smuggled_data.get('is_music_url'):
+            if item_id[:2] == 'VL':  # Youtube music VL channels have an equivalent playlist
+                return self.url_result(
+                    f'https://music.youtube.com/playlist?list={item_id[2:]}', YoutubeTabIE, item_id[2:])
+            elif item_id[:2] == 'MP':  # Resolve albums (/[channel/browse]/MP...) to their equivalent playlist
+                mdata = self._extract_tab_endpoint(
+                    f'https://music.youtube.com/channel/{item_id}', item_id, default_client='web_music')
+                murl = traverse_obj(mdata, ('microformat', 'microformatDataRenderer', 'urlCanonical'),
+                                    get_all=False, expected_type=str)
+                if not murl:
+                    raise ExtractorError('Failed to resolve album to playlist')
+                return self.url_result(murl, YoutubeTabIE)
+            elif mobj['channel_type'] == 'browse':  # Youtube music /browse/ should be changed to /channel/
+                return self.url_result(
+                    f'https://music.youtube.com/channel/{item_id}{tab}{post}', YoutubeTabIE, item_id)
+
+        original_tab_id, display_id = tab[1:], f'{item_id}{tab}'
+        if is_channel and not tab and 'no-youtube-channel-redirect' not in compat_opts:
+            url = f'{pre}/videos{post}'
+        if smuggled_data.get('is_music_url'):
+            self.report_warning(f'YouTube Music is not directly supported. Redirecting to {url}')
+
+        # Handle both video/playlist URLs
+        qs = parse_qs(url)
+        video_id, playlist_id = (traverse_obj(qs, (key, 0)) for key in ('v', 'list'))
+        if not video_id and mobj['not_channel'].startswith('watch'):
+            if not playlist_id:
+                # If there is neither video or playlist ids, youtube redirects to home page, which is undesirable
+                raise ExtractorError('A video URL was given without video ID', expected=True)
+            # Common mistake: https://www.youtube.com/watch?list=playlist_id
+            self.report_warning(f'A video URL was given without video ID. Trying to download playlist {playlist_id}')
+            return self.url_result(
+                f'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list={playlist_id}', YoutubeTabIE, playlist_id)
+
+        if not self._yes_playlist(playlist_id, video_id):
+            return self.url_result(
+                f'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v={video_id}', YoutubeIE, video_id)
+
+        data, ytcfg = self._extract_data(url, display_id)
+
+        # YouTube may provide a non-standard redirect to the regional channel
+        # See: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/2694
+        # https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/2976814#zippy=,conditional-redirects
+        redirect_url = traverse_obj(
+            data, ('onResponseReceivedActions', ..., 'navigateAction', 'endpoint', 'commandMetadata', 'webCommandMetadata', 'url'), get_all=False)
+        if redirect_url and 'no-youtube-channel-redirect' not in compat_opts:
+            redirect_url = ''.join((urljoin('https://www.youtube.com', redirect_url), tab, post))
+            self.to_screen(f'This playlist is likely not available in your region. Following conditional redirect to {redirect_url}')
+            return self.url_result(redirect_url, YoutubeTabIE)
+
+        tabs, extra_tabs = self._extract_tab_renderers(data), []
+        if is_channel and tabs and 'no-youtube-channel-redirect' not in compat_opts:
+            selected_tab = self._extract_selected_tab(tabs)
+            selected_tab_id, selected_tab_name = self._extract_tab_id_and_name(selected_tab, url)  # NB: Name may be translated
+            self.write_debug(f'Selected tab: {selected_tab_id!r} ({selected_tab_name}), Requested tab: {original_tab_id!r}')
+
+            # /about is no longer a tab
+            if original_tab_id == 'about':
+                return self._empty_playlist(item_id, data)
+
+            if not original_tab_id and selected_tab_name:
+                self.to_screen('Downloading all uploads of the channel. '
+                               'To download only the videos in a specific tab, pass the tab\'s URL')
+                if self._has_tab(tabs, 'streams'):
+                    extra_tabs.append(''.join((pre, '/streams', post)))
+                if self._has_tab(tabs, 'shorts'):
+                    extra_tabs.append(''.join((pre, '/shorts', post)))
+                # XXX: Members-only tab should also be extracted
+
+                if not extra_tabs and selected_tab_id != 'videos':
+                    # Channel does not have streams, shorts or videos tabs
+                    if item_id[:2] != 'UC':
+                        return self._empty_playlist(item_id, data)
+
+                    # Topic channels don't have /videos. Use the equivalent playlist instead
+                    pl_id = f'UU{item_id[2:]}'
+                    pl_url = f'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list={pl_id}'
+                    try:
+                        data, ytcfg = self._extract_data(pl_url, pl_id, ytcfg=ytcfg, fatal=True, webpage_fatal=True)
+                    except ExtractorError:
+                        return self._empty_playlist(item_id, data)
+                    else:
+                        item_id, url = pl_id, pl_url
+                        self.to_screen(
+                            f'The channel does not have a videos, shorts, or live tab. Redirecting to playlist {pl_id} instead')
+
+                elif extra_tabs and selected_tab_id != 'videos':
+                    # When there are shorts/live tabs but not videos tab
+                    url, data = f'{pre}{post}', None
+
+            elif (original_tab_id or 'videos') != selected_tab_id:
+                if original_tab_id == 'live':
+                    # Live tab should have redirected to the video
+                    # Except in the case the channel has an actual live tab
+                    # Example: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEH7P7kyJIkS_gJf93VYbmg/live
+                    raise UserNotLive(video_id=item_id)
+                elif selected_tab_name:
+                    raise ExtractorError(f'This channel does not have a {original_tab_id} tab', expected=True)
+
+                # For channels such as https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCtFRv9O2AHqOZjjynzrv-xg
+                url = f'{pre}{post}'
+
+        # YouTube sometimes provides a button to reload playlist with unavailable videos.
+        if 'no-youtube-unavailable-videos' not in compat_opts:
+            data = self._reload_with_unavailable_videos(display_id, data, ytcfg) or data
+        self._extract_and_report_alerts(data, only_once=True)
+
+        tabs, entries = self._extract_tab_renderers(data), []
+        if tabs:
+            entries = [self._extract_from_tabs(item_id, ytcfg, data, tabs)]
+            entries[0].update({
+                'extractor_key': YoutubeTabIE.ie_key(),
+                'extractor': YoutubeTabIE.IE_NAME,
+                'webpage_url': url,
+            })
+        if self.get_param('playlist_items') == '0':
+            entries.extend(self.url_result(u, YoutubeTabIE) for u in extra_tabs)
+        else:  # Users expect to get all `video_id`s even with `--flat-playlist`. So don't return `url_result`
+            entries.extend(map(self._real_extract, extra_tabs))
+
+        if len(entries) == 1:
+            return entries[0]
+        elif entries:
+            metadata = self._extract_metadata_from_tabs(item_id, data)
+            uploads_url = 'the Uploads (UU) playlist URL'
+            if try_get(metadata, lambda x: x['channel_id'].startswith('UC')):
+                uploads_url = f'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=UU{metadata["channel_id"][2:]}'
+            self.to_screen(
+                'Downloading as multiple playlists, separated by tabs. '
+                f'To download as a single playlist instead, pass {uploads_url}')
+            return self.playlist_result(entries, item_id, **metadata)
+
+        # Inline playlist
+        playlist = traverse_obj(
+            data, ('contents', 'twoColumnWatchNextResults', 'playlist', 'playlist'), expected_type=dict)
+        if playlist:
+            return self._extract_from_playlist(item_id, url, data, playlist, ytcfg)
+
+        video_id = traverse_obj(
+            data, ('currentVideoEndpoint', 'watchEndpoint', 'videoId'), expected_type=str) or video_id
+        if video_id:
+            if tab != '/live':  # live tab is expected to redirect to video
+                self.report_warning(f'Unable to recognize playlist. Downloading just video {video_id}')
+            return self.url_result(f'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v={video_id}', YoutubeIE, video_id)
+
+        raise ExtractorError('Unable to recognize tab page')
+
+
+# xxx: This is tightly coupled to YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor. Should be decoupled at some point
+class YoutubePlaylistIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
+    IE_DESC = 'YouTube playlists'
+    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)(?:
+                        (?:https?://)?
+                        (?:\w+\.)?
+                        (?:
+                            (?:
+                                youtube(?:kids)?\.com|
+                                {invidious}
+                            )
+                            /.*?\?.*?\blist=
+                        )?
+                        (?P<id>{playlist_id})
+                     )'''.format(
+        playlist_id=YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor._PLAYLIST_ID_RE,
+        invidious='|'.join(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor._INVIDIOUS_SITES),
+    )
+    IE_NAME = 'youtube:playlist'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        # TODO: fix availability extraction
+        'note': 'issue #673',
+        'url': 'PLBB231211A4F62143',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'title': 'Team Fortress 2 [2010 Version]',
+            'id': 'PLBB231211A4F62143',
+            'uploader': 'Wickman Wish',
+            'uploader_id': '@WickmanWish',
+            'description': 'md5:8fa6f52abb47a9552002fa3ddfc57fc2',
+            'view_count': int,
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@WickmanWish',
+            'modified_date': r're:\d{8}',
+            'channel_id': 'UCKSpbfbl5kRQpTdL7kMc-1Q',
+            'channel': 'Wickman Wish',
+            'tags': [],
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKSpbfbl5kRQpTdL7kMc-1Q',
+            'availability': 'public',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 29,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'PLtPgu7CB4gbY9oDN3drwC3cMbJggS7dKl',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'title': 'YDL_safe_search',
+            'id': 'PLtPgu7CB4gbY9oDN3drwC3cMbJggS7dKl',
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 2,
+        'skip': 'This playlist is private',
+    }, {
+        # TODO: fix availability extraction
+        'note': 'embedded',
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/embed/videoseries?list=PL6IaIsEjSbf96XFRuNccS_RuEXwNdsoEu',
+        'playlist_count': 4,
+        'info_dict': {
+            'title': 'JODA15',
+            'id': 'PL6IaIsEjSbf96XFRuNccS_RuEXwNdsoEu',
+            'uploader': 'milan',
+            'uploader_id': '@milan5503',
+            'description': '',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEI1-PVPcYXjB73Hfelbmaw',
+            'tags': [],
+            'modified_date': '20140919',
+            'view_count': int,
+            'channel': 'milan',
+            'channel_id': 'UCEI1-PVPcYXjB73Hfelbmaw',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@milan5503',
+            'availability': 'public',
+        },
+        'expected_warnings': [r'[Uu]navailable videos? (is|are|will be) hidden', 'Retrying', 'Giving up'],
+    }, {
+        # TODO: fix availability extraction
+        'url': 'http://www.youtube.com/embed/_xDOZElKyNU?list=PLsyOSbh5bs16vubvKePAQ1x3PhKavfBIl',
+        'playlist_mincount': 455,
+        'info_dict': {
+            'title': '2018 Chinese New Singles (11/6 updated)',
+            'id': 'PLsyOSbh5bs16vubvKePAQ1x3PhKavfBIl',
+            'uploader': 'LBK',
+            'uploader_id': '@music_king',
+            'description': 'md5:da521864744d60a198e3a88af4db0d9d',
+            'channel': 'LBK',
+            'view_count': int,
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC21nz3_MesPLqtDqwdvnoxA',
+            'tags': [],
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@music_king',
+            'channel_id': 'UC21nz3_MesPLqtDqwdvnoxA',
+            'modified_date': r're:\d{8}',
+            'availability': 'public',
+        },
+        'expected_warnings': [r'[Uu]navailable videos (are|will be) hidden'],
+    }, {
+        'url': 'TLGGrESM50VT6acwMjAyMjAxNw',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # music album playlist
+        'url': 'OLAK5uy_m4xAFdmMC5rX3Ji3g93pQe3hqLZw_9LhM',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def suitable(cls, url):
+        if YoutubeTabIE.suitable(url):
+            return False
+        from yt_dlp.utils import parse_qs
+        qs = parse_qs(url)
+        if qs.get('v', [None])[0]:
+            return False
+        return super().suitable(url)
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
+        is_music_url = YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor.is_music_url(url)
+        url = update_url_query(
+            'https://www.youtube.com/playlist',
+            parse_qs(url) or {'list': playlist_id})
+        if is_music_url:
+            url = smuggle_url(url, {'is_music_url': True})
+        return self.url_result(url, ie=YoutubeTabIE.ie_key(), video_id=playlist_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/_video.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/_video.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6dba724cee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/_video.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4427 @@
+import base64
+import binascii
+import collections
+import datetime as dt
+import functools
+import itertools
+import json
+import math
+import os.path
+import random
+import re
+import sys
+import threading
+import time
+import traceback
+import urllib.parse
+
+from ._base import (
+    INNERTUBE_CLIENTS,
+    BadgeType,
+    GvsPoTokenPolicy,
+    PlayerPoTokenPolicy,
+    StreamingProtocol,
+    YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor,
+    _PoTokenContext,
+    _split_innertube_client,
+    short_client_name,
+)
+from .pot._director import initialize_pot_director
+from .pot.provider import PoTokenContext, PoTokenRequest
+from ..openload import PhantomJSwrapper
+from ...jsinterp import JSInterpreter, LocalNameSpace
+from ...networking.exceptions import HTTPError
+from ...utils import (
+    NO_DEFAULT,
+    ExtractorError,
+    LazyList,
+    bug_reports_message,
+    clean_html,
+    datetime_from_str,
+    filesize_from_tbr,
+    filter_dict,
+    float_or_none,
+    format_field,
+    get_first,
+    int_or_none,
+    join_nonempty,
+    js_to_json,
+    mimetype2ext,
+    orderedSet,
+    parse_codecs,
+    parse_count,
+    parse_duration,
+    parse_iso8601,
+    parse_qs,
+    qualities,
+    remove_end,
+    remove_start,
+    smuggle_url,
+    str_or_none,
+    str_to_int,
+    strftime_or_none,
+    traverse_obj,
+    try_call,
+    try_get,
+    unescapeHTML,
+    unified_strdate,
+    unsmuggle_url,
+    update_url_query,
+    url_or_none,
+    urljoin,
+    variadic,
+)
+from ...utils.networking import clean_headers, clean_proxies, select_proxy
+
+STREAMING_DATA_CLIENT_NAME = '__yt_dlp_client'
+STREAMING_DATA_FETCH_SUBS_PO_TOKEN = '__yt_dlp_fetch_subs_po_token'
+STREAMING_DATA_FETCH_GVS_PO_TOKEN = '__yt_dlp_fetch_gvs_po_token'
+STREAMING_DATA_PLAYER_TOKEN_PROVIDED = '__yt_dlp_player_token_provided'
+STREAMING_DATA_INNERTUBE_CONTEXT = '__yt_dlp_innertube_context'
+STREAMING_DATA_IS_PREMIUM_SUBSCRIBER = '__yt_dlp_is_premium_subscriber'
+STREAMING_DATA_FETCHED_TIMESTAMP = '__yt_dlp_fetched_timestamp'
+
+PO_TOKEN_GUIDE_URL = 'https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/wiki/PO-Token-Guide'
+
+
+class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
+    IE_DESC = 'YouTube'
+    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)^
+                     (
+                         (?:https?://|//)                                    # http(s):// or protocol-independent URL
+                         (?:(?:(?:(?:\w+\.)?[yY][oO][uU][tT][uU][bB][eE](?:-nocookie|kids)?\.com|
+                            (?:www\.)?deturl\.com/www\.youtube\.com|
+                            (?:www\.)?pwnyoutube\.com|
+                            (?:www\.)?hooktube\.com|
+                            (?:www\.)?yourepeat\.com|
+                            tube\.majestyc\.net|
+                            {invidious}|
+                            youtube\.googleapis\.com)/                        # the various hostnames, with wildcard subdomains
+                         (?:.*?\#/)?                                          # handle anchor (#/) redirect urls
+                         (?:                                                  # the various things that can precede the ID:
+                             (?:(?:v|embed|e|shorts|live)/(?!videoseries|live_stream))  # v/ or embed/ or e/ or shorts/
+                             |(?:                                             # or the v= param in all its forms
+                                 (?:(?:watch|movie)(?:_popup)?(?:\.php)?/?)?  # preceding watch(_popup|.php) or nothing (like /?v=xxxx)
+                                 (?:\?|\#!?)                                  # the params delimiter ? or # or #!
+                                 (?:.*?[&;])??                                # any other preceding param (like /?s=tuff&v=xxxx or ?s=tuff&amp;v=V36LpHqtcDY)
+                                 v=
+                             )
+                         ))
+                         |(?:
+                            youtu\.be|                                        # just youtu.be/xxxx
+                            vid\.plus|                                        # or vid.plus/xxxx
+                            zwearz\.com/watch|                                # or zwearz.com/watch/xxxx
+                            {invidious}
+                         )/
+                         |(?:www\.)?cleanvideosearch\.com/media/action/yt/watch\?videoId=
+                         )
+                     )?                                                       # all until now is optional -> you can pass the naked ID
+                     (?P<id>[0-9A-Za-z_-]{{11}})                              # here is it! the YouTube video ID
+                     (?(1).+)?                                                # if we found the ID, everything can follow
+                     (?:\#|$)'''.format(
+        invidious='|'.join(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor._INVIDIOUS_SITES),
+    )
+    _EMBED_REGEX = [
+        r'''(?x)
+            (?:
+                <(?:[0-9A-Za-z-]+?)?iframe[^>]+?src=|
+                data-video-url=|
+                <embed[^>]+?src=|
+                embedSWF\(?:\s*|
+                <object[^>]+data=|
+                new\s+SWFObject\(
+            )
+            (["\'])
+                (?P<url>(?:https?:)?//(?:www\.)?youtube(?:-nocookie)?\.com/
+                (?:embed|v|p)/[0-9A-Za-z_-]{11}.*?)
+            \1''',
+        # https://wordpress.org/plugins/lazy-load-for-videos/
+        r'''(?xs)
+            <a\s[^>]*\bhref="(?P<url>https://www\.youtube\.com/watch\?v=[0-9A-Za-z_-]{11})"
+            \s[^>]*\bclass="[^"]*\blazy-load-youtube''',
+    ]
+    _RETURN_TYPE = 'video'  # XXX: How to handle multifeed?
+
+    _PLAYER_INFO_RE = (
+        r'/s/player/(?P<id>[a-zA-Z0-9_-]{8,})/(?:tv-)?player',
+        r'/(?P<id>[a-zA-Z0-9_-]{8,})/player(?:_ias\.vflset(?:/[a-zA-Z]{2,3}_[a-zA-Z]{2,3})?|-plasma-ias-(?:phone|tablet)-[a-z]{2}_[A-Z]{2}\.vflset)/base\.js$',
+        r'\b(?P<id>vfl[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+)\b.*?\.js$',
+    )
+    _formats = {  # NB: Used in YoutubeWebArchiveIE and GoogleDriveIE
+        '5': {'ext': 'flv', 'width': 400, 'height': 240, 'acodec': 'mp3', 'abr': 64, 'vcodec': 'h263'},
+        '6': {'ext': 'flv', 'width': 450, 'height': 270, 'acodec': 'mp3', 'abr': 64, 'vcodec': 'h263'},
+        '13': {'ext': '3gp', 'acodec': 'aac', 'vcodec': 'mp4v'},
+        '17': {'ext': '3gp', 'width': 176, 'height': 144, 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 24, 'vcodec': 'mp4v'},
+        '18': {'ext': 'mp4', 'width': 640, 'height': 360, 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 96, 'vcodec': 'h264'},
+        '22': {'ext': 'mp4', 'width': 1280, 'height': 720, 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 192, 'vcodec': 'h264'},
+        '34': {'ext': 'flv', 'width': 640, 'height': 360, 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 128, 'vcodec': 'h264'},
+        '35': {'ext': 'flv', 'width': 854, 'height': 480, 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 128, 'vcodec': 'h264'},
+        # itag 36 videos are either 320x180 (BaW_jenozKc) or 320x240 (__2ABJjxzNo), abr varies as well
+        '36': {'ext': '3gp', 'width': 320, 'acodec': 'aac', 'vcodec': 'mp4v'},
+        '37': {'ext': 'mp4', 'width': 1920, 'height': 1080, 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 192, 'vcodec': 'h264'},
+        '38': {'ext': 'mp4', 'width': 4096, 'height': 3072, 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 192, 'vcodec': 'h264'},
+        '43': {'ext': 'webm', 'width': 640, 'height': 360, 'acodec': 'vorbis', 'abr': 128, 'vcodec': 'vp8'},
+        '44': {'ext': 'webm', 'width': 854, 'height': 480, 'acodec': 'vorbis', 'abr': 128, 'vcodec': 'vp8'},
+        '45': {'ext': 'webm', 'width': 1280, 'height': 720, 'acodec': 'vorbis', 'abr': 192, 'vcodec': 'vp8'},
+        '46': {'ext': 'webm', 'width': 1920, 'height': 1080, 'acodec': 'vorbis', 'abr': 192, 'vcodec': 'vp8'},
+        '59': {'ext': 'mp4', 'width': 854, 'height': 480, 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 128, 'vcodec': 'h264'},
+        '78': {'ext': 'mp4', 'width': 854, 'height': 480, 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 128, 'vcodec': 'h264'},
+
+
+        # 3D videos
+        '82': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 360, 'format_note': '3D', 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 128, 'vcodec': 'h264', 'preference': -20},
+        '83': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 480, 'format_note': '3D', 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 128, 'vcodec': 'h264', 'preference': -20},
+        '84': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 720, 'format_note': '3D', 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 192, 'vcodec': 'h264', 'preference': -20},
+        '85': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 1080, 'format_note': '3D', 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 192, 'vcodec': 'h264', 'preference': -20},
+        '100': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 360, 'format_note': '3D', 'acodec': 'vorbis', 'abr': 128, 'vcodec': 'vp8', 'preference': -20},
+        '101': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 480, 'format_note': '3D', 'acodec': 'vorbis', 'abr': 192, 'vcodec': 'vp8', 'preference': -20},
+        '102': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 720, 'format_note': '3D', 'acodec': 'vorbis', 'abr': 192, 'vcodec': 'vp8', 'preference': -20},
+
+        # Apple HTTP Live Streaming
+        '91': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 144, 'format_note': 'HLS', 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 48, 'vcodec': 'h264', 'preference': -10},
+        '92': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 240, 'format_note': 'HLS', 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 48, 'vcodec': 'h264', 'preference': -10},
+        '93': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 360, 'format_note': 'HLS', 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 128, 'vcodec': 'h264', 'preference': -10},
+        '94': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 480, 'format_note': 'HLS', 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 128, 'vcodec': 'h264', 'preference': -10},
+        '95': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 720, 'format_note': 'HLS', 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 256, 'vcodec': 'h264', 'preference': -10},
+        '96': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 1080, 'format_note': 'HLS', 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 256, 'vcodec': 'h264', 'preference': -10},
+        '132': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 240, 'format_note': 'HLS', 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 48, 'vcodec': 'h264', 'preference': -10},
+        '151': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 72, 'format_note': 'HLS', 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 24, 'vcodec': 'h264', 'preference': -10},
+
+        # DASH mp4 video
+        '133': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 240, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'h264'},
+        '134': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 360, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'h264'},
+        '135': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 480, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'h264'},
+        '136': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 720, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'h264'},
+        '137': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 1080, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'h264'},
+        '138': {'ext': 'mp4', 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'h264'},  # Height can vary (https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/4559)
+        '160': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 144, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'h264'},
+        '212': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 480, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'h264'},
+        '264': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 1440, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'h264'},
+        '298': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 720, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'h264', 'fps': 60},
+        '299': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 1080, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'h264', 'fps': 60},
+        '266': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 2160, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'h264'},
+
+        # Dash mp4 audio
+        '139': {'ext': 'm4a', 'format_note': 'DASH audio', 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 48, 'container': 'm4a_dash'},
+        '140': {'ext': 'm4a', 'format_note': 'DASH audio', 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 128, 'container': 'm4a_dash'},
+        '141': {'ext': 'm4a', 'format_note': 'DASH audio', 'acodec': 'aac', 'abr': 256, 'container': 'm4a_dash'},
+        '256': {'ext': 'm4a', 'format_note': 'DASH audio', 'acodec': 'aac', 'container': 'm4a_dash'},
+        '258': {'ext': 'm4a', 'format_note': 'DASH audio', 'acodec': 'aac', 'container': 'm4a_dash'},
+        '325': {'ext': 'm4a', 'format_note': 'DASH audio', 'acodec': 'dtse', 'container': 'm4a_dash'},
+        '328': {'ext': 'm4a', 'format_note': 'DASH audio', 'acodec': 'ec-3', 'container': 'm4a_dash'},
+
+        # Dash webm
+        '167': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 360, 'width': 640, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'container': 'webm', 'vcodec': 'vp8'},
+        '168': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 480, 'width': 854, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'container': 'webm', 'vcodec': 'vp8'},
+        '169': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 720, 'width': 1280, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'container': 'webm', 'vcodec': 'vp8'},
+        '170': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 1080, 'width': 1920, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'container': 'webm', 'vcodec': 'vp8'},
+        '218': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 480, 'width': 854, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'container': 'webm', 'vcodec': 'vp8'},
+        '219': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 480, 'width': 854, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'container': 'webm', 'vcodec': 'vp8'},
+        '278': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 144, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'container': 'webm', 'vcodec': 'vp9'},
+        '242': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 240, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'vp9'},
+        '243': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 360, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'vp9'},
+        '244': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 480, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'vp9'},
+        '245': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 480, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'vp9'},
+        '246': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 480, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'vp9'},
+        '247': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 720, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'vp9'},
+        '248': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 1080, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'vp9'},
+        '271': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 1440, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'vp9'},
+        # itag 272 videos are either 3840x2160 (e.g. RtoitU2A-3E) or 7680x4320 (sLprVF6d7Ug)
+        '272': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 2160, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'vp9'},
+        '302': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 720, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'vp9', 'fps': 60},
+        '303': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 1080, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'vp9', 'fps': 60},
+        '308': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 1440, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'vp9', 'fps': 60},
+        '313': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 2160, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'vp9'},
+        '315': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 2160, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'vp9', 'fps': 60},
+
+        # Dash webm audio
+        '171': {'ext': 'webm', 'acodec': 'vorbis', 'format_note': 'DASH audio', 'abr': 128},
+        '172': {'ext': 'webm', 'acodec': 'vorbis', 'format_note': 'DASH audio', 'abr': 256},
+
+        # Dash webm audio with opus inside
+        '249': {'ext': 'webm', 'format_note': 'DASH audio', 'acodec': 'opus', 'abr': 50},
+        '250': {'ext': 'webm', 'format_note': 'DASH audio', 'acodec': 'opus', 'abr': 70},
+        '251': {'ext': 'webm', 'format_note': 'DASH audio', 'acodec': 'opus', 'abr': 160},
+
+        # RTMP (unnamed)
+        '_rtmp': {'protocol': 'rtmp'},
+
+        # av01 video only formats sometimes served with "unknown" codecs
+        '394': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 144, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'av01.0.00M.08'},
+        '395': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 240, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'av01.0.00M.08'},
+        '396': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 360, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'av01.0.01M.08'},
+        '397': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 480, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'av01.0.04M.08'},
+        '398': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 720, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'av01.0.05M.08'},
+        '399': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 1080, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'av01.0.08M.08'},
+        '400': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 1440, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'av01.0.12M.08'},
+        '401': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 2160, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'vcodec': 'av01.0.12M.08'},
+    }
+    _SUBTITLE_FORMATS = ('json3', 'srv1', 'srv2', 'srv3', 'ttml', 'srt', 'vtt')
+    _DEFAULT_CLIENTS = ('tv_simply', 'tv', 'web')
+    _DEFAULT_AUTHED_CLIENTS = ('tv', 'web_safari', 'web')
+    # Premium does not require POT (except for subtitles)
+    _DEFAULT_PREMIUM_CLIENTS = ('tv', 'web_creator', 'web')
+
+    _GEO_BYPASS = False
+
+    IE_NAME = 'youtube'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaW_jenozKc&t=1s&end=9',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'BaW_jenozKc',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'youtube-dl test video "\'/\\ä↭�',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'categories': ['Science & Technology'],
+            'channel': 'Philipp Hagemeister',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UCLqxVugv74EIW3VWh2NOa3Q',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCLqxVugv74EIW3VWh2NOa3Q',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'description': 'md5:8fb536f4877b8a7455c2ec23794dbc22',
+            'duration': 10,
+            'end_time': 9,
+            'heatmap': 'count:100',
+            'like_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'start_time': 1,
+            'tags': 'count:1',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1349198244,
+            'upload_date': '20121002',
+            'uploader': 'Philipp Hagemeister',
+            'uploader_id': '@PhilippHagemeister',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@PhilippHagemeister',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'skip': 'Video unavailable',
+    }, {
+        'note': 'Embed-only video (#1746)',
+        'url': '//www.YouTube.com/watch?v=yZIXLfi8CZQ',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'yZIXLfi8CZQ',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Principal Sexually Assaults A Teacher - Episode 117 - 8th June 2012',
+            'age_limit': 18,
+            'description': 'md5:09b78bd971f1e3e289601dfba15ca4f7',
+            'upload_date': '20120608',
+        },
+        'skip': 'Private video',
+    }, {
+        'note': 'Use the first video ID in the URL',
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaW_jenozKc&v=yZIXLfi8CZQ',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'BaW_jenozKc',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'youtube-dl test video "\'/\\ä↭�',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'categories': ['Science & Technology'],
+            'channel': 'Philipp Hagemeister',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UCLqxVugv74EIW3VWh2NOa3Q',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCLqxVugv74EIW3VWh2NOa3Q',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'description': 'md5:8fb536f4877b8a7455c2ec23794dbc22',
+            'duration': 10,
+            'heatmap': 'count:100',
+            'like_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'tags': 'count:1',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1349198244,
+            'upload_date': '20121002',
+            'uploader': 'Philipp Hagemeister',
+            'uploader_id': '@PhilippHagemeister',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@PhilippHagemeister',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'skip': 'Video unavailable',
+    }, {
+        'note': '256k DASH audio (format 141) via DASH manifest',
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a9LDPn-MO4I',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'a9LDPn-MO4I',
+            'ext': 'm4a',
+            'title': 'UHDTV TEST 8K VIDEO.mp4',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'categories': ['Science & Technology'],
+            'channel': '8KVIDEO',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UC8cn-cnCZ2FnxmjfkoLGpsQ',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC8cn-cnCZ2FnxmjfkoLGpsQ',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'description': '',
+            'duration': 60,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'media_type': 'video',
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'tags': 'count:8',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1349185252,
+            'upload_date': '20121002',
+            'uploader': '8KVIDEO',
+            'uploader_id': '@8KVIDEO',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@8KVIDEO',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'format': '141',
+            'skip_download': True,
+            'youtube_include_dash_manifest': True,
+        },
+        'skip': 'format 141 not served anymore',
+    }, {
+        # DASH manifest with encrypted signature
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IB3lcPjvWLA',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'IB3lcPjvWLA',
+            'ext': 'm4a',
+            'title': 'Afrojack, Spree Wilson - The Spark (Official Music Video) ft. Spree Wilson',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'categories': ['Music'],
+            'channel': 'Afrojack',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UChuZAo1RKL85gev3Eal9_zg',
+            'channel_is_verified': True,
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChuZAo1RKL85gev3Eal9_zg',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'description': 'md5:8f5e2b82460520b619ccac1f509d43bf',
+            'duration': 244,
+            'heatmap': 'count:100',
+            'like_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'media_type': 'video',
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'tags': 'count:19',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1381496404,
+            'upload_date': '20131011',
+            'uploader': 'Afrojack',
+            'uploader_id': '@AfrojackVEVO',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@AfrojackVEVO',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'format': '141/bestaudio[ext=m4a]',
+            'skip_download': True,
+            'youtube_include_dash_manifest': True,
+        },
+    }, {
+        # Age-gated video
+        # https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/pull/575#issuecomment-888837000
+        'note': 'Embed allowed age-gated video; works with web_embedded',
+        'url': 'https://youtube.com/watch?v=HtVdAasjOgU',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'HtVdAasjOgU',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt - The Sword Of Destiny Trailer',
+            'age_limit': 18,
+            'availability': 'needs_auth',
+            'categories': ['Gaming'],
+            'channel': 'The Witcher',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UCzybXLxv08IApdjdN0mJhEg',
+            'channel_is_verified': True,
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzybXLxv08IApdjdN0mJhEg',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'description': 'md5:595a43060c51c2a8cb61dd33c18e5fbd',
+            'duration': 142,
+            'heatmap': 'count:100',
+            'like_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'media_type': 'video',
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'tags': 'count:17',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1401991663,
+            'upload_date': '20140605',
+            'uploader': 'The Witcher',
+            'uploader_id': '@thewitcher',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@thewitcher',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
+        'skip': 'Age-restricted; requires authentication',
+    }, {
+        'note': 'Formerly an age-gated video with embed allowed in public site',
+        'url': 'https://youtube.com/watch?v=HsUATh_Nc2U',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'HsUATh_Nc2U',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Godzilla 2 (Official Video)',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'categories': ['Entertainment'],
+            'channel': 'FlyingKitty',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UCYQT13AtrJC0gsM1far_zJg',
+            'channel_is_verified': True,
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYQT13AtrJC0gsM1far_zJg',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'description': 'md5:bf77e03fcae5529475e500129b05668a',
+            'duration': 177,
+            'heatmap': 'count:100',
+            'like_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'media_type': 'video',
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'tags': 'count:2',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1586358900,
+            'upload_date': '20200408',
+            'uploader': 'FlyingKitty',
+            'uploader_id': '@FlyingKitty900',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@FlyingKitty900',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
+    }, {
+        'note': 'Age-gated video embedable only with clientScreen=EMBED',
+        'url': 'https://youtube.com/watch?v=Tq92D6wQ1mg',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'Tq92D6wQ1mg',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '[MMD] Adios - EVERGLOW [+Motion DL]',
+            'age_limit': 18,
+            'availability': 'needs_auth',
+            'categories': ['Entertainment'],
+            'channel': 'Projekt Melody',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UC1yoRdFoFJaCY-AGfD9W0wQ',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1yoRdFoFJaCY-AGfD9W0wQ',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'description': 'md5:17eccca93a786d51bc67646756894066',
+            'duration': 106,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'media_type': 'video',
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'tags': 'count:5',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1577508724,
+            'upload_date': '20191228',
+            'uploader': 'Projekt Melody',
+            'uploader_id': '@ProjektMelody',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@ProjektMelody',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'skip': 'Age-restricted; requires authentication',
+    }, {
+        'note': 'Non-age-gated non-embeddable video',
+        'url': 'https://youtube.com/watch?v=MeJVWBSsPAY',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'MeJVWBSsPAY',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'OOMPH! - Such Mich Find Mich (Lyrics)',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'categories': ['Music'],
+            'channel': 'Herr Lurik',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UCdR3RSDPqub28LjZx0v9-aA',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdR3RSDPqub28LjZx0v9-aA',
+            'description': 'md5:205c1049102a4dffa61e4831c1f16851',
+            'duration': 210,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'media_type': 'video',
+            'playable_in_embed': False,
+            'tags': 'count:5',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1375214517,
+            'upload_date': '20130730',
+            'uploader': 'Herr Lurik',
+            'uploader_id': '@HerrLurik',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@HerrLurik',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+    }, {
+        'note': 'Non-bypassable age-gated video',
+        'url': 'https://youtube.com/watch?v=Cr381pDsSsA',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # video_info is None
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/4421
+        # YouTube Red ad is not captured for creator
+        'url': '__2ABJjxzNo',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '__2ABJjxzNo',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Deadmau5 - Some Chords (HD)',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'categories': ['Music'],
+            'channel': 'deadmau5',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UCYEK6xds6eo-3tr4xRdflmQ',
+            'channel_is_verified': True,
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYEK6xds6eo-3tr4xRdflmQ',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'description': 'md5:c27e1e9e095a3d9dd99de2f0f377ba06',
+            'duration': 266,
+            'heatmap': 'count:100',
+            'like_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'media_type': 'video',
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'tags': 'count:14',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1272659179,
+            'upload_date': '20100430',
+            'uploader': 'deadmau5',
+            'uploader_id': '@deadmau5',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@deadmau5',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'expected_warnings': ['DASH manifest missing'],
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
+    }, {
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/4431
+        'url': 'lqQg6PlCWgI',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'lqQg6PlCWgI',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Hockey - Women -  GER-AUS - London 2012 Olympic Games',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'categories': ['Sports'],
+            'channel': 'Olympics',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UCTl3QQTvqHFjurroKxexy2Q',
+            'channel_is_verified': True,
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTl3QQTvqHFjurroKxexy2Q',
+            'description': 'md5:04bbbf3ccceb6795947572ca36f45904',
+            'duration': 6085,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'was_live',
+            'media_type': 'livestream',
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'release_date': '20120731',
+            'release_timestamp': 1343767800,
+            'tags': 'count:10',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1440707674,
+            'upload_date': '20150827',
+            'uploader': 'Olympics',
+            'uploader_id': '@Olympics',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@Olympics',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
+    }, {
+        # Non-square pixels
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_b-2C3KPAM0',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '_b-2C3KPAM0',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '[A-made] 變態�字幕版 太� 我就是這樣的人',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'availability': 'unlisted',
+            'categories': ['People & Blogs'],
+            'channel': 'å­«á„‹á„…',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UCS-xxCmRaA6BFdmgDPA_BIw',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCS-xxCmRaA6BFdmgDPA_BIw',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'description': 'md5:636f03cf211e7687daffe5bded88a94f',
+            'duration': 85,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'media_type': 'video',
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'stretched_ratio': 16 / 9.,
+            'tags': 'count:11',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1299776999,
+            'upload_date': '20110310',
+            'uploader': 'å­«á„‹á„…',
+            'uploader_id': '@AllenMeow',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@AllenMeow',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
+    }, {
+        # url_encoded_fmt_stream_map is empty string (deprecated)
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/commit/3a9fadd6dfc127ed0707b218b11ac10c654af1e2
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/commit/67299f23d8b1894120e875edf97440de87e22308
+        'url': 'qEJwOuvDf7I',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # Extraction from multiple DASH manifests
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/pull/6097
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FIl7x6_3R5Y',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'FIl7x6_3R5Y',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '[60fps] 150614  마마무 솔� \'Mr. 애매모호\' ��브 �캠 @대학로 게릴� 콘서트',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'categories': ['People & Blogs'],
+            'channel': 'dorappi2000',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UCNlmrKRHLHcd2gq6LtPOTlQ',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNlmrKRHLHcd2gq6LtPOTlQ',
+            'description': 'md5:116377fd2963b81ec4ce64b542173306',
+            'duration': 220,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'media_type': 'video',
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'tags': 'count:12',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1435276932,
+            'upload_date': '20150626',
+            'uploader': 'dorappi2000',
+            'uploader_id': '@dorappi2000',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@dorappi2000',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
+    }, {
+        # DASH manifest with segment_list
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/pull/5886
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/embed/CsmdDsKjzN8',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'CsmdDsKjzN8',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Retransmisión XVIII Media maratón Zaragoza 2015',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'availability': 'unlisted',
+            'categories': ['Sports'],
+            'channel': 'Airtek | LED streaming',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UCzTzUmjXxxacNnL8I3m4LnQ',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzTzUmjXxxacNnL8I3m4LnQ',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'description': 'md5:fcac84e6c545114766f670236fc10196',
+            'duration': 4394,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'was_live',
+            'media_type': 'livestream',
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'release_date': '20150510',
+            'release_timestamp': 1431241011,
+            'tags': 'count:31',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1430505417,
+            'upload_date': '20150501',
+            'uploader': 'Airtek | LED streaming',
+            'uploader_id': '@airtekledstreaming7916',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@airtekledstreaming7916',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'format': '135',  # bestvideo
+            'skip_download': True,
+            'youtube_include_dash_manifest': True,
+        },
+    }, {
+        # Multi-camera events (deprecated)
+        # https://web.archive.org/web/20200308092705/https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/2853812
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zaPI8MvL8pg',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # Multi-camera events (deprecated)
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/8536
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gVfLd0zydlo',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://vid.plus/FlRa-iH7PGw',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://zwearz.com/watch/9lWxNJF-ufM/electra-woman-dyna-girl-official-trailer-grace-helbig.html',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # Title with JS-like syntax "};"
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/7468
+        # Also tests cut-off URL expansion in video description
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/1892
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/8164
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lsguqyKfVQg',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'lsguqyKfVQg',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '{dark walk}; Loki/AC/Dishonored; collab w/Elflover21',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'categories': ['Film & Animation'],
+            'channel': 'IronSoulElf',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UCTSRgz5jylBvFt_S7wnsqLQ',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTSRgz5jylBvFt_S7wnsqLQ',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'description': 'md5:8085699c11dc3f597ce0410b0dcbb34a',
+            'duration': 133,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'media_type': 'video',
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'tags': 'count:13',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1447959261,
+            'upload_date': '20151119',
+            'uploader': 'IronSoulElf',
+            'uploader_id': '@IronSoulElf',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@IronSoulElf',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
+    }, {
+        # Tags with '};'
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/7468
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ms7iBXnlUO8',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # Video with yt:stretch=17:0
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q39EVAstoRM',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'Q39EVAstoRM',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Clash Of Clans#14 Dicas De Ataque Para CV 4',
+            'description': 'md5:ee18a25c350637c8faff806845bddee9',
+            'upload_date': '20151107',
+        },
+        'skip': 'This video does not exist.',
+    }, {
+        # Video with incomplete 'yt:stretch=16:'
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FRhJzUSJbGI',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # Video licensed under Creative Commons
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M4gD1WSo5mA',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'M4gD1WSo5mA',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'William Fisher, CopyrightX: Lecture 3.2, The Subject Matter of Copyright: Drama and choreography',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'categories': ['Education'],
+            'channel': 'The Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UCuLGmD72gJDBwmLw06X58SA',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCuLGmD72gJDBwmLw06X58SA',
+            'chapters': 'count:4',
+            'description': 'md5:a677553cf0840649b731a3024aeff4cc',
+            'duration': 721,
+            'license': 'Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)',
+            'like_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'media_type': 'video',
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'tags': 'count:3',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1422422076,
+            'upload_date': '20150128',
+            'uploader': 'The Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society',
+            'uploader_id': '@BKCHarvard',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@BKCHarvard',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
+    }, {
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/commit/fd050249afce1bcc9e7f4a127069375467007b55
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQcmzGIKrzg',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'eQcmzGIKrzg',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Democratic Socialism and Foreign Policy | Bernie Sanders',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'categories': ['News & Politics'],
+            'channel': 'Bernie Sanders',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UCH1dpzjCEiGAt8CXkryhkZg',
+            'channel_is_verified': True,
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCH1dpzjCEiGAt8CXkryhkZg',
+            'chapters': 'count:5',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'description': 'md5:13a2503d7b5904ef4b223aa101628f39',
+            'duration': 4060,
+            'heatmap': 'count:100',
+            'license': 'Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)',
+            'like_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'media_type': 'video',
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'tags': 'count:12',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1447987198,
+            'upload_date': '20151120',
+            'uploader': 'Bernie Sanders',
+            'uploader_id': '@BernieSanders',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@BernieSanders',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&amp;amp;v=V36LpHqtcDY',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # YouTube Red paid video
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/10059
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i1Ko8UG-Tdo',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # Rental video preview
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/commit/fd050249afce1bcc9e7f4a127069375467007b55
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yYr8q0y5Jfg',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'uGpuVWrhIzE',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Piku - Trailer',
+            'description': 'md5:c36bd60c3fd6f1954086c083c72092eb',
+            'upload_date': '20150811',
+            'license': 'Standard YouTube License',
+        },
+        'skip': 'This video is not available.',
+    }, {
+        # YouTube Red video with episode data
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iqKdEhx-dD4',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'iqKdEhx-dD4',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Isolation - Mind Field (Ep 1)',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'categories': ['Entertainment'],
+            'channel': 'Vsauce',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UC6nSFpj9HTCZ5t-N3Rm3-HA',
+            'channel_is_verified': True,
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC6nSFpj9HTCZ5t-N3Rm3-HA',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'description': 'md5:f540112edec5d09fc8cc752d3d4ba3cd',
+            'duration': 2085,
+            'heatmap': 'count:100',
+            'like_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'media_type': 'video',
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'tags': 'count:12',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1484761047,
+            'upload_date': '20170118',
+            'uploader': 'Vsauce',
+            'uploader_id': '@Vsauce',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@Vsauce',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'expected_warnings': ['Skipping DASH manifest'],
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
+    }, {
+        # The following content has been identified by the YouTube community
+        # as inappropriate or offensive to some audiences.
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6SJNVb0GnPI',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '6SJNVb0GnPI',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Race Differences in Intelligence',
+            'description': 'md5:5d161533167390427a1f8ee89a1fc6f1',
+            'duration': 965,
+            'upload_date': '20140124',
+        },
+        'skip': 'This video has been removed for violating YouTube\'s policy on hate speech.',
+    }, {
+        # itag 212
+        'url': '1t24XAntNCY',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # geo restricted to JP
+        'url': 'sJL6WA-aGkQ',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://invidio.us/watch?v=BaW_jenozKc',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://redirect.invidious.io/watch?v=BaW_jenozKc',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # from https://nitter.pussthecat.org/YouTube/status/1360363141947944964#m
+        'url': 'https://redirect.invidious.io/Yh0AhrY9GjA',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # DRM protected
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s7_qI6_mIXc',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # Video with unsupported adaptive stream type formats
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/commit/4fe54c128a11d394874505af75aaa5a2276aa3ba
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z4Vy8R84T1U',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # Youtube Music Auto-generated description
+        # TODO: fix metadata extraction
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/20599
+        'url': 'https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=MgNrAu2pzNs',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'MgNrAu2pzNs',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Voyeur Girl',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'album': 'it\'s too much love to know my dear',
+            'alt_title': 'Voyeur Girl',
+            'artists': ['Stephen'],
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'categories': ['Music'],
+            'channel': 'Stephen',  # TODO: should be 'Stephen - Topic'
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UC-pWHpBjdGG69N9mM2auIAA',
+            'channel_is_verified': True,
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC-pWHpBjdGG69N9mM2auIAA',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'creators': ['Stephen'],
+            'description': 'md5:7ae382a65843d6df2685993e90a8628f',
+            'duration': 169,
+            'heatmap': 'count:100',
+            'like_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'media_type': 'video',
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'release_date': '20190313',
+            'tags': 'count:11',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1552385807,
+            'track': 'Voyeur Girl',
+            'upload_date': '20190312',
+            'uploader': 'Stephen',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.youtubekids.com/watch?v=3b8nCWDgZ6Q',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # invalid -> valid video id redirection
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/pull/25063
+        'url': 'DJztXj2GPfl',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'DJztXj2GPfk',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Panjabi MC - Mundian To Bach Ke (The Dictator Soundtrack)',
+            'description': 'md5:bf577a41da97918e94fa9798d9228825',
+            'upload_date': '20090125',
+            'artist': 'Panjabi MC',
+            'track': 'Beware of the Boys (Mundian to Bach Ke) - Motivo Hi-Lectro Remix',
+            'album': 'Beware of the Boys (Mundian To Bach Ke)',
+        },
+        'skip': 'Video unavailable',
+    }, {
+        # empty description results in an empty string
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/pull/26575
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x41yOUIvK2k',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'x41yOUIvK2k',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'IMG 3456',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'categories': ['Pets & Animals'],
+            'channel': 'l\'Or Vert asbl',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UCo03ZQPBW5U4UC3regpt1nw',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCo03ZQPBW5U4UC3regpt1nw',
+            'description': '',
+            'duration': 7,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'media_type': 'video',
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'tags': [],
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1497343210,
+            'upload_date': '20170613',
+            'uploader': 'l\'Or Vert asbl',
+            'uploader_id': '@ElevageOrVert',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@ElevageOrVert',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
+    }, {
+        # with '};' inside yt initial data (see [1])
+        # see [2] for an example with '};' inside ytInitialPlayerResponse
+        # 1. https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/27093
+        # 2. https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/27216
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CHqg6qOn4no',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'CHqg6qOn4no',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Part 77   Sort a list of simple types in c#',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'categories': ['Education'],
+            'channel': 'kudvenkat',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UCCTVrRB5KpIiK6V2GGVsR1Q',
+            'channel_is_verified': True,
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCCTVrRB5KpIiK6V2GGVsR1Q',
+            'chapters': 'count:4',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'description': 'md5:b8746fa52e10cdbf47997903f13b20dc',
+            'duration': 522,
+            'heatmap': 'count:100',
+            'like_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'media_type': 'video',
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'tags': 'count:12',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1377976349,
+            'upload_date': '20130831',
+            'uploader': 'kudvenkat',
+            'uploader_id': '@Csharp-video-tutorialsBlogspot',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@Csharp-video-tutorialsBlogspot',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
+    }, {
+        # another example of '};' in ytInitialData
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gVfgbahppCY',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=63RmMXCd_bQ',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/pull/28094
+        'url': 'OtqTfy26tG0',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'OtqTfy26tG0',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Burn Out',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'album': 'Every Day',
+            'alt_title': 'Burn Out',
+            'artists': ['The Cinematic Orchestra'],
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'categories': ['Music'],
+            'channel': 'The Cinematic Orchestra',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UCIzsJBIyo8hhpFm1NK0uLgw',
+            'channel_is_verified': True,
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCIzsJBIyo8hhpFm1NK0uLgw',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'creators': ['The Cinematic Orchestra'],
+            'description': 'md5:fee8b19b7ba433cc2957d1c7582067ac',
+            'duration': 614,
+            'heatmap': 'count:100',
+            'like_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'media_type': 'video',
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'release_date': '20020513',
+            'release_year': 2023,
+            'tags': 'count:3',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1416497379,
+            'track': 'Burn Out',
+            'upload_date': '20141120',
+            'uploader': 'The Cinematic Orchestra',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
+    }, {
+        # controversial video, only works with bpctr when authenticated with cookies
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nGC3D_FkCmg',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # controversial video, requires bpctr/contentCheckOk
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SZJvDhaSDnc',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'SZJvDhaSDnc',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'San Diego teen commits suicide after bullying over embarrassing video',
+            'age_limit': 18,
+            'availability': 'needs_auth',
+            'categories': ['News & Politics'],
+            'channel': 'CBS Mornings',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UC-SJ6nODDmufqBzPBwCvYvQ',
+            'channel_is_verified': True,
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC-SJ6nODDmufqBzPBwCvYvQ',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'description': 'md5:acde3a73d3f133fc97e837a9f76b53b7',
+            'duration': 170,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'media_type': 'video',
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'tags': 'count:5',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1405513526,
+            'upload_date': '20140716',
+            'uploader': 'CBS Mornings',
+            'uploader_id': '@CBSMornings',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@CBSMornings',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'skip': 'Age-restricted; requires authentication',
+    }, {
+        # restricted location
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/28685
+        'url': 'cBvYw8_A0vQ',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'cBvYw8_A0vQ',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '4K Ueno Okachimachi  Street  Scenes  上野御徒町歩�',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'categories': ['Travel & Events'],
+            'channel': 'Walk around Japan',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UC3o_t8PzBmXf5S9b7GLx1Mw',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3o_t8PzBmXf5S9b7GLx1Mw',
+            'description': 'md5:ea770e474b7cd6722b4c95b833c03630',
+            'duration': 1456,
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'media_type': 'video',
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'tags': 'count:5',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1605884416,
+            'upload_date': '20201120',
+            'uploader': 'Walk around Japan',
+            'uploader_id': '@walkaroundjapan7124',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@walkaroundjapan7124',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
+    }, {
+        # Has multiple audio streams
+        'url': 'WaOKSUlf4TM',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # Requires Premium: has format 141 when requested using YTM url
+        'url': 'https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=XclachpHxis',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # multiple subtitles with same lang_code
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wsQiKKfKxug',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # Force use android client fallback
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YOelRv7fMxY',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'YOelRv7fMxY',
+            'ext': '3gp',
+            'title': 'DIGGING A SECRET TUNNEL Part 1',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'categories': ['Entertainment'],
+            'channel': 'colinfurze',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UCp68_FLety0O-n9QU6phsgw',
+            'channel_is_verified': True,
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCp68_FLety0O-n9QU6phsgw',
+            'chapters': 'count:4',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'description': 'md5:5d5991195d599b56cd0c4148907eec50',
+            'duration': 596,
+            'heatmap': 'count:100',
+            'like_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'media_type': 'video',
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'tags': 'count:6',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1624546829,
+            'upload_date': '20210624',
+            'uploader': 'colinfurze',
+            'uploader_id': '@colinfurze',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@colinfurze',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'extractor_args': {'youtube': {'player_client': ['android']}},
+            'format': '17',  # 3gp format available on android
+            'skip_download': True,
+        },
+        'skip': 'Android client broken',
+    }, {
+        # Skip download of additional client configs (remix client config in this case)
+        'url': 'https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=MgNrAu2pzNs',
+        'only_matching': True,
+        'params': {'extractor_args': {'youtube': {'player_skip': ['configs']}}},
+    }, {
+        # shorts
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/shorts/BGQWPY4IigY',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'note': 'Storyboards',
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5KLPxDtMqe8',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '5KLPxDtMqe8',
+            'ext': 'mhtml',
+            'title': 'Your Brain is Plastic',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'categories': ['Education'],
+            'channel': 'SciShow',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UCZYTClx2T1of7BRZ86-8fow',
+            'channel_is_verified': True,
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCZYTClx2T1of7BRZ86-8fow',
+            'chapters': 'count:5',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'description': 'md5:89cd86034bdb5466cd87c6ba206cd2bc',
+            'duration': 248,
+            'heatmap': 'count:100',
+            'like_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'media_type': 'video',
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'tags': 'count:12',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1395685455,
+            'upload_date': '20140324',
+            'uploader': 'SciShow',
+            'uploader_id': '@SciShow',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@SciShow',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'format': 'mhtml',
+            'skip_download': True,
+        },
+    }, {
+        # Ensure video upload_date is in UTC timezone (video was uploaded 1641170939)
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2NUZ8W2llS4',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '2NUZ8W2llS4',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'The NP that test your phone performance 🙂',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'categories': ['Gaming'],
+            'channel': 'Leon Nguyen',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UCRqNBSOHgilHfAczlUmlWHA',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRqNBSOHgilHfAczlUmlWHA',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'description': 'md5:144494b24d4f9dfacb97c1bbef5de84d',
+            'duration': 21,
+            'heatmap': 'count:100',
+            'like_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'media_type': 'video',
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'tags': 'count:23',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1641170939,
+            'upload_date': '20220103',
+            'uploader': 'Leon Nguyen',
+            'uploader_id': '@LeonNguyen',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@LeonNguyen',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
+    }, {
+        # date text is premiered video, ensure upload date in UTC (published 1641172509)
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mzZzzBU6lrM',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'mzZzzBU6lrM',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'I Met GeorgeNotFound In Real Life...',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'categories': ['Entertainment'],
+            'channel': 'Quackity',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UC_8NknAFiyhOUaZqHR3lq3Q',
+            'channel_is_verified': True,
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_8NknAFiyhOUaZqHR3lq3Q',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'description': 'md5:42e72df3d4d5965903a2b9359c3ccd25',
+            'duration': 955,
+            'heatmap': 'count:100',
+            'like_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'media_type': 'video',
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'release_date': '20220103',
+            'release_timestamp': 1641172509,
+            'tags': 'count:26',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1641172509,
+            'upload_date': '20220103',
+            'uploader': 'Quackity',
+            'uploader_id': '@Quackity',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@Quackity',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
+    }, {
+        # continuous livestream.
+        # Upload date was 2022-07-12T05:12:29-07:00, while stream start is 2022-07-12T15:59:30+00:00
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jfKfPfyJRdk',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'jfKfPfyJRdk',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': str,
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'categories': ['Music'],
+            'channel': 'Lofi Girl',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UCSJ4gkVC6NrvII8umztf0Ow',
+            'channel_is_verified': True,
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCSJ4gkVC6NrvII8umztf0Ow',
+            'concurrent_view_count': int,
+            'description': 'md5:48841fcfc1be6131d729fa7b4a7784cb',
+            'like_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'is_live',
+            'media_type': 'livestream',
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'release_date': '20220712',
+            'release_timestamp': 1657641570,
+            'tags': 'count:32',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1657627949,
+            'upload_date': '20220712',
+            'uploader': 'Lofi Girl',
+            'uploader_id': '@LofiGirl',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@LofiGirl',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tjjjtzRLHvA',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'tjjjtzRLHvA',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '�ッシュタグ無� };if window.ytcsi',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'availability': 'unlisted',
+            'categories': ['Music'],
+            'channel': 'Lesmiscore',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UCdqltm_7iv1Vs6kp6Syke5A',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdqltm_7iv1Vs6kp6Syke5A',
+            'description': '',
+            'duration': 6,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'media_type': 'short',
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'tags': [],
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1648005313,
+            'upload_date': '20220323',
+            'uploader': 'Lesmiscore',
+            'uploader_id': '@lesmiscore',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@lesmiscore',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
+    }, {
+        # Prefer primary title+description language metadata by default
+        # Do not prefer translated description if primary is empty
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=el3E4MbxRqQ',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'el3E4MbxRqQ',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'dlp test video 2 - primary sv no desc',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'availability': 'unlisted',
+            'categories': ['People & Blogs'],
+            'channel': 'cole-dlp-test-acc',
+            'channel_id': 'UCiu-3thuViMebBjw_5nWYrA',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiu-3thuViMebBjw_5nWYrA',
+            'description': '',
+            'duration': 5,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'media_type': 'video',
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'tags': [],
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1662677394,
+            'upload_date': '20220908',
+            'uploader': 'cole-dlp-test-acc',
+            'uploader_id': '@coletdjnz',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@coletdjnz',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
+    }, {
+        # Extractor argument: prefer translated title+description
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gHKT4uU8Zng',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'gHKT4uU8Zng',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'dlp test video title primary (en-GB)',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'categories': ['People & Blogs'],
+            'channel': 'cole-dlp-test-acc',
+            'channel_id': 'UCiu-3thuViMebBjw_5nWYrA',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiu-3thuViMebBjw_5nWYrA',
+            'description': 'md5:e8c098ba19888e08554f960ffbf6f90e',
+            'duration': 5,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'media_type': 'video',
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'tags': [],
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1659073275,
+            'upload_date': '20220729',
+            'uploader': 'cole-dlp-test-acc',
+            'uploader_id': '@coletdjnz',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@coletdjnz',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'extractor_args': {'youtube': {'lang': ['fr']}},
+            'skip_download': True,
+        },
+        'expected_warnings': [r'Preferring "fr" translated fields'],
+    }, {
+        'note': '6 channel audio',
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zgdo7-RRjgo',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'note': 'Multiple HLS formats with same itag',
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kX3nB4PpJko',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'kX3nB4PpJko',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Last To Take Hand Off Jet, Keeps It!',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'categories': ['Entertainment'],
+            'channel': 'MrBeast',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UCX6OQ3DkcsbYNE6H8uQQuVA',
+            'channel_is_verified': True,
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6OQ3DkcsbYNE6H8uQQuVA',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'description': 'md5:42731fced13eff2c48c099fbb5c1b3a0',
+            'duration': 937,
+            'heatmap': 'count:100',
+            'like_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'media_type': 'video',
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'tags': [],
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1668286800,
+            'upload_date': '20221112',
+            'uploader': 'MrBeast',
+            'uploader_id': '@MrBeast',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@MrBeast',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'extractor_args': {'youtube': {'player_client': ['ios']}},
+            'format': '233-1',
+            'skip_download': True,
+        },
+        'skip': 'PO Token Required',
+    }, {
+        'note': 'Audio formats with Dynamic Range Compression',
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tq92D6wQ1mg',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'Tq92D6wQ1mg',
+            'ext': 'webm',
+            'title': '[MMD] Adios - EVERGLOW [+Motion DL]',
+            'age_limit': 18,
+            'availability': 'needs_auth',
+            'categories': ['Entertainment'],
+            'channel': 'Projekt Melody',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UC1yoRdFoFJaCY-AGfD9W0wQ',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1yoRdFoFJaCY-AGfD9W0wQ',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'description': 'md5:17eccca93a786d51bc67646756894066',
+            'duration': 106,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'media_type': 'video',
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'tags': 'count:5',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1577508724,
+            'upload_date': '20191228',
+            'uploader': 'Projekt Melody',
+            'uploader_id': '@ProjektMelody',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@ProjektMelody',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'extractor_args': {'youtube': {'player_client': ['tv_embedded']}},
+            'format': '251-drc',
+            'skip_download': True,
+        },
+        'skip': 'Age-restricted; requires authentication',
+    }, {
+        'note': 'Support /live/ URL + media type for post-live content',
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/live/qVv6vCqciTM',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'qVv6vCqciTM',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '� #インター�ット女クリスマス 】3D�歌����ゃ�インター�ット�女���月ノ美兎/����】',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'categories': ['Entertainment'],
+            'channel': '���ゃん�る',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UCIdEIHpS0TdkqRkHL5OkLtA',
+            'channel_is_verified': True,
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCIdEIHpS0TdkqRkHL5OkLtA',
+            'chapters': 'count:13',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'description': 'md5:6aebf95cc4a1d731aebc01ad6cc9806d',
+            'duration': 4438,
+            'heatmap': 'count:100',
+            'like_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'was_live',
+            'media_type': 'livestream',
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'release_date': '20221223',
+            'release_timestamp': 1671793345,
+            'tags': 'count:6',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1671798112,
+            'upload_date': '20221223',
+            'uploader': '���ゃん�る',
+            'uploader_id': '@sana_natori',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@sana_natori',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
+    }, {
+        # Fallbacks when webpage and web client is unavailable
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wSSmNUl9Snw',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'wSSmNUl9Snw',
+            'ext': 'webm',
+            'title': 'The Computer Hack That Saved Apollo 14',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            # 'availability': 'public',
+            # 'categories': ['Science & Technology'],
+            'channel': 'Scott Manley',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UCxzC4EngIsMrPmbm6Nxvb-A',
+            'channel_is_verified': True,
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCxzC4EngIsMrPmbm6Nxvb-A',
+            'chapters': 'count:2',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'description': 'md5:f4bed7b200404b72a394c2f97b782c02',
+            'duration': 682,
+            'heatmap': 'count:100',
+            'like_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'media_type': 'video',
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'tags': 'count:8',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1504198713,
+            'upload_date': '20170831',
+            'uploader': 'Scott Manley',
+            'uploader_id': '@scottmanley',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@scottmanley',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'extractor_args': {'youtube': {
+                'player_client': ['ios'],
+                'player_skip': ['webpage'],
+            }},
+            'skip_download': True,
+        },
+        'skip': 'PO Token Required',
+    }, {
+        # uploader_id has non-ASCII characters that are percent-encoded in YT's JSON
+        # https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/pull/11818
+        'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/shorts/18NGQq7p3LY',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '18NGQq7p3LY',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '아�브 �서 장�� 리즈 ���� 챌린지',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'categories': ['People & Blogs'],
+            'channel': 'ㅇㅇ',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UCC25oTm2J7ZVoi5TngOHg9g',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCC25oTm2J7ZVoi5TngOHg9g',
+            'description': '',
+            'duration': 3,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'media_type': 'short',
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'tags': [],
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1724306170,
+            'upload_date': '20240822',
+            'uploader': 'ㅇㅇ',
+            'uploader_id': '@으아-v1k',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@으아-v1k',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
+    }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        # <object>
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/pull/12696
+        'url': 'http://www.improbable.com/2017/04/03/untrained-modern-youths-and-ancient-masters-in-selfie-portraits/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'msN87y-iEx0',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Feynman: Mirrors FUN TO IMAGINE 6',
+            'upload_date': '20080526',
+            'description': 'md5:873c81d308b979f0e23ee7e620b312a3',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'tags': 'count:8',
+            'channel_id': 'UCCeo--lls1vna5YJABWAcVA',
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/.+',
+            'like_count': int,
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'channel': 'Christopher Sykes',
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCCeo--lls1vna5YJABWAcVA',
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'duration': 195,
+            'view_count': int,
+            'categories': ['Science & Technology'],
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'uploader': 'Christopher Sykes',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@ChristopherSykesDocumentaries',
+            'uploader_id': '@ChristopherSykesDocumentaries',
+            'heatmap': 'count:100',
+            'timestamp': 1211825920,
+            'media_type': 'video',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
+    }, {
+        # <embed>
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/commit/2b88feedf7993c24b03e0a7ff169a548794de70c
+        'url': 'https://badzine.de/news/als-marc-zwiebler-taufik-hidayat-schlug',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'bSVcWOq397g',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'TAUFIK TUNJUKKAN KELASNYA !!! : Taufik Hidayat VS Marc Zwiebler Canada Open 2011',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'categories': ['Sports'],
+            'channel': 'Badminton Addict Id',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UCfCpKOwQGUe2FUJzYNadQcQ',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCfCpKOwQGUe2FUJzYNadQcQ',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'description': 'md5:2c3737da9a575f301a8380b4d60592a8',
+            'duration': 756,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'media_type': 'video',
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'tags': 'count:9',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1621418412,
+            'upload_date': '20210519',
+            'uploader': 'Badminton Addict Id',
+            'uploader_id': '@badmintonaddictid8958',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@badmintonaddictid8958',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
+    }, {
+        # WordPress Plugin: YouTube Video Importer
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/commit/7deef1ba6743bf11247565e63ed7e31d2e8a9382
+        'url': 'https://lothype.com/2025-chino-hills-hs-snare-quad-features-wgi2025-drumline/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'lC21AX_pCfA',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '2025 Chino Hills HS Snare & Quad Features! #wgi2025 #drumline',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'categories': ['Music'],
+            'channel': 'DrumlineAV',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UCqdfUdyiQOZMvW5PcTTYikQ',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqdfUdyiQOZMvW5PcTTYikQ',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'description': '',
+            'duration': 48,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'location': 'WESTMINSTER',
+            'media_type': 'short',
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'tags': 'count:72',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1739910835,
+            'upload_date': '20250218',
+            'uploader': 'DrumlineAV',
+            'uploader_id': '@DrumlineAV',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@DrumlineAV',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
+    }, {
+        # lazyYT
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/commit/65f3a228b16c55fee959eee055767a796479270f
+        'url': 'https://rabota7.ru/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'DexR8_tTSsQ',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Работа бухгалтером в Мо�кве',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'availability': 'public',
+            'categories': ['People & Blogs'],
+            'channel': 'Работа в Мо�кве �вежие вакан�ии',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'channel_id': 'UCG3qz_gefGaMiSBvmaxN5WQ',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCG3qz_gefGaMiSBvmaxN5WQ',
+            'description': 'md5:b779d3d70af4efda26cf62b76808c0e3',
+            'duration': 42,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'live_status': 'not_live',
+            'media_type': 'video',
+            'playable_in_embed': True,
+            'tags': 'count:7',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://i\.ytimg\.com/.+',
+            'timestamp': 1496398980,
+            'upload_date': '20170602',
+            'uploader': 'Работа в Мо�кве �вежие вакан�ии',
+            'uploader_id': '@РаботавМо�кве�вежиевакан�ии',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@РаботавМо�кве�вежиевакан�ии',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'extractor_args': {'generic': {'impersonate': ['chrome']}},
+            'skip_download': True,
+        },
+    }, {
+        # data-video-url=
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/pull/2948
+        'url': 'https://www.uca.ac.uk/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'www.uca.ac',
+            'title': 'UCA | Creative Arts Degrees UK | University for the Creative Arts',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'description': 'md5:179c7a06ea1ed01b94ff5d56cb18d73b',
+            'thumbnail': '/media/uca-2020/hero-headers/2025-prospectus-all-2x2.jpg',
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 10,
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
+    }]
+
+    _PLAYER_JS_VARIANT_MAP = {
+        'main': 'player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        'tcc': 'player_ias_tcc.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        'tce': 'player_ias_tce.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        'es5': 'player_es5.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        'es6': 'player_es6.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        'tv': 'tv-player-ias.vflset/tv-player-ias.js',
+        'tv_es6': 'tv-player-es6.vflset/tv-player-es6.js',
+        'phone': 'player-plasma-ias-phone-en_US.vflset/base.js',
+        'tablet': 'player-plasma-ias-tablet-en_US.vflset/base.js',
+    }
+    _INVERSE_PLAYER_JS_VARIANT_MAP = {v: k for k, v in _PLAYER_JS_VARIANT_MAP.items()}
+    _NSIG_FUNC_CACHE_ID = 'nsig func'
+    _DUMMY_STRING = 'dlp_wins'
+
+    @classmethod
+    def suitable(cls, url):
+        from yt_dlp.utils import parse_qs
+
+        qs = parse_qs(url)
+        if qs.get('list', [None])[0]:
+            return False
+        return super().suitable(url)
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self._code_cache = {}
+        self._player_cache = {}
+        self._pot_director = None
+
+    def _real_initialize(self):
+        super()._real_initialize()
+        self._pot_director = initialize_pot_director(self)
+
+    def _prepare_live_from_start_formats(self, formats, video_id, live_start_time, url, webpage_url, smuggled_data, is_live):
+        lock = threading.Lock()
+        start_time = time.time()
+        formats = [f for f in formats if f.get('is_from_start')]
+
+        def refetch_manifest(format_id, delay):
+            nonlocal formats, start_time, is_live
+            if time.time() <= start_time + delay:
+                return
+
+            _, _, _, _, prs, player_url = self._initial_extract(
+                url, smuggled_data, webpage_url, 'web', video_id)
+            video_details = traverse_obj(prs, (..., 'videoDetails'), expected_type=dict)
+            microformats = traverse_obj(
+                prs, (..., 'microformat', 'playerMicroformatRenderer'),
+                expected_type=dict)
+            _, live_status, _, formats, _ = self._list_formats(video_id, microformats, video_details, prs, player_url)
+            is_live = live_status == 'is_live'
+            start_time = time.time()
+
+        def mpd_feed(format_id, delay):
+            """
+            @returns (manifest_url, manifest_stream_number, is_live) or None
+            """
+            for retry in self.RetryManager(fatal=False):
+                with lock:
+                    refetch_manifest(format_id, delay)
+
+                f = next((f for f in formats if f['format_id'] == format_id), None)
+                if not f:
+                    if not is_live:
+                        retry.error = f'{video_id}: Video is no longer live'
+                    else:
+                        retry.error = f'Cannot find refreshed manifest for format {format_id}{bug_reports_message()}'
+                    continue
+
+                # Formats from ended premieres will be missing a manifest_url
+                # See https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/8543
+                if not f.get('manifest_url'):
+                    break
+
+                return f['manifest_url'], f['manifest_stream_number'], is_live
+            return None
+
+        for f in formats:
+            f['is_live'] = is_live
+            gen = functools.partial(self._live_dash_fragments, video_id, f['format_id'],
+                                    live_start_time, mpd_feed, not is_live and f.copy())
+            if is_live:
+                f['fragments'] = gen
+                f['protocol'] = 'http_dash_segments_generator'
+            else:
+                f['fragments'] = LazyList(gen({}))
+                del f['is_from_start']
+
+    def _live_dash_fragments(self, video_id, format_id, live_start_time, mpd_feed, manifestless_orig_fmt, ctx):
+        FETCH_SPAN, MAX_DURATION = 5, 432000
+
+        mpd_url, stream_number, is_live = None, None, True
+
+        begin_index = 0
+        download_start_time = ctx.get('start') or time.time()
+
+        lack_early_segments = download_start_time - (live_start_time or download_start_time) > MAX_DURATION
+        if lack_early_segments:
+            self.report_warning(bug_reports_message(
+                'Starting download from the last 120 hours of the live stream since '
+                'YouTube does not have data before that. If you think this is wrong,'), only_once=True)
+            lack_early_segments = True
+
+        known_idx, no_fragment_score, last_segment_url = begin_index, 0, None
+        fragments, fragment_base_url = None, None
+
+        def _extract_sequence_from_mpd(refresh_sequence, immediate):
+            nonlocal mpd_url, stream_number, is_live, no_fragment_score, fragments, fragment_base_url
+            # Obtain from MPD's maximum seq value
+            old_mpd_url = mpd_url
+            last_error = ctx.pop('last_error', None)
+            expire_fast = immediate or (last_error and isinstance(last_error, HTTPError) and last_error.status == 403)
+            mpd_url, stream_number, is_live = (mpd_feed(format_id, 5 if expire_fast else 18000)
+                                               or (mpd_url, stream_number, False))
+            if not refresh_sequence:
+                if expire_fast and not is_live:
+                    return False, last_seq
+                elif old_mpd_url == mpd_url:
+                    return True, last_seq
+            if manifestless_orig_fmt:
+                fmt_info = manifestless_orig_fmt
+            else:
+                try:
+                    fmts, _ = self._extract_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(
+                        mpd_url, None, note=False, errnote=False, fatal=False)
+                except ExtractorError:
+                    fmts = None
+                if not fmts:
+                    no_fragment_score += 2
+                    return False, last_seq
+                fmt_info = next(x for x in fmts if x['manifest_stream_number'] == stream_number)
+            fragments = fmt_info['fragments']
+            fragment_base_url = fmt_info['fragment_base_url']
+            assert fragment_base_url
+
+            _last_seq = int(re.search(r'(?:/|^)sq/(\d+)', fragments[-1]['path']).group(1))
+            return True, _last_seq
+
+        self.write_debug(f'[{video_id}] Generating fragments for format {format_id}')
+        while is_live:
+            fetch_time = time.time()
+            if no_fragment_score > 30:
+                return
+            if last_segment_url:
+                # Obtain from "X-Head-Seqnum" header value from each segment
+                try:
+                    urlh = self._request_webpage(
+                        last_segment_url, None, note=False, errnote=False, fatal=False)
+                except ExtractorError:
+                    urlh = None
+                last_seq = try_get(urlh, lambda x: int_or_none(x.headers['X-Head-Seqnum']))
+                if last_seq is None:
+                    no_fragment_score += 2
+                    last_segment_url = None
+                    continue
+            else:
+                should_continue, last_seq = _extract_sequence_from_mpd(True, no_fragment_score > 15)
+                no_fragment_score += 2
+                if not should_continue:
+                    continue
+
+            if known_idx > last_seq:
+                last_segment_url = None
+                continue
+
+            last_seq += 1
+
+            if begin_index < 0 and known_idx < 0:
+                # skip from the start when it's negative value
+                known_idx = last_seq + begin_index
+            if lack_early_segments:
+                known_idx = max(known_idx, last_seq - int(MAX_DURATION // fragments[-1]['duration']))
+            try:
+                for idx in range(known_idx, last_seq):
+                    # do not update sequence here or you'll get skipped some part of it
+                    should_continue, _ = _extract_sequence_from_mpd(False, False)
+                    if not should_continue:
+                        known_idx = idx - 1
+                        raise ExtractorError('breaking out of outer loop')
+                    last_segment_url = urljoin(fragment_base_url, f'sq/{idx}')
+                    yield {
+                        'url': last_segment_url,
+                        'fragment_count': last_seq,
+                    }
+                if known_idx == last_seq:
+                    no_fragment_score += 5
+                else:
+                    no_fragment_score = 0
+                known_idx = last_seq
+            except ExtractorError:
+                continue
+
+            if manifestless_orig_fmt:
+                # Stop at the first iteration if running for post-live manifestless;
+                # fragment count no longer increase since it starts
+                break
+
+            time.sleep(max(0, FETCH_SPAN + fetch_time - time.time()))
+
+    def _get_player_js_version(self):
+        player_js_version = self._configuration_arg('player_js_version', [''])[0] or '20348@0004de42'
+        if player_js_version == 'actual':
+            return None, None
+        if not re.fullmatch(r'[0-9]{5,}@[0-9a-f]{8,}', player_js_version):
+            self.report_warning(
+                f'Invalid player JS version "{player_js_version}" specified. '
+                f'It should be "actual" or in the format of STS@HASH', only_once=True)
+            return None, None
+        return player_js_version.split('@')
+
+    def _extract_player_url(self, *ytcfgs, webpage=None):
+        player_url = traverse_obj(
+            ytcfgs, (..., 'PLAYER_JS_URL'), (..., 'WEB_PLAYER_CONTEXT_CONFIGS', ..., 'jsUrl'),
+            get_all=False, expected_type=str)
+        if not player_url:
+            return
+        player_id_override = self._get_player_js_version()[1]
+
+        requested_js_variant = self._configuration_arg('player_js_variant', [''])[0] or 'main'
+        if requested_js_variant in self._PLAYER_JS_VARIANT_MAP:
+            player_id = player_id_override or self._extract_player_info(player_url)
+            original_url = player_url
+            player_url = f'/s/player/{player_id}/{self._PLAYER_JS_VARIANT_MAP[requested_js_variant]}'
+            if original_url != player_url:
+                self.write_debug(
+                    f'Forcing "{requested_js_variant}" player JS variant for player {player_id}\n'
+                    f'        original url = {original_url}', only_once=True)
+        elif requested_js_variant != 'actual':
+            self.report_warning(
+                f'Invalid player JS variant name "{requested_js_variant}" requested. '
+                f'Valid choices are: {", ".join(self._PLAYER_JS_VARIANT_MAP)}', only_once=True)
+
+        return urljoin('https://www.youtube.com', player_url)
+
+    def _download_player_url(self, video_id, fatal=False):
+        iframe_webpage = self._download_webpage_with_retries(
+            'https://www.youtube.com/iframe_api',
+            note='Downloading iframe API JS',
+            video_id=video_id, retry_fatal=fatal)
+
+        if iframe_webpage:
+            player_version = self._search_regex(
+                r'player\\?/([0-9a-fA-F]{8})\\?/', iframe_webpage, 'player version', fatal=fatal)
+            if player_version:
+                return f'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/{player_version}/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js'
+
+    def _player_js_cache_key(self, player_url):
+        player_id = self._extract_player_info(player_url)
+        player_path = remove_start(urllib.parse.urlparse(player_url).path, f'/s/player/{player_id}/')
+        variant = self._INVERSE_PLAYER_JS_VARIANT_MAP.get(player_path) or next((
+            v for k, v in self._INVERSE_PLAYER_JS_VARIANT_MAP.items()
+            if re.fullmatch(re.escape(k).replace('en_US', r'[a-zA-Z0-9_]+'), player_path)), None)
+        if not variant:
+            self.write_debug(
+                f'Unable to determine player JS variant\n'
+                f'        player = {player_url}', only_once=True)
+            variant = re.sub(r'[^a-zA-Z0-9]', '_', remove_end(player_path, '.js'))
+        return join_nonempty(player_id, variant)
+
+    def _signature_cache_id(self, example_sig):
+        """ Return a string representation of a signature """
+        return '.'.join(str(len(part)) for part in example_sig.split('.'))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _extract_player_info(cls, player_url):
+        for player_re in cls._PLAYER_INFO_RE:
+            id_m = re.search(player_re, player_url)
+            if id_m:
+                break
+        else:
+            raise ExtractorError(f'Cannot identify player {player_url!r}')
+        return id_m.group('id')
+
+    def _load_player(self, video_id, player_url, fatal=True):
+        player_js_key = self._player_js_cache_key(player_url)
+        if player_js_key not in self._code_cache:
+            code = self._download_webpage(
+                player_url, video_id, fatal=fatal,
+                note=f'Downloading player {player_js_key}',
+                errnote=f'Download of {player_js_key} failed')
+            if code:
+                self._code_cache[player_js_key] = code
+        return self._code_cache.get(player_js_key)
+
+    def _extract_signature_function(self, video_id, player_url, example_sig):
+        # Read from filesystem cache
+        func_id = join_nonempty(
+            self._player_js_cache_key(player_url), self._signature_cache_id(example_sig))
+        assert os.path.basename(func_id) == func_id
+
+        self.write_debug(f'Extracting signature function {func_id}')
+        cache_spec, code = self.cache.load('youtube-sigfuncs', func_id, min_ver='2025.07.21'), None
+
+        if not cache_spec:
+            code = self._load_player(video_id, player_url)
+        if code:
+            res = self._parse_sig_js(code, player_url)
+            test_string = ''.join(map(chr, range(len(example_sig))))
+            cache_spec = [ord(c) for c in res(test_string)]
+            self.cache.store('youtube-sigfuncs', func_id, cache_spec)
+
+        return lambda s: ''.join(s[i] for i in cache_spec)
+
+    def _parse_sig_js(self, jscode, player_url):
+        # Examples where `sig` is funcname:
+        # sig=function(a){a=a.split(""); ... ;return a.join("")};
+        # ;c&&(c=sig(decodeURIComponent(c)),a.set(b,encodeURIComponent(c)));return a};
+        # {var l=f,m=h.sp,n=sig(decodeURIComponent(h.s));l.set(m,encodeURIComponent(n))}
+        # sig=function(J){J=J.split(""); ... ;return J.join("")};
+        # ;N&&(N=sig(decodeURIComponent(N)),J.set(R,encodeURIComponent(N)));return J};
+        # {var H=u,k=f.sp,v=sig(decodeURIComponent(f.s));H.set(k,encodeURIComponent(v))}
+        funcname = self._search_regex(
+            (r'\b(?P<var>[a-zA-Z0-9_$]+)&&\((?P=var)=(?P<sig>[a-zA-Z0-9_$]{2,})\(decodeURIComponent\((?P=var)\)\)',
+             r'(?P<sig>[a-zA-Z0-9_$]+)\s*=\s*function\(\s*(?P<arg>[a-zA-Z0-9_$]+)\s*\)\s*{\s*(?P=arg)\s*=\s*(?P=arg)\.split\(\s*""\s*\)\s*;\s*[^}]+;\s*return\s+(?P=arg)\.join\(\s*""\s*\)',
+             r'(?:\b|[^a-zA-Z0-9_$])(?P<sig>[a-zA-Z0-9_$]{2,})\s*=\s*function\(\s*a\s*\)\s*{\s*a\s*=\s*a\.split\(\s*""\s*\)(?:;[a-zA-Z0-9_$]{2}\.[a-zA-Z0-9_$]{2}\(a,\d+\))?',
+             # Old patterns
+             r'\b[cs]\s*&&\s*[adf]\.set\([^,]+\s*,\s*encodeURIComponent\s*\(\s*(?P<sig>[a-zA-Z0-9$]+)\(',
+             r'\b[a-zA-Z0-9]+\s*&&\s*[a-zA-Z0-9]+\.set\([^,]+\s*,\s*encodeURIComponent\s*\(\s*(?P<sig>[a-zA-Z0-9$]+)\(',
+             r'\bm=(?P<sig>[a-zA-Z0-9$]{2,})\(decodeURIComponent\(h\.s\)\)',
+             # Obsolete patterns
+             r'("|\')signature\1\s*,\s*(?P<sig>[a-zA-Z0-9$]+)\(',
+             r'\.sig\|\|(?P<sig>[a-zA-Z0-9$]+)\(',
+             r'yt\.akamaized\.net/\)\s*\|\|\s*.*?\s*[cs]\s*&&\s*[adf]\.set\([^,]+\s*,\s*(?:encodeURIComponent\s*\()?\s*(?P<sig>[a-zA-Z0-9$]+)\(',
+             r'\b[cs]\s*&&\s*[adf]\.set\([^,]+\s*,\s*(?P<sig>[a-zA-Z0-9$]+)\(',
+             r'\bc\s*&&\s*[a-zA-Z0-9]+\.set\([^,]+\s*,\s*\([^)]*\)\s*\(\s*(?P<sig>[a-zA-Z0-9$]+)\('),
+            jscode, 'Initial JS player signature function name', group='sig')
+
+        varname, global_list = self._interpret_player_js_global_var(jscode, player_url)
+        jsi = JSInterpreter(jscode)
+        initial_function = jsi.extract_function(funcname, filter_dict({varname: global_list}))
+        return lambda s: initial_function([s])
+
+    def _cached(self, func, *cache_id):
+        def inner(*args, **kwargs):
+            if cache_id not in self._player_cache:
+                try:
+                    self._player_cache[cache_id] = func(*args, **kwargs)
+                except ExtractorError as e:
+                    self._player_cache[cache_id] = e
+                except Exception as e:
+                    self._player_cache[cache_id] = ExtractorError(traceback.format_exc(), cause=e)
+
+            ret = self._player_cache[cache_id]
+            if isinstance(ret, Exception):
+                raise ret
+            return ret
+        return inner
+
+    def _load_player_data_from_cache(self, name, player_url):
+        cache_id = (f'youtube-{name}', self._player_js_cache_key(player_url))
+
+        if data := self._player_cache.get(cache_id):
+            return data
+
+        data = self.cache.load(*cache_id, min_ver='2025.07.21')
+        if data:
+            self._player_cache[cache_id] = data
+
+        return data
+
+    def _store_player_data_to_cache(self, name, player_url, data):
+        cache_id = (f'youtube-{name}', self._player_js_cache_key(player_url))
+        if cache_id not in self._player_cache:
+            self.cache.store(*cache_id, data)
+            self._player_cache[cache_id] = data
+
+    def _decrypt_signature(self, s, video_id, player_url):
+        """Turn the encrypted s field into a working signature"""
+        extract_sig = self._cached(
+            self._extract_signature_function, 'sig', player_url, self._signature_cache_id(s))
+        func = extract_sig(video_id, player_url, s)
+        return func(s)
+
+    def _decrypt_nsig(self, s, video_id, player_url):
+        """Turn the encrypted n field into a working signature"""
+        if player_url is None:
+            raise ExtractorError('Cannot decrypt nsig without player_url')
+        player_url = urljoin('https://www.youtube.com', player_url)
+
+        try:
+            jsi, _, func_code = self._extract_n_function_code(video_id, player_url)
+        except ExtractorError as e:
+            raise ExtractorError('Unable to extract nsig function code', cause=e)
+
+        try:
+            extract_nsig = self._cached(self._extract_n_function_from_code, self._NSIG_FUNC_CACHE_ID, player_url)
+            ret = extract_nsig(jsi, func_code)(s)
+        except JSInterpreter.Exception as e:
+            try:
+                jsi = PhantomJSwrapper(self, timeout=5000)
+            except ExtractorError:
+                raise e
+            self.report_warning(
+                f'Native nsig extraction failed: Trying with PhantomJS\n'
+                f'         n = {s} ; player = {player_url}', video_id)
+            self.write_debug(e, only_once=True)
+
+            args, func_body = func_code
+            ret = jsi.execute(
+                f'console.log(function({", ".join(args)}) {{ {func_body} }}({s!r}));',
+                video_id=video_id, note='Executing signature code').strip()
+
+        self.write_debug(f'Decrypted nsig {s} => {ret}')
+        # Only cache nsig func JS code to disk if successful, and only once
+        self._store_player_data_to_cache('nsig', player_url, func_code)
+        return ret
+
+    def _extract_n_function_name(self, jscode, player_url=None):
+        varname, global_list = self._interpret_player_js_global_var(jscode, player_url)
+        if debug_str := traverse_obj(global_list, (lambda _, v: v.endswith('-_w8_'), any)):
+            pattern = r'''(?x)
+                \{\s*return\s+%s\[%d\]\s*\+\s*(?P<argname>[a-zA-Z0-9_$]+)\s*\}
+            ''' % (re.escape(varname), global_list.index(debug_str))
+            if match := re.search(pattern, jscode):
+                pattern = r'''(?x)
+                    \{\s*\)%s\(\s*
+                    (?:
+                        (?P<funcname_a>[a-zA-Z0-9_$]+)\s*noitcnuf\s*
+                        |noitcnuf\s*=\s*(?P<funcname_b>[a-zA-Z0-9_$]+)(?:\s+rav)?
+                    )[;\n]
+                ''' % re.escape(match.group('argname')[::-1])
+                if match := re.search(pattern, jscode[match.start()::-1]):
+                    a, b = match.group('funcname_a', 'funcname_b')
+                    return (a or b)[::-1]
+            self.write_debug(join_nonempty(
+                'Initial search was unable to find nsig function name',
+                player_url and f'        player = {player_url}', delim='\n'), only_once=True)
+
+        # Examples (with placeholders nfunc, narray, idx):
+        # *  .get("n"))&&(b=nfunc(b)
+        # *  .get("n"))&&(b=narray[idx](b)
+        # *  b=String.fromCharCode(110),c=a.get(b))&&c=narray[idx](c)
+        # *  a.D&&(b="nn"[+a.D],c=a.get(b))&&(c=narray[idx](c),a.set(b,c),narray.length||nfunc("")
+        # *  a.D&&(PL(a),b=a.j.n||null)&&(b=narray[0](b),a.set("n",b),narray.length||nfunc("")
+        # *  a.D&&(b="nn"[+a.D],vL(a),c=a.j[b]||null)&&(c=narray[idx](c),a.set(b,c),narray.length||nfunc("")
+        # *  J.J="";J.url="";J.Z&&(R="nn"[+J.Z],mW(J),N=J.K[R]||null)&&(N=narray[idx](N),J.set(R,N))}};
+        funcname, idx = self._search_regex(
+            r'''(?x)
+            (?:
+                \.get\("n"\)\)&&\(b=|
+                (?:
+                    b=String\.fromCharCode\(110\)|
+                    (?P<str_idx>[a-zA-Z0-9_$.]+)&&\(b="nn"\[\+(?P=str_idx)\]
+                )
+                (?:
+                    ,[a-zA-Z0-9_$]+\(a\))?,c=a\.
+                    (?:
+                        get\(b\)|
+                        [a-zA-Z0-9_$]+\[b\]\|\|null
+                    )\)&&\(c=|
+                \b(?P<var>[a-zA-Z0-9_$]+)=
+            )(?P<nfunc>[a-zA-Z0-9_$]+)(?:\[(?P<idx>\d+)\])?\([a-zA-Z]\)
+            (?(var),[a-zA-Z0-9_$]+\.set\((?:"n+"|[a-zA-Z0-9_$]+)\,(?P=var)\))''',
+            jscode, 'n function name', group=('nfunc', 'idx'), default=(None, None))
+        if not funcname:
+            self.report_warning(join_nonempty(
+                'Falling back to generic n function search',
+                player_url and f'         player = {player_url}', delim='\n'), only_once=True)
+            return self._search_regex(
+                r'''(?xs)
+                ;\s*(?P<name>[a-zA-Z0-9_$]+)\s*=\s*function\([a-zA-Z0-9_$]+\)
+                \s*\{(?:(?!};).)+?return\s*(?P<q>["'])[\w-]+_w8_(?P=q)\s*\+\s*[a-zA-Z0-9_$]+''',
+                jscode, 'Initial JS player n function name', group='name')
+        elif not idx:
+            return funcname
+
+        return json.loads(js_to_json(self._search_regex(
+            rf'var {re.escape(funcname)}\s*=\s*(\[.+?\])\s*[,;]', jscode,
+            f'Initial JS player n function list ({funcname}.{idx})')))[int(idx)]
+
+    def _interpret_player_js_global_var(self, jscode, player_url):
+        """Returns tuple of: variable name string, variable value list"""
+        extract_global_var = self._cached(self._search_regex, 'js global array', player_url)
+        varcode, varname, varvalue = extract_global_var(
+            r'''(?x)
+                (?P<q1>["\'])use\s+strict(?P=q1);\s*
+                (?P<code>
+                    var\s+(?P<name>[a-zA-Z0-9_$]+)\s*=\s*
+                    (?P<value>
+                        (?P<q2>["\'])(?:(?!(?P=q2)).|\\.)+(?P=q2)
+                        \.split\((?P<q3>["\'])(?:(?!(?P=q3)).)+(?P=q3)\)
+                        |\[\s*(?:(?P<q4>["\'])(?:(?!(?P=q4)).|\\.)*(?P=q4)\s*,?\s*)+\]
+                    )
+                )[;,]
+            ''', jscode, 'global variable', group=('code', 'name', 'value'), default=(None, None, None))
+        if not varcode:
+            self.write_debug(join_nonempty(
+                'No global array variable found in player JS',
+                player_url and f'        player = {player_url}', delim='\n'), only_once=True)
+            return None, None
+
+        jsi = JSInterpreter(varcode)
+        interpret_global_var = self._cached(jsi.interpret_expression, 'js global list', player_url)
+        return varname, interpret_global_var(varvalue, LocalNameSpace(), allow_recursion=10)
+
+    def _fixup_n_function_code(self, argnames, nsig_code, jscode, player_url):
+        # Fixup global array
+        varname, global_list = self._interpret_player_js_global_var(jscode, player_url)
+        if varname and global_list:
+            nsig_code = f'var {varname}={json.dumps(global_list)}; {nsig_code}'
+        else:
+            varname = self._DUMMY_STRING
+            global_list = []
+
+        # Fixup typeof check
+        undefined_idx = global_list.index('undefined') if 'undefined' in global_list else r'\d+'
+        fixed_code = re.sub(
+            fr'''(?x)
+                ;\s*if\s*\(\s*typeof\s+[a-zA-Z0-9_$]+\s*===?\s*(?:
+                    (["\'])undefined\1|
+                    {re.escape(varname)}\[{undefined_idx}\]
+                )\s*\)\s*return\s+{re.escape(argnames[0])};
+            ''', ';', nsig_code)
+        if fixed_code == nsig_code:
+            self.write_debug(join_nonempty(
+                'No typeof statement found in nsig function code',
+                player_url and f'        player = {player_url}', delim='\n'), only_once=True)
+
+        # Fixup global funcs
+        jsi = JSInterpreter(fixed_code)
+        cache_id = (self._NSIG_FUNC_CACHE_ID, player_url)
+        try:
+            self._cached(
+                self._extract_n_function_from_code, *cache_id)(jsi, (argnames, fixed_code))(self._DUMMY_STRING)
+        except JSInterpreter.Exception:
+            self._player_cache.pop(cache_id, None)
+
+        global_funcnames = jsi._undefined_varnames
+        debug_names = []
+        jsi = JSInterpreter(jscode)
+        for func_name in global_funcnames:
+            try:
+                func_args, func_code = jsi.extract_function_code(func_name)
+                fixed_code = f'var {func_name} = function({", ".join(func_args)}) {{ {func_code} }}; {fixed_code}'
+                debug_names.append(func_name)
+            except Exception:
+                self.report_warning(join_nonempty(
+                    f'Unable to extract global nsig function {func_name} from player JS',
+                    player_url and f'        player = {player_url}', delim='\n'), only_once=True)
+
+        if debug_names:
+            self.write_debug(f'Extracted global nsig functions: {", ".join(debug_names)}')
+
+        return argnames, fixed_code
+
+    def _extract_n_function_code(self, video_id, player_url):
+        player_id = self._extract_player_info(player_url)
+        func_code = self._load_player_data_from_cache('nsig', player_url)
+        jscode = func_code or self._load_player(video_id, player_url)
+        jsi = JSInterpreter(jscode)
+
+        if func_code:
+            return jsi, player_id, func_code
+
+        func_name = self._extract_n_function_name(jscode, player_url=player_url)
+
+        # XXX: Work around (a) global array variable, (b) `typeof` short-circuit, (c) global functions
+        func_code = self._fixup_n_function_code(*jsi.extract_function_code(func_name), jscode, player_url)
+
+        return jsi, player_id, func_code
+
+    def _extract_n_function_from_code(self, jsi, func_code):
+        func = jsi.extract_function_from_code(*func_code)
+
+        def extract_nsig(s):
+            try:
+                ret = func([s])
+            except JSInterpreter.Exception:
+                raise
+            except Exception as e:
+                raise JSInterpreter.Exception(traceback.format_exc(), cause=e)
+
+            if ret.startswith('enhanced_except_') or ret.endswith(s):
+                raise JSInterpreter.Exception('Signature function returned an exception')
+            return ret
+
+        return extract_nsig
+
+    def _extract_signature_timestamp(self, video_id, player_url, ytcfg=None, fatal=False):
+        """
+        Extract signatureTimestamp (sts)
+        Required to tell API what sig/player version is in use.
+        """
+        player_sts_override = self._get_player_js_version()[0]
+        if player_sts_override:
+            return int(player_sts_override)
+
+        if sts := traverse_obj(ytcfg, ('STS', {int_or_none})):
+            return sts
+
+        if not player_url:
+            error_msg = 'Cannot extract signature timestamp without player url'
+            if fatal:
+                raise ExtractorError(error_msg)
+            self.report_warning(error_msg)
+            return None
+
+        sts = self._load_player_data_from_cache('sts', player_url)
+        if sts:
+            return sts
+
+        if code := self._load_player(video_id, player_url, fatal=fatal):
+            sts = int_or_none(self._search_regex(
+                r'(?:signatureTimestamp|sts)\s*:\s*(?P<sts>[0-9]{5})', code,
+                'JS player signature timestamp', group='sts', fatal=fatal))
+            if sts:
+                self._store_player_data_to_cache('sts', player_url, sts)
+
+        return sts
+
+    def _mark_watched(self, video_id, player_responses):
+        # cpn generation algorithm is reverse engineered from base.js.
+        # In fact it works even with dummy cpn.
+        CPN_ALPHABET = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789-_'
+        cpn = ''.join(CPN_ALPHABET[random.randint(0, 256) & 63] for _ in range(16))
+
+        for is_full, key in enumerate(('videostatsPlaybackUrl', 'videostatsWatchtimeUrl')):
+            label = 'fully ' if is_full else ''
+            url = get_first(player_responses, ('playbackTracking', key, 'baseUrl'),
+                            expected_type=url_or_none)
+            if not url:
+                self.report_warning(f'Unable to mark {label}watched')
+                return
+            parsed_url = urllib.parse.urlparse(url)
+            qs = urllib.parse.parse_qs(parsed_url.query)
+
+            # # more consistent results setting it to right before the end
+            video_length = [str(float((qs.get('len') or ['1.5'])[0]) - 1)]
+
+            qs.update({
+                'ver': ['2'],
+                'cpn': [cpn],
+                'cmt': video_length,
+                'el': 'detailpage',  # otherwise defaults to "shorts"
+            })
+
+            if is_full:
+                # these seem to mark watchtime "history" in the real world
+                # they're required, so send in a single value
+                qs.update({
+                    'st': 0,
+                    'et': video_length,
+                })
+
+            url = urllib.parse.urlunparse(
+                parsed_url._replace(query=urllib.parse.urlencode(qs, True)))
+
+            self._download_webpage(
+                url, video_id, f'Marking {label}watched',
+                'Unable to mark watched', fatal=False)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _extract_from_webpage(cls, url, webpage):
+        # Invidious Instances
+        # https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/195
+        # https://github.com/iv-org/invidious/pull/1730
+        mobj = re.search(
+            r'<link rel="alternate" href="(?P<url>https://www\.youtube\.com/watch\?v=[0-9A-Za-z_-]{11})"',
+            webpage)
+        if mobj:
+            yield cls.url_result(mobj.group('url'), cls)
+            raise cls.StopExtraction
+
+        yield from super()._extract_from_webpage(url, webpage)
+
+        # lazyYT YouTube embed
+        for id_ in re.findall(r'class="lazyYT" data-youtube-id="([^"]+)"', webpage):
+            yield cls.url_result(unescapeHTML(id_), cls, id_)
+
+        # Wordpress "YouTube Video Importer" plugin
+        for m in re.findall(r'''(?x)<div[^>]+
+                class=(?P<q1>[\'"])[^\'"]*\byvii_single_video_player\b[^\'"]*(?P=q1)[^>]+
+                data-video_id=(?P<q2>[\'"])([^\'"]+)(?P=q2)''', webpage):
+            yield cls.url_result(m[-1], cls, m[-1])
+
+    @classmethod
+    def extract_id(cls, url):
+        video_id = cls.get_temp_id(url)
+        if not video_id:
+            raise ExtractorError(f'Invalid URL: {url}')
+        return video_id
+
+    def _extract_chapters_from_json(self, data, duration):
+        chapter_list = traverse_obj(
+            data, (
+                'playerOverlays', 'playerOverlayRenderer', 'decoratedPlayerBarRenderer',
+                'decoratedPlayerBarRenderer', 'playerBar', 'chapteredPlayerBarRenderer', 'chapters',
+            ), expected_type=list)
+
+        return self._extract_chapters_helper(
+            chapter_list,
+            start_function=lambda chapter: float_or_none(
+                traverse_obj(chapter, ('chapterRenderer', 'timeRangeStartMillis')), scale=1000),
+            title_function=lambda chapter: traverse_obj(
+                chapter, ('chapterRenderer', 'title', 'simpleText'), expected_type=str),
+            duration=duration)
+
+    def _extract_chapters_from_engagement_panel(self, data, duration):
+        content_list = traverse_obj(
+            data,
+            ('engagementPanels', ..., 'engagementPanelSectionListRenderer', 'content', 'macroMarkersListRenderer', 'contents'),
+            expected_type=list)
+        chapter_time = lambda chapter: parse_duration(self._get_text(chapter, 'timeDescription'))
+        chapter_title = lambda chapter: self._get_text(chapter, 'title')
+
+        return next(filter(None, (
+            self._extract_chapters_helper(traverse_obj(contents, (..., 'macroMarkersListItemRenderer')),
+                                          chapter_time, chapter_title, duration)
+            for contents in content_list)), [])
+
+    def _extract_heatmap(self, data):
+        return traverse_obj(data, (
+            'frameworkUpdates', 'entityBatchUpdate', 'mutations',
+            lambda _, v: v['payload']['macroMarkersListEntity']['markersList']['markerType'] == 'MARKER_TYPE_HEATMAP',
+            'payload', 'macroMarkersListEntity', 'markersList', 'markers', ..., {
+                'start_time': ('startMillis', {float_or_none(scale=1000)}),
+                'end_time': {lambda x: (int(x['startMillis']) + int(x['durationMillis'])) / 1000},
+                'value': ('intensityScoreNormalized', {float_or_none}),
+            })) or None
+
+    def _extract_comment(self, entities, parent=None):
+        comment_entity_payload = get_first(entities, ('payload', 'commentEntityPayload', {dict}))
+        if not (comment_id := traverse_obj(comment_entity_payload, ('properties', 'commentId', {str}))):
+            return
+
+        toolbar_entity_payload = get_first(entities, ('payload', 'engagementToolbarStateEntityPayload', {dict}))
+        time_text = traverse_obj(comment_entity_payload, ('properties', 'publishedTime', {str})) or ''
+
+        return {
+            'id': comment_id,
+            'parent': parent or 'root',
+            **traverse_obj(comment_entity_payload, {
+                'text': ('properties', 'content', 'content', {str}),
+                'like_count': ('toolbar', 'likeCountA11y', {parse_count}),
+                'author_id': ('author', 'channelId', {self.ucid_or_none}),
+                'author': ('author', 'displayName', {str}),
+                'author_thumbnail': ('author', 'avatarThumbnailUrl', {url_or_none}),
+                'author_is_uploader': ('author', 'isCreator', {bool}),
+                'author_is_verified': ('author', 'isVerified', {bool}),
+                'author_url': ('author', 'channelCommand', 'innertubeCommand', (
+                    ('browseEndpoint', 'canonicalBaseUrl'), ('commandMetadata', 'webCommandMetadata', 'url'),
+                ), {urljoin('https://www.youtube.com')}),
+            }, get_all=False),
+            'is_favorited': (None if toolbar_entity_payload is None else
+                             toolbar_entity_payload.get('heartState') == 'TOOLBAR_HEART_STATE_HEARTED'),
+            '_time_text': time_text,  # FIXME: non-standard, but we need a way of showing that it is an estimate.
+            'timestamp': self._parse_time_text(time_text),
+        }
+
+    def _extract_comment_old(self, comment_renderer, parent=None):
+        comment_id = comment_renderer.get('commentId')
+        if not comment_id:
+            return
+
+        info = {
+            'id': comment_id,
+            'text': self._get_text(comment_renderer, 'contentText'),
+            'like_count': self._get_count(comment_renderer, 'voteCount'),
+            'author_id': traverse_obj(comment_renderer, ('authorEndpoint', 'browseEndpoint', 'browseId', {self.ucid_or_none})),
+            'author': self._get_text(comment_renderer, 'authorText'),
+            'author_thumbnail': traverse_obj(comment_renderer, ('authorThumbnail', 'thumbnails', -1, 'url', {url_or_none})),
+            'parent': parent or 'root',
+        }
+
+        # Timestamp is an estimate calculated from the current time and time_text
+        time_text = self._get_text(comment_renderer, 'publishedTimeText') or ''
+        timestamp = self._parse_time_text(time_text)
+
+        info.update({
+            # FIXME: non-standard, but we need a way of showing that it is an estimate.
+            '_time_text': time_text,
+            'timestamp': timestamp,
+        })
+
+        info['author_url'] = urljoin(
+            'https://www.youtube.com', traverse_obj(comment_renderer, ('authorEndpoint', (
+                ('browseEndpoint', 'canonicalBaseUrl'), ('commandMetadata', 'webCommandMetadata', 'url'))),
+                expected_type=str, get_all=False))
+
+        author_is_uploader = traverse_obj(comment_renderer, 'authorIsChannelOwner')
+        if author_is_uploader is not None:
+            info['author_is_uploader'] = author_is_uploader
+
+        comment_abr = traverse_obj(
+            comment_renderer, ('actionButtons', 'commentActionButtonsRenderer'), expected_type=dict)
+        if comment_abr is not None:
+            info['is_favorited'] = 'creatorHeart' in comment_abr
+
+        badges = self._extract_badges([traverse_obj(comment_renderer, 'authorCommentBadge')])
+        if self._has_badge(badges, BadgeType.VERIFIED):
+            info['author_is_verified'] = True
+
+        is_pinned = traverse_obj(comment_renderer, 'pinnedCommentBadge')
+        if is_pinned:
+            info['is_pinned'] = True
+
+        return info
+
+    def _comment_entries(self, root_continuation_data, ytcfg, video_id, parent=None, tracker=None):
+
+        get_single_config_arg = lambda c: self._configuration_arg(c, [''])[0]
+
+        def extract_header(contents):
+            _continuation = None
+            for content in contents:
+                comments_header_renderer = traverse_obj(content, 'commentsHeaderRenderer')
+                expected_comment_count = self._get_count(
+                    comments_header_renderer, 'countText', 'commentsCount')
+
+                if expected_comment_count is not None:
+                    tracker['est_total'] = expected_comment_count
+                    self.to_screen(f'Downloading ~{expected_comment_count} comments')
+                comment_sort_index = int(get_single_config_arg('comment_sort') != 'top')  # 1 = new, 0 = top
+
+                sort_menu_item = try_get(
+                    comments_header_renderer,
+                    lambda x: x['sortMenu']['sortFilterSubMenuRenderer']['subMenuItems'][comment_sort_index], dict) or {}
+                sort_continuation_ep = sort_menu_item.get('serviceEndpoint') or {}
+
+                _continuation = self._extract_continuation_ep_data(sort_continuation_ep) or self._extract_continuation(sort_menu_item)
+                if not _continuation:
+                    continue
+
+                sort_text = str_or_none(sort_menu_item.get('title'))
+                if not sort_text:
+                    sort_text = 'top comments' if comment_sort_index == 0 else 'newest first'
+                self.to_screen(f'Sorting comments by {sort_text.lower()}')
+                break
+            return _continuation
+
+        def extract_thread(contents, entity_payloads):
+            if not parent:
+                tracker['current_page_thread'] = 0
+            for content in contents:
+                if not parent and tracker['total_parent_comments'] >= max_parents:
+                    yield
+                comment_thread_renderer = try_get(content, lambda x: x['commentThreadRenderer'])
+
+                # old comment format
+                if not entity_payloads:
+                    comment_renderer = get_first(
+                        (comment_thread_renderer, content), [['commentRenderer', ('comment', 'commentRenderer')]],
+                        expected_type=dict, default={})
+
+                    comment = self._extract_comment_old(comment_renderer, parent)
+
+                # new comment format
+                else:
+                    view_model = (
+                        traverse_obj(comment_thread_renderer, ('commentViewModel', 'commentViewModel', {dict}))
+                        or traverse_obj(content, ('commentViewModel', {dict})))
+                    comment_keys = traverse_obj(view_model, (('commentKey', 'toolbarStateKey'), {str}))
+                    if not comment_keys:
+                        continue
+                    entities = traverse_obj(entity_payloads, lambda _, v: v['entityKey'] in comment_keys)
+                    comment = self._extract_comment(entities, parent)
+                    if comment:
+                        comment['is_pinned'] = traverse_obj(view_model, ('pinnedText', {str})) is not None
+
+                if not comment:
+                    continue
+                comment_id = comment['id']
+
+                if comment.get('is_pinned'):
+                    tracker['pinned_comment_ids'].add(comment_id)
+                # Sometimes YouTube may break and give us infinite looping comments.
+                # See: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/6290
+                if comment_id in tracker['seen_comment_ids']:
+                    if comment_id in tracker['pinned_comment_ids'] and not comment.get('is_pinned'):
+                        # Pinned comments may appear a second time in newest first sort
+                        # See: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/6712
+                        continue
+                    self.report_warning(
+                        'Detected YouTube comments looping. Stopping comment extraction '
+                        f'{"for this thread" if parent else ""} as we probably cannot get any more.')
+                    yield
+                else:
+                    tracker['seen_comment_ids'].add(comment['id'])
+
+                tracker['running_total'] += 1
+                tracker['total_reply_comments' if parent else 'total_parent_comments'] += 1
+                yield comment
+
+                # Attempt to get the replies
+                comment_replies_renderer = try_get(
+                    comment_thread_renderer, lambda x: x['replies']['commentRepliesRenderer'], dict)
+
+                if comment_replies_renderer:
+                    tracker['current_page_thread'] += 1
+                    comment_entries_iter = self._comment_entries(
+                        comment_replies_renderer, ytcfg, video_id,
+                        parent=comment.get('id'), tracker=tracker)
+                    yield from itertools.islice(comment_entries_iter, min(
+                        max_replies_per_thread, max(0, max_replies - tracker['total_reply_comments'])))
+
+        # Keeps track of counts across recursive calls
+        if not tracker:
+            tracker = {
+                'running_total': 0,
+                'est_total': None,
+                'current_page_thread': 0,
+                'total_parent_comments': 0,
+                'total_reply_comments': 0,
+                'seen_comment_ids': set(),
+                'pinned_comment_ids': set(),
+            }
+
+        # TODO: Deprecated
+        # YouTube comments have a max depth of 2
+        max_depth = int_or_none(get_single_config_arg('max_comment_depth'))
+        if max_depth:
+            self._downloader.deprecated_feature('[youtube] max_comment_depth extractor argument is deprecated. '
+                                                'Set max replies in the max-comments extractor argument instead')
+        if max_depth == 1 and parent:
+            return
+
+        _max_comments, max_parents, max_replies, max_replies_per_thread, *_ = (
+            int_or_none(p, default=sys.maxsize) for p in self._configuration_arg('max_comments') + [''] * 4)
+
+        continuation = self._extract_continuation(root_continuation_data)
+
+        response = None
+        is_forced_continuation = False
+        is_first_continuation = parent is None
+        if is_first_continuation and not continuation:
+            # Sometimes you can get comments by generating the continuation yourself,
+            # even if YouTube initially reports them being disabled - e.g. stories comments.
+            # Note: if the comment section is actually disabled, YouTube may return a response with
+            # required check_get_keys missing. So we will disable that check initially in this case.
+            continuation = self._build_api_continuation_query(self._generate_comment_continuation(video_id))
+            is_forced_continuation = True
+
+        continuation_items_path = (
+            'onResponseReceivedEndpoints', ..., ('reloadContinuationItemsCommand', 'appendContinuationItemsAction'), 'continuationItems')
+        for page_num in itertools.count(0):
+            if not continuation:
+                break
+            headers = self.generate_api_headers(ytcfg=ytcfg, visitor_data=self._extract_visitor_data(response))
+            comment_prog_str = f"({tracker['running_total']}/~{tracker['est_total']})"
+            if page_num == 0:
+                if is_first_continuation:
+                    note_prefix = 'Downloading comment section API JSON'
+                else:
+                    note_prefix = '    Downloading comment API JSON reply thread %d %s' % (
+                        tracker['current_page_thread'], comment_prog_str)
+            else:
+                note_prefix = '{}Downloading comment{} API JSON page {} {}'.format(
+                    '       ' if parent else '', ' replies' if parent else '',
+                    page_num, comment_prog_str)
+
+            # Do a deep check for incomplete data as sometimes YouTube may return no comments for a continuation
+            # Ignore check if YouTube says the comment count is 0.
+            check_get_keys = None
+            if not is_forced_continuation and not (tracker['est_total'] == 0 and tracker['running_total'] == 0):
+                check_get_keys = [[*continuation_items_path, ..., (
+                    'commentsHeaderRenderer' if is_first_continuation else ('commentThreadRenderer', 'commentViewModel', 'commentRenderer'))]]
+            try:
+                response = self._extract_response(
+                    item_id=None, query=continuation,
+                    ep='next', ytcfg=ytcfg, headers=headers, note=note_prefix,
+                    check_get_keys=check_get_keys)
+            except ExtractorError as e:
+                # Ignore incomplete data error for replies if retries didn't work.
+                # This is to allow any other parent comments and comment threads to be downloaded.
+                # See: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/4669
+                if 'incomplete data' in str(e).lower() and parent:
+                    if self.get_param('ignoreerrors') in (True, 'only_download'):
+                        self.report_warning(
+                            'Received incomplete data for a comment reply thread and retrying did not help. '
+                            'Ignoring to let other comments be downloaded. Pass --no-ignore-errors to not ignore.')
+                        return
+                    else:
+                        raise ExtractorError(
+                            'Incomplete data received for comment reply thread. '
+                            'Pass --ignore-errors to ignore and allow rest of comments to download.',
+                            expected=True)
+                raise
+            is_forced_continuation = False
+            continuation = None
+            mutations = traverse_obj(response, ('frameworkUpdates', 'entityBatchUpdate', 'mutations', ..., {dict}))
+            for continuation_items in traverse_obj(response, continuation_items_path, expected_type=list, default=[]):
+                if is_first_continuation:
+                    continuation = extract_header(continuation_items)
+                    is_first_continuation = False
+                    if continuation:
+                        break
+                    continue
+
+                for entry in extract_thread(continuation_items, mutations):
+                    if not entry:
+                        return
+                    yield entry
+                continuation = self._extract_continuation({'contents': continuation_items})
+                if continuation:
+                    break
+
+        message = self._get_text(root_continuation_data, ('contents', ..., 'messageRenderer', 'text'), max_runs=1)
+        if message and not parent and tracker['running_total'] == 0:
+            self.report_warning(f'Youtube said: {message}', video_id=video_id, only_once=True)
+            raise self.CommentsDisabled
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _generate_comment_continuation(video_id):
+        """
+        Generates initial comment section continuation token from given video id
+        """
+        token = f'\x12\r\x12\x0b{video_id}\x18\x062\'"\x11"\x0b{video_id}0\x00x\x020\x00B\x10comments-section'
+        return base64.b64encode(token.encode()).decode()
+
+    def _get_comments(self, ytcfg, video_id, contents, webpage):
+        """Entry for comment extraction"""
+        def _real_comment_extract(contents):
+            renderer = next((
+                item for item in traverse_obj(contents, (..., 'itemSectionRenderer'), default={})
+                if item.get('sectionIdentifier') == 'comment-item-section'), None)
+            yield from self._comment_entries(renderer, ytcfg, video_id)
+
+        max_comments = int_or_none(self._configuration_arg('max_comments', [''])[0])
+        return itertools.islice(_real_comment_extract(contents), 0, max_comments)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _get_checkok_params():
+        return {'contentCheckOk': True, 'racyCheckOk': True}
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _generate_player_context(cls, sts=None):
+        context = {
+            'html5Preference': 'HTML5_PREF_WANTS',
+        }
+        if sts is not None:
+            context['signatureTimestamp'] = sts
+        return {
+            'playbackContext': {
+                'contentPlaybackContext': context,
+            },
+            **cls._get_checkok_params(),
+        }
+
+    def _get_config_po_token(self, client: str, context: _PoTokenContext):
+        po_token_strs = self._configuration_arg('po_token', [], ie_key=YoutubeIE, casesense=True)
+        for token_str in po_token_strs:
+            po_token_meta, sep, po_token = token_str.partition('+')
+            if not sep:
+                self.report_warning(
+                    f'Invalid po_token configuration format. '
+                    f'Expected "CLIENT.CONTEXT+PO_TOKEN", got "{token_str}"', only_once=True)
+                continue
+
+            po_token_client, sep, po_token_context = po_token_meta.partition('.')
+            if po_token_client.lower() != client:
+                continue
+
+            if not sep:
+                # TODO(future): deprecate the old format?
+                self.write_debug(
+                    f'po_token configuration for {client} client is missing a context; assuming GVS. '
+                    'You can provide a context with the format "CLIENT.CONTEXT+PO_TOKEN"',
+                    only_once=True)
+                po_token_context = _PoTokenContext.GVS.value
+
+            if po_token_context.lower() != context.value:
+                continue
+
+            # Clean and validate the PO Token. This will strip invalid characters off
+            # (e.g. additional url params the user may accidentally include)
+            try:
+                return base64.urlsafe_b64encode(base64.urlsafe_b64decode(urllib.parse.unquote(po_token))).decode()
+            except (binascii.Error, ValueError):
+                self.report_warning(
+                    f'Invalid po_token configuration for {client} client: '
+                    f'{po_token_context} PO Token should be a base64url-encoded string.',
+                    only_once=True)
+                continue
+
+    def fetch_po_token(self, client='web', context: _PoTokenContext = _PoTokenContext.GVS, ytcfg=None, visitor_data=None,
+                       data_sync_id=None, session_index=None, player_url=None, video_id=None, webpage=None,
+                       required=False, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Fetch a PO Token for a given client and context. This function will validate required parameters for a given context and client.
+
+        EXPERIMENTAL: This method is unstable and may change or be removed without notice.
+
+        @param client: The client to fetch the PO Token for.
+        @param context: The context in which the PO Token is used.
+        @param ytcfg: The ytcfg for the client.
+        @param visitor_data: visitor data.
+        @param data_sync_id: data sync ID.
+        @param session_index: session index.
+        @param player_url: player URL.
+        @param video_id: video ID.
+        @param webpage: video webpage.
+        @param required: Whether the PO Token is required (i.e. try to fetch unless policy is "never").
+        @param kwargs: Additional arguments to pass down. May be more added in the future.
+        @return: The fetched PO Token. None if it could not be fetched.
+        """
+
+        # TODO(future): This validation should be moved into pot framework.
+        #  Some sort of middleware or validation provider perhaps?
+
+        # GVS WebPO Token is bound to visitor_data / Visitor ID when logged out.
+        # Must have visitor_data for it to function.
+        if player_url and context == _PoTokenContext.GVS and not visitor_data and not self.is_authenticated:
+            self.report_warning(
+                f'Unable to fetch GVS PO Token for {client} client: Missing required Visitor Data. '
+                f'You may need to pass Visitor Data with --extractor-args "youtube:visitor_data=XXX"')
+            return
+
+        if context == _PoTokenContext.PLAYER and not video_id:
+            self.report_warning(
+                f'Unable to fetch Player PO Token for {client} client: Missing required Video ID')
+            return
+
+        config_po_token = self._get_config_po_token(client, context)
+        if config_po_token:
+            # GVS WebPO token is bound to data_sync_id / account Session ID when logged in.
+            if player_url and context == _PoTokenContext.GVS and not data_sync_id and self.is_authenticated:
+                self.report_warning(
+                    f'Got a GVS PO Token for {client} client, but missing Data Sync ID for account. Formats may not work.'
+                    f'You may need to pass a Data Sync ID with --extractor-args "youtube:data_sync_id=XXX"')
+
+            self.write_debug(f'{video_id}: Retrieved a {context.value} PO Token for {client} client from config')
+            return config_po_token
+
+        # Require GVS WebPO Token if logged in for external fetching
+        if player_url and context == _PoTokenContext.GVS and not data_sync_id and self.is_authenticated:
+            self.report_warning(
+                f'Unable to fetch GVS PO Token for {client} client: Missing required Data Sync ID for account. '
+                f'You may need to pass a Data Sync ID with --extractor-args "youtube:data_sync_id=XXX"')
+            return
+
+        po_token = self._fetch_po_token(
+            client=client,
+            context=context.value,
+            ytcfg=ytcfg,
+            visitor_data=visitor_data,
+            data_sync_id=data_sync_id,
+            session_index=session_index,
+            player_url=player_url,
+            video_id=video_id,
+            video_webpage=webpage,
+            required=required,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+        if po_token:
+            self.write_debug(f'{video_id}: Retrieved a {context.value} PO Token for {client} client')
+            return po_token
+
+    def _fetch_po_token(self, client, **kwargs):
+        context = kwargs.get('context')
+
+        # Avoid fetching PO Tokens when not required
+        fetch_pot_policy = self._configuration_arg('fetch_pot', [''], ie_key=YoutubeIE)[0]
+        if fetch_pot_policy not in ('never', 'auto', 'always'):
+            fetch_pot_policy = 'auto'
+        if (
+            fetch_pot_policy == 'never'
+            or (
+                fetch_pot_policy == 'auto'
+                and not kwargs.get('required', False)
+            )
+        ):
+            return None
+
+        headers = self.get_param('http_headers').copy()
+        proxies = self._downloader.proxies.copy()
+        clean_headers(headers)
+        clean_proxies(proxies, headers)
+
+        innertube_host = self._select_api_hostname(None, default_client=client)
+
+        pot_request = PoTokenRequest(
+            context=PoTokenContext(context),
+            innertube_context=traverse_obj(kwargs, ('ytcfg', 'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT')),
+            innertube_host=innertube_host,
+            internal_client_name=client,
+            session_index=kwargs.get('session_index'),
+            player_url=kwargs.get('player_url'),
+            video_webpage=kwargs.get('video_webpage'),
+            is_authenticated=self.is_authenticated,
+            visitor_data=kwargs.get('visitor_data'),
+            data_sync_id=kwargs.get('data_sync_id'),
+            video_id=kwargs.get('video_id'),
+            request_cookiejar=self._downloader.cookiejar,
+
+            # All requests that would need to be proxied should be in the
+            # context of www.youtube.com or the innertube host
+            request_proxy=(
+                select_proxy('https://www.youtube.com', proxies)
+                or select_proxy(f'https://{innertube_host}', proxies)
+            ),
+            request_headers=headers,
+            request_timeout=self.get_param('socket_timeout'),
+            request_verify_tls=not self.get_param('nocheckcertificate'),
+            request_source_address=self.get_param('source_address'),
+
+            bypass_cache=False,
+        )
+
+        return self._pot_director.get_po_token(pot_request)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _is_agegated(player_response):
+        if traverse_obj(player_response, ('playabilityStatus', 'desktopLegacyAgeGateReason')):
+            return True
+
+        reasons = traverse_obj(player_response, ('playabilityStatus', ('status', 'reason')))
+        AGE_GATE_REASONS = (
+            'confirm your age', 'age-restricted', 'inappropriate',  # reason
+            'age_verification_required', 'age_check_required',  # status
+        )
+        return any(expected in reason for expected in AGE_GATE_REASONS for reason in reasons)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _is_unplayable(player_response):
+        return traverse_obj(player_response, ('playabilityStatus', 'status')) == 'UNPLAYABLE'
+
+    def _extract_player_response(self, client, video_id, webpage_ytcfg, player_ytcfg, player_url, initial_pr, visitor_data, data_sync_id, po_token):
+        headers = self.generate_api_headers(
+            ytcfg=player_ytcfg,
+            default_client=client,
+            visitor_data=visitor_data,
+            session_index=self._extract_session_index(webpage_ytcfg, player_ytcfg),
+            delegated_session_id=(
+                self._parse_data_sync_id(data_sync_id)[0]
+                or self._extract_delegated_session_id(webpage_ytcfg, initial_pr, player_ytcfg)
+            ),
+            user_session_id=(
+                self._parse_data_sync_id(data_sync_id)[1]
+                or self._extract_user_session_id(webpage_ytcfg, initial_pr, player_ytcfg)
+            ),
+        )
+
+        yt_query = {
+            'videoId': video_id,
+        }
+
+        default_pp = traverse_obj(
+            INNERTUBE_CLIENTS, (_split_innertube_client(client)[0], 'PLAYER_PARAMS', {str}))
+        if player_params := self._configuration_arg('player_params', [default_pp], casesense=True)[0]:
+            yt_query['params'] = player_params
+
+        if po_token:
+            yt_query['serviceIntegrityDimensions'] = {'poToken': po_token}
+
+        sts = self._extract_signature_timestamp(video_id, player_url, webpage_ytcfg, fatal=False) if player_url else None
+        yt_query.update(self._generate_player_context(sts))
+        return self._extract_response(
+            item_id=video_id, ep='player', query=yt_query,
+            ytcfg=player_ytcfg, headers=headers, fatal=True,
+            default_client=client,
+            note='Downloading {} player API JSON'.format(client.replace('_', ' ').strip()),
+        ) or None
+
+    def _get_requested_clients(self, url, smuggled_data, is_premium_subscriber):
+        requested_clients = []
+        excluded_clients = []
+        default_clients = (
+            self._DEFAULT_PREMIUM_CLIENTS if is_premium_subscriber
+            else self._DEFAULT_AUTHED_CLIENTS if self.is_authenticated
+            else self._DEFAULT_CLIENTS
+        )
+        allowed_clients = sorted(
+            (client for client in INNERTUBE_CLIENTS if client[:1] != '_'),
+            key=lambda client: INNERTUBE_CLIENTS[client]['priority'], reverse=True)
+        for client in self._configuration_arg('player_client'):
+            if client == 'default':
+                requested_clients.extend(default_clients)
+            elif client == 'all':
+                requested_clients.extend(allowed_clients)
+            elif client.startswith('-'):
+                excluded_clients.append(client[1:])
+            elif client not in allowed_clients:
+                self.report_warning(f'Skipping unsupported client "{client}"')
+            else:
+                requested_clients.append(client)
+        if not requested_clients:
+            requested_clients.extend(default_clients)
+        for excluded_client in excluded_clients:
+            if excluded_client in requested_clients:
+                requested_clients.remove(excluded_client)
+        if not requested_clients:
+            raise ExtractorError('No player clients have been requested', expected=True)
+
+        if self.is_authenticated:
+            if (smuggled_data.get('is_music_url') or self.is_music_url(url)) and 'web_music' not in requested_clients:
+                requested_clients.append('web_music')
+
+            unsupported_clients = [
+                client for client in requested_clients if not INNERTUBE_CLIENTS[client]['SUPPORTS_COOKIES']
+            ]
+            for client in unsupported_clients:
+                self.report_warning(f'Skipping client "{client}" since it does not support cookies', only_once=True)
+                requested_clients.remove(client)
+
+        return orderedSet(requested_clients)
+
+    def _invalid_player_response(self, pr, video_id):
+        # YouTube may return a different video player response than expected.
+        # See: https://github.com/TeamNewPipe/NewPipe/issues/8713
+        if (pr_id := traverse_obj(pr, ('videoDetails', 'videoId'))) != video_id:
+            return pr_id
+
+    def _extract_player_responses(self, clients, video_id, webpage, webpage_client, webpage_ytcfg, is_premium_subscriber):
+        initial_pr = None
+        if webpage:
+            initial_pr = self._search_json(
+                self._YT_INITIAL_PLAYER_RESPONSE_RE, webpage,
+                f'{webpage_client} client initial player response', video_id, fatal=False)
+
+        prs = []
+        deprioritized_prs = []
+
+        if initial_pr and not self._invalid_player_response(initial_pr, video_id):
+            # Android player_response does not have microFormats which are needed for
+            # extraction of some data. So we return the initial_pr with formats
+            # stripped out even if not requested by the user
+            # See: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/501
+            prs.append({**initial_pr, 'streamingData': None})
+
+        all_clients = set(clients)
+        clients = clients[::-1]
+
+        def append_client(*client_names):
+            """ Append the first client name that exists but not already used """
+            for client_name in client_names:
+                actual_client = _split_innertube_client(client_name)[0]
+                if actual_client in INNERTUBE_CLIENTS:
+                    if actual_client not in all_clients:
+                        clients.append(client_name)
+                        all_clients.add(actual_client)
+                        return
+
+        tried_iframe_fallback = False
+        player_url = visitor_data = data_sync_id = None
+        skipped_clients = {}
+        while clients:
+            deprioritize_pr = False
+            client, base_client, variant = _split_innertube_client(clients.pop())
+            player_ytcfg = webpage_ytcfg if client == webpage_client else {}
+            if 'configs' not in self._configuration_arg('player_skip') and client != webpage_client:
+                player_ytcfg = self._download_ytcfg(client, video_id) or player_ytcfg
+
+            player_url = player_url or self._extract_player_url(webpage_ytcfg, player_ytcfg, webpage=webpage)
+            require_js_player = self._get_default_ytcfg(client).get('REQUIRE_JS_PLAYER')
+            if 'js' in self._configuration_arg('player_skip'):
+                require_js_player = False
+                player_url = None
+
+            if not player_url and not tried_iframe_fallback and require_js_player:
+                player_url = self._download_player_url(video_id)
+                tried_iframe_fallback = True
+
+            pr = None
+            if client == webpage_client and 'player_response' not in self._configuration_arg('webpage_skip'):
+                pr = initial_pr
+
+            visitor_data = visitor_data or self._extract_visitor_data(webpage_ytcfg, initial_pr, player_ytcfg)
+            data_sync_id = data_sync_id or self._extract_data_sync_id(webpage_ytcfg, initial_pr, player_ytcfg)
+
+            fetch_po_token_args = {
+                'client': client,
+                'visitor_data': visitor_data,
+                'video_id': video_id,
+                'data_sync_id': data_sync_id if self.is_authenticated else None,
+                'player_url': player_url if require_js_player else None,
+                'webpage': webpage,
+                'session_index': self._extract_session_index(webpage_ytcfg, player_ytcfg),
+                'ytcfg': player_ytcfg or self._get_default_ytcfg(client),
+            }
+
+            # Don't need a player PO token for WEB if using player response from webpage
+            player_pot_policy: PlayerPoTokenPolicy = self._get_default_ytcfg(client)['PLAYER_PO_TOKEN_POLICY']
+            player_po_token = None if pr else self.fetch_po_token(
+                context=_PoTokenContext.PLAYER, **fetch_po_token_args,
+                required=player_pot_policy.required or player_pot_policy.recommended)
+
+            fetch_gvs_po_token_func = functools.partial(
+                self.fetch_po_token, context=_PoTokenContext.GVS, **fetch_po_token_args)
+
+            fetch_subs_po_token_func = functools.partial(
+                self.fetch_po_token, context=_PoTokenContext.SUBS, **fetch_po_token_args)
+
+            try:
+                pr = pr or self._extract_player_response(
+                    client, video_id,
+                    webpage_ytcfg=player_ytcfg or webpage_ytcfg,
+                    player_ytcfg=player_ytcfg,
+                    player_url=player_url,
+                    initial_pr=initial_pr,
+                    visitor_data=visitor_data,
+                    data_sync_id=data_sync_id,
+                    po_token=player_po_token)
+            except ExtractorError as e:
+                self.report_warning(e)
+                continue
+
+            if pr_id := self._invalid_player_response(pr, video_id):
+                skipped_clients[client] = pr_id
+            elif pr:
+                # Save client details for introspection later
+                innertube_context = traverse_obj(player_ytcfg or self._get_default_ytcfg(client), 'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT')
+                fetched_timestamp = int(time.time())
+                sd = pr.setdefault('streamingData', {})
+                sd[STREAMING_DATA_CLIENT_NAME] = client
+                sd[STREAMING_DATA_FETCH_GVS_PO_TOKEN] = fetch_gvs_po_token_func
+                sd[STREAMING_DATA_PLAYER_TOKEN_PROVIDED] = bool(player_po_token)
+                sd[STREAMING_DATA_INNERTUBE_CONTEXT] = innertube_context
+                sd[STREAMING_DATA_FETCH_SUBS_PO_TOKEN] = fetch_subs_po_token_func
+                sd[STREAMING_DATA_IS_PREMIUM_SUBSCRIBER] = is_premium_subscriber
+                for f in traverse_obj(sd, (('formats', 'adaptiveFormats'), ..., {dict})):
+                    f[STREAMING_DATA_CLIENT_NAME] = client
+                    f[STREAMING_DATA_FETCH_GVS_PO_TOKEN] = fetch_gvs_po_token_func
+                    f[STREAMING_DATA_IS_PREMIUM_SUBSCRIBER] = is_premium_subscriber
+                    f[STREAMING_DATA_PLAYER_TOKEN_PROVIDED] = bool(player_po_token)
+                    f[STREAMING_DATA_FETCHED_TIMESTAMP] = fetched_timestamp
+                if deprioritize_pr:
+                    deprioritized_prs.append(pr)
+                else:
+                    prs.append(pr)
+
+            # web_embedded can work around age-gate and age-verification for some embeddable videos
+            if self._is_agegated(pr) and variant != 'web_embedded':
+                append_client(f'web_embedded.{base_client}')
+            # Unauthenticated users will only get web_embedded client formats if age-gated
+            if self._is_agegated(pr) and not self.is_authenticated:
+                self.to_screen(
+                    f'{video_id}: This video is age-restricted; some formats may be missing '
+                    f'without authentication. {self._youtube_login_hint}', only_once=True)
+
+            # EU countries require age-verification for accounts to access age-restricted videos
+            # If account is not age-verified, _is_agegated() will be truthy for non-embedded clients
+            embedding_is_disabled = variant == 'web_embedded' and self._is_unplayable(pr)
+            if self.is_authenticated and (self._is_agegated(pr) or embedding_is_disabled):
+                self.to_screen(
+                    f'{video_id}: This video is age-restricted and YouTube is requiring '
+                    'account age-verification; some formats may be missing', only_once=True)
+                # tv_embedded can work around the age-verification requirement for embeddable videos
+                # web_creator may work around age-verification for all videos but requires PO token
+                append_client('tv_embedded', 'web_creator')
+
+            status = traverse_obj(pr, ('playabilityStatus', 'status', {str}))
+            if status not in ('OK', 'LIVE_STREAM_OFFLINE', 'AGE_CHECK_REQUIRED', 'AGE_VERIFICATION_REQUIRED'):
+                self.write_debug(f'{video_id}: {client} player response playability status: {status}')
+
+        prs.extend(deprioritized_prs)
+
+        if skipped_clients:
+            self.report_warning(
+                f'Skipping player responses from {"/".join(skipped_clients)} clients '
+                f'(got player responses for video "{"/".join(set(skipped_clients.values()))}" instead of "{video_id}")')
+            if not prs:
+                raise ExtractorError(
+                    'All player responses are invalid. Your IP is likely being blocked by Youtube', expected=True)
+        elif not prs:
+            raise ExtractorError('Failed to extract any player response')
+        return prs, player_url
+
+    def _needs_live_processing(self, live_status, duration):
+        if ((live_status == 'is_live' and self.get_param('live_from_start'))
+                or (live_status == 'post_live' and (duration or 0) > 2 * 3600)):
+            return live_status
+
+    def _report_pot_format_skipped(self, video_id, client_name, proto):
+        msg = (
+            f'{video_id}: {client_name} client {proto} formats require a GVS PO Token which was not provided. '
+            'They will be skipped as they may yield HTTP Error 403. '
+            f'You can manually pass a GVS PO Token for this client with --extractor-args "youtube:po_token={client_name}.gvs+XXX". '
+            f'For more information, refer to  {PO_TOKEN_GUIDE_URL}')
+
+        # Only raise a warning for non-default clients, to not confuse users.
+        if client_name in (*self._DEFAULT_CLIENTS, *self._DEFAULT_AUTHED_CLIENTS):
+            self.write_debug(msg, only_once=True)
+        else:
+            self.report_warning(msg, only_once=True)
+
+    def _report_pot_subtitles_skipped(self, video_id, client_name, msg=None):
+        msg = msg or (
+            f'{video_id}: Some {client_name} client subtitles require a PO Token which was not provided. '
+            'They will be discarded since they are not downloadable as-is. '
+            f'You can manually pass a Subtitles PO Token for this client with '
+            f'--extractor-args "youtube:po_token={client_name}.subs+XXX" . '
+            f'For more information, refer to  {PO_TOKEN_GUIDE_URL}')
+
+        subs_wanted = any((
+            self.get_param('writesubtitles'),
+            self.get_param('writeautomaticsub'),
+            self.get_param('listsubtitles')))
+
+        # Only raise a warning for non-default clients, to not confuse users.
+        if not subs_wanted or client_name in (*self._DEFAULT_CLIENTS, *self._DEFAULT_AUTHED_CLIENTS):
+            self.write_debug(msg, only_once=True)
+        else:
+            self.report_warning(msg, only_once=True)
+
+    def _extract_formats_and_subtitles(self, streaming_data, video_id, player_url, live_status, duration):
+        CHUNK_SIZE = 10 << 20
+        PREFERRED_LANG_VALUE = 10
+        original_language = None
+        itags, stream_ids = collections.defaultdict(set), []
+        itag_qualities, res_qualities = {}, {0: None}
+        q = qualities([
+            # Normally tiny is the smallest video-only formats. But
+            # audio-only formats with unknown quality may get tagged as tiny
+            'tiny',
+            'audio_quality_ultralow', 'audio_quality_low', 'audio_quality_medium', 'audio_quality_high',  # Audio only formats
+            'small', 'medium', 'large', 'hd720', 'hd1080', 'hd1440', 'hd2160', 'hd2880', 'highres',
+        ])
+        streaming_formats = traverse_obj(streaming_data, (..., ('formats', 'adaptiveFormats'), ...))
+        format_types = self._configuration_arg('formats')
+        all_formats = 'duplicate' in format_types
+        if self._configuration_arg('include_duplicate_formats'):
+            all_formats = True
+            self._downloader.deprecated_feature('[youtube] include_duplicate_formats extractor argument is deprecated. '
+                                                'Use formats=duplicate extractor argument instead')
+
+        def build_fragments(f):
+            return LazyList({
+                'url': update_url_query(f['url'], {
+                    'range': f'{range_start}-{min(range_start + CHUNK_SIZE - 1, f["filesize"])}',
+                }),
+            } for range_start in range(0, f['filesize'], CHUNK_SIZE))
+
+        def gvs_pot_required(policy, is_premium_subscriber, has_player_token):
+            return (
+                policy.required
+                and not (policy.not_required_with_player_token and has_player_token)
+                and not (policy.not_required_for_premium and is_premium_subscriber))
+
+        # save pots per client to avoid fetching again
+        gvs_pots = {}
+
+        # For handling potential pre-playback required waiting period
+        playback_wait = int_or_none(self._configuration_arg('playback_wait', [None])[0], default=6)
+
+        for fmt in streaming_formats:
+            client_name = fmt[STREAMING_DATA_CLIENT_NAME]
+            available_at = fmt[STREAMING_DATA_FETCHED_TIMESTAMP] + playback_wait
+            if fmt.get('targetDurationSec'):
+                continue
+
+            itag = str_or_none(fmt.get('itag'))
+            audio_track = fmt.get('audioTrack') or {}
+            stream_id = (itag, audio_track.get('id'), fmt.get('isDrc'))
+            if not all_formats:
+                if stream_id in stream_ids:
+                    continue
+
+            quality = fmt.get('quality')
+            height = int_or_none(fmt.get('height'))
+            if quality == 'tiny' or not quality:
+                quality = fmt.get('audioQuality', '').lower() or quality
+            # The 3gp format (17) in android client has a quality of "small",
+            # but is actually worse than other formats
+            if itag == '17':
+                quality = 'tiny'
+            if quality:
+                if itag:
+                    itag_qualities[itag] = quality
+                if height:
+                    res_qualities[height] = quality
+
+            display_name = audio_track.get('displayName') or ''
+            is_original = 'original' in display_name.lower()
+            is_descriptive = 'descriptive' in display_name.lower()
+            is_default = audio_track.get('audioIsDefault')
+            language_code = audio_track.get('id', '').split('.')[0]
+            if language_code and (is_original or (is_default and not original_language)):
+                original_language = language_code
+
+            has_drm = bool(fmt.get('drmFamilies'))
+
+            # FORMAT_STREAM_TYPE_OTF(otf=1) requires downloading the init fragment
+            # (adding `&sq=0` to the URL) and parsing emsg box to determine the
+            # number of fragment that would subsequently requested with (`&sq=N`)
+            if fmt.get('type') == 'FORMAT_STREAM_TYPE_OTF' and not has_drm:
+                continue
+
+            if has_drm:
+                msg = f'Some {client_name} client https formats have been skipped as they are DRM protected. '
+                if client_name == 'tv':
+                    msg += (
+                        f'{"Your account" if self.is_authenticated else "The current session"} may have '
+                        f'an experiment that applies DRM to all videos on the tv client. '
+                        f'See  https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12563  for more details.'
+                    )
+                self.report_warning(msg, video_id, only_once=True)
+
+            fmt_url = fmt.get('url')
+            if not fmt_url:
+                sc = urllib.parse.parse_qs(fmt.get('signatureCipher'))
+                fmt_url = url_or_none(try_get(sc, lambda x: x['url'][0]))
+                encrypted_sig = try_get(sc, lambda x: x['s'][0])
+                if not all((sc, fmt_url, player_url, encrypted_sig)):
+                    msg = f'Some {client_name} client https formats have been skipped as they are missing a url. '
+                    if client_name in ('web', 'web_safari'):
+                        msg += 'YouTube is forcing SABR streaming for this client. '
+                    else:
+                        msg += (
+                            f'YouTube may have enabled the SABR-only or Server-Side Ad Placement experiment for '
+                            f'{"your account" if self.is_authenticated else "the current session"}. '
+                        )
+                    msg += 'See  https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/12482  for more details'
+                    self.report_warning(msg, video_id, only_once=True)
+                    continue
+                try:
+                    fmt_url += '&{}={}'.format(
+                        traverse_obj(sc, ('sp', -1)) or 'signature',
+                        self._decrypt_signature(encrypted_sig, video_id, player_url),
+                    )
+                except ExtractorError as e:
+                    self.report_warning(
+                        f'Signature extraction failed: Some formats may be missing\n'
+                        f'         player = {player_url}\n'
+                        f'         {bug_reports_message(before="")}',
+                        video_id=video_id, only_once=True)
+                    self.write_debug(
+                        f'{video_id}: Signature extraction failure info:\n'
+                        f'         encrypted sig = {encrypted_sig}\n'
+                        f'         player = {player_url}')
+                    self.write_debug(e, only_once=True)
+                    continue
+
+            query = parse_qs(fmt_url)
+            if query.get('n'):
+                try:
+                    decrypt_nsig = self._cached(self._decrypt_nsig, 'nsig', query['n'][0])
+                    fmt_url = update_url_query(fmt_url, {
+                        'n': decrypt_nsig(query['n'][0], video_id, player_url),
+                    })
+                except ExtractorError as e:
+                    if player_url:
+                        self.report_warning(
+                            f'nsig extraction failed: Some formats may be missing\n'
+                            f'         n = {query["n"][0]} ; player = {player_url}\n'
+                            f'         {bug_reports_message(before="")}',
+                            video_id=video_id, only_once=True)
+                        self.write_debug(e, only_once=True)
+                    else:
+                        self.report_warning(
+                            'Cannot decrypt nsig without player_url: Some formats may be missing',
+                            video_id=video_id, only_once=True)
+                    continue
+
+            tbr = float_or_none(fmt.get('averageBitrate') or fmt.get('bitrate'), 1000)
+            format_duration = traverse_obj(fmt, ('approxDurationMs', {float_or_none(scale=1000)}))
+            # Some formats may have much smaller duration than others (possibly damaged during encoding)
+            # E.g. 2-nOtRESiUc Ref: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/2823
+            # Make sure to avoid false positives with small duration differences.
+            # E.g. __2ABJjxzNo, ySuUZEjARPY
+            is_damaged = try_call(lambda: format_duration < duration // 2)
+            if is_damaged:
+                self.report_warning(
+                    'Some formats are possibly damaged. They will be deprioritized', video_id, only_once=True)
+
+            fetch_po_token_func = fmt[STREAMING_DATA_FETCH_GVS_PO_TOKEN]
+            pot_policy: GvsPoTokenPolicy = self._get_default_ytcfg(client_name)['GVS_PO_TOKEN_POLICY'][StreamingProtocol.HTTPS]
+
+            require_po_token = (
+                itag not in ['18']
+                and gvs_pot_required(
+                    pot_policy, fmt[STREAMING_DATA_IS_PREMIUM_SUBSCRIBER],
+                    fmt[STREAMING_DATA_PLAYER_TOKEN_PROVIDED]))
+
+            po_token = (
+                gvs_pots.get(client_name)
+                or fetch_po_token_func(required=require_po_token or pot_policy.recommended))
+
+            if po_token:
+                fmt_url = update_url_query(fmt_url, {'pot': po_token})
+                if client_name not in gvs_pots:
+                    gvs_pots[client_name] = po_token
+
+            if not po_token and require_po_token and 'missing_pot' not in self._configuration_arg('formats'):
+                self._report_pot_format_skipped(video_id, client_name, 'https')
+                continue
+
+            name = fmt.get('qualityLabel') or quality.replace('audio_quality_', '') or ''
+            fps = int_or_none(fmt.get('fps')) or 0
+            dct = {
+                'asr': int_or_none(fmt.get('audioSampleRate')),
+                'filesize': int_or_none(fmt.get('contentLength')),
+                'format_id': f'{itag}{"-drc" if fmt.get("isDrc") else ""}',
+                'format_note': join_nonempty(
+                    join_nonempty(display_name, is_default and ' (default)', delim=''),
+                    name, fmt.get('isDrc') and 'DRC',
+                    try_get(fmt, lambda x: x['projectionType'].replace('RECTANGULAR', '').lower()),
+                    try_get(fmt, lambda x: x['spatialAudioType'].replace('SPATIAL_AUDIO_TYPE_', '').lower()),
+                    is_damaged and 'DAMAGED', require_po_token and not po_token and 'MISSING POT',
+                    (self.get_param('verbose') or all_formats) and short_client_name(client_name),
+                    delim=', '),
+                # Format 22 is likely to be damaged. See https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/3372
+                'source_preference': (-5 if itag == '22' else -1) + (100 if 'Premium' in name else 0),
+                'fps': fps if fps > 1 else None,  # For some formats, fps is wrongly returned as 1
+                'audio_channels': fmt.get('audioChannels'),
+                'height': height,
+                'quality': q(quality) - bool(fmt.get('isDrc')) / 2,
+                'has_drm': has_drm,
+                'tbr': tbr,
+                'filesize_approx': filesize_from_tbr(tbr, format_duration),
+                'url': fmt_url,
+                'width': int_or_none(fmt.get('width')),
+                'language': join_nonempty(language_code, 'desc' if is_descriptive else '') or None,
+                'language_preference': PREFERRED_LANG_VALUE if is_original else 5 if is_default else -10 if is_descriptive else -1,
+                # Strictly de-prioritize damaged and 3gp formats
+                'preference': -10 if is_damaged else -2 if itag == '17' else None,
+            }
+            mime_mobj = re.match(
+                r'((?:[^/]+)/(?:[^;]+))(?:;\s*codecs="([^"]+)")?', fmt.get('mimeType') or '')
+            if mime_mobj:
+                dct['ext'] = mimetype2ext(mime_mobj.group(1))
+                dct.update(parse_codecs(mime_mobj.group(2)))
+            if itag:
+                itags[itag].add(('https', dct.get('language')))
+                stream_ids.append(stream_id)
+            single_stream = 'none' in (dct.get('acodec'), dct.get('vcodec'))
+            if single_stream and dct.get('ext'):
+                dct['container'] = dct['ext'] + '_dash'
+
+            # For handling potential pre-playback required waiting period
+            if live_status not in ('is_live', 'post_live'):
+                dct['available_at'] = available_at
+
+            if (all_formats or 'dashy' in format_types) and dct['filesize']:
+                yield {
+                    **dct,
+                    'format_id': f'{dct["format_id"]}-dashy' if all_formats else dct['format_id'],
+                    'protocol': 'http_dash_segments',
+                    'fragments': build_fragments(dct),
+                }
+            if all_formats or 'dashy' not in format_types:
+                dct['downloader_options'] = {'http_chunk_size': CHUNK_SIZE}
+                yield dct
+
+        needs_live_processing = self._needs_live_processing(live_status, duration)
+        skip_bad_formats = 'incomplete' not in format_types
+
+        skip_manifests = set(self._configuration_arg('skip'))
+        if (needs_live_processing == 'is_live'  # These will be filtered out by YoutubeDL anyway
+                or (needs_live_processing and skip_bad_formats)):
+            skip_manifests.add('hls')
+        if skip_bad_formats and live_status == 'is_live' and needs_live_processing != 'is_live':
+            skip_manifests.add('dash')
+
+        def process_manifest_format(f, proto, client_name, itag, missing_pot):
+            key = (proto, f.get('language'))
+            if not all_formats and key in itags[itag]:
+                return False
+
+            # For handling potential pre-playback required waiting period
+            if live_status not in ('is_live', 'post_live'):
+                f['available_at'] = available_at
+
+            if f.get('source_preference') is None:
+                f['source_preference'] = -1
+
+            # Deprioritize since its pre-merged m3u8 formats may have lower quality audio streams
+            if client_name == 'web_safari' and proto == 'hls' and live_status != 'is_live':
+                f['source_preference'] -= 1
+
+            if missing_pot:
+                f['format_note'] = join_nonempty(f.get('format_note'), 'MISSING POT', delim=' ')
+                f['source_preference'] -= 20
+
+            itags[itag].add(key)
+
+            if itag and all_formats:
+                f['format_id'] = f'{itag}-{proto}'
+            elif any(p != proto for p, _ in itags[itag]):
+                f['format_id'] = f'{itag}-{proto}'
+            elif itag:
+                f['format_id'] = itag
+
+            if original_language and f.get('language') == original_language:
+                f['format_note'] = join_nonempty(f.get('format_note'), '(default)', delim=' ')
+                f['language_preference'] = PREFERRED_LANG_VALUE
+
+            if itag in ('616', '235'):
+                f['format_note'] = join_nonempty(f.get('format_note'), 'Premium', delim=' ')
+                f['source_preference'] += 100
+
+            f['quality'] = q(itag_qualities.get(try_get(f, lambda f: f['format_id'].split('-')[0]), -1))
+            if f['quality'] == -1 and f.get('height'):
+                f['quality'] = q(res_qualities[min(res_qualities, key=lambda x: abs(x - f['height']))])
+            if self.get_param('verbose') or all_formats:
+                f['format_note'] = join_nonempty(
+                    f.get('format_note'), short_client_name(client_name), delim=', ')
+            if f.get('fps') and f['fps'] <= 1:
+                del f['fps']
+
+            if proto == 'hls' and f.get('has_drm'):
+                f['has_drm'] = 'maybe'
+                f['source_preference'] -= 5
+            return True
+
+        subtitles = {}
+        for sd in streaming_data:
+            client_name = sd[STREAMING_DATA_CLIENT_NAME]
+            fetch_pot_func = sd[STREAMING_DATA_FETCH_GVS_PO_TOKEN]
+            is_premium_subscriber = sd[STREAMING_DATA_IS_PREMIUM_SUBSCRIBER]
+            has_player_token = sd[STREAMING_DATA_PLAYER_TOKEN_PROVIDED]
+
+            hls_manifest_url = 'hls' not in skip_manifests and sd.get('hlsManifestUrl')
+            if hls_manifest_url:
+                pot_policy: GvsPoTokenPolicy = self._get_default_ytcfg(
+                    client_name)['GVS_PO_TOKEN_POLICY'][StreamingProtocol.HLS]
+                require_po_token = gvs_pot_required(pot_policy, is_premium_subscriber, has_player_token)
+                po_token = gvs_pots.get(client_name, fetch_pot_func(required=require_po_token or pot_policy.recommended))
+                if po_token:
+                    hls_manifest_url = hls_manifest_url.rstrip('/') + f'/pot/{po_token}'
+                    if client_name not in gvs_pots:
+                        gvs_pots[client_name] = po_token
+                if require_po_token and not po_token and 'missing_pot' not in self._configuration_arg('formats'):
+                    self._report_pot_format_skipped(video_id, client_name, 'hls')
+                else:
+                    fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
+                        hls_manifest_url, video_id, 'mp4', fatal=False, live=live_status == 'is_live')
+                    for sub in traverse_obj(subs, (..., ..., {dict})):
+                        # TODO: If HLS video requires a PO Token, do the subs also require pot?
+                        # Save client name for debugging
+                        sub[STREAMING_DATA_CLIENT_NAME] = client_name
+                    subtitles = self._merge_subtitles(subs, subtitles)
+                    for f in fmts:
+                        if process_manifest_format(f, 'hls', client_name, self._search_regex(
+                                r'/itag/(\d+)', f['url'], 'itag', default=None), require_po_token and not po_token):
+                            yield f
+
+            dash_manifest_url = 'dash' not in skip_manifests and sd.get('dashManifestUrl')
+            if dash_manifest_url:
+                pot_policy: GvsPoTokenPolicy = self._get_default_ytcfg(
+                    client_name)['GVS_PO_TOKEN_POLICY'][StreamingProtocol.DASH]
+                require_po_token = gvs_pot_required(pot_policy, is_premium_subscriber, has_player_token)
+                po_token = gvs_pots.get(client_name, fetch_pot_func(required=require_po_token or pot_policy.recommended))
+                if po_token:
+                    dash_manifest_url = dash_manifest_url.rstrip('/') + f'/pot/{po_token}'
+                    if client_name not in gvs_pots:
+                        gvs_pots[client_name] = po_token
+                if require_po_token and not po_token and 'missing_pot' not in self._configuration_arg('formats'):
+                    self._report_pot_format_skipped(video_id, client_name, 'dash')
+                else:
+                    formats, subs = self._extract_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(dash_manifest_url, video_id, fatal=False)
+                    for sub in traverse_obj(subs, (..., ..., {dict})):
+                        # TODO: If DASH video requires a PO Token, do the subs also require pot?
+                        # Save client name for debugging
+                        sub[STREAMING_DATA_CLIENT_NAME] = client_name
+                    subtitles = self._merge_subtitles(subs, subtitles)  # Prioritize HLS subs over DASH
+                    for f in formats:
+                        if process_manifest_format(f, 'dash', client_name, f['format_id'], require_po_token and not po_token):
+                            f['filesize'] = int_or_none(self._search_regex(
+                                r'/clen/(\d+)', f.get('fragment_base_url') or f['url'], 'file size', default=None))
+                            if needs_live_processing:
+                                f['is_from_start'] = True
+
+                            yield f
+        yield subtitles
+
+    def _extract_storyboard(self, player_responses, duration):
+        spec = get_first(
+            player_responses, ('storyboards', 'playerStoryboardSpecRenderer', 'spec'), default='').split('|')[::-1]
+        base_url = url_or_none(urljoin('https://i.ytimg.com/', spec.pop() or None))
+        if not base_url:
+            return
+        L = len(spec) - 1
+        for i, args in enumerate(spec):
+            args = args.split('#')
+            counts = list(map(int_or_none, args[:5]))
+            if len(args) != 8 or not all(counts):
+                self.report_warning(f'Malformed storyboard {i}: {"#".join(args)}{bug_reports_message()}')
+                continue
+            width, height, frame_count, cols, rows = counts
+            N, sigh = args[6:]
+
+            url = base_url.replace('$L', str(L - i)).replace('$N', N) + f'&sigh={sigh}'
+            fragment_count = frame_count / (cols * rows)
+            fragment_duration = duration / fragment_count
+            yield {
+                'format_id': f'sb{i}',
+                'format_note': 'storyboard',
+                'ext': 'mhtml',
+                'protocol': 'mhtml',
+                'acodec': 'none',
+                'vcodec': 'none',
+                'url': url,
+                'width': width,
+                'height': height,
+                'fps': frame_count / duration,
+                'rows': rows,
+                'columns': cols,
+                'fragments': [{
+                    'url': url.replace('$M', str(j)),
+                    'duration': min(fragment_duration, duration - (j * fragment_duration)),
+                } for j in range(math.ceil(fragment_count))],
+            }
+
+    def _download_initial_webpage(self, webpage_url, webpage_client, video_id):
+        webpage = None
+        if webpage_url and 'webpage' not in self._configuration_arg('player_skip'):
+            query = {'bpctr': '9999999999', 'has_verified': '1'}
+            pp = (
+                self._configuration_arg('player_params', [None], casesense=True)[0]
+                or traverse_obj(INNERTUBE_CLIENTS, (webpage_client, 'PLAYER_PARAMS', {str}))
+            )
+            if pp:
+                query['pp'] = pp
+            webpage = self._download_webpage_with_retries(
+                webpage_url, video_id, query=query,
+                headers=traverse_obj(self._get_default_ytcfg(webpage_client), {
+                    'User-Agent': ('INNERTUBE_CONTEXT', 'client', 'userAgent', {str}),
+                }))
+        return webpage
+
+    def _list_formats(self, video_id, microformats, video_details, player_responses, player_url, duration=None):
+        live_broadcast_details = traverse_obj(microformats, (..., 'liveBroadcastDetails'))
+        is_live = get_first(video_details, 'isLive')
+        if is_live is None:
+            is_live = get_first(live_broadcast_details, 'isLiveNow')
+        live_content = get_first(video_details, 'isLiveContent')
+        is_upcoming = get_first(video_details, 'isUpcoming')
+        post_live = get_first(video_details, 'isPostLiveDvr')
+        live_status = ('post_live' if post_live
+                       else 'is_live' if is_live
+                       else 'is_upcoming' if is_upcoming
+                       else 'was_live' if live_content
+                       else 'not_live' if False in (is_live, live_content)
+                       else None)
+        streaming_data = traverse_obj(player_responses, (..., 'streamingData'))
+        *formats, subtitles = self._extract_formats_and_subtitles(streaming_data, video_id, player_url, live_status, duration)
+        if all(f.get('has_drm') for f in formats):
+            # If there are no formats that definitely don't have DRM, all have DRM
+            for f in formats:
+                f['has_drm'] = True
+
+        return live_broadcast_details, live_status, streaming_data, formats, subtitles
+
+    def _download_initial_data(self, video_id, webpage, webpage_client, webpage_ytcfg):
+        initial_data = None
+        if webpage and 'initial_data' not in self._configuration_arg('webpage_skip'):
+            initial_data = self.extract_yt_initial_data(video_id, webpage, fatal=False)
+            if not traverse_obj(initial_data, 'contents'):
+                self.report_warning('Incomplete data received in embedded initial data; re-fetching using API.')
+                initial_data = None
+        if not initial_data and 'initial_data' not in self._configuration_arg('player_skip'):
+            query = {'videoId': video_id}
+            query.update(self._get_checkok_params())
+            initial_data = self._extract_response(
+                item_id=video_id, ep='next', fatal=False,
+                ytcfg=webpage_ytcfg, query=query, check_get_keys='contents',
+                note='Downloading initial data API JSON', default_client=webpage_client)
+        return initial_data
+
+    def _is_premium_subscriber(self, initial_data):
+        if not self.is_authenticated or not initial_data:
+            return False
+
+        tlr = traverse_obj(
+            initial_data, ('topbar', 'desktopTopbarRenderer', 'logo', 'topbarLogoRenderer'))
+        return (
+            traverse_obj(tlr, ('iconImage', 'iconType')) == 'YOUTUBE_PREMIUM_LOGO'
+            or 'premium' in (self._get_text(tlr, 'tooltipText') or '').lower()
+        )
+
+    def _initial_extract(self, url, smuggled_data, webpage_url, webpage_client, video_id):
+        # This function is also used by live-from-start refresh
+        webpage = self._download_initial_webpage(webpage_url, webpage_client, video_id)
+        webpage_ytcfg = self.extract_ytcfg(video_id, webpage) or self._get_default_ytcfg(webpage_client)
+
+        initial_data = self._download_initial_data(video_id, webpage, webpage_client, webpage_ytcfg)
+
+        is_premium_subscriber = self._is_premium_subscriber(initial_data)
+        if is_premium_subscriber:
+            self.write_debug('Detected YouTube Premium subscription')
+
+        player_responses, player_url = self._extract_player_responses(
+            self._get_requested_clients(url, smuggled_data, is_premium_subscriber),
+            video_id, webpage, webpage_client, webpage_ytcfg, is_premium_subscriber)
+
+        return webpage, webpage_ytcfg, initial_data, is_premium_subscriber, player_responses, player_url
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        url, smuggled_data = unsmuggle_url(url, {})
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+
+        base_url = self.http_scheme() + '//www.youtube.com/'
+        webpage_url = base_url + 'watch?v=' + video_id
+        webpage_client = 'web'
+
+        webpage, webpage_ytcfg, initial_data, is_premium_subscriber, player_responses, player_url = self._initial_extract(
+            url, smuggled_data, webpage_url, webpage_client, video_id)
+
+        playability_statuses = traverse_obj(
+            player_responses, (..., 'playabilityStatus'), expected_type=dict)
+
+        trailer_video_id = get_first(
+            playability_statuses,
+            ('errorScreen', 'playerLegacyDesktopYpcTrailerRenderer', 'trailerVideoId'),
+            expected_type=str)
+        if trailer_video_id:
+            return self.url_result(
+                trailer_video_id, self.ie_key(), trailer_video_id)
+
+        search_meta = ((lambda x: self._html_search_meta(x, webpage, default=None))
+                       if webpage else (lambda x: None))
+
+        video_details = traverse_obj(player_responses, (..., 'videoDetails'), expected_type=dict)
+        microformats = traverse_obj(
+            player_responses, (..., 'microformat', 'playerMicroformatRenderer'),
+            expected_type=dict)
+
+        # Fallbacks in case player responses are missing metadata
+        initial_sdcr = traverse_obj(initial_data, (
+            'engagementPanels', ..., 'engagementPanelSectionListRenderer',
+            'content', 'structuredDescriptionContentRenderer', {dict}, any))
+        initial_description = traverse_obj(initial_sdcr, (
+            'items', ..., 'expandableVideoDescriptionBodyRenderer',
+            'attributedDescriptionBodyText', 'content', {str}, any))
+        # videoDescriptionHeaderRenderer also has publishDate/channel/handle/ucid, but not needed
+        initial_vdhr = traverse_obj(initial_sdcr, (
+            'items', ..., 'videoDescriptionHeaderRenderer', {dict}, any)) or {}
+        initial_video_details_renderer = traverse_obj(initial_data, (
+            'playerOverlays', 'playerOverlayRenderer', 'videoDetails',
+            'playerOverlayVideoDetailsRenderer', {dict})) or {}
+        initial_title = (
+            self._get_text(initial_vdhr, 'title')
+            or self._get_text(initial_video_details_renderer, 'title'))
+
+        translated_title = self._get_text(microformats, (..., 'title'))
+        video_title = ((self._preferred_lang and translated_title)
+                       or get_first(video_details, 'title')  # primary
+                       or translated_title
+                       or search_meta(['og:title', 'twitter:title', 'title']))
+        if not video_title and initial_title:
+            self.report_warning(
+                'No title found in player responses; falling back to title from initial data. '
+                'Other metadata may also be missing')
+            video_title = initial_title
+        translated_description = self._get_text(microformats, (..., 'description'))
+        original_description = get_first(video_details, 'shortDescription')
+        video_description = (
+            (self._preferred_lang and translated_description)
+            # If original description is blank, it will be an empty string.
+            # Do not prefer translated description in this case.
+            or original_description if original_description is not None else translated_description)
+        if video_description is None:
+            video_description = initial_description
+
+        multifeed_metadata_list = get_first(
+            player_responses,
+            ('multicamera', 'playerLegacyMulticameraRenderer', 'metadataList'),
+            expected_type=str)
+        if multifeed_metadata_list and not smuggled_data.get('force_singlefeed'):
+            if self.get_param('noplaylist'):
+                self.to_screen(f'Downloading just video {video_id} because of --no-playlist')
+            else:
+                entries = []
+                feed_ids = []
+                for feed in multifeed_metadata_list.split(','):
+                    # Unquote should take place before split on comma (,) since textual
+                    # fields may contain comma as well (see
+                    # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/8536)
+                    feed_data = urllib.parse.parse_qs(
+                        urllib.parse.unquote_plus(feed))
+
+                    def feed_entry(name):
+                        return try_get(
+                            feed_data, lambda x: x[name][0], str)
+
+                    feed_id = feed_entry('id')
+                    if not feed_id:
+                        continue
+                    feed_title = feed_entry('title')
+                    title = video_title
+                    if feed_title:
+                        title += f' ({feed_title})'
+                    entries.append({
+                        '_type': 'url_transparent',
+                        'ie_key': 'Youtube',
+                        'url': smuggle_url(
+                            '{}watch?v={}'.format(base_url, feed_data['id'][0]),
+                            {'force_singlefeed': True}),
+                        'title': title,
+                    })
+                    feed_ids.append(feed_id)
+                self.to_screen(
+                    'Downloading multifeed video ({}) - add --no-playlist to just download video {}'.format(
+                        ', '.join(feed_ids), video_id))
+                return self.playlist_result(
+                    entries, video_id, video_title, video_description)
+
+        duration = (int_or_none(get_first(video_details, 'lengthSeconds'))
+                    or int_or_none(get_first(microformats, 'lengthSeconds'))
+                    or parse_duration(search_meta('duration')) or None)
+
+        live_broadcast_details, live_status, streaming_data, formats, automatic_captions = \
+            self._list_formats(video_id, microformats, video_details, player_responses, player_url, duration)
+        if live_status == 'post_live':
+            self.write_debug(f'{video_id}: Video is in Post-Live Manifestless mode')
+
+        if not formats:
+            if not self.get_param('allow_unplayable_formats') and traverse_obj(streaming_data, (..., 'licenseInfos')):
+                self.report_drm(video_id)
+            pemr = get_first(
+                playability_statuses,
+                ('errorScreen', 'playerErrorMessageRenderer'), expected_type=dict) or {}
+            reason = self._get_text(pemr, 'reason') or get_first(playability_statuses, 'reason')
+            subreason = clean_html(self._get_text(pemr, 'subreason') or '')
+            if subreason:
+                if subreason.startswith('The uploader has not made this video available in your country'):
+                    countries = get_first(microformats, 'availableCountries')
+                    if not countries:
+                        regions_allowed = search_meta('regionsAllowed')
+                        countries = regions_allowed.split(',') if regions_allowed else None
+                    self.raise_geo_restricted(subreason, countries, metadata_available=True)
+                reason += f'. {subreason}'
+            if reason:
+                if 'sign in' in reason.lower():
+                    reason = remove_end(reason, 'This helps protect our community. Learn more')
+                    reason = f'{remove_end(reason.strip(), ".")}. {self._youtube_login_hint}'
+                elif get_first(playability_statuses, ('errorScreen', 'playerCaptchaViewModel', {dict})):
+                    reason += '. YouTube is requiring a captcha challenge before playback'
+                elif "This content isn't available, try again later" in reason:
+                    reason = (
+                        f'{remove_end(reason.strip(), ".")}. {"Your account" if self.is_authenticated else "The current session"} '
+                        f'has been rate-limited by YouTube for up to an hour. It is recommended to use `-t sleep` to add a delay '
+                        f'between video requests to avoid exceeding the rate limit. For more information, refer to  '
+                        f'https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/wiki/Extractors#this-content-isnt-available-try-again-later'
+                    )
+                self.raise_no_formats(reason, expected=True)
+
+        keywords = get_first(video_details, 'keywords', expected_type=list) or []
+        if not keywords and webpage:
+            keywords = [
+                unescapeHTML(m.group('content'))
+                for m in re.finditer(self._meta_regex('og:video:tag'), webpage)]
+        for keyword in keywords:
+            if keyword.startswith('yt:stretch='):
+                mobj = re.search(r'(\d+)\s*:\s*(\d+)', keyword)
+                if mobj:
+                    # NB: float is intentional for forcing float division
+                    w, h = (float(v) for v in mobj.groups())
+                    if w > 0 and h > 0:
+                        ratio = w / h
+                        for f in formats:
+                            if f.get('vcodec') != 'none':
+                                f['stretched_ratio'] = ratio
+                        break
+        thumbnails = self._extract_thumbnails((video_details, microformats), (..., ..., 'thumbnail'))
+        thumbnail_url = search_meta(['og:image', 'twitter:image'])
+        if thumbnail_url:
+            thumbnails.append({
+                'url': thumbnail_url,
+            })
+        original_thumbnails = thumbnails.copy()
+
+        # The best resolution thumbnails sometimes does not appear in the webpage
+        # See: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/340
+        # List of possible thumbnails - Ref: <https://stackoverflow.com/a/20542029>
+        thumbnail_names = [
+            # While the *1,*2,*3 thumbnails are just below their corresponding "*default" variants
+            # in resolution, these are not the custom thumbnail. So de-prioritize them
+            'maxresdefault', 'hq720', 'sddefault', 'hqdefault', '0', 'mqdefault', 'default',
+            'sd1', 'sd2', 'sd3', 'hq1', 'hq2', 'hq3', 'mq1', 'mq2', 'mq3', '1', '2', '3',
+        ]
+        n_thumbnail_names = len(thumbnail_names)
+        thumbnails.extend({
+            'url': 'https://i.ytimg.com/vi{webp}/{video_id}/{name}{live}.{ext}'.format(
+                video_id=video_id, name=name, ext=ext,
+                webp='_webp' if ext == 'webp' else '', live='_live' if live_status == 'is_live' else ''),
+        } for name in thumbnail_names for ext in ('webp', 'jpg'))
+        for thumb in thumbnails:
+            i = next((i for i, t in enumerate(thumbnail_names) if f'/{video_id}/{t}' in thumb['url']), n_thumbnail_names)
+            thumb['preference'] = (0 if '.webp' in thumb['url'] else -1) - (2 * i)
+        self._remove_duplicate_formats(thumbnails)
+        self._downloader._sort_thumbnails(original_thumbnails)
+
+        category = get_first(microformats, 'category') or search_meta('genre')
+        channel_id = self.ucid_or_none(str_or_none(
+            get_first(video_details, 'channelId')
+            or get_first(microformats, 'externalChannelId')
+            or search_meta('channelId')))
+        owner_profile_url = get_first(microformats, 'ownerProfileUrl')
+
+        live_start_time = parse_iso8601(get_first(live_broadcast_details, 'startTimestamp'))
+        live_end_time = parse_iso8601(get_first(live_broadcast_details, 'endTimestamp'))
+        if not duration and live_end_time and live_start_time:
+            duration = live_end_time - live_start_time
+
+        needs_live_processing = self._needs_live_processing(live_status, duration)
+
+        def is_bad_format(fmt):
+            if needs_live_processing and not fmt.get('is_from_start'):
+                return True
+            elif (live_status == 'is_live' and needs_live_processing != 'is_live'
+                    and fmt.get('protocol') == 'http_dash_segments'):
+                return True
+
+        for fmt in filter(is_bad_format, formats):
+            fmt['preference'] = (fmt.get('preference') or -1) - 10
+            fmt['format_note'] = join_nonempty(fmt.get('format_note'), '(Last 2 hours)', delim=' ')
+
+        if needs_live_processing:
+            self._prepare_live_from_start_formats(
+                formats, video_id, live_start_time, url, webpage_url, smuggled_data, live_status == 'is_live')
+
+        formats.extend(self._extract_storyboard(player_responses, duration))
+
+        channel_handle = self.handle_from_url(owner_profile_url)
+
+        info = {
+            'id': video_id,
+            'title': video_title,
+            'formats': formats,
+            'thumbnails': thumbnails,
+            # The best thumbnail that we are sure exists. Prevents unnecessary
+            # URL checking if user don't care about getting the best possible thumbnail
+            'thumbnail': traverse_obj(original_thumbnails, (-1, 'url')),
+            'description': video_description,
+            'channel_id': channel_id,
+            'channel_url': format_field(channel_id, None, 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/%s', default=None),
+            'duration': duration,
+            'view_count': int_or_none(
+                get_first((video_details, microformats), (..., 'viewCount'))
+                or search_meta('interactionCount')),
+            'average_rating': float_or_none(get_first(video_details, 'averageRating')),
+            'age_limit': 18 if (
+                get_first(microformats, 'isFamilySafe') is False
+                or search_meta('isFamilyFriendly') == 'false'
+                or search_meta('og:restrictions:age') == '18+') else 0,
+            'webpage_url': webpage_url,
+            'categories': [category] if category else None,
+            'tags': keywords,
+            'playable_in_embed': get_first(playability_statuses, 'playableInEmbed'),
+            'live_status': live_status,
+            'media_type': (
+                'livestream' if get_first(video_details, 'isLiveContent')
+                else 'short' if get_first(microformats, 'isShortsEligible')
+                else 'video'),
+            'release_timestamp': live_start_time,
+            '_format_sort_fields': (  # source_preference is lower for potentially damaged formats
+                'quality', 'res', 'fps', 'hdr:12', 'source', 'vcodec', 'channels', 'acodec', 'lang', 'proto'),
+        }
+
+        def get_lang_code(track):
+            return (remove_start(track.get('vssId') or '', '.').replace('.', '-')
+                    or track.get('languageCode'))
+
+        def process_language(container, base_url, lang_code, sub_name, client_name, query):
+            lang_subs = container.setdefault(lang_code, [])
+            for fmt in self._SUBTITLE_FORMATS:
+                # xosf=1 results in undesirable text position data for vtt, json3 & srv* subtitles
+                # See: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/13654
+                query = {**query, 'fmt': fmt, 'xosf': []}
+                lang_subs.append({
+                    'ext': fmt,
+                    'url': urljoin('https://www.youtube.com', update_url_query(base_url, query)),
+                    'name': sub_name,
+                    'impersonate': True,
+                    STREAMING_DATA_CLIENT_NAME: client_name,
+                })
+
+        subtitles = {}
+        skipped_subs_clients = set()
+
+        # Only web/mweb clients provide translationLanguages, so include initial_pr in the traversal
+        translation_languages = {
+            lang['languageCode']: self._get_text(lang['languageName'], max_runs=1)
+            for lang in traverse_obj(player_responses, (
+                ..., 'captions', 'playerCaptionsTracklistRenderer', 'translationLanguages',
+                lambda _, v: v['languageCode'] and v['languageName']))
+        }
+        # NB: Constructing the full subtitle dictionary is slow
+        get_translated_subs = 'translated_subs' not in self._configuration_arg('skip') and (
+            self.get_param('writeautomaticsub', False) or self.get_param('listsubtitles'))
+
+        # Filter out initial_pr which does not have streamingData (smuggled client context)
+        prs = traverse_obj(player_responses, (
+            lambda _, v: v['streamingData'] and v['captions']['playerCaptionsTracklistRenderer']))
+        all_captions = traverse_obj(prs, (
+            ..., 'captions', 'playerCaptionsTracklistRenderer', 'captionTracks', ..., {dict}))
+        need_subs_langs = {get_lang_code(sub) for sub in all_captions if sub.get('kind') != 'asr'}
+        need_caps_langs = {
+            remove_start(get_lang_code(sub), 'a-')
+            for sub in all_captions if sub.get('kind') == 'asr'}
+
+        for pr in prs:
+            pctr = pr['captions']['playerCaptionsTracklistRenderer']
+            client_name = pr['streamingData'][STREAMING_DATA_CLIENT_NAME]
+            innertube_client_name = pr['streamingData'][STREAMING_DATA_INNERTUBE_CONTEXT]['client']['clientName']
+            pot_policy: GvsPoTokenPolicy = self._get_default_ytcfg(client_name)['SUBS_PO_TOKEN_POLICY']
+            fetch_subs_po_token_func = pr['streamingData'][STREAMING_DATA_FETCH_SUBS_PO_TOKEN]
+
+            pot_params = {}
+            already_fetched_pot = False
+
+            for caption_track in traverse_obj(pctr, ('captionTracks', lambda _, v: v['baseUrl'])):
+                base_url = caption_track['baseUrl']
+                qs = parse_qs(base_url)
+                lang_code = get_lang_code(caption_track)
+                requires_pot = (
+                    # We can detect the experiment for now
+                    any(e in traverse_obj(qs, ('exp', ...)) for e in ('xpe', 'xpv'))
+                    or (pot_policy.required and not (pot_policy.not_required_for_premium and is_premium_subscriber)))
+
+                if not already_fetched_pot:
+                    already_fetched_pot = True
+                    if subs_po_token := fetch_subs_po_token_func(required=requires_pot or pot_policy.recommended):
+                        pot_params.update({
+                            'pot': subs_po_token,
+                            'potc': '1',
+                            'c': innertube_client_name,
+                        })
+
+                if not pot_params and requires_pot:
+                    skipped_subs_clients.add(client_name)
+                    self._report_pot_subtitles_skipped(video_id, client_name)
+                    break
+
+                orig_lang = qs.get('lang', [None])[-1]
+                lang_name = self._get_text(caption_track, 'name', max_runs=1)
+                if caption_track.get('kind') != 'asr':
+                    if not lang_code:
+                        continue
+                    process_language(
+                        subtitles, base_url, lang_code, lang_name, client_name, pot_params)
+                    if not caption_track.get('isTranslatable'):
+                        continue
+                for trans_code, trans_name in translation_languages.items():
+                    if not trans_code:
+                        continue
+                    orig_trans_code = trans_code
+                    if caption_track.get('kind') != 'asr' and trans_code != 'und':
+                        if not get_translated_subs:
+                            continue
+                        trans_code += f'-{lang_code}'
+                        trans_name += format_field(lang_name, None, ' from %s')
+                    if lang_code == f'a-{orig_trans_code}':
+                        # Set audio language based on original subtitles
+                        for f in formats:
+                            if f.get('acodec') != 'none' and not f.get('language'):
+                                f['language'] = orig_trans_code
+                        # Add an "-orig" label to the original language so that it can be distinguished.
+                        # The subs are returned without "-orig" as well for compatibility
+                        process_language(
+                            automatic_captions, base_url, f'{trans_code}-orig',
+                            f'{trans_name} (Original)', client_name, pot_params)
+                    # Setting tlang=lang returns damaged subtitles.
+                    process_language(
+                        automatic_captions, base_url, trans_code, trans_name, client_name,
+                        pot_params if orig_lang == orig_trans_code else {'tlang': trans_code, **pot_params})
+
+            # Avoid duplication if we've already got everything we need
+            need_subs_langs.difference_update(subtitles)
+            need_caps_langs.difference_update(automatic_captions)
+            if not (need_subs_langs or need_caps_langs):
+                break
+
+        if skipped_subs_clients and (need_subs_langs or need_caps_langs):
+            self._report_pot_subtitles_skipped(video_id, True, msg=join_nonempty(
+                f'{video_id}: There are missing subtitles languages because a PO token was not provided.',
+                need_subs_langs and f'Subtitles for these languages are missing: {", ".join(need_subs_langs)}.',
+                need_caps_langs and f'Automatic captions for {len(need_caps_langs)} languages are missing.',
+                delim=' '))
+
+        info['automatic_captions'] = automatic_captions
+        info['subtitles'] = subtitles
+
+        parsed_url = urllib.parse.urlparse(url)
+        for component in [parsed_url.fragment, parsed_url.query]:
+            query = urllib.parse.parse_qs(component)
+            for k, v in query.items():
+                for d_k, s_ks in [('start', ('start', 't')), ('end', ('end',))]:
+                    d_k += '_time'
+                    if d_k not in info and k in s_ks:
+                        info[d_k] = parse_duration(v[0])
+
+        # Youtube Music Auto-generated description
+        if (video_description or '').strip().endswith('\nAuto-generated by YouTube.'):
+            # XXX: Causes catastrophic backtracking if description has "·"
+            # E.g. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DoPaAxMQoiI
+            # Simulating atomic groups:  (?P<a>[^xy]+)x  =>  (?=(?P<a>[^xy]+))(?P=a)x
+            # reduces it, but does not fully fix it. https://regex101.com/r/8Ssf2h/2
+            mobj = re.search(
+                r'''(?xs)
+                    (?=(?P<track>[^\n·]+))(?P=track)·
+                    (?=(?P<artist>[^\n]+))(?P=artist)\n+
+                    (?=(?P<album>[^\n]+))(?P=album)\n
+                    (?:.+?â„—\s*(?P<release_year>\d{4})(?!\d))?
+                    (?:.+?Released\ on\s*:\s*(?P<release_date>\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}))?
+                    (.+?\nArtist\s*:\s*
+                        (?=(?P<clean_artist>[^\n]+))(?P=clean_artist)\n
+                    )?.+\nAuto-generated\ by\ YouTube\.\s*$
+                ''', video_description)
+            if mobj:
+                release_year = mobj.group('release_year')
+                release_date = mobj.group('release_date')
+                if release_date:
+                    release_date = release_date.replace('-', '')
+                    if not release_year:
+                        release_year = release_date[:4]
+                info.update({
+                    'album': mobj.group('album'.strip()),
+                    'artists': ([a] if (a := mobj.group('clean_artist'))
+                                else [a.strip() for a in mobj.group('artist').split('·')]),
+                    'track': mobj.group('track').strip(),
+                    'release_date': release_date,
+                    'release_year': int_or_none(release_year),
+                })
+
+        COMMENTS_SECTION_IDS = ('comment-item-section', 'engagement-panel-comments-section')
+        info['comment_count'] = traverse_obj(initial_data, (
+            'contents', 'twoColumnWatchNextResults', 'results', 'results', 'contents', ..., 'itemSectionRenderer',
+            'contents', ..., 'commentsEntryPointHeaderRenderer', 'commentCount',
+        ), (
+            'engagementPanels', lambda _, v: v['engagementPanelSectionListRenderer']['panelIdentifier'] in COMMENTS_SECTION_IDS,
+            'engagementPanelSectionListRenderer', 'header', 'engagementPanelTitleHeaderRenderer', 'contextualInfo',
+        ), expected_type=self._get_count, get_all=False)
+
+        try:  # This will error if there is no livechat
+            initial_data['contents']['twoColumnWatchNextResults']['conversationBar']['liveChatRenderer']['continuations'][0]['reloadContinuationData']['continuation']
+        except (KeyError, IndexError, TypeError):
+            pass
+        else:
+            info.setdefault('subtitles', {})['live_chat'] = [{
+                # url is needed to set cookies
+                'url': f'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v={video_id}&bpctr=9999999999&has_verified=1',
+                'video_id': video_id,
+                'ext': 'json',
+                'protocol': ('youtube_live_chat' if live_status in ('is_live', 'is_upcoming')
+                             else 'youtube_live_chat_replay'),
+            }]
+
+        if initial_data:
+            info['chapters'] = (
+                self._extract_chapters_from_json(initial_data, duration)
+                or self._extract_chapters_from_engagement_panel(initial_data, duration)
+                or self._extract_chapters_from_description(video_description, duration)
+                or None)
+
+            info['heatmap'] = self._extract_heatmap(initial_data)
+
+        contents = traverse_obj(
+            initial_data, ('contents', 'twoColumnWatchNextResults', 'results', 'results', 'contents'),
+            expected_type=list, default=[])
+
+        vpir = get_first(contents, 'videoPrimaryInfoRenderer')
+        if vpir:
+            stl = vpir.get('superTitleLink')
+            if stl:
+                stl = self._get_text(stl)
+                if try_get(
+                        vpir,
+                        lambda x: x['superTitleIcon']['iconType']) == 'LOCATION_PIN':
+                    info['location'] = stl
+                else:
+                    mobj = re.search(r'(.+?)\s*S(\d+)\s*•?\s*E(\d+)', stl)
+                    if mobj:
+                        info.update({
+                            'series': mobj.group(1),
+                            'season_number': int(mobj.group(2)),
+                            'episode_number': int(mobj.group(3)),
+                        })
+            for tlb in (try_get(
+                    vpir,
+                    lambda x: x['videoActions']['menuRenderer']['topLevelButtons'],
+                    list) or []):
+                tbrs = variadic(
+                    traverse_obj(
+                        tlb, ('toggleButtonRenderer', ...),
+                        ('segmentedLikeDislikeButtonRenderer', ..., 'toggleButtonRenderer')))
+                for tbr in tbrs:
+                    for getter, regex in [(
+                            lambda x: x['defaultText']['accessibility']['accessibilityData'],
+                            r'(?P<count>[\d,]+)\s*(?P<type>(?:dis)?like)'), ([
+                                lambda x: x['accessibility'],
+                                lambda x: x['accessibilityData']['accessibilityData'],
+                            ], r'(?P<type>(?:dis)?like) this video along with (?P<count>[\d,]+) other people')]:
+                        label = (try_get(tbr, getter, dict) or {}).get('label')
+                        if label:
+                            mobj = re.match(regex, label)
+                            if mobj:
+                                info[mobj.group('type') + '_count'] = str_to_int(mobj.group('count'))
+                                break
+
+            info['like_count'] = traverse_obj(vpir, (
+                'videoActions', 'menuRenderer', 'topLevelButtons', ...,
+                'segmentedLikeDislikeButtonViewModel', 'likeButtonViewModel', 'likeButtonViewModel',
+                'toggleButtonViewModel', 'toggleButtonViewModel', 'defaultButtonViewModel',
+                'buttonViewModel', 'accessibilityText', {parse_count}), get_all=False)
+
+            vcr = traverse_obj(vpir, ('viewCount', 'videoViewCountRenderer'))
+            if vcr:
+                vc = self._get_count(vcr, 'viewCount')
+                # Upcoming premieres with waiting count are treated as live here
+                if vcr.get('isLive'):
+                    info['concurrent_view_count'] = vc
+                elif info.get('view_count') is None:
+                    info['view_count'] = vc
+
+        vsir = get_first(contents, 'videoSecondaryInfoRenderer')
+        if vsir:
+            vor = traverse_obj(vsir, ('owner', 'videoOwnerRenderer'))
+            info.update({
+                'channel': self._get_text(vor, 'title'),
+                'channel_follower_count': self._get_count(vor, 'subscriberCountText')})
+
+            if not channel_handle:
+                channel_handle = self.handle_from_url(
+                    traverse_obj(vor, (
+                        ('navigationEndpoint', ('title', 'runs', ..., 'navigationEndpoint')),
+                        (('commandMetadata', 'webCommandMetadata', 'url'), ('browseEndpoint', 'canonicalBaseUrl')),
+                        {str}), get_all=False))
+
+            rows = try_get(
+                vsir,
+                lambda x: x['metadataRowContainer']['metadataRowContainerRenderer']['rows'],
+                list) or []
+            multiple_songs = False
+            for row in rows:
+                if try_get(row, lambda x: x['metadataRowRenderer']['hasDividerLine']) is True:
+                    multiple_songs = True
+                    break
+            for row in rows:
+                mrr = row.get('metadataRowRenderer') or {}
+                mrr_title = mrr.get('title')
+                if not mrr_title:
+                    continue
+                mrr_title = self._get_text(mrr, 'title')
+                mrr_contents_text = self._get_text(mrr, ('contents', 0))
+                if mrr_title == 'License':
+                    info['license'] = mrr_contents_text
+                elif not multiple_songs:
+                    if mrr_title == 'Album':
+                        info['album'] = mrr_contents_text
+                    elif mrr_title == 'Artist':
+                        info['artists'] = [mrr_contents_text] if mrr_contents_text else None
+                    elif mrr_title == 'Song':
+                        info['track'] = mrr_contents_text
+            owner_badges = self._extract_badges(traverse_obj(vsir, ('owner', 'videoOwnerRenderer', 'badges')))
+            if self._has_badge(owner_badges, BadgeType.VERIFIED):
+                info['channel_is_verified'] = True
+
+        info.update({
+            'uploader': info.get('channel'),
+            'uploader_id': channel_handle,
+            'uploader_url': format_field(channel_handle, None, 'https://www.youtube.com/%s', default=None),
+        })
+
+        # We only want timestamp IF it has time precision AND a timezone
+        # Currently the uploadDate in microformats appears to be in US/Pacific timezone.
+        timestamp = (
+            parse_iso8601(get_first(microformats, 'uploadDate'), timezone=NO_DEFAULT)
+            or parse_iso8601(search_meta('uploadDate'), timezone=NO_DEFAULT)
+        )
+        upload_date = (
+            dt.datetime.fromtimestamp(timestamp, dt.timezone.utc).strftime('%Y%m%d') if timestamp else
+            (
+                unified_strdate(get_first(microformats, 'uploadDate'))
+                or unified_strdate(search_meta('uploadDate'))
+            ))
+
+        # In the case we cannot get the timestamp:
+        # The upload date for scheduled, live and past live streams / premieres in microformats
+        # may be different from the stream date. Although not in UTC, we will prefer it in this case.
+        # See: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/pull/2223#issuecomment-1008485139
+        if not upload_date or (not timestamp and live_status in ('not_live', None)):
+            # this should be in UTC, as configured in the cookie/client context
+            upload_date = strftime_or_none(
+                self._parse_time_text(self._get_text(vpir, 'dateText'))) or upload_date
+
+        info['upload_date'] = upload_date
+        info['timestamp'] = timestamp
+
+        if upload_date and live_status not in ('is_live', 'post_live', 'is_upcoming'):
+            # Newly uploaded videos' HLS formats are potentially problematic and need to be checked
+            upload_datetime = datetime_from_str(upload_date).replace(tzinfo=dt.timezone.utc)
+            if upload_datetime >= datetime_from_str('today-2days'):
+                for fmt in info['formats']:
+                    if fmt.get('protocol') == 'm3u8_native':
+                        fmt['__needs_testing'] = True
+
+        for s_k, d_k in [('artists', 'creators'), ('track', 'alt_title')]:
+            v = info.get(s_k)
+            if v:
+                info[d_k] = v
+
+        badges = self._extract_badges(traverse_obj(vpir, 'badges'))
+
+        is_private = (self._has_badge(badges, BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_PRIVATE)
+                      or get_first(video_details, 'isPrivate', expected_type=bool))
+
+        info['availability'] = (
+            'public' if self._has_badge(badges, BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_PUBLIC)
+            else self._availability(
+                is_private=is_private,
+                needs_premium=(
+                    self._has_badge(badges, BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_PREMIUM)
+                    or False if initial_data and is_private is not None else None),
+                needs_subscription=(
+                    self._has_badge(badges, BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_SUBSCRIPTION)
+                    or False if initial_data and is_private is not None else None),
+                needs_auth=info['age_limit'] >= 18,
+                is_unlisted=None if is_private is None else (
+                    self._has_badge(badges, BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_UNLISTED)
+                    or get_first(microformats, 'isUnlisted', expected_type=bool))))
+
+        info['__post_extractor'] = self.extract_comments(webpage_ytcfg, video_id, contents, webpage)
+
+        self.mark_watched(video_id, player_responses)
+
+        return info
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/pot/README.md b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/pot/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f39e290710
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/pot/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,309 @@
+# YoutubeIE PO Token Provider Framework
+
+As part of the YouTube extractor, we have a framework for providing PO Tokens programmatically. This can be used by plugins.
+
+Refer to the [PO Token Guide](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/wiki/PO-Token-Guide) for more information on PO Tokens.
+
+> [!TIP]
+> If publishing a PO Token Provider plugin to GitHub, add the [yt-dlp-pot-provider](https://github.com/topics/yt-dlp-pot-provider) topic to your repository to help users find it.
+
+
+## Public APIs
+
+- `yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.cache`
+- `yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.provider`
+- `yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.utils`
+
+Everything else is internal-only and no guarantees are made about the API stability.
+
+> [!WARNING]
+> We will try our best to maintain stability with the public APIs.
+> However, due to the nature of extractors and YouTube, we may need to remove or change APIs in the future.
+> If you are using these APIs outside yt-dlp plugins, please account for this by importing them safely.
+
+## PO Token Provider
+
+`yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.provider`
+
+```python
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.provider import (
+    PoTokenRequest,
+    PoTokenContext,
+    PoTokenProvider,
+    PoTokenResponse,
+    PoTokenProviderError,
+    PoTokenProviderRejectedRequest,
+    register_provider,
+    register_preference,
+    ExternalRequestFeature,
+)
+from yt_dlp.networking.common import Request
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.utils import get_webpo_content_binding
+from yt_dlp.utils import traverse_obj
+from yt_dlp.networking.exceptions import RequestError
+import json
+
+
+@register_provider
+class MyPoTokenProviderPTP(PoTokenProvider):  # Provider class name must end with "PTP"
+    PROVIDER_VERSION = '0.2.1'
+    # Define a unique display name for the provider
+    PROVIDER_NAME = 'my-provider'
+    BUG_REPORT_LOCATION = 'https://issues.example.com/report'
+
+    # -- Validation shortcuts. Set these to None to disable. --
+
+    # Innertube Client Name.
+    # For example, "WEB", "ANDROID", "TVHTML5".
+    # For a list of WebPO client names, 
+    #  see yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.utils.WEBPO_CLIENTS.
+    # Also see yt_dlp.extractor.youtube._base.INNERTUBE_CLIENTS 
+    #  for a list of client names currently supported by the YouTube extractor.
+    _SUPPORTED_CLIENTS = ('WEB', 'TVHTML5')
+
+    _SUPPORTED_CONTEXTS = (
+        PoTokenContext.GVS,
+    )
+
+    # If your provider makes external requests to websites (i.e. to youtube.com) 
+    #  using another library or service (i.e., not _request_webpage),
+    # set the request features that are supported here.
+    # If only using _request_webpage to make external requests, set this to None.
+    _SUPPORTED_EXTERNAL_REQUEST_FEATURES = (
+        ExternalRequestFeature.PROXY_SCHEME_HTTP, 
+        ExternalRequestFeature.SOURCE_ADDRESS, 
+        ExternalRequestFeature.DISABLE_TLS_VERIFICATION
+    )
+
+    def is_available(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Check if the provider is available (e.g. all required dependencies are available)
+        This is used to determine if the provider should be used and to provide debug information.
+
+        IMPORTANT: This method SHOULD NOT make any network requests or perform any expensive operations.
+
+        Since this is called multiple times, we recommend caching the result.
+        """
+        return True
+
+    def close(self):
+        # Optional close hook, called when YoutubeDL is closed.
+        pass
+
+    def _real_request_pot(self, request: PoTokenRequest) -> PoTokenResponse:
+        # ℹ� If you need to validate the request before making the request to the external source.
+        # Raise yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.provider.PoTokenProviderRejectedRequest if the request is not supported.
+        if request.is_authenticated:
+            raise PoTokenProviderRejectedRequest(
+                'This provider does not support authenticated requests'
+            )
+
+        # ℹ� Settings are pulled from extractor args passed to yt-dlp with the key `youtubepot-<PROVIDER_KEY>`.
+        # For this example, the extractor arg would be:
+        # `--extractor-args "youtubepot-mypotokenprovider:url=https://custom.example.com/get_pot"`
+        external_provider_url = self._configuration_arg(
+            'url', default=['https://provider.example.com/get_pot'])[0]
+        
+        # See below for logging guidelines
+        self.logger.trace(f'Using external provider URL: {external_provider_url}')
+        
+        # You should use the internal HTTP client to make requests where possible,
+        # as it will handle cookies and other networking settings passed to yt-dlp.
+        try:
+            # See docstring in _request_webpage method for request tips
+            response = self._request_webpage(
+                Request(external_provider_url, data=json.dumps({
+                    'content_binding': get_webpo_content_binding(request),
+                    'proxy': request.request_proxy,
+                    'headers': request.request_headers,
+                    'source_address': request.request_source_address,
+                    'verify_tls': request.request_verify_tls,
+                    # Important: If your provider has its own caching, please respect `bypass_cache`.
+                    # This may be used in the future to request a fresh PO Token if required.
+                    'do_not_cache': request.bypass_cache,
+                }).encode(), proxies={'all': None}), 
+                pot_request=request, 
+                note=(
+                  f'Requesting {request.context.value} PO Token '
+                  f'for {request.internal_client_name} client from external provider'),
+            )
+
+        except RequestError as e:
+            # ℹ� If there is an error, raise PoTokenProviderError.
+            # You can specify whether it is expected or not. If it is unexpected, 
+            #  the log will include a link to the bug report location (BUG_REPORT_LOCATION).
+            raise PoTokenProviderError(
+                'Networking error while fetching to get PO Token from external provider',
+                expected=True
+            ) from e
+
+        # Note: PO Token is expected to be base64url encoded
+        po_token = traverse_obj(response, 'po_token')
+        if not po_token:
+            raise PoTokenProviderError(
+                'Bad PO Token Response from external provider',
+                expected=False
+            )
+
+        return PoTokenResponse(
+            po_token=po_token,
+            # Optional, add a custom expiration timestamp for the token. Use for caching.
+            # By default, yt-dlp will use the default ttl from a registered cache spec (see below)
+            # Set to 0 or -1 to not cache this response.
+            expires_at=None,
+        )
+
+
+# If there are multiple PO Token Providers that can handle the same PoTokenRequest,
+# you can define a preference function to increase/decrease the priority of providers.
+
+@register_preference(MyPoTokenProviderPTP)
+def my_provider_preference(provider: PoTokenProvider, request: PoTokenRequest) -> int:
+    return 50
+```
+
+## Logging Guidelines
+
+- Use the `self.logger` object to log messages.
+- When making HTTP requests or any other expensive operation, use `self.logger.info` to log a message to standard non-verbose output.
+  - This lets users know what is happening when a time-expensive operation is taking place.
+  - It is recommended to include the PO Token context and internal client name in the message if possible.
+  - For example, `self.logger.info(f'Requesting {request.context.value} PO Token for {request.internal_client_name} client from external provider')`.
+- Use `self.logger.debug` to log a message to the verbose output (`--verbose`).
+  - For debugging information visible to users posting verbose logs.
+  - Try to not log too much, prefer using trace logging for detailed debug messages.
+- Use `self.logger.trace` to log a message to the PO Token debug output (`--extractor-args "youtube:pot_trace=true"`). 
+  - Log as much as you like here as needed for debugging your provider.
+- Avoid logging PO Tokens or any sensitive information to debug or info output.
+
+## Debugging
+
+- Use `-v --extractor-args "youtube:pot_trace=true"` to enable PO Token debug output.
+
+## Caching
+
+> [!WARNING]
+> The following describes more advance features that most users/developers will not need to use.
+
+> [!IMPORTANT]
+> yt-dlp currently has a built-in LRU Memory Cache Provider and a cache spec provider for WebPO Tokens. 
+> You should only need to implement cache providers if you want an external cache, or a cache spec if you are handling non-WebPO Tokens.
+
+### Cache Providers
+
+`yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.cache`
+
+```python
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.cache import (
+    PoTokenCacheProvider,
+    register_preference,
+    register_provider
+)
+
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.provider import PoTokenRequest
+
+
+@register_provider
+class MyCacheProviderPCP(PoTokenCacheProvider):  # Provider class name must end with "PCP"
+    PROVIDER_VERSION = '0.1.0'
+    # Define a unique display name for the provider
+    PROVIDER_NAME = 'my-cache-provider'
+    BUG_REPORT_LOCATION = 'https://issues.example.com/report'
+
+    def is_available(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Check if the provider is available (e.g. all required dependencies are available)
+        This is used to determine if the provider should be used and to provide debug information.
+
+        IMPORTANT: This method SHOULD NOT make any network requests or perform any expensive operations.
+
+        Since this is called multiple times, we recommend caching the result.
+        """
+        return True
+
+    def get(self, key: str):
+        # ℹ� Similar to PO Token Providers, Cache Providers and Cache Spec Providers 
+        # are passed down extractor args matching key youtubepot-<PROVIDER_KEY>.
+        some_setting = self._configuration_arg('some_setting', default=['default_value'])[0]
+        return self.my_cache.get(key)
+
+    def store(self, key: str, value: str, expires_at: int):
+        # âš  expires_at MUST be respected. 
+        # Cache entries should not be returned if they have expired.
+        self.my_cache.store(key, value, expires_at)
+
+    def delete(self, key: str):
+        self.my_cache.delete(key)
+
+    def close(self):
+        # Optional close hook, called when the YoutubeDL instance is closed.
+        pass
+
+# If there are multiple PO Token Cache Providers available, you can 
+# define a preference function to increase/decrease the priority of providers. 
+
+# IMPORTANT: Providers should be in preference of cache lookup time. 
+# For example, a memory cache should have a higher preference than a disk cache. 
+
+# VERY IMPORTANT: yt-dlp has a built-in memory cache with a priority of 10000. 
+# Your cache provider should be lower than this.
+
+
+@register_preference(MyCacheProviderPCP)
+def my_cache_preference(provider: PoTokenCacheProvider, request: PoTokenRequest) -> int:
+    return 50
+```
+
+### Cache Specs
+
+`yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.cache`
+
+These are used to provide information on how to cache a particular PO Token Request. 
+You might have a different cache spec for different kinds of PO Tokens.
+
+```python
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.cache import (
+    PoTokenCacheSpec,
+    PoTokenCacheSpecProvider,
+    CacheProviderWritePolicy,
+    register_spec,
+)
+from yt_dlp.utils import traverse_obj
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.provider import PoTokenRequest
+
+
+@register_spec
+class MyCacheSpecProviderPCSP(PoTokenCacheSpecProvider):  # Provider class name must end with "PCSP"
+    PROVIDER_VERSION = '0.1.0'
+    # Define a unique display name for the provider
+    PROVIDER_NAME = 'mycachespec'
+    BUG_REPORT_LOCATION = 'https://issues.example.com/report'
+
+    def generate_cache_spec(self, request: PoTokenRequest):
+
+        client_name = traverse_obj(request.innertube_context, ('client', 'clientName'))
+        if client_name != 'ANDROID':
+            # ℹ� If the request is not supported by the cache spec, return None
+            return None
+
+        # Generate a cache spec for the request
+        return PoTokenCacheSpec(
+            # Key bindings to uniquely identify the request. These are used to generate a cache key.
+            key_bindings={
+                'client_name': client_name,
+                'content_binding': 'unique_content_binding',
+                'ip': traverse_obj(request.innertube_context, ('client', 'remoteHost')),
+                'source_address': request.request_source_address,
+                'proxy': request.request_proxy,
+            },
+            # Default Cache TTL in seconds
+            default_ttl=21600,
+
+            # Optional: Specify a write policy.
+            # WRITE_FIRST will write to the highest priority provider only, 
+            #  whereas WRITE_ALL will write to all providers.
+            # WRITE_FIRST may be useful if the PO Token is short-lived 
+            #  and there is no use writing to all providers.
+            write_policy=CacheProviderWritePolicy.WRITE_ALL,
+        )
+```
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/pot/__init__.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/pot/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..febcee0104
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/pot/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Trigger import of built-in providers
+from ._builtin.memory_cache import MemoryLRUPCP as _MemoryLRUPCP  # noqa: F401
+from ._builtin.webpo_cachespec import WebPoPCSP as _WebPoPCSP  # noqa: F401
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/pot/_builtin/__init__.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/pot/_builtin/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e69de29bb2
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/pot/_builtin/memory_cache.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/pot/_builtin/memory_cache.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9c913e8c98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/pot/_builtin/memory_cache.py
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import datetime as dt
+import typing
+from threading import Lock
+
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot._provider import BuiltinIEContentProvider
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot._registry import _pot_memory_cache
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.cache import (
+    PoTokenCacheProvider,
+    register_preference,
+    register_provider,
+)
+
+
+def initialize_global_cache(max_size: int):
+    if _pot_memory_cache.value.get('cache') is None:
+        _pot_memory_cache.value['cache'] = {}
+        _pot_memory_cache.value['lock'] = Lock()
+        _pot_memory_cache.value['max_size'] = max_size
+
+    if _pot_memory_cache.value['max_size'] != max_size:
+        raise ValueError('Cannot change max_size of initialized global memory cache')
+
+    return (
+        _pot_memory_cache.value['cache'],
+        _pot_memory_cache.value['lock'],
+        _pot_memory_cache.value['max_size'],
+    )
+
+
+@register_provider
+class MemoryLRUPCP(PoTokenCacheProvider, BuiltinIEContentProvider):
+    PROVIDER_NAME = 'memory'
+    DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE = 25
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *args,
+        initialize_cache: typing.Callable[[int], tuple[dict[str, tuple[str, int]], Lock, int]] = initialize_global_cache,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.cache, self.lock, self.max_size = initialize_cache(self.DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE)
+
+    def is_available(self) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    def get(self, key: str) -> str | None:
+        with self.lock:
+            if key not in self.cache:
+                return None
+            value, expires_at = self.cache.pop(key)
+            if expires_at < int(dt.datetime.now(dt.timezone.utc).timestamp()):
+                return None
+            self.cache[key] = (value, expires_at)
+            return value
+
+    def store(self, key: str, value: str, expires_at: int):
+        with self.lock:
+            if expires_at < int(dt.datetime.now(dt.timezone.utc).timestamp()):
+                return
+            if key in self.cache:
+                self.cache.pop(key)
+            self.cache[key] = (value, expires_at)
+            if len(self.cache) > self.max_size:
+                oldest_key = next(iter(self.cache))
+                self.cache.pop(oldest_key)
+
+    def delete(self, key: str):
+        with self.lock:
+            self.cache.pop(key, None)
+
+
+@register_preference(MemoryLRUPCP)
+def memorylru_preference(*_, **__):
+    # Memory LRU Cache SHOULD be the highest priority
+    return 10000
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/pot/_builtin/webpo_cachespec.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/pot/_builtin/webpo_cachespec.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..426b815c7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/pot/_builtin/webpo_cachespec.py
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot._provider import BuiltinIEContentProvider
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.cache import (
+    CacheProviderWritePolicy,
+    PoTokenCacheSpec,
+    PoTokenCacheSpecProvider,
+    register_spec,
+)
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.provider import (
+    PoTokenRequest,
+)
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.utils import ContentBindingType, get_webpo_content_binding
+from yt_dlp.utils import traverse_obj
+
+
+@register_spec
+class WebPoPCSP(PoTokenCacheSpecProvider, BuiltinIEContentProvider):
+    PROVIDER_NAME = 'webpo'
+
+    def generate_cache_spec(self, request: PoTokenRequest) -> PoTokenCacheSpec | None:
+        bind_to_visitor_id = self._configuration_arg(
+            'bind_to_visitor_id', default=['true'])[0] == 'true'
+
+        content_binding, content_binding_type = get_webpo_content_binding(
+            request, bind_to_visitor_id=bind_to_visitor_id)
+
+        if not content_binding or not content_binding_type:
+            return None
+
+        write_policy = CacheProviderWritePolicy.WRITE_ALL
+        if content_binding_type == ContentBindingType.VIDEO_ID:
+            write_policy = CacheProviderWritePolicy.WRITE_FIRST
+
+        return PoTokenCacheSpec(
+            key_bindings={
+                't': 'webpo',
+                'cb': content_binding,
+                'cbt': content_binding_type.value,
+                'ip': traverse_obj(request.innertube_context, ('client', 'remoteHost')),
+                'sa': request.request_source_address,
+                'px': request.request_proxy,
+            },
+            # Integrity token response usually states it has a ttl of 12 hours (43200 seconds).
+            # We will default to 6 hours to be safe.
+            default_ttl=21600,
+            write_policy=write_policy,
+        )
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/pot/_director.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/pot/_director.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..aaf1d5290a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/pot/_director.py
@@ -0,0 +1,468 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import base64
+import binascii
+import dataclasses
+import datetime as dt
+import hashlib
+import json
+import typing
+import urllib.parse
+from collections.abc import Iterable
+
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot._provider import (
+    BuiltinIEContentProvider,
+    IEContentProvider,
+    IEContentProviderLogger,
+)
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot._registry import (
+    _pot_cache_provider_preferences,
+    _pot_cache_providers,
+    _pot_pcs_providers,
+    _pot_providers,
+    _ptp_preferences,
+)
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.cache import (
+    CacheProviderWritePolicy,
+    PoTokenCacheProvider,
+    PoTokenCacheProviderError,
+    PoTokenCacheSpec,
+    PoTokenCacheSpecProvider,
+)
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.provider import (
+    PoTokenProvider,
+    PoTokenProviderError,
+    PoTokenProviderRejectedRequest,
+    PoTokenRequest,
+    PoTokenResponse,
+    provider_bug_report_message,
+)
+from yt_dlp.utils import bug_reports_message, format_field, join_nonempty
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.cache import CacheProviderPreference
+    from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.provider import Preference
+
+
+class YoutubeIEContentProviderLogger(IEContentProviderLogger):
+    def __init__(self, ie, prefix, log_level: IEContentProviderLogger.LogLevel | None = None):
+        self.__ie = ie
+        self.prefix = prefix
+        self.log_level = log_level if log_level is not None else self.LogLevel.INFO
+
+    def _format_msg(self, message: str):
+        prefixstr = format_field(self.prefix, None, '[%s] ')
+        return f'{prefixstr}{message}'
+
+    def trace(self, message: str):
+        if self.log_level <= self.LogLevel.TRACE:
+            self.__ie.write_debug(self._format_msg('TRACE: ' + message))
+
+    def debug(self, message: str):
+        if self.log_level <= self.LogLevel.DEBUG:
+            self.__ie.write_debug(self._format_msg(message))
+
+    def info(self, message: str):
+        if self.log_level <= self.LogLevel.INFO:
+            self.__ie.to_screen(self._format_msg(message))
+
+    def warning(self, message: str, *, once=False):
+        if self.log_level <= self.LogLevel.WARNING:
+            self.__ie.report_warning(self._format_msg(message), only_once=once)
+
+    def error(self, message: str):
+        if self.log_level <= self.LogLevel.ERROR:
+            self.__ie._downloader.report_error(self._format_msg(message), is_error=False)
+
+
+class PoTokenCache:
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        logger: IEContentProviderLogger,
+        cache_providers: list[PoTokenCacheProvider],
+        cache_spec_providers: list[PoTokenCacheSpecProvider],
+        cache_provider_preferences: list[CacheProviderPreference] | None = None,
+    ):
+        self.cache_providers: dict[str, PoTokenCacheProvider] = {
+            provider.PROVIDER_KEY: provider for provider in (cache_providers or [])}
+        self.cache_provider_preferences: list[CacheProviderPreference] = cache_provider_preferences or []
+        self.cache_spec_providers: dict[str, PoTokenCacheSpecProvider] = {
+            provider.PROVIDER_KEY: provider for provider in (cache_spec_providers or [])}
+        self.logger = logger
+
+    def _get_cache_providers(self, request: PoTokenRequest) -> Iterable[PoTokenCacheProvider]:
+        """Sorts available cache providers by preference, given a request"""
+        preferences = {
+            provider: sum(pref(provider, request) for pref in self.cache_provider_preferences)
+            for provider in self.cache_providers.values()
+        }
+        if self.logger.log_level <= self.logger.LogLevel.TRACE:
+            # calling is_available() for every PO Token provider upfront may have some overhead
+            self.logger.trace(f'PO Token Cache Providers: {provider_display_list(self.cache_providers.values())}')
+            self.logger.trace('Cache Provider preferences for this request: {}'.format(', '.join(
+                f'{provider.PROVIDER_KEY}={pref}' for provider, pref in preferences.items())))
+
+        return (
+            provider for provider in sorted(
+                self.cache_providers.values(), key=preferences.get, reverse=True) if provider.is_available())
+
+    def _get_cache_spec(self, request: PoTokenRequest) -> PoTokenCacheSpec | None:
+        for provider in self.cache_spec_providers.values():
+            if not provider.is_available():
+                continue
+            try:
+                spec = provider.generate_cache_spec(request)
+                if not spec:
+                    continue
+                if not validate_cache_spec(spec):
+                    self.logger.error(
+                        f'PoTokenCacheSpecProvider "{provider.PROVIDER_KEY}" generate_cache_spec() '
+                        f'returned invalid spec {spec}{provider_bug_report_message(provider)}')
+                    continue
+                spec = dataclasses.replace(spec, _provider=provider)
+                self.logger.trace(
+                    f'Retrieved cache spec {spec} from cache spec provider "{provider.PROVIDER_NAME}"')
+                return spec
+            except Exception as e:
+                self.logger.error(
+                    f'Error occurred with "{provider.PROVIDER_NAME}" PO Token cache spec provider: '
+                    f'{e!r}{provider_bug_report_message(provider)}')
+                continue
+        return None
+
+    def _generate_key_bindings(self, spec: PoTokenCacheSpec) -> dict[str, str]:
+        bindings_cleaned = {
+            **{k: v for k, v in spec.key_bindings.items() if v is not None},
+            # Allow us to invalidate caches if such need arises
+            '_dlp_cache': 'v1',
+        }
+        if spec._provider:
+            bindings_cleaned['_p'] = spec._provider.PROVIDER_KEY
+        self.logger.trace(f'Generated cache key bindings: {bindings_cleaned}')
+        return bindings_cleaned
+
+    def _generate_key(self, bindings: dict) -> str:
+        binding_string = ''.join(repr(dict(sorted(bindings.items()))))
+        return hashlib.sha256(binding_string.encode()).hexdigest()
+
+    def get(self, request: PoTokenRequest) -> PoTokenResponse | None:
+        spec = self._get_cache_spec(request)
+        if not spec:
+            self.logger.trace('No cache spec available for this request, unable to fetch from cache')
+            return None
+
+        cache_key = self._generate_key(self._generate_key_bindings(spec))
+        self.logger.trace(f'Attempting to access PO Token cache using key: {cache_key}')
+
+        for idx, provider in enumerate(self._get_cache_providers(request)):
+            try:
+                self.logger.trace(
+                    f'Attempting to fetch PO Token response from "{provider.PROVIDER_NAME}" cache provider')
+                cache_response = provider.get(cache_key)
+                if not cache_response:
+                    continue
+                try:
+                    po_token_response = PoTokenResponse(**json.loads(cache_response))
+                except (TypeError, ValueError, json.JSONDecodeError):
+                    po_token_response = None
+                if not validate_response(po_token_response):
+                    self.logger.error(
+                        f'Invalid PO Token response retrieved from cache provider "{provider.PROVIDER_NAME}": '
+                        f'{cache_response}{provider_bug_report_message(provider)}')
+                    provider.delete(cache_key)
+                    continue
+                self.logger.trace(
+                    f'PO Token response retrieved from cache using "{provider.PROVIDER_NAME}" provider: '
+                    f'{po_token_response}')
+                if idx > 0:
+                    # Write back to the highest priority cache provider,
+                    # so we stop trying to fetch from lower priority providers
+                    self.logger.trace('Writing PO Token response to highest priority cache provider')
+                    self.store(request, po_token_response, write_policy=CacheProviderWritePolicy.WRITE_FIRST)
+
+                return po_token_response
+            except PoTokenCacheProviderError as e:
+                self.logger.warning(
+                    f'Error from "{provider.PROVIDER_NAME}" PO Token cache provider: '
+                    f'{e!r}{provider_bug_report_message(provider) if not e.expected else ""}')
+                continue
+            except Exception as e:
+                self.logger.error(
+                    f'Error occurred with "{provider.PROVIDER_NAME}" PO Token cache provider: '
+                    f'{e!r}{provider_bug_report_message(provider)}',
+                )
+                continue
+        return None
+
+    def store(
+        self,
+        request: PoTokenRequest,
+        response: PoTokenResponse,
+        write_policy: CacheProviderWritePolicy | None = None,
+    ):
+        spec = self._get_cache_spec(request)
+        if not spec:
+            self.logger.trace('No cache spec available for this request. Not caching.')
+            return
+
+        if not validate_response(response):
+            self.logger.error(
+                f'Invalid PO Token response provided to PoTokenCache.store(): '
+                f'{response}{bug_reports_message()}')
+            return
+
+        cache_key = self._generate_key(self._generate_key_bindings(spec))
+        self.logger.trace(f'Attempting to access PO Token cache using key: {cache_key}')
+
+        default_expires_at = int(dt.datetime.now(dt.timezone.utc).timestamp()) + spec.default_ttl
+        cache_response = dataclasses.replace(response, expires_at=response.expires_at or default_expires_at)
+
+        write_policy = write_policy or spec.write_policy
+        self.logger.trace(f'Using write policy: {write_policy}')
+
+        for idx, provider in enumerate(self._get_cache_providers(request)):
+            try:
+                self.logger.trace(
+                    f'Caching PO Token response in "{provider.PROVIDER_NAME}" cache provider '
+                    f'(key={cache_key}, expires_at={cache_response.expires_at})')
+                provider.store(
+                    key=cache_key,
+                    value=json.dumps(dataclasses.asdict(cache_response)),
+                    expires_at=cache_response.expires_at)
+            except PoTokenCacheProviderError as e:
+                self.logger.warning(
+                    f'Error from "{provider.PROVIDER_NAME}" PO Token cache provider: '
+                    f'{e!r}{provider_bug_report_message(provider) if not e.expected else ""}')
+            except Exception as e:
+                self.logger.error(
+                    f'Error occurred with "{provider.PROVIDER_NAME}" PO Token cache provider: '
+                    f'{e!r}{provider_bug_report_message(provider)}')
+
+            # WRITE_FIRST should not write to lower priority providers in the case the highest priority provider fails
+            if idx == 0 and write_policy == CacheProviderWritePolicy.WRITE_FIRST:
+                return
+
+    def close(self):
+        for provider in self.cache_providers.values():
+            provider.close()
+        for spec_provider in self.cache_spec_providers.values():
+            spec_provider.close()
+
+
+class PoTokenRequestDirector:
+
+    def __init__(self, logger: IEContentProviderLogger, cache: PoTokenCache):
+        self.providers: dict[str, PoTokenProvider] = {}
+        self.preferences: list[Preference] = []
+        self.cache = cache
+        self.logger = logger
+
+    def register_provider(self, provider: PoTokenProvider):
+        self.providers[provider.PROVIDER_KEY] = provider
+
+    def register_preference(self, preference: Preference):
+        self.preferences.append(preference)
+
+    def _get_providers(self, request: PoTokenRequest) -> Iterable[PoTokenProvider]:
+        """Sorts available providers by preference, given a request"""
+        preferences = {
+            provider: sum(pref(provider, request) for pref in self.preferences)
+            for provider in self.providers.values()
+        }
+        if self.logger.log_level <= self.logger.LogLevel.TRACE:
+            # calling is_available() for every PO Token provider upfront may have some overhead
+            self.logger.trace(f'PO Token Providers: {provider_display_list(self.providers.values())}')
+            self.logger.trace('Provider preferences for this request: {}'.format(', '.join(
+                f'{provider.PROVIDER_NAME}={pref}' for provider, pref in preferences.items())))
+
+        return (
+            provider for provider in sorted(
+                self.providers.values(), key=preferences.get, reverse=True)
+            if provider.is_available()
+        )
+
+    def _get_po_token(self, request) -> PoTokenResponse | None:
+        for provider in self._get_providers(request):
+            try:
+                self.logger.trace(
+                    f'Attempting to fetch a PO Token from "{provider.PROVIDER_NAME}" provider')
+                response = provider.request_pot(request.copy())
+            except PoTokenProviderRejectedRequest as e:
+                self.logger.trace(
+                    f'PO Token Provider "{provider.PROVIDER_NAME}" rejected this request, '
+                    f'trying next available provider. Reason: {e}')
+                continue
+            except PoTokenProviderError as e:
+                self.logger.warning(
+                    f'Error fetching PO Token from "{provider.PROVIDER_NAME}" provider: '
+                    f'{e!r}{provider_bug_report_message(provider) if not e.expected else ""}')
+                continue
+            except Exception as e:
+                self.logger.error(
+                    f'Unexpected error when fetching PO Token from "{provider.PROVIDER_NAME}" provider: '
+                    f'{e!r}{provider_bug_report_message(provider)}')
+                continue
+
+            self.logger.trace(f'PO Token response from "{provider.PROVIDER_NAME}" provider: {response}')
+
+            if not validate_response(response):
+                self.logger.error(
+                    f'Invalid PO Token response received from "{provider.PROVIDER_NAME}" provider: '
+                    f'{response}{provider_bug_report_message(provider)}')
+                continue
+
+            return response
+
+        self.logger.trace('No PO Token providers were able to provide a valid PO Token')
+        return None
+
+    def get_po_token(self, request: PoTokenRequest) -> str | None:
+        if not request.bypass_cache:
+            if pot_response := self.cache.get(request):
+                return clean_pot(pot_response.po_token)
+
+        if not self.providers:
+            self.logger.trace('No PO Token providers registered')
+            return None
+
+        pot_response = self._get_po_token(request)
+        if not pot_response:
+            return None
+
+        pot_response.po_token = clean_pot(pot_response.po_token)
+
+        if pot_response.expires_at is None or pot_response.expires_at > 0:
+            self.cache.store(request, pot_response)
+        else:
+            self.logger.trace(
+                f'PO Token response will not be cached (expires_at={pot_response.expires_at})')
+
+        return pot_response.po_token
+
+    def close(self):
+        for provider in self.providers.values():
+            provider.close()
+        self.cache.close()
+
+
+EXTRACTOR_ARG_PREFIX = 'youtubepot'
+
+
+def initialize_pot_director(ie):
+    assert ie._downloader is not None, 'Downloader not set'
+
+    enable_trace = ie._configuration_arg(
+        'pot_trace', ['false'], ie_key='youtube', casesense=False)[0] == 'true'
+
+    if enable_trace:
+        log_level = IEContentProviderLogger.LogLevel.TRACE
+    elif ie.get_param('verbose', False):
+        log_level = IEContentProviderLogger.LogLevel.DEBUG
+    else:
+        log_level = IEContentProviderLogger.LogLevel.INFO
+
+    def get_provider_logger_and_settings(provider, logger_key):
+        logger_prefix = f'{logger_key}:{provider.PROVIDER_NAME}'
+        extractor_key = f'{EXTRACTOR_ARG_PREFIX}-{provider.PROVIDER_KEY.lower()}'
+        return (
+            YoutubeIEContentProviderLogger(ie, logger_prefix, log_level=log_level),
+            ie.get_param('extractor_args', {}).get(extractor_key, {}))
+
+    cache_providers = []
+    for cache_provider in _pot_cache_providers.value.values():
+        logger, settings = get_provider_logger_and_settings(cache_provider, 'pot:cache')
+        cache_providers.append(cache_provider(ie, logger, settings))
+    cache_spec_providers = []
+    for cache_spec_provider in _pot_pcs_providers.value.values():
+        logger, settings = get_provider_logger_and_settings(cache_spec_provider, 'pot:cache:spec')
+        cache_spec_providers.append(cache_spec_provider(ie, logger, settings))
+
+    cache = PoTokenCache(
+        logger=YoutubeIEContentProviderLogger(ie, 'pot:cache', log_level=log_level),
+        cache_providers=cache_providers,
+        cache_spec_providers=cache_spec_providers,
+        cache_provider_preferences=list(_pot_cache_provider_preferences.value),
+    )
+
+    director = PoTokenRequestDirector(
+        logger=YoutubeIEContentProviderLogger(ie, 'pot', log_level=log_level),
+        cache=cache,
+    )
+
+    ie._downloader.add_close_hook(director.close)
+
+    for provider in _pot_providers.value.values():
+        logger, settings = get_provider_logger_and_settings(provider, 'pot')
+        director.register_provider(provider(ie, logger, settings))
+
+    for preference in _ptp_preferences.value:
+        director.register_preference(preference)
+
+    if director.logger.log_level <= director.logger.LogLevel.DEBUG:
+        # calling is_available() for every PO Token provider upfront may have some overhead
+        director.logger.debug(f'PO Token Providers: {provider_display_list(director.providers.values())}')
+        director.logger.debug(f'PO Token Cache Providers: {provider_display_list(cache.cache_providers.values())}')
+        director.logger.debug(f'PO Token Cache Spec Providers: {provider_display_list(cache.cache_spec_providers.values())}')
+        director.logger.trace(f'Registered {len(director.preferences)} provider preferences')
+        director.logger.trace(f'Registered {len(cache.cache_provider_preferences)} cache provider preferences')
+
+    return director
+
+
+def provider_display_list(providers: Iterable[IEContentProvider]):
+    def provider_display_name(provider):
+        display_str = join_nonempty(
+            provider.PROVIDER_NAME,
+            provider.PROVIDER_VERSION if not isinstance(provider, BuiltinIEContentProvider) else None)
+        statuses = []
+        if not isinstance(provider, BuiltinIEContentProvider):
+            statuses.append('external')
+        if not provider.is_available():
+            statuses.append('unavailable')
+        if statuses:
+            display_str += f' ({", ".join(statuses)})'
+        return display_str
+
+    return ', '.join(provider_display_name(provider) for provider in providers) or 'none'
+
+
+def clean_pot(po_token: str):
+    # Clean and validate the PO Token. This will strip invalid characters off
+    # (e.g. additional url params the user may accidentally include)
+    try:
+        return base64.urlsafe_b64encode(
+            base64.urlsafe_b64decode(urllib.parse.unquote(po_token))).decode()
+    except (binascii.Error, ValueError):
+        raise ValueError('Invalid PO Token')
+
+
+def validate_response(response: PoTokenResponse | None):
+    if (
+        not isinstance(response, PoTokenResponse)
+        or not isinstance(response.po_token, str)
+        or not response.po_token
+    ):  # noqa: SIM103
+        return False
+
+    try:
+        clean_pot(response.po_token)
+    except ValueError:
+        return False
+
+    if not isinstance(response.expires_at, int):
+        return response.expires_at is None
+
+    return response.expires_at <= 0 or response.expires_at > int(dt.datetime.now(dt.timezone.utc).timestamp())
+
+
+def validate_cache_spec(spec: PoTokenCacheSpec):
+    return (
+        isinstance(spec, PoTokenCacheSpec)
+        and isinstance(spec.write_policy, CacheProviderWritePolicy)
+        and isinstance(spec.default_ttl, int)
+        and isinstance(spec.key_bindings, dict)
+        and all(isinstance(k, str) for k in spec.key_bindings)
+        and all(v is None or isinstance(v, str) for v in spec.key_bindings.values())
+        and bool([v for v in spec.key_bindings.values() if v is not None])
+    )
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/pot/_provider.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/pot/_provider.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..af7034d227
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/pot/_provider.py
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import abc
+import enum
+import functools
+
+from yt_dlp.extractor.common import InfoExtractor
+from yt_dlp.utils import NO_DEFAULT, bug_reports_message, classproperty, traverse_obj
+from yt_dlp.version import __version__
+
+# xxx: these could be generalized outside YoutubeIE eventually
+
+
+class IEContentProviderLogger(abc.ABC):
+
+    class LogLevel(enum.IntEnum):
+        TRACE = 0
+        DEBUG = 10
+        INFO = 20
+        WARNING = 30
+        ERROR = 40
+
+        @classmethod
+        def _missing_(cls, value):
+            if isinstance(value, str):
+                value = value.upper()
+                if value in dir(cls):
+                    return cls[value]
+
+            return cls.INFO
+
+    log_level = LogLevel.INFO
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def trace(self, message: str):
+        pass
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def debug(self, message: str):
+        pass
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def info(self, message: str):
+        pass
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def warning(self, message: str, *, once=False):
+        pass
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def error(self, message: str):
+        pass
+
+
+class IEContentProviderError(Exception):
+    def __init__(self, msg=None, expected=False):
+        super().__init__(msg)
+        self.expected = expected
+
+
+class IEContentProvider(abc.ABC):
+    PROVIDER_VERSION: str = '0.0.0'
+    BUG_REPORT_LOCATION: str = '(developer has not provided a bug report location)'
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        ie: InfoExtractor,
+        logger: IEContentProviderLogger,
+        settings: dict[str, list[str]], *_, **__,
+    ):
+        self.ie = ie
+        self.settings = settings or {}
+        self.logger = logger
+        super().__init__()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __init_subclass__(cls, *, suffix=None, **kwargs):
+        if suffix:
+            cls._PROVIDER_KEY_SUFFIX = suffix
+        return super().__init_subclass__(**kwargs)
+
+    @classproperty
+    def PROVIDER_NAME(cls) -> str:
+        return cls.__name__[:-len(cls._PROVIDER_KEY_SUFFIX)]
+
+    @classproperty
+    def BUG_REPORT_MESSAGE(cls):
+        return f'please report this issue to the provider developer at  {cls.BUG_REPORT_LOCATION}  .'
+
+    @classproperty
+    def PROVIDER_KEY(cls) -> str:
+        assert hasattr(cls, '_PROVIDER_KEY_SUFFIX'), 'Content Provider implementation must define a suffix for the provider key'
+        assert cls.__name__.endswith(cls._PROVIDER_KEY_SUFFIX), f'PoTokenProvider class names must end with "{cls._PROVIDER_KEY_SUFFIX}"'
+        return cls.__name__[:-len(cls._PROVIDER_KEY_SUFFIX)]
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def is_available(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Check if the provider is available (e.g. all required dependencies are available)
+        This is used to determine if the provider should be used and to provide debug information.
+
+        IMPORTANT: This method should not make any network requests or perform any expensive operations.
+         It is called multiple times.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def close(self):  # noqa: B027
+        pass
+
+    def _configuration_arg(self, key, default=NO_DEFAULT, *, casesense=False):
+        """
+        @returns            A list of values for the setting given by "key"
+                            or "default" if no such key is present
+        @param default      The default value to return when the key is not present (default: [])
+        @param casesense    When false, the values are converted to lower case
+        """
+        val = traverse_obj(self.settings, key)
+        if val is None:
+            return [] if default is NO_DEFAULT else default
+        return list(val) if casesense else [x.lower() for x in val]
+
+
+class BuiltinIEContentProvider(IEContentProvider, abc.ABC):
+    PROVIDER_VERSION = __version__
+    BUG_REPORT_MESSAGE = bug_reports_message(before='')
+
+
+def register_provider_generic(
+    provider,
+    base_class,
+    registry,
+):
+    """Generic function to register a provider class"""
+    assert issubclass(provider, base_class), f'{provider} must be a subclass of {base_class.__name__}'
+    assert provider.PROVIDER_KEY not in registry, f'{base_class.__name__} {provider.PROVIDER_KEY} already registered'
+    registry[provider.PROVIDER_KEY] = provider
+    return provider
+
+
+def register_preference_generic(
+    base_class,
+    registry,
+    *providers,
+):
+    """Generic function to register a preference for a provider"""
+    assert all(issubclass(provider, base_class) for provider in providers)
+
+    def outer(preference):
+        @functools.wraps(preference)
+        def inner(provider, *args, **kwargs):
+            if not providers or isinstance(provider, providers):
+                return preference(provider, *args, **kwargs)
+            return 0
+        registry.add(inner)
+        return preference
+    return outer
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/pot/_registry.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/pot/_registry.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c72a622c12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/pot/_registry.py
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+from yt_dlp.globals import Indirect
+
+_pot_providers = Indirect({})
+_ptp_preferences = Indirect(set())
+_pot_pcs_providers = Indirect({})
+_pot_cache_providers = Indirect({})
+_pot_cache_provider_preferences = Indirect(set())
+_pot_memory_cache = Indirect({})
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/pot/cache.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/pot/cache.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6d69316adc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/pot/cache.py
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+"""PUBLIC API"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import abc
+import dataclasses
+import enum
+import typing
+
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot._provider import (
+    IEContentProvider,
+    IEContentProviderError,
+    register_preference_generic,
+    register_provider_generic,
+)
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot._registry import (
+    _pot_cache_provider_preferences,
+    _pot_cache_providers,
+    _pot_pcs_providers,
+)
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.provider import PoTokenRequest
+
+
+class PoTokenCacheProviderError(IEContentProviderError):
+    """An error occurred while fetching a PO Token"""
+
+
+class PoTokenCacheProvider(IEContentProvider, abc.ABC, suffix='PCP'):
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def get(self, key: str) -> str | None:
+        pass
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def store(self, key: str, value: str, expires_at: int):
+        pass
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def delete(self, key: str):
+        pass
+
+
+class CacheProviderWritePolicy(enum.Enum):
+    WRITE_ALL = enum.auto()    # Write to all cache providers
+    WRITE_FIRST = enum.auto()  # Write to only the first cache provider
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class PoTokenCacheSpec:
+    key_bindings: dict[str, str | None]
+    default_ttl: int
+    write_policy: CacheProviderWritePolicy = CacheProviderWritePolicy.WRITE_ALL
+
+    # Internal
+    _provider: PoTokenCacheSpecProvider | None = None
+
+
+class PoTokenCacheSpecProvider(IEContentProvider, abc.ABC, suffix='PCSP'):
+
+    def is_available(self) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def generate_cache_spec(self, request: PoTokenRequest) -> PoTokenCacheSpec | None:
+        """Generate a cache spec for the given request"""
+        pass
+
+
+def register_provider(provider: type[PoTokenCacheProvider]):
+    """Register a PoTokenCacheProvider class"""
+    return register_provider_generic(
+        provider=provider,
+        base_class=PoTokenCacheProvider,
+        registry=_pot_cache_providers.value,
+    )
+
+
+def register_spec(provider: type[PoTokenCacheSpecProvider]):
+    """Register a PoTokenCacheSpecProvider class"""
+    return register_provider_generic(
+        provider=provider,
+        base_class=PoTokenCacheSpecProvider,
+        registry=_pot_pcs_providers.value,
+    )
+
+
+def register_preference(
+        *providers: type[PoTokenCacheProvider]) -> typing.Callable[[CacheProviderPreference], CacheProviderPreference]:
+    """Register a preference for a PoTokenCacheProvider"""
+    return register_preference_generic(
+        PoTokenCacheProvider,
+        _pot_cache_provider_preferences.value,
+        *providers,
+    )
+
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    CacheProviderPreference = typing.Callable[[PoTokenCacheProvider, PoTokenRequest], int]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/pot/provider.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/pot/provider.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..13b3b1f9bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/pot/provider.py
@@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
+"""PUBLIC API"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import abc
+import copy
+import dataclasses
+import enum
+import functools
+import typing
+import urllib.parse
+
+from yt_dlp.cookies import YoutubeDLCookieJar
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot._provider import (
+    IEContentProvider,
+    IEContentProviderError,
+    register_preference_generic,
+    register_provider_generic,
+)
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot._registry import _pot_providers, _ptp_preferences
+from yt_dlp.networking import Request, Response
+from yt_dlp.utils import traverse_obj
+from yt_dlp.utils.networking import HTTPHeaderDict
+
+__all__ = [
+    'ExternalRequestFeature',
+    'PoTokenContext',
+    'PoTokenProvider',
+    'PoTokenProviderError',
+    'PoTokenProviderRejectedRequest',
+    'PoTokenRequest',
+    'PoTokenResponse',
+    'provider_bug_report_message',
+    'register_preference',
+    'register_provider',
+]
+
+
+class PoTokenContext(enum.Enum):
+    GVS = 'gvs'
+    PLAYER = 'player'
+    SUBS = 'subs'
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class PoTokenRequest:
+    # YouTube parameters
+    context: PoTokenContext
+    innertube_context: InnertubeContext
+    innertube_host: str | None = None
+    session_index: str | None = None
+    player_url: str | None = None
+    is_authenticated: bool = False
+    video_webpage: str | None = None
+    internal_client_name: str | None = None
+
+    # Content binding parameters
+    visitor_data: str | None = None
+    data_sync_id: str | None = None
+    video_id: str | None = None
+
+    # Networking parameters
+    request_cookiejar: YoutubeDLCookieJar = dataclasses.field(default_factory=YoutubeDLCookieJar)
+    request_proxy: str | None = None
+    request_headers: HTTPHeaderDict = dataclasses.field(default_factory=HTTPHeaderDict)
+    request_timeout: float | None = None
+    request_source_address: str | None = None
+    request_verify_tls: bool = True
+
+    # Generate a new token, do not used a cached token
+    # The token should still be cached for future requests
+    bypass_cache: bool = False
+
+    def copy(self):
+        return dataclasses.replace(
+            self,
+            request_headers=HTTPHeaderDict(self.request_headers),
+            innertube_context=copy.deepcopy(self.innertube_context),
+        )
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class PoTokenResponse:
+    po_token: str
+    expires_at: int | None = None
+
+
+class PoTokenProviderRejectedRequest(IEContentProviderError):
+    """Reject the PoTokenRequest (cannot handle the request)"""
+
+
+class PoTokenProviderError(IEContentProviderError):
+    """An error occurred while fetching a PO Token"""
+
+
+class ExternalRequestFeature(enum.Enum):
+    PROXY_SCHEME_HTTP = enum.auto()
+    PROXY_SCHEME_HTTPS = enum.auto()
+    PROXY_SCHEME_SOCKS4 = enum.auto()
+    PROXY_SCHEME_SOCKS4A = enum.auto()
+    PROXY_SCHEME_SOCKS5 = enum.auto()
+    PROXY_SCHEME_SOCKS5H = enum.auto()
+    SOURCE_ADDRESS = enum.auto()
+    DISABLE_TLS_VERIFICATION = enum.auto()
+
+
+class PoTokenProvider(IEContentProvider, abc.ABC, suffix='PTP'):
+
+    # Set to None to disable the check
+    _SUPPORTED_CONTEXTS: tuple[PoTokenContext] | None = ()
+
+    # Innertube Client Name.
+    # For example, "WEB", "ANDROID", "TVHTML5".
+    # For a list of WebPO client names, see yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.utils.WEBPO_CLIENTS.
+    # Also see yt_dlp.extractor.youtube._base.INNERTUBE_CLIENTS
+    #  for a list of client names currently supported by the YouTube extractor.
+    _SUPPORTED_CLIENTS: tuple[str] | None = ()
+
+    # If making external requests to websites (i.e. to youtube.com)
+    #  using another library or service (i.e., not _request_webpage),
+    #  add the request features that are supported.
+    # If only using _request_webpage to make external requests, set this to None.
+    _SUPPORTED_EXTERNAL_REQUEST_FEATURES: tuple[ExternalRequestFeature] | None = ()
+
+    def __validate_request(self, request: PoTokenRequest):
+        if not self.is_available():
+            raise PoTokenProviderRejectedRequest(f'{self.PROVIDER_NAME} is not available')
+
+        # Validate request using built-in settings
+        if (
+            self._SUPPORTED_CONTEXTS is not None
+            and request.context not in self._SUPPORTED_CONTEXTS
+        ):
+            raise PoTokenProviderRejectedRequest(
+                f'PO Token Context "{request.context}" is not supported by {self.PROVIDER_NAME}')
+
+        if self._SUPPORTED_CLIENTS is not None:
+            client_name = traverse_obj(
+                request.innertube_context, ('client', 'clientName'))
+            if client_name not in self._SUPPORTED_CLIENTS:
+                raise PoTokenProviderRejectedRequest(
+                    f'Client "{client_name}" is not supported by {self.PROVIDER_NAME}. '
+                    f'Supported clients: {", ".join(self._SUPPORTED_CLIENTS) or "none"}')
+
+        self.__validate_external_request_features(request)
+
+    @functools.cached_property
+    def _supported_proxy_schemes(self):
+        return {
+            scheme: feature
+            for scheme, feature in {
+                'http': ExternalRequestFeature.PROXY_SCHEME_HTTP,
+                'https': ExternalRequestFeature.PROXY_SCHEME_HTTPS,
+                'socks4': ExternalRequestFeature.PROXY_SCHEME_SOCKS4,
+                'socks4a': ExternalRequestFeature.PROXY_SCHEME_SOCKS4A,
+                'socks5': ExternalRequestFeature.PROXY_SCHEME_SOCKS5,
+                'socks5h': ExternalRequestFeature.PROXY_SCHEME_SOCKS5H,
+            }.items()
+            if feature in (self._SUPPORTED_EXTERNAL_REQUEST_FEATURES or [])
+        }
+
+    def __validate_external_request_features(self, request: PoTokenRequest):
+        if self._SUPPORTED_EXTERNAL_REQUEST_FEATURES is None:
+            return
+
+        if request.request_proxy:
+            scheme = urllib.parse.urlparse(request.request_proxy).scheme
+            if scheme.lower() not in self._supported_proxy_schemes:
+                raise PoTokenProviderRejectedRequest(
+                    f'External requests by "{self.PROVIDER_NAME}" provider do not '
+                    f'support proxy scheme "{scheme}". Supported proxy schemes: '
+                    f'{", ".join(self._supported_proxy_schemes) or "none"}')
+
+        if (
+            request.request_source_address
+            and ExternalRequestFeature.SOURCE_ADDRESS not in self._SUPPORTED_EXTERNAL_REQUEST_FEATURES
+        ):
+            raise PoTokenProviderRejectedRequest(
+                f'External requests by "{self.PROVIDER_NAME}" provider '
+                f'do not support setting source address')
+
+        if (
+            not request.request_verify_tls
+            and ExternalRequestFeature.DISABLE_TLS_VERIFICATION not in self._SUPPORTED_EXTERNAL_REQUEST_FEATURES
+        ):
+            raise PoTokenProviderRejectedRequest(
+                f'External requests by "{self.PROVIDER_NAME}" provider '
+                f'do not support ignoring TLS certificate failures')
+
+    def request_pot(self, request: PoTokenRequest) -> PoTokenResponse:
+        self.__validate_request(request)
+        return self._real_request_pot(request)
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def _real_request_pot(self, request: PoTokenRequest) -> PoTokenResponse:
+        """To be implemented by subclasses"""
+        pass
+
+    # Helper functions
+
+    def _request_webpage(self, request: Request, pot_request: PoTokenRequest | None = None, note=None, **kwargs) -> Response:
+        """Make a request using the internal HTTP Client.
+        Use this instead of calling requests, urllib3 or other HTTP client libraries directly!
+
+        YouTube cookies will be automatically applied if this request is made to YouTube.
+
+        @param request: The request to make
+        @param pot_request: The PoTokenRequest to use. Request parameters will be merged from it.
+        @param note: Custom log message to display when making the request. Set to `False` to disable logging.
+
+        Tips:
+        - Disable proxy (e.g. if calling local service): Request(..., proxies={'all': None})
+        - Set request timeout:  Request(..., extensions={'timeout': 5.0})
+        """
+        req = request.copy()
+
+        # Merge some ctx request settings into the request
+        # Most of these will already be used by the configured ydl instance,
+        # however, the YouTube extractor may override some.
+        if pot_request is not None:
+            req.headers = HTTPHeaderDict(pot_request.request_headers, req.headers)
+            req.proxies = req.proxies or ({'all': pot_request.request_proxy} if pot_request.request_proxy else {})
+
+            if pot_request.request_cookiejar is not None:
+                req.extensions['cookiejar'] = req.extensions.get('cookiejar', pot_request.request_cookiejar)
+
+        if note is not False:
+            self.logger.info(str(note) if note else 'Requesting webpage')
+        return self.ie._downloader.urlopen(req)
+
+
+def register_provider(provider: type[PoTokenProvider]):
+    """Register a PoTokenProvider class"""
+    return register_provider_generic(
+        provider=provider,
+        base_class=PoTokenProvider,
+        registry=_pot_providers.value,
+    )
+
+
+def provider_bug_report_message(provider: IEContentProvider, before=';'):
+    msg = provider.BUG_REPORT_MESSAGE
+
+    before = before.rstrip()
+    if not before or before.endswith(('.', '!', '?')):
+        msg = msg[0].title() + msg[1:]
+
+    return f'{before} {msg}' if before else msg
+
+
+def register_preference(*providers: type[PoTokenProvider]) -> typing.Callable[[Preference], Preference]:
+    """Register a preference for a PoTokenProvider"""
+    return register_preference_generic(
+        PoTokenProvider,
+        _ptp_preferences.value,
+        *providers,
+    )
+
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    Preference = typing.Callable[[PoTokenProvider, PoTokenRequest], int]
+    __all__.append('Preference')
+
+    # Barebones innertube context. There may be more fields.
+    class ClientInfo(typing.TypedDict, total=False):
+        hl: str | None
+        gl: str | None
+        remoteHost: str | None
+        deviceMake: str | None
+        deviceModel: str | None
+        visitorData: str | None
+        userAgent: str | None
+        clientName: str
+        clientVersion: str
+        osName: str | None
+        osVersion: str | None
+
+    class InnertubeContext(typing.TypedDict, total=False):
+        client: ClientInfo
+        request: dict
+        user: dict
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/pot/utils.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/pot/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a27921d4af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube/pot/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+"""PUBLIC API"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import base64
+import contextlib
+import enum
+import re
+import urllib.parse
+
+from yt_dlp.extractor.youtube.pot.provider import PoTokenContext, PoTokenRequest
+from yt_dlp.utils import traverse_obj
+
+__all__ = ['WEBPO_CLIENTS', 'ContentBindingType', 'get_webpo_content_binding']
+
+WEBPO_CLIENTS = (
+    'WEB',
+    'MWEB',
+    'TVHTML5',
+    'WEB_EMBEDDED_PLAYER',
+    'WEB_CREATOR',
+    'WEB_REMIX',
+    'TVHTML5_SIMPLY',
+    'TVHTML5_SIMPLY_EMBEDDED_PLAYER',
+)
+
+
+class ContentBindingType(enum.Enum):
+    VISITOR_DATA = 'visitor_data'
+    DATASYNC_ID = 'datasync_id'
+    VIDEO_ID = 'video_id'
+    VISITOR_ID = 'visitor_id'
+
+
+def get_webpo_content_binding(
+    request: PoTokenRequest,
+    webpo_clients=WEBPO_CLIENTS,
+    bind_to_visitor_id=False,
+) -> tuple[str | None, ContentBindingType | None]:
+
+    client_name = traverse_obj(request.innertube_context, ('client', 'clientName'))
+    if not client_name or client_name not in webpo_clients:
+        return None, None
+
+    if request.context == PoTokenContext.GVS or client_name in ('WEB_REMIX', ):
+        if request.is_authenticated:
+            return request.data_sync_id, ContentBindingType.DATASYNC_ID
+        else:
+            if bind_to_visitor_id:
+                visitor_id = _extract_visitor_id(request.visitor_data)
+                if visitor_id:
+                    return visitor_id, ContentBindingType.VISITOR_ID
+            return request.visitor_data, ContentBindingType.VISITOR_DATA
+
+    elif request.context in (PoTokenContext.PLAYER, PoTokenContext.SUBS):
+        return request.video_id, ContentBindingType.VIDEO_ID
+
+    return None, None
+
+
+def _extract_visitor_id(visitor_data):
+    if not visitor_data:
+        return None
+
+    # Attempt to extract the visitor ID from the visitor_data protobuf
+    # xxx: ideally should use a protobuf parser
+    with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
+        visitor_id = base64.urlsafe_b64decode(
+            urllib.parse.unquote_plus(visitor_data))[2:13].decode()
+        # check that visitor id is all letters and numbers
+        if re.fullmatch(r'[A-Za-z0-9_-]{11}', visitor_id):
+            return visitor_id
+
+    return None
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/zapiks.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/zapiks.py
index 2916367c82..fcfebcdc51 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/zapiks.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/zapiks.py
@@ -13,35 +13,39 @@ from ..utils import (
 class ZapiksIE(InfoExtractor):
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?zapiks\.(?:fr|com)/(?:(?:[a-z]{2}/)?(?P<display_id>.+?)\.html|index\.php\?.*\bmedia_id=(?P<id>\d+))'
     _EMBED_REGEX = [r'<iframe[^>]+src="(?P<url>https?://(?:www\.)?zapiks\.fr/index\.php\?.+?)"']
-    _TESTS = [
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.zapiks.fr/ep2s3-bon-appetit-eh-be-viva.html',
-            'md5': 'aeb3c473b2d564b2d46d664d28d5f050',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '80798',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'EP2S3 - Bon Appétit - Eh bé viva les pyrénées con!',
-                'description': 'md5:7054d6f6f620c6519be1fe710d4da847',
-                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-                'duration': 528,
-                'timestamp': 1359044972,
-                'upload_date': '20130124',
-                'view_count': int,
-            },
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'http://www.zapiks.fr/ep2s3-bon-appetit-eh-be-viva.html',
+        'md5': 'aeb3c473b2d564b2d46d664d28d5f050',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '80798',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'EP2S3 - Bon Appétit - Eh bé viva les pyrénées con!',
+            'description': 'md5:7054d6f6f620c6519be1fe710d4da847',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://zpks\.com/.+\.jpg',
+            'duration': 528,
+            'timestamp': 1359044972,
+            'upload_date': '20130124',
+            'view_count': int,
         },
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.zapiks.com/ep3s5-bon-appetit-baqueira-m-1.html',
-            'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'http://www.zapiks.com/ep3s5-bon-appetit-baqueira-m-1.html',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'http://www.zapiks.com/nl/ep3s5-bon-appetit-baqueira-m-1.html',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'http://www.zapiks.fr/index.php?action=playerIframe&amp;media_id=118046&amp;width=640&amp;height=360&amp;autoStart=false&amp;language=fr',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]
+    _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.skipass.com/news/116090-bon-appetit-s5ep3-baqueira-mi-cor.html',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '118046',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'EP3S5 - Bon Appétit - Baqueira Mi Corazon !',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://zpks\.com/.+\.jpg',
         },
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.zapiks.com/nl/ep3s5-bon-appetit-baqueira-m-1.html',
-            'only_matching': True,
-        },
-        {
-            'url': 'http://www.zapiks.fr/index.php?action=playerIframe&amp;media_id=118046&amp;width=640&amp;height=360&amp;autoStart=false&amp;language=fr',
-            'only_matching': True,
-        },
-    ]
+    }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/zdf.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/zdf.py
index 4bef1017cc..24c562ab6e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/zdf.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/zdf.py
@@ -1,331 +1,424 @@
+import itertools
+import json
 import re
+import time
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
-    NO_DEFAULT,
     ExtractorError,
+    ISO639Utils,
     determine_ext,
+    filter_dict,
     float_or_none,
     int_or_none,
     join_nonempty,
-    merge_dicts,
+    make_archive_id,
     parse_codecs,
-    qualities,
-    traverse_obj,
-    try_get,
+    parse_iso8601,
+    parse_qs,
+    smuggle_url,
     unified_timestamp,
-    update_url_query,
+    unsmuggle_url,
     url_or_none,
     urljoin,
+    variadic,
 )
+from ..utils.traversal import require, traverse_obj
 
 
 class ZDFBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     _GEO_COUNTRIES = ['DE']
-    _QUALITIES = ('auto', 'low', 'med', 'high', 'veryhigh', 'hd', 'fhd', 'uhd')
+    _TOKEN_CACHE_PARAMS = ('zdf', 'api-token')
+    _token_cache = {}
 
-    def _download_v2_doc(self, document_id):
-        return self._download_json(
-            f'https://zdf-prod-futura.zdf.de/mediathekV2/document/{document_id}',
-            document_id)
-
-    def _call_api(self, url, video_id, item, api_token=None, referrer=None):
-        headers = {}
-        if api_token:
-            headers['Api-Auth'] = f'Bearer {api_token}'
-        if referrer:
-            headers['Referer'] = referrer
+    def _get_api_token(self):
+        # As of 2025-03, this API is used by the Android app for getting tokens.
+        # An equivalent token could be extracted from the webpage should the API become unavailable.
+        # For now this allows the extractor to avoid dealing with Next.js hydration data.
+        if not self._token_cache:
+            self._token_cache.update(self.cache.load(*self._TOKEN_CACHE_PARAMS, default={}))
+
+        if traverse_obj(self._token_cache, ('expires', {int_or_none}), default=0) < int(time.time()):
+            self._token_cache.update(self._download_json(
+                'https://zdf-prod-futura.zdf.de/mediathekV2/token', None,
+                'Downloading API token', 'Failed to download API token'))
+            self.cache.store(*self._TOKEN_CACHE_PARAMS, self._token_cache)
+
+        return f'{self._token_cache["type"]} {self._token_cache["token"]}'
+
+    def _call_api(self, url, video_id, item, api_token=None):
         return self._download_json(
-            url, video_id, f'Downloading JSON {item}', headers=headers)
+            url, video_id, f'Downloading {item}', f'Failed to download {item}',
+            headers=filter_dict({'Api-Auth': api_token}))
+
+    def _parse_aspect_ratio(self, aspect_ratio):
+        if not aspect_ratio or not isinstance(aspect_ratio, str):
+            return None
+        mobj = re.match(r'(?P<width>\d+):(?P<height>\d+)', aspect_ratio)
+        return int(mobj.group('width')) / int(mobj.group('height')) if mobj else None
+
+    def _extract_chapters(self, data):
+        return traverse_obj(data, (lambda _, v: v['anchorOffset'], {
+            'start_time': ('anchorOffset', {float_or_none}),
+            'title': ('anchorLabel', {str}),
+        })) or None
 
     @staticmethod
     def _extract_subtitles(src):
+        seen_urls = set()
         subtitles = {}
-        for caption in try_get(src, lambda x: x['captions'], list) or []:
+        for caption in src:
             subtitle_url = url_or_none(caption.get('uri'))
-            if subtitle_url:
-                lang = caption.get('language', 'deu')
-                subtitles.setdefault(lang, []).append({
-                    'url': subtitle_url,
-                })
+            if not subtitle_url or subtitle_url in seen_urls:
+                continue
+            seen_urls.add(subtitle_url)
+            lang = caption.get('language') or 'deu'
+            subtitles.setdefault(lang, []).append({
+                'url': subtitle_url,
+            })
         return subtitles
 
-    def _extract_format(self, video_id, formats, format_urls, meta):
-        format_url = url_or_none(meta.get('url'))
-        if not format_url or format_url in format_urls:
-            return
-        format_urls.add(format_url)
-
-        mime_type, ext = meta.get('mimeType'), determine_ext(format_url)
-        if mime_type == 'application/x-mpegURL' or ext == 'm3u8':
-            new_formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-                format_url, video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls',
-                entry_protocol='m3u8_native', fatal=False)
-        elif mime_type == 'application/f4m+xml' or ext == 'f4m':
-            new_formats = self._extract_f4m_formats(
-                update_url_query(format_url, {'hdcore': '3.7.0'}), video_id, f4m_id='hds', fatal=False)
-        elif ext == 'mpd':
-            new_formats = self._extract_mpd_formats(
-                format_url, video_id, mpd_id='dash', fatal=False)
-        else:
-            f = parse_codecs(meta.get('mimeCodec'))
-            if not f and meta.get('type'):
-                data = meta['type'].split('_')
-                if try_get(data, lambda x: x[2]) == ext:
-                    f = {'vcodec': data[0], 'acodec': data[1]}
-            f.update({
-                'url': format_url,
-                'format_id': join_nonempty('http', meta.get('type'), meta.get('quality')),
-                'tbr': int_or_none(self._search_regex(r'_(\d+)k_', format_url, 'tbr', default=None)),
-            })
-            new_formats = [f]
-        formats.extend(merge_dicts(f, {
-            'format_note': join_nonempty('quality', 'class', from_dict=meta, delim=', '),
-            'language': meta.get('language'),
-            'language_preference': 10 if meta.get('class') == 'main' else -10 if meta.get('class') == 'ad' else -1,
-            'quality': qualities(self._QUALITIES)(meta.get('quality')),
-        }) for f in new_formats)
-
-    def _extract_ptmd(self, ptmd_url, video_id, api_token, referrer):
-        ptmd = self._call_api(
-            ptmd_url, video_id, 'metadata', api_token, referrer)
-
-        content_id = ptmd.get('basename') or ptmd_url.split('/')[-1]
-
-        formats = []
-        track_uris = set()
-        for p in ptmd['priorityList']:
-            formitaeten = p.get('formitaeten')
-            if not isinstance(formitaeten, list):
-                continue
-            for f in formitaeten:
-                f_qualities = f.get('qualities')
-                if not isinstance(f_qualities, list):
-                    continue
-                for quality in f_qualities:
-                    tracks = try_get(quality, lambda x: x['audio']['tracks'], list)
-                    if not tracks:
-                        continue
-                    for track in tracks:
-                        self._extract_format(
-                            content_id, formats, track_uris, {
-                                'url': track.get('uri'),
-                                'type': f.get('type'),
-                                'mimeType': f.get('mimeType'),
-                                'quality': quality.get('quality'),
-                                'class': track.get('class'),
-                                'language': track.get('language'),
+    def _expand_ptmd_template(self, api_base_url, template):
+        return urljoin(api_base_url, template.replace('{playerId}', 'android_native_6'))
+
+    def _extract_ptmd(self, ptmd_urls, video_id, api_token=None, aspect_ratio=None):
+        content_id = None
+        duration = None
+        formats, src_captions = [], []
+        seen_urls = set()
+
+        for ptmd_url in variadic(ptmd_urls):
+            ptmd_url, smuggled_data = unsmuggle_url(ptmd_url, {})
+            # Is it a DGS variant? (*D*eutsche *G*ebärden*s*prache' / German Sign Language)
+            is_dgs = smuggled_data.get('vod_media_type') == 'DGS'
+            ptmd = self._call_api(ptmd_url, video_id, 'PTMD data', api_token)
+
+            basename = (
+                ptmd.get('basename')
+                # ptmd_url examples:
+                # https://api.zdf.de/tmd/2/android_native_6/vod/ptmd/mediathek/250328_sendung_hsh/3
+                # https://tmd.phoenix.de/tmd/2/android_native_6/vod/ptmd/phoenix/221215_phx_spitzbergen
+                or self._search_regex(r'/vod/ptmd/[^/?#]+/(\w+)', ptmd_url, 'content ID', default=None))
+            # If this is_dgs, then it's from ZDFIE and it only uses content_id for _old_archive_ids,
+            # and the old version of the extractor didn't extract DGS variants, so ignore basename
+            if not content_id and not is_dgs:
+                content_id = basename
+
+            if not duration:
+                duration = traverse_obj(ptmd, ('attributes', 'duration', 'value', {float_or_none(scale=1000)}))
+            src_captions += traverse_obj(ptmd, ('captions', ..., {dict}))
+
+            for stream in traverse_obj(ptmd, ('priorityList', ..., 'formitaeten', ..., {dict})):
+                for quality in traverse_obj(stream, ('qualities', ..., {dict})):
+                    for variant in traverse_obj(quality, ('audio', 'tracks', lambda _, v: url_or_none(v['uri']))):
+                        format_url = variant['uri']
+                        if format_url in seen_urls:
+                            continue
+                        seen_urls.add(format_url)
+                        ext = determine_ext(format_url)
+                        if ext == 'm3u8':
+                            fmts = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
+                                format_url, video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False)
+                        elif ext in ('mp4', 'webm'):
+                            height = int_or_none(quality.get('highestVerticalResolution'))
+                            width = round(aspect_ratio * height) if aspect_ratio and height else None
+                            fmts = [{
+                                'url': format_url,
+                                **parse_codecs(quality.get('mimeCodec')),
+                                'height': height,
+                                'width': width,
+                                'format_id': join_nonempty('http', stream.get('type')),
+                                'tbr': int_or_none(self._search_regex(r'_(\d+)k_', format_url, 'tbr', default=None)),
+                            }]
+                        else:
+                            self.report_warning(f'Skipping unsupported extension "{ext}"', video_id=video_id)
+                            fmts = []
+
+                        f_class = variant.get('class')
+                        for f in fmts:
+                            f_lang = ISO639Utils.short2long(
+                                (f.get('language') or variant.get('language') or '').lower())
+                            is_audio_only = f.get('vcodec') == 'none'
+                            formats.append({
+                                **f,
+                                'format_id': join_nonempty(f['format_id'], is_dgs and 'dgs'),
+                                'format_note': join_nonempty(
+                                    not is_audio_only and f_class,
+                                    is_dgs and 'German Sign Language',
+                                    f.get('format_note'), delim=', '),
+                                'preference': -2 if is_dgs else -1,
+                                'language': f_lang,
+                                'language_preference': (
+                                    -10 if ((is_audio_only and f.get('format_note') == 'Audiodeskription')
+                                            or (not is_audio_only and f_class == 'ad'))
+                                    else 10 if f_lang == 'deu' and f_class == 'main'
+                                    else 5 if f_lang == 'deu'
+                                    else 1 if f_class == 'main'
+                                    else -1),
                             })
 
-        duration = float_or_none(try_get(
-            ptmd, lambda x: x['attributes']['duration']['value']), scale=1000)
-
         return {
-            'extractor_key': ZDFIE.ie_key(),
-            'id': content_id,
+            'id': content_id or video_id,
             'duration': duration,
             'formats': formats,
-            'subtitles': self._extract_subtitles(ptmd),
-            '_format_sort_fields': ('tbr', 'res', 'quality', 'language_preference'),
+            'subtitles': self._extract_subtitles(src_captions),
         }
 
-    def _extract_player(self, webpage, video_id, fatal=True):
-        return self._parse_json(
-            self._search_regex(
-                r'(?s)data-zdfplayer-jsb=(["\'])(?P<json>{.+?})\1', webpage,
-                'player JSON', default='{}' if not fatal else NO_DEFAULT,
-                group='json'),
-            video_id)
-
-    def _extract_entry(self, url, player, content, video_id):
-        title = content.get('title') or content['teaserHeadline']
-
-        t = content['mainVideoContent']['http://zdf.de/rels/target']
-        ptmd_path = traverse_obj(t, (
-            (('streams', 'default'), None),
-            ('http://zdf.de/rels/streams/ptmd', 'http://zdf.de/rels/streams/ptmd-template'),
-        ), get_all=False)
-        if not ptmd_path:
-            raise ExtractorError('Could not extract ptmd_path')
-
-        info = self._extract_ptmd(
-            urljoin(url, ptmd_path.replace('{playerId}', 'android_native_5')), video_id, player['apiToken'], url)
-
-        thumbnails = []
-        layouts = try_get(
-            content, lambda x: x['teaserImageRef']['layouts'], dict)
-        if layouts:
-            for layout_key, layout_url in layouts.items():
-                layout_url = url_or_none(layout_url)
-                if not layout_url:
-                    continue
-                thumbnail = {
-                    'url': layout_url,
-                    'format_id': layout_key,
-                }
-                mobj = re.search(r'(?P<width>\d+)x(?P<height>\d+)', layout_key)
-                if mobj:
-                    thumbnail.update({
-                        'width': int(mobj.group('width')),
-                        'height': int(mobj.group('height')),
-                    })
-                thumbnails.append(thumbnail)
-
-        chapter_marks = t.get('streamAnchorTag') or []
-        chapter_marks.append({'anchorOffset': int_or_none(t.get('duration'))})
-        chapters = [{
-            'start_time': chap.get('anchorOffset'),
-            'end_time': next_chap.get('anchorOffset'),
-            'title': chap.get('anchorLabel'),
-        } for chap, next_chap in zip(chapter_marks, chapter_marks[1:])]
-
-        return merge_dicts(info, {
-            'title': title,
-            'description': content.get('leadParagraph') or content.get('teasertext'),
-            'duration': int_or_none(t.get('duration')),
-            'timestamp': unified_timestamp(content.get('editorialDate')),
-            'thumbnails': thumbnails,
-            'chapters': chapters or None,
-            'episode': title,
-            **traverse_obj(content, ('programmeItem', 0, 'http://zdf.de/rels/target', {
-                'series_id': ('http://zdf.de/rels/cmdm/series', 'seriesUuid', {str}),
-                'series': ('http://zdf.de/rels/cmdm/series', 'seriesTitle', {str}),
-                'season': ('http://zdf.de/rels/cmdm/season', 'seasonTitle', {str}),
-                'season_number': ('http://zdf.de/rels/cmdm/season', 'seasonNumber', {int_or_none}),
-                'season_id': ('http://zdf.de/rels/cmdm/season', 'seasonUuid', {str}),
-                'episode_number': ('episodeNumber', {int_or_none}),
-                'episode_id': ('contentId', {str}),
-            })),
-        })
-
-    def _extract_regular(self, url, player, video_id, query=None):
-        player_url = player['content']
-
-        content = self._call_api(
-            update_url_query(player_url, query),
-            video_id, 'content', player['apiToken'], url)
-
-        return self._extract_entry(player_url, player, content, video_id)
-
-    def _extract_mobile(self, video_id):
-        video = self._download_v2_doc(video_id)
-
-        formats = []
-        formitaeten = try_get(video, lambda x: x['document']['formitaeten'], list)
-        document = formitaeten and video['document']
-        if formitaeten:
-            title = document['titel']
-            content_id = document['basename']
-
-            format_urls = set()
-            for f in formitaeten or []:
-                self._extract_format(content_id, formats, format_urls, f)
+    def _download_graphql(self, item_id, data_desc, query=None, body=None):
+        assert query or body, 'One of query or body is required'
 
-        thumbnails = []
-        teaser_bild = document.get('teaserBild')
-        if isinstance(teaser_bild, dict):
-            for thumbnail_key, thumbnail in teaser_bild.items():
-                thumbnail_url = try_get(
-                    thumbnail, lambda x: x['url'], str)
-                if thumbnail_url:
-                    thumbnails.append({
-                        'url': thumbnail_url,
-                        'id': thumbnail_key,
-                        'width': int_or_none(thumbnail.get('width')),
-                        'height': int_or_none(thumbnail.get('height')),
-                    })
+        return self._download_json(
+            'https://api.zdf.de/graphql', item_id,
+            f'Downloading {data_desc}', f'Failed to download {data_desc}',
+            query=query, data=json.dumps(body).encode() if body else None,
+            headers=filter_dict({
+                'Api-Auth': self._get_api_token(),
+                'Apollo-Require-Preflight': True,
+                'Content-Type': 'application/json' if body else None,
+            }))
 
-        return {
-            'id': content_id,
-            'title': title,
-            'description': document.get('beschreibung'),
-            'duration': int_or_none(document.get('length')),
-            'timestamp': unified_timestamp(document.get('date')) or unified_timestamp(
-                try_get(video, lambda x: x['meta']['editorialDate'], str)),
-            'thumbnails': thumbnails,
-            'subtitles': self._extract_subtitles(document),
-            'formats': formats,
-        }
+    @staticmethod
+    def _extract_thumbnails(source):
+        return [{
+            'id': str(format_id),
+            'url': url,
+            'preference': 1 if format_id == 'original' else 0,
+            **traverse_obj(re.search(r'(?P<width>\d+|auto)[Xx](?P<height>\d+|auto)', str(format_id)), {
+                'width': ('width', {int_or_none}),
+                'height': ('height', {int_or_none}),
+            }),
+        } for format_id, url in traverse_obj(source, ({dict.items}, lambda _, v: url_or_none(v[1])))]
 
 
 class ZDFIE(ZDFBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://www\.zdf\.de/(?:[^/]+/)*(?P<id>[^/?#&]+)\.html'
+    _VALID_URL = [
+        r'https?://(?:www\.)?zdf\.de/(?:video|play)/(?:[^/?#]+/)*(?P<id>[^/?#]+)',
+        # /nachrichten/ sub-site URLs and legacy redirects from before the redesign in 2025-03
+        r'https?://(?:www\.)?zdf\.de/(?:[^/?#]+/)*(?P<id>[^/?#]+)\.html',
+    ]
+    IE_NAME = 'zdf'
     _TESTS = [{
-        # Same as https://www.phoenix.de/sendungen/ereignisse/corona-nachgehakt/wohin-fuehrt-der-protest-in-der-pandemie-a-2050630.html
-        'url': 'https://www.zdf.de/politik/phoenix-sendungen/wohin-fuehrt-der-protest-in-der-pandemie-100.html',
-        'md5': '34ec321e7eb34231fd88616c65c92db0',
+        # Standalone video (i.e. not part of a playlist), video URL
+        'url': 'https://www.zdf.de/video/dokus/sylt---deutschlands-edles-nordlicht-movie-100/sylt-deutschlands-edles-nordlicht-100',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '210222_phx_nachgehakt_corona_protest',
+            'id': 'sylt-deutschlands-edles-nordlicht-100',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Wohin führt der Protest in der Pandemie?',
-            'description': 'md5:7d643fe7f565e53a24aac036b2122fbd',
-            'duration': 1691,
-            'timestamp': 1613948400,
-            'upload_date': '20210221',
+            'title': 'Sylt - Deutschlands edles Nordlicht',
+            'description': 'md5:35407b810c2e1e33efbe15ef6e4c06c3',
+            'duration': 810.0,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://www.zdf.de/assets/sylt-118~original?cb=1613992485011',
+            'series': 'Sylt - Deutschlands edles Nordlicht',
+            'series_id': 'sylt---deutschlands-edles-nordlicht-movie-100',
+            'timestamp': 1612462500,
+            'upload_date': '20210204',
+            '_old_archive_ids': ['zdf 210402_1915_sendung_dok'],
         },
-        'skip': 'No longer available: "Diese Seite wurde leider nicht gefunden"',
     }, {
-        # Same as https://www.3sat.de/film/ab-18/10-wochen-sommer-108.html
-        'url': 'https://www.zdf.de/dokumentation/ab-18/10-wochen-sommer-102.html',
-        'md5': '0aff3e7bc72c8813f5e0fae333316a1d',
+        # Standalone video (i.e. not part of a playlist), play URL
+        'url': 'https://www.zdf.de/play/dokus/sylt---deutschlands-edles-nordlicht-movie-100/sylt-deutschlands-edles-nordlicht-100',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '141007_ab18_10wochensommer_film',
+            'id': 'sylt-deutschlands-edles-nordlicht-100',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Ab 18! - 10 Wochen Sommer',
-            'description': 'md5:8253f41dc99ce2c3ff892dac2d65fe26',
-            'duration': 2660,
-            'timestamp': 1608604200,
-            'upload_date': '20201222',
+            'title': 'Sylt - Deutschlands edles Nordlicht',
+            'description': 'md5:35407b810c2e1e33efbe15ef6e4c06c3',
+            'duration': 810.0,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://www.zdf.de/assets/sylt-118~original?cb=1613992485011',
+            'series': 'Sylt - Deutschlands edles Nordlicht',
+            'series_id': 'sylt---deutschlands-edles-nordlicht-movie-100',
+            'timestamp': 1612462500,
+            'upload_date': '20210204',
+            '_old_archive_ids': ['zdf 210402_1915_sendung_dok'],
         },
-        'skip': 'No longer available: "Diese Seite wurde leider nicht gefunden"',
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/heute-journal/heute-journal-vom-30-12-2021-100.html',
+        # Standalone video (i.e. not part of a playlist), legacy URL before website redesign in 2025-03
+        'url': 'https://www.zdf.de/dokumentation/dokumentation-sonstige/sylt-deutschlands-edles-nordlicht-100.html',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '211230_sendung_hjo',
+            'id': 'sylt-deutschlands-edles-nordlicht-100',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'description': 'md5:47dff85977bde9fb8cba9e9c9b929839',
-            'duration': 1890.0,
-            'upload_date': '20211230',
-            'chapters': list,
-            'thumbnail': 'md5:e65f459f741be5455c952cd820eb188e',
-            'title': 'heute journal vom 30.12.2021',
-            'timestamp': 1640897100,
+            'title': 'Sylt - Deutschlands edles Nordlicht',
+            'description': 'md5:35407b810c2e1e33efbe15ef6e4c06c3',
+            'duration': 810.0,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://www.zdf.de/assets/sylt-118~original?cb=1613992485011',
+            'series': 'Sylt - Deutschlands edles Nordlicht',
+            'series_id': 'sylt---deutschlands-edles-nordlicht-movie-100',
+            'timestamp': 1612462500,
+            'upload_date': '20210204',
+            '_old_archive_ids': ['zdf 210402_1915_sendung_dok'],
         },
-        'skip': 'No longer available: "Diese Seite wurde leider nicht gefunden"',
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.zdf.de/dokumentation/terra-x/die-magie-der-farben-von-koenigspurpur-und-jeansblau-100.html',
+        # Video belongs to a playlist, video URL
+        'url': 'https://www.zdf.de/video/dokus/die-magie-der-farben-116/die-magie-der-farben-von-koenigspurpur-und-jeansblau-100',
+        'md5': '1eda17eb40a9ead3046326e10b9c5973',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '151025_magie_farben2_tex',
+            'id': 'die-magie-der-farben-von-koenigspurpur-und-jeansblau-100',
             'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Von Königspurpur bis Jeansblau',
+            'description': 'md5:a89da10c928c6235401066b60a6d5c1a',
             'duration': 2615.0,
-            'title': 'Die Magie der Farben (2/2)',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://www.zdf.de/assets/koenigspurpur-bis-jeansblau-100~original?cb=1741857765971',
+            'series': 'Die Magie der Farben',
+            'series_id': 'die-magie-der-farben-116',
+            'season': 'Season 1',
+            'season_number': 1,
+            'episode': 'Episode 2',
+            'episode_number': 2,
+            'timestamp': 1445797800,
+            'upload_date': '20151025',
+            '_old_archive_ids': ['zdf 151025_magie_farben2_tex'],
+        },
+    }, {
+        # Video belongs to a playlist, play URL
+        'url': 'https://www.zdf.de/play/dokus/die-magie-der-farben-116/die-magie-der-farben-von-koenigspurpur-und-jeansblau-100',
+        'md5': '1eda17eb40a9ead3046326e10b9c5973',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'die-magie-der-farben-von-koenigspurpur-und-jeansblau-100',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Von Königspurpur bis Jeansblau',
             'description': 'md5:a89da10c928c6235401066b60a6d5c1a',
-            'timestamp': 1465021200,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://www.zdf.de/assets/mauve-im-labor-100~768x432?cb=1464909117806',
-            'upload_date': '20160604',
-            'episode': 'Die Magie der Farben (2/2)',
-            'episode_id': 'POS_954f4170-36a5-4a41-a6cf-78f1f3b1f127',
-            'season': 'Staffel 1',
+            'duration': 2615.0,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://www.zdf.de/assets/koenigspurpur-bis-jeansblau-100~original?cb=1741857765971',
             'series': 'Die Magie der Farben',
+            'series_id': 'die-magie-der-farben-116',
+            'season': 'Season 1',
             'season_number': 1,
-            'series_id': 'a39900dd-cdbd-4a6a-a413-44e8c6ae18bc',
-            'season_id': '5a92e619-8a0f-4410-a3d5-19c76fbebb37',
+            'episode': 'Episode 2',
             'episode_number': 2,
+            'timestamp': 1445797800,
+            'upload_date': '20151025',
+            '_old_archive_ids': ['zdf 151025_magie_farben2_tex'],
         },
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
+        # Video belongs to a playlist, legacy URL before website redesign in 2025-03
+        'url': 'https://www.zdf.de/dokumentation/terra-x/die-magie-der-farben-von-koenigspurpur-und-jeansblau-100.html',
+        'md5': '1eda17eb40a9ead3046326e10b9c5973',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'die-magie-der-farben-von-koenigspurpur-und-jeansblau-100',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Von Königspurpur bis Jeansblau',
+            'description': 'md5:a89da10c928c6235401066b60a6d5c1a',
+            'duration': 2615.0,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://www.zdf.de/assets/koenigspurpur-bis-jeansblau-100~original?cb=1741857765971',
+            'series': 'Die Magie der Farben',
+            'series_id': 'die-magie-der-farben-116',
+            'season': 'Season 1',
+            'season_number': 1,
+            'episode': 'Episode 2',
+            'episode_number': 2,
+            'timestamp': 1445797800,
+            'upload_date': '20151025',
+            '_old_archive_ids': ['zdf 151025_magie_farben2_tex'],
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
+    }, {
+        # Video with chapters
+        # Also: video with sign-language variant
+        'url': 'https://www.zdf.de/video/magazine/heute-journal-104/heute-journal-vom-19-12-2021-100',
+        'md5': '6ada39465497a84fb98d48ffff69e7b7',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'heute-journal-vom-19-12-2021-100',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'heute journal vom 19.12.2021',
+            'description': 'md5:02504cf3b03777ff32fcc927d260c5dd',
+            'duration': 1770.0,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://epg-image.zdf.de/fotobase-webdelivery/images/273e5545-16e7-4ca3-898e-52fe9e06d964?layout=1920x1080',
+            'chapters': 'count:11',
+            'series': 'heute journal',
+            'series_id': 'heute-journal-104',
+            'season': 'Season 2021',
+            'season_number': 2021,
+            'episode': 'Episode 370',
+            'episode_number': 370,
+            'timestamp': 1639946700,
+            'upload_date': '20211219',
+            # Videos with sign language variants must not have a 'dgs' suffix on their old archive IDs.
+            '_old_archive_ids': ['zdf 211219_sendung_hjo'],
+        },
+    }, {
+        # Video that requires fallback extraction
+        'url': 'https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/deutschland/koalitionsverhandlungen-spd-cdu-csu-dobrindt-100.html',
+        'md5': 'c3a78514dd993a5781aa3afe50db51e2',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'koalitionsverhandlungen-spd-cdu-csu-dobrindt-100',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Dobrindt schließt Steuererhöhungen aus',
+            'description': 'md5:9a117646d7b8df6bc902eb543a9c9023',
+            'duration': 325,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://www.zdfheute.de/assets/dobrindt-csu-berlin-direkt-100~1920x1080?cb=1743357653736',
+            'timestamp': 1743374520,
+            'upload_date': '20250330',
+            '_old_archive_ids': ['zdf 250330_clip_2_bdi'],
+        },
+    }, {
+        # FUNK video (hosted on a different CDN, has atypical PTMD and HLS files)
         'url': 'https://www.zdf.de/funk/druck-11790/funk-alles-ist-verzaubert-102.html',
         'md5': '57af4423db0455a3975d2dc4578536bc',
         'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'funk-alles-ist-verzaubert-102',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'id': 'video_funk_1770473',
-            'duration': 1278.0,
             'title': 'Alles ist verzaubert',
             'description': 'Die Neue an der Schule verdreht Ismail den Kopf.',
+            'duration': 1278.0,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://www.zdf.de/assets/teaser-funk-alles-ist-verzaubert-102~original?cb=1663848412907',
+            'series': 'DRUCK',
+            'series_id': 'funk-collection-funk-11790-1590',
+            'season': 'Season 7',
+            'season_number': 7,
+            'episode': 'Episode 1',
+            'episode_number': 1,
             'timestamp': 1635520560,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://www.zdf.de/assets/teaser-funk-alles-ist-verzaubert-102~1920x1080?cb=1663848412907',
             'upload_date': '20211029',
-            'episode': 'Alles ist verzaubert',
+            '_old_archive_ids': ['zdf video_funk_1770473'],
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.zdf.de/serien/soko-stuttgart/das-geld-anderer-leute-100.html',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'das-geld-anderer-leute-100',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Das Geld anderer Leute',
+            'description': 'md5:cb6f660850dc5eb7d1ab776ea094959d',
+            'duration': 2581.0,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://epg-image.zdf.de/fotobase-webdelivery/images/e2d7e55a-09f0-424e-ac73-6cac4dd65f35?layout=1920x1080',
+            'series': 'SOKO Stuttgart',
+            'series_id': 'soko-stuttgart-104',
+            'season': 'Season 11',
+            'season_number': 11,
+            'episode': 'Episode 10',
+            'episode_number': 10,
+            'timestamp': 1728983700,
+            'upload_date': '20241015',
+            '_old_archive_ids': ['zdf 191205_1800_sendung_sok8'],
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.zdf.de/serien/northern-lights/begegnung-auf-der-bruecke-100.html',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'begegnung-auf-der-bruecke-100',
+            'ext': 'webm',
+            'title': 'Begegnung auf der Brücke',
+            'description': 'md5:e53a555da87447f7f1207f10353f8e45',
+            'duration': 3083.0,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://epg-image.zdf.de/fotobase-webdelivery/images/c5ff1d1f-f5c8-4468-86ac-1b2f1dbecc76?layout=1920x1080',
+            'series': 'Northern Lights',
+            'series_id': 'northern-lights-100',
+            'season': 'Season 1',
+            'season_number': 1,
+            'episode': 'Episode 1',
+            'episode_number': 1,
+            'timestamp': 1738546500,
+            'upload_date': '20250203',
+            '_old_archive_ids': ['zdf 240319_2310_sendung_not'],
         },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'geo-restricted http format'},
+    }, {
+        # Same as https://www.phoenix.de/sendungen/ereignisse/corona-nachgehakt/wohin-fuehrt-der-protest-in-der-pandemie-a-2050630.html
+        'url': 'https://www.zdf.de/politik/phoenix-sendungen/wohin-fuehrt-der-protest-in-der-pandemie-100.html',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # Same as https://www.3sat.de/film/ab-18/10-wochen-sommer-108.html
+        'url': 'https://www.zdf.de/dokumentation/ab-18/10-wochen-sommer-102.html',
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         # Same as https://www.phoenix.de/sendungen/dokumentationen/gesten-der-maechtigen-i-a-89468.html?ref=suche
         'url': 'https://www.zdf.de/politik/phoenix-sendungen/die-gesten-der-maechtigen-100.html',
@@ -349,155 +442,324 @@ class ZDFIE(ZDFBaseIE):
         'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.zdf.de/arte/todliche-flucht/page-video-artede-toedliche-flucht-16-100.html',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'video_artede_083871-001-A',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Tödliche Flucht (1/6)',
-            'description': 'md5:e34f96a9a5f8abd839ccfcebad3d5315',
-            'duration': 3193.0,
-            'timestamp': 1641355200,
-            'upload_date': '20220105',
-        },
-        'skip': 'No longer available "Diese Seite wurde leider nicht gefunden"',
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.zdf.de/serien/soko-stuttgart/das-geld-anderer-leute-100.html',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '191205_1800_sendung_sok8',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Das Geld anderer Leute',
-            'description': 'md5:cb6f660850dc5eb7d1ab776ea094959d',
-            'duration': 2581.0,
-            'timestamp': 1728983700,
-            'upload_date': '20241015',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://epg-image.zdf.de/fotobase-webdelivery/images/e2d7e55a-09f0-424e-ac73-6cac4dd65f35?layout=2400x1350',
-            'series': 'SOKO Stuttgart',
-            'series_id': 'f862ce9a-6dd1-4388-a698-22b36ac4c9e9',
-            'season': 'Staffel 11',
-            'season_number': 11,
-            'season_id': 'ae1b4990-6d87-4970-a571-caccf1ba2879',
-            'episode': 'Das Geld anderer Leute',
-            'episode_number': 10,
-            'episode_id': 'POS_7f367934-f2f0-45cb-9081-736781ff2d23',
-        },
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.zdf.de/dokumentation/terra-x/unser-gruener-planet-wuesten-doku-100.html',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '220525_green_planet_makingof_1_tropen_tex',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Making-of Unser grüner Planet - Tropen',
-            'description': 'md5:d7c6949dc7c75c73c4ad51c785fb0b79',
-            'duration': 435.0,
-            'timestamp': 1653811200,
-            'upload_date': '20220529',
-            'format_note': 'hd, main',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://www.zdf.de/assets/unser-gruener-planet-making-of-1-tropen-100~3840x2160?cb=1653493335577',
-            'episode': 'Making-of Unser grüner Planet - Tropen',
-        },
-        'skip': 'No longer available: "Leider kein Video verfügbar"',
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.zdf.de/serien/northern-lights/begegnung-auf-der-bruecke-100.html',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '240319_2310_sendung_not',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Begegnung auf der Brücke',
-            'description': 'md5:e53a555da87447f7f1207f10353f8e45',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://epg-image.zdf.de/fotobase-webdelivery/images/c5ff1d1f-f5c8-4468-86ac-1b2f1dbecc76?layout=2400x1350',
-            'upload_date': '20250203',
-            'duration': 3083.0,
-            'timestamp': 1738546500,
-            'series_id': '1d7a1879-01ee-4468-8237-c6b4ecd633c7',
-            'series': 'Northern Lights',
-            'season': 'Staffel 1',
-            'season_number': 1,
-            'season_id': '22ac26a2-4ea2-4055-ac0b-98b755cdf718',
-            'episode': 'Begegnung auf der Brücke',
-            'episode_number': 1,
-            'episode_id': 'POS_71049438-024b-471f-b472-4fe2e490d1fb',
-        },
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
+    _GRAPHQL_QUERY = '''
+query VideoByCanonical($canonical: String!) {
+  videoByCanonical(canonical: $canonical) {
+    canonical
+    title
+    leadParagraph
+    editorialDate
+    teaser {
+      description
+      image {
+        list
+      }
+    }
+    episodeInfo {
+      episodeNumber
+      seasonNumber
+    }
+    smartCollection {
+      canonical
+      title
+    }
+    currentMedia {
+      nodes {
+        ptmdTemplate
+        ... on VodMedia {
+          duration
+          aspectRatio
+          streamAnchorTags {
+            nodes {
+              anchorOffset
+              anchorLabel
+            }
+          }
+          vodMediaType
+          label
+        }
+        ... on LiveMedia {
+          start
+          stop
+          encryption
+          liveMediaType
+          label
+        }
+        id
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+    '''
+
+    def _extract_ptmd(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        ptmd_data = super()._extract_ptmd(*args, **kwargs)
+        # This was the video id before the graphql redesign, other extractors still use it as such
+        old_archive_id = ptmd_data.pop('id')
+        ptmd_data['_old_archive_ids'] = [make_archive_id(self, old_archive_id)]
+        return ptmd_data
+
+    # This fallback should generally only happen for pages under `zdf.de/nachrichten`.
+    # They are on a separate website for which GraphQL often doesn't return results.
+    # The API used here is no longer in use by official clients and likely deprecated.
+    # Long-term, news documents probably should use the API used by the mobile apps:
+    # https://zdf-prod-futura.zdf.de/news/documents/ (note 'news' vs 'mediathekV2')
+    def _extract_fallback(self, document_id):
+        video = self._download_json(
+            f'https://zdf-prod-futura.zdf.de/mediathekV2/document/{document_id}',
+            document_id, note='Downloading fallback metadata',
+            errnote='Failed to download fallback metadata')
+        document = video['document']
+
+        ptmd_url = traverse_obj(document, (
+            ('streamApiUrlAndroid', ('streams', 0, 'streamApiUrlAndroid')),
+            {url_or_none}, any, {require('PTMD URL')}))
+
+        thumbnails = []
+        for thumbnail_key, thumbnail in traverse_obj(document, ('teaserBild', {dict.items}, ...)):
+            thumbnail_url = traverse_obj(thumbnail, ('url', {url_or_none}))
+            if not thumbnail_url:
+                continue
+            thumbnails.append({
+                'url': thumbnail_url,
+                'id': thumbnail_key,
+                'width': int_or_none(thumbnail.get('width')),
+                'height': int_or_none(thumbnail.get('height')),
+            })
+
+        return {
+            'thumbnails': thumbnails,
+            **traverse_obj(video, {
+                'title': ('document', 'titel', {str}),
+                'description': ('document', 'beschreibung', {str}),
+                'timestamp': (
+                    (('document', 'date'), ('meta', 'editorialDate')),
+                    {unified_timestamp}, any),
+                'subtitles': ('document', 'captions', {self._extract_subtitles}),
+            }),
+            **self._extract_ptmd(ptmd_url, document_id, self._get_api_token()),
+            'id': document_id,
+        }
+
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        video_data = self._download_graphql(video_id, 'video metadata', body={
+            'operationName': 'VideoByCanonical',
+            'query': self._GRAPHQL_QUERY,
+            'variables': {'canonical': video_id},
+        })['data']['videoByCanonical']
+
+        if not video_data:
+            return self._extract_fallback(video_id)
+
+        aspect_ratio = None
+        ptmd_urls = []
+        for node in traverse_obj(video_data, ('currentMedia', 'nodes', lambda _, v: v['ptmdTemplate'])):
+            ptmd_url = self._expand_ptmd_template('https://api.zdf.de', node['ptmdTemplate'])
+            # Smuggle vod_media_type so that _extract_ptmd is aware of 'DGS' variants
+            if vod_media_type := node.get('vodMediaType'):
+                ptmd_url = smuggle_url(ptmd_url, {'vod_media_type': vod_media_type})
+            ptmd_urls.append(ptmd_url)
+            if not aspect_ratio:
+                aspect_ratio = self._parse_aspect_ratio(node.get('aspectRatio'))
 
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id, fatal=False)
-        if webpage:
-            player = self._extract_player(webpage, url, fatal=False)
-            if player:
-                return self._extract_regular(url, player, video_id, query={'profile': 'player-3'})
-
-        return self._extract_mobile(video_id)
+        return {
+            **traverse_obj(video_data, {
+                'title': ('title', {str}),
+                'description': (('leadParagraph', ('teaser', 'description')), any, {str}),
+                'timestamp': ('editorialDate', {parse_iso8601}),
+                'thumbnails': ('teaser', 'image', 'list', {self._extract_thumbnails}),
+                'episode_number': ('episodeInfo', 'episodeNumber', {int_or_none}),
+                'season_number': ('episodeInfo', 'seasonNumber', {int_or_none}),
+                'series': ('smartCollection', 'title', {str}),
+                'series_id': ('smartCollection', 'canonical', {str}),
+                'chapters': ('currentMedia', 'nodes', 0, 'streamAnchorTags', 'nodes', {self._extract_chapters}),
+            }),
+            **self._extract_ptmd(ptmd_urls, video_id, self._get_api_token(), aspect_ratio),
+            'id': video_id,
+        }
 
 
 class ZDFChannelIE(ZDFBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://www\.zdf\.de/(?:[^/?#]+/)*(?P<id>[^/?#&]+)'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://www\.zdf\.de/(?:[^/?#]+/)*(?P<id>[^/?#]+)'
+    IE_NAME = 'zdf:channel'
     _TESTS = [{
+        # Playlist, legacy URL before website redesign in 2025-03
         'url': 'https://www.zdf.de/sport/das-aktuelle-sportstudio',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'das-aktuelle-sportstudio',
+            'id': 'das-aktuelle-sportstudio-220',
             'title': 'das aktuelle sportstudio',
+            'description': 'md5:e46c785324238a03edcf8b301c5fd5dc',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 18,
+        'playlist_mincount': 25,
     }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.zdf.de/dokumentation/planet-e',
+        # Playlist, current URL
+        'url': 'https://www.zdf.de/sport/das-aktuelle-sportstudio-220',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'planet-e',
-            'title': 'planet e.',
-            'description': 'md5:87e3b9c66a63cf1407ee443d2c4eb88e',
+            'id': 'das-aktuelle-sportstudio-220',
+            'title': 'das aktuelle sportstudio',
+            'description': 'md5:e46c785324238a03edcf8b301c5fd5dc',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 50,
+        'playlist_mincount': 25,
+    }, {
+        # Standalone video (i.e. not part of a playlist), collection URL
+        'add_ie': [ZDFIE.ie_key()],
+        'url': 'https://www.zdf.de/dokus/sylt---deutschlands-edles-nordlicht-movie-100',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'sylt-deutschlands-edles-nordlicht-100',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Sylt - Deutschlands edles Nordlicht',
+            'description': 'md5:35407b810c2e1e33efbe15ef6e4c06c3',
+            'duration': 810.0,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://www.zdf.de/assets/sylt-118~original?cb=1613992485011',
+            'series': 'Sylt - Deutschlands edles Nordlicht',
+            'series_id': 'sylt---deutschlands-edles-nordlicht-movie-100',
+            'timestamp': 1612462500,
+            'upload_date': '20210204',
+            '_old_archive_ids': ['zdf 210402_1915_sendung_dok'],
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.zdf.de/gesellschaft/aktenzeichen-xy-ungeloest',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'aktenzeichen-xy-ungeloest',
+            'id': 'aktenzeichen-xy-ungeloest-110',
             'title': 'Aktenzeichen XY... Ungelöst',
-            'description': 'md5:623ede5819c400c6d04943fa8100e6e7',
+            'description': 'md5:b79ac0d64b979e53cbe510c0ca9cb7be',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 2,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.zdf.de/serien/taunuskrimi/',
-        'only_matching': True,
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'taunuskrimi-100',
+            'title': 'Taunuskrimi',
+            'description': 'md5:ee7204e9c625c3b611d1274f9d0e3070',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 8,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.zdf.de/serien/taunuskrimi/?staffel=1',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'taunuskrimi-100-s1',
+            'title': 'Taunuskrimi - Season 1',
+            'description': 'md5:ee7204e9c625c3b611d1274f9d0e3070',
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 7,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.zdf.de/magazine/heute-journal-104',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'heute-journal-104',
+            'title': 'heute journal',
+            'description': 'md5:6edad39189abf8431795d3d6d7f986b3',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 500,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.zdf.de/magazine/heute-journal-104?staffel=2024',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'heute-journal-104-s2024',
+            'title': 'heute journal - Season 2024',
+            'description': 'md5:6edad39189abf8431795d3d6d7f986b3',
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 242,
+        'skip': 'Video count changes daily, needs support for playlist_maxcount',
     }]
 
+    _PAGE_SIZE = 24
+
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
         return False if ZDFIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
-    def _extract_entry(self, entry):
-        return self.url_result(
-            entry['sharingUrl'], ZDFIE, **traverse_obj(entry, {
-                'id': ('basename', {str}),
-                'title': ('titel', {str}),
-                'description': ('beschreibung', {str}),
-                'duration': ('length', {float_or_none}),
-                'season_number': ('seasonNumber', {int_or_none}),
-                'episode_number': ('episodeNumber', {int_or_none}),
-            }))
+    def _fetch_page(self, playlist_id, canonical_id, season_idx, season_number, page_number, cursor=None):
+        return self._download_graphql(
+            playlist_id, f'season {season_number} page {page_number} JSON', query={
+                'operationName': 'seasonByCanonical',
+                'variables': json.dumps(filter_dict({
+                    'seasonIndex': season_idx,
+                    'canonical': canonical_id,
+                    'episodesPageSize': self._PAGE_SIZE,
+                    'episodesAfter': cursor,
+                })),
+                'extensions': json.dumps({
+                    'persistedQuery': {
+                        'version': 1,
+                        'sha256Hash': '9412a0f4ac55dc37d46975d461ec64bfd14380d815df843a1492348f77b5c99a',
+                    },
+                }),
+            })['data']['smartCollectionByCanonical']
+
+    def _entries(self, playlist_id, canonical_id, season_numbers, requested_season_number):
+        for season_idx, season_number in enumerate(season_numbers):
+            if requested_season_number is not None and requested_season_number != season_number:
+                continue
 
-    def _entries(self, data, document_id):
-        for entry in traverse_obj(data, (
-            'cluster', lambda _, v: v['type'] == 'teaser',
-            # If 'brandId' differs, it is a 'You might also like' video. Filter these out
-            'teaser', lambda _, v: v['type'] == 'video' and v['brandId'] == document_id and v['sharingUrl'],
-        )):
-            yield self._extract_entry(entry)
+            cursor = None
+            for page_number in itertools.count(1):
+                page = self._fetch_page(
+                    playlist_id, canonical_id, season_idx, season_number, page_number, cursor)
+
+                nodes = traverse_obj(page, ('seasons', 'nodes', ...))
+
+                for episode in traverse_obj(nodes, (
+                    ..., 'episodes', 'nodes', lambda _, v: url_or_none(v['sharingUrl']),
+                )):
+                    yield self.url_result(
+                        episode['sharingUrl'], ZDFIE,
+                        **traverse_obj(episode, {
+                            'id': ('canonical', {str}),
+                            'title': ('teaser', 'title', {str}),
+                            'description': (('leadParagraph', ('teaser', 'description')), any, {str}),
+                            'timestamp': ('editorialDate', {parse_iso8601}),
+                            'episode_number': ('episodeInfo', 'episodeNumber', {int_or_none}),
+                            'season_number': ('episodeInfo', 'seasonNumber', {int_or_none}),
+                        }))
+
+                page_info = traverse_obj(nodes, (-1, 'episodes', 'pageInfo', {dict})) or {}
+                if not page_info.get('hasNextPage') or not page_info.get('endCursor'):
+                    break
+                cursor = page_info['endCursor']
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        channel_id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, channel_id)
-        document_id = self._search_regex(
-            r'docId\s*:\s*(["\'])(?P<doc_id>(?:(?!\1).)+)\1', webpage, 'document id', group='doc_id')
-        data = self._download_v2_doc(document_id)
-
-        main_video = traverse_obj(data, (
-            'cluster', lambda _, v: v['type'] == 'teaserContent',
-            'teaser', lambda _, v: v['type'] == 'video' and v['basename'] and v['sharingUrl'], any)) or {}
-
-        if not self._yes_playlist(channel_id, main_video.get('basename')):
-            return self._extract_entry(main_video)
+        canonical_id = self._match_id(url)
+        # Make sure to get the correct ID in case of redirects
+        urlh = self._request_webpage(url, canonical_id)
+        canonical_id = self._search_regex(self._VALID_URL, urlh.url, 'channel id', group='id')
+        season_number = traverse_obj(parse_qs(url), ('staffel', -1, {int_or_none}))
+        playlist_id = join_nonempty(canonical_id, season_number and f's{season_number}')
+
+        collection_data = self._download_graphql(
+            playlist_id, 'smart collection data', query={
+                'operationName': 'GetSmartCollectionByCanonical',
+                'variables': json.dumps({
+                    'canonical': canonical_id,
+                    'videoPageSize': 100,  # Use max page size to get episodes from all seasons
+                }),
+                'extensions': json.dumps({
+                    'persistedQuery': {
+                        'version': 1,
+                        'sha256Hash': 'cb49420e133bd668ad895a8cea0e65cba6aa11ac1cacb02341ff5cf32a17cd02',
+                    },
+                }),
+            })['data']['smartCollectionByCanonical']
+        video_data = traverse_obj(collection_data, ('video', {dict})) or {}
+        season_numbers = traverse_obj(collection_data, ('seasons', 'seasons', ..., 'number', {int_or_none}))
+
+        if not self._yes_playlist(
+            season_numbers and playlist_id,
+            url_or_none(video_data.get('sharingUrl')) and video_data.get('canonical'),
+        ):
+            return self.url_result(video_data['sharingUrl'], ZDFIE, video_data['canonical'])
+
+        if season_number is not None and season_number not in season_numbers:
+            raise ExtractorError(f'Season {season_number} was not found in the collection data')
 
         return self.playlist_result(
-            self._entries(data, document_id), channel_id,
-            re.split(r'\s+[-|]\s+ZDF(?:mediathek)?$', self._og_search_title(webpage) or '')[0] or None,
-            join_nonempty(
-                'headline', 'text', delim='\n\n',
-                from_dict=traverse_obj(data, ('shortText', {dict}), default={})) or None)
+            self._entries(playlist_id, canonical_id, season_numbers, season_number),
+            playlist_id, join_nonempty(
+                traverse_obj(collection_data, ('title', {str})),
+                season_number and f'Season {season_number}', delim=' - '),
+            traverse_obj(collection_data, ('infoText', {str})))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/zingmp3.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/zingmp3.py
index 1685edb92f..c786c2f593 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/zingmp3.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/zingmp3.py
@@ -476,7 +476,7 @@ class ZingMp3UserIE(ZingMp3BaseIE):
 
 class ZingMp3HubIE(ZingMp3BaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'zingmp3:hub'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:mp3\.zing|zingmp3)\.vn/(?P<type>hub)/(?P<regions>[^/]+)/(?P<id>[^\.]+)'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:mp3\.zing|zingmp3)\.vn/(?P<type>hub)/[^/?#]+/(?P<id>[^./?#]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://zingmp3.vn/hub/Nhac-Moi/IWZ9Z0CA.html',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -496,7 +496,7 @@ class ZingMp3HubIE(ZingMp3BaseIE):
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        song_id, regions, url_type = self._match_valid_url(url).group('id', 'regions', 'type')
+        song_id, url_type = self._match_valid_url(url).group('id', 'type')
         hub_detail = self._call_api(url_type, {'id': song_id})
         entries = self._parse_items(traverse_obj(hub_detail, (
             'sections', lambda _, v: v['sectionId'] == 'hub', 'items', ...)))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/globals.py b/yt_dlp/globals.py
index 0cf276cc9e..81ad004480 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/globals.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/globals.py
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import os
 from collections import defaultdict
 
 # Please Note: Due to necessary changes and the complex nature involved in the plugin/globals system,
@@ -28,3 +29,4 @@ plugin_ies_overrides = Indirect(defaultdict(list))
 # Misc
 IN_CLI = Indirect(False)
 LAZY_EXTRACTORS = Indirect(None)  # `False`=force, `None`=disabled, `True`=enabled
+WINDOWS_VT_MODE = Indirect(False if os.name == 'nt' else None)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/jsinterp.py b/yt_dlp/jsinterp.py
index ac06297154..460bc2c03e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/jsinterp.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/jsinterp.py
@@ -188,6 +188,7 @@ _COMP_OPERATORS = {'===', '!==', '==', '!=', '<=', '>=', '<', '>'}
 _NAME_RE = r'[a-zA-Z_$][\w$]*'
 _MATCHING_PARENS = dict(zip(*zip('()', '{}', '[]')))
 _QUOTES = '\'"/'
+_NESTED_BRACKETS = r'[^[\]]+(?:\[[^[\]]+(?:\[[^\]]+\])?\])?'
 
 
 class JS_Undefined:
@@ -221,6 +222,14 @@ class LocalNameSpace(collections.ChainMap):
     def __delitem__(self, key):
         raise NotImplementedError('Deleting is not supported')
 
+    def set_local(self, key, value):
+        self.maps[0][key] = value
+
+    def get_local(self, key):
+        if key in self.maps[0]:
+            return self.maps[0][key]
+        return JS_Undefined
+
 
 class Debugger:
     import sys
@@ -270,6 +279,7 @@ class JSInterpreter:
     def __init__(self, code, objects=None):
         self.code, self._functions = code, {}
         self._objects = {} if objects is None else objects
+        self._undefined_varnames = set()
 
     class Exception(ExtractorError):  # noqa: A001
         def __init__(self, msg, expr=None, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -301,7 +311,7 @@ class JSInterpreter:
         OP_CHARS = '+-*/%&|^=<>!,;{}:['
         if not expr:
             return
-        counters = {k: 0 for k in _MATCHING_PARENS.values()}
+        counters = dict.fromkeys(_MATCHING_PARENS.values(), 0)
         start, splits, pos, delim_len = 0, 0, 0, len(delim) - 1
         in_quote, escaping, after_op, in_regex_char_group = None, False, True, False
         for idx, char in enumerate(expr):
@@ -380,7 +390,7 @@ class JSInterpreter:
             return self._named_object(namespace, obj)
 
     @Debugger.wrap_interpreter
-    def interpret_statement(self, stmt, local_vars, allow_recursion=100):
+    def interpret_statement(self, stmt, local_vars, allow_recursion=100, _is_var_declaration=False):
         if allow_recursion < 0:
             raise self.Exception('Recursion limit reached')
         allow_recursion -= 1
@@ -400,6 +410,7 @@ class JSInterpreter:
             if m.group('throw'):
                 raise JS_Throw(self.interpret_expression(expr, local_vars, allow_recursion))
             should_return = not m.group('var')
+            _is_var_declaration = _is_var_declaration or bool(m.group('var'))
         if not expr:
             return None, should_return
 
@@ -584,11 +595,39 @@ class JSInterpreter:
         sub_expressions = list(self._separate(expr))
         if len(sub_expressions) > 1:
             for sub_expr in sub_expressions:
-                ret, should_abort = self.interpret_statement(sub_expr, local_vars, allow_recursion)
+                ret, should_abort = self.interpret_statement(
+                    sub_expr, local_vars, allow_recursion, _is_var_declaration=_is_var_declaration)
                 if should_abort:
                     return ret, True
             return ret, False
 
+        m = re.match(fr'''(?x)
+                (?P<out>{_NAME_RE})(?:\[(?P<index>{_NESTED_BRACKETS})\])?\s*
+                (?P<op>{"|".join(map(re.escape, set(_OPERATORS) - _COMP_OPERATORS))})?
+                =(?!=)(?P<expr>.*)$
+            ''', expr)
+        if m:  # We are assigning a value to a variable
+            left_val = local_vars.get(m.group('out'))
+
+            if not m.group('index'):
+                eval_result = self._operator(
+                    m.group('op'), left_val, m.group('expr'), expr, local_vars, allow_recursion)
+                if _is_var_declaration:
+                    local_vars.set_local(m.group('out'), eval_result)
+                else:
+                    local_vars[m.group('out')] = eval_result
+                return local_vars[m.group('out')], should_return
+            elif left_val in (None, JS_Undefined):
+                raise self.Exception(f'Cannot index undefined variable {m.group("out")}', expr)
+
+            idx = self.interpret_expression(m.group('index'), local_vars, allow_recursion)
+            if not isinstance(idx, (int, float)):
+                raise self.Exception(f'List index {idx} must be integer', expr)
+            idx = int(idx)
+            left_val[idx] = self._operator(
+                m.group('op'), self._index(left_val, idx), m.group('expr'), expr, local_vars, allow_recursion)
+            return left_val[idx], should_return
+
         for m in re.finditer(rf'''(?x)
                 (?P<pre_sign>\+\+|--)(?P<var1>{_NAME_RE})|
                 (?P<var2>{_NAME_RE})(?P<post_sign>\+\+|--)''', expr):
@@ -605,38 +644,19 @@ class JSInterpreter:
             return None, should_return
 
         m = re.match(fr'''(?x)
-            (?P<assign>
-                (?P<out>{_NAME_RE})(?:\[(?P<index>[^\]]+?)\])?\s*
-                (?P<op>{"|".join(map(re.escape, set(_OPERATORS) - _COMP_OPERATORS))})?
-                =(?!=)(?P<expr>.*)$
-            )|(?P<return>
+            (?P<return>
                 (?!if|return|true|false|null|undefined|NaN)(?P<name>{_NAME_RE})$
+            )|(?P<attribute>
+                (?P<var>{_NAME_RE})(?:
+                    (?P<nullish>\?)?\.(?P<member>[^(]+)|
+                    \[(?P<member2>{_NESTED_BRACKETS})\]
+                )\s*
             )|(?P<indexing>
                 (?P<in>{_NAME_RE})\[(?P<idx>.+)\]$
-            )|(?P<attribute>
-                (?P<var>{_NAME_RE})(?:(?P<nullish>\?)?\.(?P<member>[^(]+)|\[(?P<member2>[^\]]+)\])\s*
             )|(?P<function>
                 (?P<fname>{_NAME_RE})\((?P<args>.*)\)$
             )''', expr)
-        if m and m.group('assign'):
-            left_val = local_vars.get(m.group('out'))
-
-            if not m.group('index'):
-                local_vars[m.group('out')] = self._operator(
-                    m.group('op'), left_val, m.group('expr'), expr, local_vars, allow_recursion)
-                return local_vars[m.group('out')], should_return
-            elif left_val in (None, JS_Undefined):
-                raise self.Exception(f'Cannot index undefined variable {m.group("out")}', expr)
-
-            idx = self.interpret_expression(m.group('index'), local_vars, allow_recursion)
-            if not isinstance(idx, (int, float)):
-                raise self.Exception(f'List index {idx} must be integer', expr)
-            idx = int(idx)
-            left_val[idx] = self._operator(
-                m.group('op'), self._index(left_val, idx), m.group('expr'), expr, local_vars, allow_recursion)
-            return left_val[idx], should_return
-
-        elif expr.isdigit():
+        if expr.isdigit():
             return int(expr), should_return
 
         elif expr == 'break':
@@ -649,7 +669,19 @@ class JSInterpreter:
             return float('NaN'), should_return
 
         elif m and m.group('return'):
-            return local_vars.get(m.group('name'), JS_Undefined), should_return
+            var = m.group('name')
+            # Declared variables
+            if _is_var_declaration:
+                ret = local_vars.get_local(var)
+                # Register varname in local namespace
+                # Set value as JS_Undefined or its pre-existing value
+                local_vars.set_local(var, ret)
+            else:
+                ret = local_vars.get(var, NO_DEFAULT)
+                if ret is NO_DEFAULT:
+                    ret = JS_Undefined
+                    self._undefined_varnames.add(var)
+            return ret, should_return
 
         with contextlib.suppress(ValueError):
             return json.loads(js_to_json(expr, strict=True)), should_return
@@ -707,7 +739,7 @@ class JSInterpreter:
                 if obj is NO_DEFAULT:
                     if variable not in self._objects:
                         try:
-                            self._objects[variable] = self.extract_object(variable)
+                            self._objects[variable] = self.extract_object(variable, local_vars)
                         except self.Exception:
                             if not nullish:
                                 raise
@@ -847,12 +879,12 @@ class JSInterpreter:
             raise self.Exception('Cannot return from an expression', expr)
         return ret
 
-    def extract_object(self, objname):
+    def extract_object(self, objname, *global_stack):
         _FUNC_NAME_RE = r'''(?:[a-zA-Z$0-9]+|"[a-zA-Z$0-9]+"|'[a-zA-Z$0-9]+')'''
         obj = {}
         obj_m = re.search(
             r'''(?x)
-                (?<!\.)%s\s*=\s*{\s*
+                (?<![a-zA-Z$0-9.])%s\s*=\s*{\s*
                     (?P<fields>(%s\s*:\s*function\s*\(.*?\)\s*{.*?}(?:,\s*)?)*)
                 }\s*;
             ''' % (re.escape(objname), _FUNC_NAME_RE),
@@ -869,7 +901,8 @@ class JSInterpreter:
         for f in fields_m:
             argnames = f.group('args').split(',')
             name = remove_quotes(f.group('key'))
-            obj[name] = function_with_repr(self.build_function(argnames, f.group('code')), f'F<{name}>')
+            obj[name] = function_with_repr(
+                self.build_function(argnames, f.group('code'), *global_stack), f'F<{name}>')
 
         return obj
 
@@ -890,9 +923,9 @@ class JSInterpreter:
         code, _ = self._separate_at_paren(func_m.group('code'))
         return [x.strip() for x in func_m.group('args').split(',')], code
 
-    def extract_function(self, funcname):
+    def extract_function(self, funcname, *global_stack):
         return function_with_repr(
-            self.extract_function_from_code(*self.extract_function_code(funcname)),
+            self.extract_function_from_code(*self.extract_function_code(funcname), *global_stack),
             f'F<{funcname}>')
 
     def extract_function_from_code(self, argnames, code, *global_stack):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/networking/__init__.py b/yt_dlp/networking/__init__.py
index 1eaa0ee5fd..39158a8cc1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/networking/__init__.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/networking/__init__.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import warnings
 
 from .common import (
     HEADRequest,
+    PATCHRequest,
     PUTRequest,
     Request,
     RequestDirector,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/networking/_curlcffi.py b/yt_dlp/networking/_curlcffi.py
index 0643348e7e..90570417bd 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/networking/_curlcffi.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/networking/_curlcffi.py
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import io
+import itertools
 import math
 import re
 import urllib.parse
 
-from ._helper import InstanceStoreMixin, select_proxy
+from ._helper import InstanceStoreMixin
+from ..utils.networking import select_proxy
 from .common import (
     Features,
     Request,
@@ -31,9 +33,9 @@ if curl_cffi is None:
 
 curl_cffi_version = tuple(map(int, re.split(r'[^\d]+', curl_cffi.__version__)[:3]))
 
-if curl_cffi_version != (0, 5, 10) and not ((0, 7, 0) <= curl_cffi_version < (0, 7, 2)):
+if curl_cffi_version != (0, 5, 10) and not (0, 10) <= curl_cffi_version < (0, 14):
     curl_cffi._yt_dlp__version = f'{curl_cffi.__version__} (unsupported)'
-    raise ImportError('Only curl_cffi versions 0.5.10, 0.7.0 and 0.7.1 are supported')
+    raise ImportError('Only curl_cffi versions 0.5.10, 0.10.x, 0.11.x, 0.12.x, 0.13.x are supported')
 
 import curl_cffi.requests
 from curl_cffi.const import CurlECode, CurlOpt
@@ -97,7 +99,7 @@ class CurlCFFIResponseAdapter(Response):
             return self.fp.read(amt)
         except curl_cffi.requests.errors.RequestsError as e:
             if e.code == CurlECode.PARTIAL_FILE:
-                content_length = int_or_none(e.response.headers.get('Content-Length'))
+                content_length = e.response and int_or_none(e.response.headers.get('Content-Length'))
                 raise IncompleteRead(
                     partial=self.fp.bytes_read,
                     expected=content_length - self.fp.bytes_read if content_length is not None else None,
@@ -105,6 +107,72 @@ class CurlCFFIResponseAdapter(Response):
             raise TransportError(cause=e) from e
 
 
+# See: https://github.com/lexiforest/curl_cffi?tab=readme-ov-file#supported-impersonate-browsers
+#      https://github.com/lexiforest/curl-impersonate?tab=readme-ov-file#supported-browsers
+BROWSER_TARGETS: dict[tuple[int, ...], dict[str, ImpersonateTarget]] = {
+    (0, 5): {
+        'chrome99': ImpersonateTarget('chrome', '99', 'windows', '10'),
+        'chrome99_android': ImpersonateTarget('chrome', '99', 'android', '12'),
+        'chrome100': ImpersonateTarget('chrome', '100', 'windows', '10'),
+        'chrome101': ImpersonateTarget('chrome', '101', 'windows', '10'),
+        'chrome104': ImpersonateTarget('chrome', '104', 'windows', '10'),
+        'chrome107': ImpersonateTarget('chrome', '107', 'windows', '10'),
+        'chrome110': ImpersonateTarget('chrome', '110', 'windows', '10'),
+        'edge99': ImpersonateTarget('edge', '99', 'windows', '10'),
+        'edge101': ImpersonateTarget('edge', '101', 'windows', '10'),
+        'safari153': ImpersonateTarget('safari', '15.3', 'macos', '11'),
+        'safari155': ImpersonateTarget('safari', '15.5', 'macos', '12'),
+    },
+    (0, 7): {
+        'chrome116': ImpersonateTarget('chrome', '116', 'windows', '10'),
+        'chrome119': ImpersonateTarget('chrome', '119', 'macos', '14'),
+        'chrome120': ImpersonateTarget('chrome', '120', 'macos', '14'),
+        'chrome123': ImpersonateTarget('chrome', '123', 'macos', '14'),
+        'chrome124': ImpersonateTarget('chrome', '124', 'macos', '14'),
+        'safari170': ImpersonateTarget('safari', '17.0', 'macos', '14'),
+        'safari172_ios': ImpersonateTarget('safari', '17.2', 'ios', '17.2'),
+    },
+    (0, 9): {
+        'safari153': ImpersonateTarget('safari', '15.3', 'macos', '14'),
+        'safari155': ImpersonateTarget('safari', '15.5', 'macos', '14'),
+        'chrome119': ImpersonateTarget('chrome', '119', 'macos', '14'),
+        'chrome120': ImpersonateTarget('chrome', '120', 'macos', '14'),
+        'chrome123': ImpersonateTarget('chrome', '123', 'macos', '14'),
+        'chrome124': ImpersonateTarget('chrome', '124', 'macos', '14'),
+        'chrome131': ImpersonateTarget('chrome', '131', 'macos', '14'),
+        'chrome131_android': ImpersonateTarget('chrome', '131', 'android', '14'),
+        'chrome133a': ImpersonateTarget('chrome', '133', 'macos', '15'),
+        'firefox133': ImpersonateTarget('firefox', '133', 'macos', '14'),
+        'safari180': ImpersonateTarget('safari', '18.0', 'macos', '15'),
+        'safari180_ios': ImpersonateTarget('safari', '18.0', 'ios', '18.0'),
+    },
+    (0, 10): {
+        'firefox135': ImpersonateTarget('firefox', '135', 'macos', '14'),
+    },
+    (0, 11): {
+        'tor145': ImpersonateTarget('tor', '14.5', 'macos', '14'),
+        'safari184': ImpersonateTarget('safari', '18.4', 'macos', '15'),
+        'safari184_ios': ImpersonateTarget('safari', '18.4', 'ios', '18.4'),
+        'chrome136': ImpersonateTarget('chrome', '136', 'macos', '15'),
+    },
+    (0, 12): {
+        'safari260': ImpersonateTarget('safari', '26.0', 'macos', '26'),
+        'safari260_ios': ImpersonateTarget('safari', '26.0', 'ios', '26.0'),
+    },
+}
+
+# Needed for curl_cffi < 0.11
+# See: https://github.com/lexiforest/curl_cffi/commit/d2f15c7a31506a08d217fcc04ae7570c39f5f5bb
+_TARGETS_COMPAT_LOOKUP = {
+    'safari153': 'safari15_3',
+    'safari155': 'safari15_5',
+    'safari170': 'safari17_0',
+    'safari172_ios': 'safari17_2_ios',
+    'safari180': 'safari18_0',
+    'safari180_ios': 'safari18_0_ios',
+}
+
+
 @register_rh
 class CurlCFFIRH(ImpersonateRequestHandler, InstanceStoreMixin):
     RH_NAME = 'curl_cffi'
@@ -112,30 +180,24 @@ class CurlCFFIRH(ImpersonateRequestHandler, InstanceStoreMixin):
     _SUPPORTED_FEATURES = (Features.NO_PROXY, Features.ALL_PROXY)
     _SUPPORTED_PROXY_SCHEMES = ('http', 'https', 'socks4', 'socks4a', 'socks5', 'socks5h')
     _SUPPORTED_IMPERSONATE_TARGET_MAP = {
-        **({
-            ImpersonateTarget('chrome', '124', 'macos', '14'): curl_cffi.requests.BrowserType.chrome124,
-            ImpersonateTarget('chrome', '123', 'macos', '14'): curl_cffi.requests.BrowserType.chrome123,
-            ImpersonateTarget('chrome', '120', 'macos', '14'): curl_cffi.requests.BrowserType.chrome120,
-            ImpersonateTarget('chrome', '119', 'macos', '14'): curl_cffi.requests.BrowserType.chrome119,
-            ImpersonateTarget('chrome', '116', 'windows', '10'): curl_cffi.requests.BrowserType.chrome116,
-        } if curl_cffi_version >= (0, 7, 0) else {}),
-        ImpersonateTarget('chrome', '110', 'windows', '10'): curl_cffi.requests.BrowserType.chrome110,
-        ImpersonateTarget('chrome', '107', 'windows', '10'): curl_cffi.requests.BrowserType.chrome107,
-        ImpersonateTarget('chrome', '104', 'windows', '10'): curl_cffi.requests.BrowserType.chrome104,
-        ImpersonateTarget('chrome', '101', 'windows', '10'): curl_cffi.requests.BrowserType.chrome101,
-        ImpersonateTarget('chrome', '100', 'windows', '10'): curl_cffi.requests.BrowserType.chrome100,
-        ImpersonateTarget('chrome', '99', 'windows', '10'): curl_cffi.requests.BrowserType.chrome99,
-        ImpersonateTarget('edge', '101', 'windows', '10'): curl_cffi.requests.BrowserType.edge101,
-        ImpersonateTarget('edge', '99', 'windows', '10'): curl_cffi.requests.BrowserType.edge99,
-        **({
-            ImpersonateTarget('safari', '17.0', 'macos', '14'): curl_cffi.requests.BrowserType.safari17_0,
-        } if curl_cffi_version >= (0, 7, 0) else {}),
-        ImpersonateTarget('safari', '15.5', 'macos', '12'): curl_cffi.requests.BrowserType.safari15_5,
-        ImpersonateTarget('safari', '15.3', 'macos', '11'): curl_cffi.requests.BrowserType.safari15_3,
-        ImpersonateTarget('chrome', '99', 'android', '12'): curl_cffi.requests.BrowserType.chrome99_android,
-        **({
-            ImpersonateTarget('safari', '17.2', 'ios', '17.2'): curl_cffi.requests.BrowserType.safari17_2_ios,
-        } if curl_cffi_version >= (0, 7, 0) else {}),
+        target: (
+            name if curl_cffi_version >= (0, 11)
+            else _TARGETS_COMPAT_LOOKUP.get(name, name) if curl_cffi_version >= (0, 9)
+            else curl_cffi.requests.BrowserType[_TARGETS_COMPAT_LOOKUP.get(name, name)]
+        ) for name, target in dict(sorted(itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+            targets.items()
+            for version, targets in BROWSER_TARGETS.items()
+            if curl_cffi_version >= version
+        ), key=lambda x: (
+            # deprioritize mobile targets since they give very different behavior
+            x[1].os not in ('ios', 'android'),
+            # prioritize tor < edge < firefox < safari < chrome
+            ('tor', 'edge', 'firefox', 'safari', 'chrome').index(x[1].client),
+            # prioritize newest version
+            float(x[1].version) if x[1].version else 0,
+            # group by os name
+            x[1].os,
+        ), reverse=True)).items()
     }
 
     def _create_instance(self, cookiejar=None):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/networking/_helper.py b/yt_dlp/networking/_helper.py
index b86d3606d8..661a2c3b51 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/networking/_helper.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/networking/_helper.py
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ import urllib.request
 from .exceptions import RequestError
 from ..dependencies import certifi
 from ..socks import ProxyType, sockssocket
-from ..utils import format_field, traverse_obj
 
 if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
     from collections.abc import Iterable
@@ -82,19 +81,6 @@ def make_socks_proxy_opts(socks_proxy):
     }
 
 
-def select_proxy(url, proxies):
-    """Unified proxy selector for all backends"""
-    url_components = urllib.parse.urlparse(url)
-    if 'no' in proxies:
-        hostport = url_components.hostname + format_field(url_components.port, None, ':%s')
-        if urllib.request.proxy_bypass_environment(hostport, {'no': proxies['no']}):
-            return
-        elif urllib.request.proxy_bypass(hostport):  # check system settings
-            return
-
-    return traverse_obj(proxies, url_components.scheme or 'http', 'all')
-
-
 def get_redirect_method(method, status):
     """Unified redirect method handling"""
 
@@ -214,7 +200,7 @@ def wrap_request_errors(func):
 
 
 def _socket_connect(ip_addr, timeout, source_address):
-    af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = ip_addr
+    af, socktype, proto, _canonname, sa = ip_addr
     sock = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
     try:
         if timeout is not socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
@@ -229,7 +215,7 @@ def _socket_connect(ip_addr, timeout, source_address):
 
 
 def create_socks_proxy_socket(dest_addr, proxy_args, proxy_ip_addr, timeout, source_address):
-    af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = proxy_ip_addr
+    af, socktype, proto, _canonname, sa = proxy_ip_addr
     sock = sockssocket(af, socktype, proto)
     try:
         connect_proxy_args = proxy_args.copy()
diff --git a/yt_dlp/networking/_requests.py b/yt_dlp/networking/_requests.py
index 23775845d6..1526d2a599 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/networking/_requests.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/networking/_requests.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-import contextlib
 import functools
 import http.client
 import logging
@@ -10,7 +9,7 @@ import warnings
 
 from ..dependencies import brotli, requests, urllib3
 from ..utils import bug_reports_message, int_or_none, variadic
-from ..utils.networking import normalize_url
+from ..utils.networking import normalize_url, select_proxy
 
 if requests is None:
     raise ImportError('requests module is not installed')
@@ -20,10 +19,12 @@ if urllib3 is None:
 
 urllib3_version = tuple(int_or_none(x, default=0) for x in urllib3.__version__.split('.'))
 
-if urllib3_version < (1, 26, 17):
-    raise ImportError('Only urllib3 >= 1.26.17 is supported')
+if urllib3_version < (2, 0, 2):
+    urllib3._yt_dlp__version = f'{urllib3.__version__} (unsupported)'
+    raise ImportError('Only urllib3 >= 2.0.2 is supported')
 
 if requests.__build__ < 0x023202:
+    requests._yt_dlp__version = f'{requests.__version__} (unsupported)'
     raise ImportError('Only requests >= 2.32.2 is supported')
 
 import requests.adapters
@@ -39,7 +40,6 @@ from ._helper import (
     create_socks_proxy_socket,
     get_redirect_method,
     make_socks_proxy_opts,
-    select_proxy,
 )
 from .common import (
     Features,
@@ -100,27 +100,10 @@ class Urllib3PercentREOverride:
 # https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/commit/a2697e7c6b275f05879b60f593c5854a816489f0
 import urllib3.util.url
 
-if hasattr(urllib3.util.url, 'PERCENT_RE'):
-    urllib3.util.url.PERCENT_RE = Urllib3PercentREOverride(urllib3.util.url.PERCENT_RE)
-elif hasattr(urllib3.util.url, '_PERCENT_RE'):  # urllib3 >= 2.0.0
+if hasattr(urllib3.util.url, '_PERCENT_RE'):  # was 'PERCENT_RE' in urllib3 < 2.0.0
     urllib3.util.url._PERCENT_RE = Urllib3PercentREOverride(urllib3.util.url._PERCENT_RE)
 else:
-    warnings.warn('Failed to patch PERCENT_RE in urllib3 (does the attribute exist?)' + bug_reports_message())
-
-'''
-Workaround for issue in urllib.util.ssl_.py: ssl_wrap_context does not pass
-server_hostname to SSLContext.wrap_socket if server_hostname is an IP,
-however this is an issue because we set check_hostname to True in our SSLContext.
-
-Monkey-patching IS_SECURETRANSPORT forces ssl_wrap_context to pass server_hostname regardless.
-
-This has been fixed in urllib3 2.0+.
-See: https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/517
-'''
-
-if urllib3_version < (2, 0, 0):
-    with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
-        urllib3.util.IS_SECURETRANSPORT = urllib3.util.ssl_.IS_SECURETRANSPORT = True
+    warnings.warn('Failed to patch _PERCENT_RE in urllib3 (does the attribute exist?)' + bug_reports_message())
 
 
 # Requests will not automatically handle no_proxy by default
@@ -139,6 +122,12 @@ class RequestsResponseAdapter(Response):
 
     def read(self, amt: int | None = None):
         try:
+            # Work around issue with `.read(amt)` then `.read()`
+            # See: https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/3636
+            if amt is None:
+                # Python 3.9 preallocates the whole read buffer, read in chunks
+                read_chunk = functools.partial(self.fp.read, 1 << 20, decode_content=True)
+                return b''.join(iter(read_chunk, b''))
             # Interact with urllib3 response directly.
             return self.fp.read(amt, decode_content=True)
 
@@ -306,7 +295,7 @@ class RequestsRH(RequestHandler, InstanceStoreMixin):
             max_retries=urllib3.util.retry.Retry(False),
         )
         session.adapters.clear()
-        session.headers = requests.models.CaseInsensitiveDict({'Connection': 'keep-alive'})
+        session.headers = requests.models.CaseInsensitiveDict()
         session.mount('https://', http_adapter)
         session.mount('http://', http_adapter)
         session.cookies = cookiejar
@@ -315,6 +304,7 @@ class RequestsRH(RequestHandler, InstanceStoreMixin):
 
     def _prepare_headers(self, _, headers):
         add_accept_encoding_header(headers, SUPPORTED_ENCODINGS)
+        headers.setdefault('Connection', 'keep-alive')
 
     def _send(self, request):
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/networking/_urllib.py b/yt_dlp/networking/_urllib.py
index a188b35f57..cb7a430bb3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/networking/_urllib.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/networking/_urllib.py
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ from ._helper import (
     create_socks_proxy_socket,
     get_redirect_method,
     make_socks_proxy_opts,
-    select_proxy,
 )
 from .common import Features, RequestHandler, Response, register_rh
 from .exceptions import (
@@ -41,7 +40,7 @@ from .exceptions import (
 from ..dependencies import brotli
 from ..socks import ProxyError as SocksProxyError
 from ..utils import update_url_query
-from ..utils.networking import normalize_url
+from ..utils.networking import normalize_url, select_proxy
 
 SUPPORTED_ENCODINGS = ['gzip', 'deflate']
 CONTENT_DECODE_ERRORS = [zlib.error, OSError]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/networking/_websockets.py b/yt_dlp/networking/_websockets.py
index 7e5ab46004..fd8730ac7e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/networking/_websockets.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/networking/_websockets.py
@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ from ._helper import (
     create_connection,
     create_socks_proxy_socket,
     make_socks_proxy_opts,
-    select_proxy,
 )
+from ..utils.networking import select_proxy
 from .common import Features, Response, register_rh
 from .exceptions import (
     CertificateVerifyError,
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ import websockets.version
 
 websockets_version = tuple(map(int_or_none, websockets.version.version.split('.')))
 if websockets_version < (13, 0):
+    websockets._yt_dlp__version = f'{websockets.version.version} (unsupported)'
     raise ImportError('Only websockets>=13.0 is supported')
 
 import websockets.sync.client
diff --git a/yt_dlp/networking/common.py b/yt_dlp/networking/common.py
index ddceaa9a97..e33769422b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/networking/common.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/networking/common.py
@@ -505,6 +505,7 @@ class Request:
 
 
 HEADRequest = functools.partial(Request, method='HEAD')
+PATCHRequest = functools.partial(Request, method='PATCH')
 PUTRequest = functools.partial(Request, method='PUT')
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/options.py b/yt_dlp/options.py
index 91c2635a79..eaa4a7305f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/options.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/options.py
@@ -150,6 +150,15 @@ class _YoutubeDLHelpFormatter(optparse.IndentedHelpFormatter):
         return opts
 
 
+_PRESET_ALIASES = {
+    'mp3': ['-f', 'ba[acodec^=mp3]/ba/b', '-x', '--audio-format', 'mp3'],
+    'aac': ['-f', 'ba[acodec^=aac]/ba[acodec^=mp4a.40.]/ba/b', '-x', '--audio-format', 'aac'],
+    'mp4': ['--merge-output-format', 'mp4', '--remux-video', 'mp4', '-S', 'vcodec:h264,lang,quality,res,fps,hdr:12,acodec:aac'],
+    'mkv': ['--merge-output-format', 'mkv', '--remux-video', 'mkv'],
+    'sleep': ['--sleep-subtitles', '5', '--sleep-requests', '0.75', '--sleep-interval', '10', '--max-sleep-interval', '20'],
+}
+
+
 class _YoutubeDLOptionParser(optparse.OptionParser):
     # optparse is deprecated since Python 3.2. So assume a stable interface even for private methods
     ALIAS_DEST = '_triggered_aliases'
@@ -215,6 +224,25 @@ class _YoutubeDLOptionParser(optparse.OptionParser):
                 return e.possibilities[0]
             raise
 
+    def format_option_help(self, formatter=None):
+        assert formatter, 'Formatter can not be None'
+        formatted_help = super().format_option_help(formatter=formatter)
+        formatter.indent()
+        heading = formatter.format_heading('Preset Aliases')
+        formatter.indent()
+        description = formatter.format_description(
+            'Predefined aliases for convenience and ease of use. Note that future versions of yt-dlp '
+            'may add or adjust presets, but the existing preset names will not be changed or removed')
+        result = []
+        for name, args in _PRESET_ALIASES.items():
+            option = optparse.Option('-t', help=shlex.join(args))
+            formatter.option_strings[option] = f'-t {name}'
+            result.append(formatter.format_option(option))
+        formatter.dedent()
+        formatter.dedent()
+        help_lines = '\n'.join(result)
+        return f'{formatted_help}\n{heading}{description}\n{help_lines}'
+
 
 def create_parser():
     def _list_from_options_callback(option, opt_str, value, parser, append=True, delim=',', process=str.strip):
@@ -317,6 +345,13 @@ def create_parser():
         parser.rargs[:0] = shlex.split(
             opts if value is None else opts.format(*map(shlex.quote, value)))
 
+    def _preset_alias_callback(option, opt_str, value, parser):
+        if not value:
+            return
+        if value not in _PRESET_ALIASES:
+            raise optparse.OptionValueError(f'Unknown preset alias: {value}')
+        parser.rargs[:0] = _PRESET_ALIASES[value]
+
     general = optparse.OptionGroup(parser, 'General Options')
     general.add_option(
         '-h', '--help', dest='print_help', action='store_true',
@@ -354,10 +389,6 @@ def create_parser():
         '--abort-on-error', '--no-ignore-errors',
         action='store_false', dest='ignoreerrors',
         help='Abort downloading of further videos if an error occurs (Alias: --no-ignore-errors)')
-    general.add_option(
-        '--dump-user-agent',
-        action='store_true', dest='dump_user_agent', default=False,
-        help='Display the current user-agent and exit')
     general.add_option(
         '--list-extractors',
         action='store_true', dest='list_extractors', default=False,
@@ -438,7 +469,7 @@ def create_parser():
     general.add_option(
         '--live-from-start',
         action='store_true', dest='live_from_start',
-        help='Download livestreams from the start. Currently only supported for YouTube (Experimental)')
+        help='Download livestreams from the start. Currently experimental and only supported for YouTube and Twitch')
     general.add_option(
         '--no-live-from-start',
         action='store_false', dest='live_from_start',
@@ -494,13 +525,14 @@ def create_parser():
                 'no-attach-info-json', 'embed-thumbnail-atomicparsley', 'no-external-downloader-progress',
                 'embed-metadata', 'seperate-video-versions', 'no-clean-infojson', 'no-keep-subs', 'no-certifi',
                 'no-youtube-channel-redirect', 'no-youtube-unavailable-videos', 'no-youtube-prefer-utc-upload-date',
-                'prefer-legacy-http-handler', 'manifest-filesize-approx', 'allow-unsafe-ext', 'prefer-vp9-sort',
+                'prefer-legacy-http-handler', 'manifest-filesize-approx', 'allow-unsafe-ext', 'prefer-vp9-sort', 'mtime-by-default',
             }, 'aliases': {
                 'youtube-dl': ['all', '-multistreams', '-playlist-match-filter', '-manifest-filesize-approx', '-allow-unsafe-ext', '-prefer-vp9-sort'],
                 'youtube-dlc': ['all', '-no-youtube-channel-redirect', '-no-live-chat', '-playlist-match-filter', '-manifest-filesize-approx', '-allow-unsafe-ext', '-prefer-vp9-sort'],
                 '2021': ['2022', 'no-certifi', 'filename-sanitization'],
                 '2022': ['2023', 'no-external-downloader-progress', 'playlist-match-filter', 'prefer-legacy-http-handler', 'manifest-filesize-approx'],
-                '2023': ['prefer-vp9-sort'],
+                '2023': ['2024', 'prefer-vp9-sort'],
+                '2024': ['mtime-by-default'],
             },
         }, help=(
             'Options that can help keep compatibility with youtube-dl or youtube-dlc '
@@ -512,12 +544,21 @@ def create_parser():
         help=(
             'Create aliases for an option string. Unless an alias starts with a dash "-", it is prefixed with "--". '
             'Arguments are parsed according to the Python string formatting mini-language. '
-            'E.g. --alias get-audio,-X "-S=aext:{0},abr -x --audio-format {0}" creates options '
+            'E.g. --alias get-audio,-X "-S aext:{0},abr -x --audio-format {0}" creates options '
             '"--get-audio" and "-X" that takes an argument (ARG0) and expands to '
-            '"-S=aext:ARG0,abr -x --audio-format ARG0". All defined aliases are listed in the --help output. '
+            '"-S aext:ARG0,abr -x --audio-format ARG0". All defined aliases are listed in the --help output. '
             'Alias options can trigger more aliases; so be careful to avoid defining recursive options. '
             f'As a safety measure, each alias may be triggered a maximum of {_YoutubeDLOptionParser.ALIAS_TRIGGER_LIMIT} times. '
             'This option can be used multiple times'))
+    general.add_option(
+        '-t', '--preset-alias',
+        metavar='PRESET', dest='_', type='str',
+        action='callback', callback=_preset_alias_callback,
+        help=(
+            'Applies a predefined set of options. e.g. --preset-alias mp3. '
+            f'The following presets are available: {", ".join(_PRESET_ALIASES)}. '
+            'See the "Preset Aliases" section at the end for more info. '
+            'This option can be used multiple times'))
 
     network = optparse.OptionGroup(parser, 'Network Options')
     network.add_option(
@@ -571,10 +612,6 @@ def create_parser():
         help=(
             'Use this proxy to verify the IP address for some geo-restricted sites. '
             'The default proxy specified by --proxy (or none, if the option is not present) is used for the actual downloading'))
-    geo.add_option(
-        '--cn-verification-proxy',
-        dest='cn_verification_proxy', default=None, metavar='URL',
-        help=optparse.SUPPRESS_HELP)
     geo.add_option(
         '--xff', metavar='VALUE',
         dest='geo_bypass', default='default',
@@ -733,14 +770,6 @@ def create_parser():
         '--skip-playlist-after-errors', metavar='N',
         dest='skip_playlist_after_errors', default=None, type=int,
         help='Number of allowed failures until the rest of the playlist is skipped')
-    selection.add_option(
-        '--include-ads',
-        dest='include_ads', action='store_true',
-        help=optparse.SUPPRESS_HELP)
-    selection.add_option(
-        '--no-include-ads',
-        dest='include_ads', action='store_false',
-        help=optparse.SUPPRESS_HELP)
 
     authentication = optparse.OptionGroup(parser, 'Authentication Options')
     authentication.add_option(
@@ -1026,10 +1055,6 @@ def create_parser():
         '--no-lazy-playlist',
         action='store_false', dest='lazy_playlist',
         help='Process videos in the playlist only after the entire playlist is parsed (default)')
-    downloader.add_option(
-        '--xattr-set-filesize',
-        dest='xattr_set_filesize', action='store_true',
-        help='Set file xattribute ytdl.filesize with expected file size')
     downloader.add_option(
         '--hls-prefer-native',
         dest='hls_prefer_native', action='store_true', default=None,
@@ -1290,7 +1315,7 @@ def create_parser():
         action='store_true', dest='verbose', default=False,
         help='Print various debugging information')
     verbosity.add_option(
-        '--dump-pages', '--dump-intermediate-pages',
+        '--dump-pages',
         action='store_true', dest='dump_intermediate_pages', default=False,
         help='Print downloaded pages encoded using base64 to debug problems (very verbose)')
     verbosity.add_option(
@@ -1302,23 +1327,9 @@ def create_parser():
         action='store_true', dest='load_pages', default=False,
         help=optparse.SUPPRESS_HELP)
     verbosity.add_option(
-        '--youtube-print-sig-code',
-        action='store_true', dest='youtube_print_sig_code', default=False,
-        help=optparse.SUPPRESS_HELP)
-    verbosity.add_option(
-        '--print-traffic', '--dump-headers',
+        '--print-traffic',
         dest='debug_printtraffic', action='store_true', default=False,
         help='Display sent and read HTTP traffic')
-    verbosity.add_option(
-        '-C', '--call-home',
-        dest='call_home', action='store_true', default=False,
-        # help='Contact the yt-dlp server for debugging')
-        help=optparse.SUPPRESS_HELP)
-    verbosity.add_option(
-        '--no-call-home',
-        dest='call_home', action='store_false',
-        # help='Do not contact the yt-dlp server for debugging (default)')
-        help=optparse.SUPPRESS_HELP)
 
     filesystem = optparse.OptionGroup(parser, 'Filesystem Options')
     filesystem.add_option(
@@ -1421,12 +1432,12 @@ def create_parser():
         help='Do not use .part files - write directly into output file')
     filesystem.add_option(
         '--mtime',
-        action='store_true', dest='updatetime', default=True,
-        help='Use the Last-modified header to set the file modification time (default)')
+        action='store_true', dest='updatetime', default=None,
+        help='Use the Last-modified header to set the file modification time')
     filesystem.add_option(
         '--no-mtime',
         action='store_false', dest='updatetime',
-        help='Do not use the Last-modified header to set the file modification time')
+        help='Do not use the Last-modified header to set the file modification time (default)')
     filesystem.add_option(
         '--write-description',
         action='store_true', dest='writedescription', default=False,
@@ -1443,14 +1454,6 @@ def create_parser():
         '--no-write-info-json',
         action='store_false', dest='writeinfojson',
         help='Do not write video metadata (default)')
-    filesystem.add_option(
-        '--write-annotations',
-        action='store_true', dest='writeannotations', default=False,
-        help=optparse.SUPPRESS_HELP)
-    filesystem.add_option(
-        '--no-write-annotations',
-        action='store_false', dest='writeannotations',
-        help=optparse.SUPPRESS_HELP)
     filesystem.add_option(
         '--write-playlist-metafiles',
         action='store_true', dest='allow_playlist_files', default=None,
@@ -1481,7 +1484,7 @@ def create_parser():
         action='store_false', dest='getcomments',
         help='Do not retrieve video comments unless the extraction is known to be quick (Alias: --no-get-comments)')
     filesystem.add_option(
-        '--load-info-json', '--load-info',
+        '--load-info-json',
         dest='load_info_filename', metavar='FILE',
         help='JSON file containing the video information (created with the "--write-info-json" option)')
     filesystem.add_option(
@@ -1710,15 +1713,7 @@ def create_parser():
             'detect_or_warn (the default; fix the file if we can, warn otherwise), '
             'force (try fixing even if the file already exists)'))
     postproc.add_option(
-        '--prefer-avconv', '--no-prefer-ffmpeg',
-        action='store_false', dest='prefer_ffmpeg',
-        help=optparse.SUPPRESS_HELP)
-    postproc.add_option(
-        '--prefer-ffmpeg', '--no-prefer-avconv',
-        action='store_true', dest='prefer_ffmpeg', default=True,
-        help=optparse.SUPPRESS_HELP)
-    postproc.add_option(
-        '--ffmpeg-location', '--avconv-location', metavar='PATH',
+        '--ffmpeg-location', metavar='PATH',
         dest='ffmpeg_location',
         help='Location of the ffmpeg binary; either the path to the binary or its containing directory')
     postproc.add_option(
@@ -1855,38 +1850,6 @@ def create_parser():
         default='https://sponsor.ajay.app', dest='sponsorblock_api',
         help='SponsorBlock API location, defaults to %default')
 
-    sponsorblock.add_option(
-        '--sponskrub',
-        action='store_true', dest='sponskrub', default=False,
-        help=optparse.SUPPRESS_HELP)
-    sponsorblock.add_option(
-        '--no-sponskrub',
-        action='store_false', dest='sponskrub',
-        help=optparse.SUPPRESS_HELP)
-    sponsorblock.add_option(
-        '--sponskrub-cut', default=False,
-        action='store_true', dest='sponskrub_cut',
-        help=optparse.SUPPRESS_HELP)
-    sponsorblock.add_option(
-        '--no-sponskrub-cut',
-        action='store_false', dest='sponskrub_cut',
-        help=optparse.SUPPRESS_HELP)
-    sponsorblock.add_option(
-        '--sponskrub-force', default=False,
-        action='store_true', dest='sponskrub_force',
-        help=optparse.SUPPRESS_HELP)
-    sponsorblock.add_option(
-        '--no-sponskrub-force',
-        action='store_true', dest='sponskrub_force',
-        help=optparse.SUPPRESS_HELP)
-    sponsorblock.add_option(
-        '--sponskrub-location', metavar='PATH',
-        dest='sponskrub_path', default='',
-        help=optparse.SUPPRESS_HELP)
-    sponsorblock.add_option(
-        '--sponskrub-args', dest='sponskrub_args', metavar='ARGS',
-        help=optparse.SUPPRESS_HELP)
-
     extractor = optparse.OptionGroup(parser, 'Extractor Options')
     extractor.add_option(
         '--extractor-retries',
@@ -1922,22 +1885,56 @@ def create_parser():
         }, help=(
             'Pass ARGS arguments to the IE_KEY extractor. See "EXTRACTOR ARGUMENTS" for details. '
             'You can use this option multiple times to give arguments for different extractors'))
-    extractor.add_option(
-        '--youtube-include-dash-manifest', '--no-youtube-skip-dash-manifest',
-        action='store_true', dest='youtube_include_dash_manifest', default=True,
-        help=optparse.SUPPRESS_HELP)
-    extractor.add_option(
-        '--youtube-skip-dash-manifest', '--no-youtube-include-dash-manifest',
-        action='store_false', dest='youtube_include_dash_manifest',
-        help=optparse.SUPPRESS_HELP)
-    extractor.add_option(
-        '--youtube-include-hls-manifest', '--no-youtube-skip-hls-manifest',
-        action='store_true', dest='youtube_include_hls_manifest', default=True,
-        help=optparse.SUPPRESS_HELP)
-    extractor.add_option(
-        '--youtube-skip-hls-manifest', '--no-youtube-include-hls-manifest',
-        action='store_false', dest='youtube_include_hls_manifest',
-        help=optparse.SUPPRESS_HELP)
+
+    def _deprecated_option_callback(option, opt_str, value, parser):
+        current = getattr(parser.values, '_deprecated_options', [])
+        parser.values._deprecated_options = [*current, opt_str]
+
+    deprecated_switches = [
+        '--xattr-set-filesize',
+        '--dump-user-agent',
+        '--youtube-include-dash-manifest',
+        '--no-youtube-skip-dash-manifest',
+        '--youtube-skip-dash-manifest',
+        '--no-youtube-include-dash-manifest',
+        '--youtube-include-hls-manifest',
+        '--no-youtube-skip-hls-manifest',
+        '--youtube-skip-hls-manifest',
+        '--no-youtube-include-hls-manifest',
+        '--youtube-print-sig-code',
+        '--sponskrub',
+        '--no-sponskrub',
+        '--sponskrub-cut',
+        '--no-sponskrub-cut',
+        '--sponskrub-force',
+        '--no-sponskrub-force',
+        '--prefer-avconv',
+        '--no-prefer-ffmpeg',
+        '--prefer-ffmpeg',
+        '--no-prefer-avconv',
+        '-C',  # this needs to remain deprecated until at least 2028
+        '--call-home',
+        '--no-call-home',
+        '--include-ads',
+        '--no-include-ads',
+        '--write-annotations',
+        '--no-write-annotations',
+    ]
+    deprecated_arguments = [
+        '--sponskrub-location',
+        '--sponskrub-args',
+        '--cn-verification-proxy',
+    ]
+
+    for opt in deprecated_switches:
+        parser.add_option(
+            opt, action='callback', callback=_deprecated_option_callback,
+            help=optparse.SUPPRESS_HELP)
+    for opt in deprecated_arguments:
+        parser.add_option(
+            opt, action='callback', callback=_deprecated_option_callback,
+            metavar='ARG', dest='_', type='str',
+            help=optparse.SUPPRESS_HELP)
 
     parser.add_option_group(general)
     parser.add_option_group(network)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/__init__.py b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/__init__.py
index 20e8b14b21..4bcc726494 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/__init__.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/__init__.py
@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@ from .metadataparser import (
 )
 from .modify_chapters import ModifyChaptersPP
 from .movefilesafterdownload import MoveFilesAfterDownloadPP
-from .sponskrub import SponSkrubPP
 from .sponsorblock import SponsorBlockPP
 from .xattrpp import XAttrMetadataPP
 from ..globals import plugin_pps, postprocessors
diff --git a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/embedthumbnail.py b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/embedthumbnail.py
index d8ba220cab..39e8826c6f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/embedthumbnail.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/embedthumbnail.py
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ class EmbedThumbnailPP(FFmpegPostProcessor):
         if info['ext'] == 'mp3':
             options = [
                 '-c', 'copy', '-map', '0:0', '-map', '1:0', '-write_id3v1', '1', '-id3v2_version', '3',
-                '-metadata:s:v', 'title="Album cover"', '-metadata:s:v', 'comment=Cover (front)']
+                '-metadata:s:v', 'title=Album cover', '-metadata:s:v', 'comment=Cover (front)']
 
             self._report_run('ffmpeg', filename)
             self.run_ffmpeg_multiple_files([filename, thumbnail_filename], temp_filename, options)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/exec.py b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/exec.py
index 1f0a0015ec..243487dd25 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/exec.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/exec.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class ExecPP(PostProcessor):
         if filepath:
             if '{}' not in cmd:
                 cmd += ' {}'
-            cmd = cmd.replace('{}', shell_quote(filepath))
+            cmd = cmd.replace('{}', shell_quote(filepath, shell=True))
         return cmd
 
     def run(self, info):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/ffmpeg.py b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/ffmpeg.py
index e59e9832bd..774625660a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/ffmpeg.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/ffmpeg.py
@@ -88,7 +88,6 @@ class FFmpegPostProcessor(PostProcessor):
 
     def __init__(self, downloader=None):
         PostProcessor.__init__(self, downloader)
-        self._prefer_ffmpeg = self.get_param('prefer_ffmpeg', True)
         self._paths = self._determine_executables()
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -100,10 +99,8 @@ class FFmpegPostProcessor(PostProcessor):
     def get_versions(downloader=None):
         return FFmpegPostProcessor.get_versions_and_features(downloader)[0]
 
-    _ffmpeg_to_avconv = {'ffmpeg': 'avconv', 'ffprobe': 'avprobe'}
-
     def _determine_executables(self):
-        programs = [*self._ffmpeg_to_avconv.keys(), *self._ffmpeg_to_avconv.values()]
+        programs = ['ffmpeg', 'ffprobe']
 
         location = self.get_param('ffmpeg_location', self._ffmpeg_location.get())
         if location is None:
@@ -119,8 +116,6 @@ class FFmpegPostProcessor(PostProcessor):
             filename = os.path.basename(location)
             basename = next((p for p in programs if p in filename), 'ffmpeg')
             dirname = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(location))
-            if basename in self._ffmpeg_to_avconv:
-                self._prefer_ffmpeg = True
 
         paths = {p: os.path.join(dirname, p) for p in programs}
         if basename and basename in filename:
@@ -179,17 +174,12 @@ class FFmpegPostProcessor(PostProcessor):
 
     def _get_version(self, kind):
         executables = (kind, )
-        if not self._prefer_ffmpeg:
-            executables = (kind, self._ffmpeg_to_avconv[kind])
         basename, version, features = next(filter(
             lambda x: x[1], ((p, *self._get_ffmpeg_version(p)) for p in executables)), (None, None, {}))
         if kind == 'ffmpeg':
             self.basename, self._features = basename, features
         else:
             self.probe_basename = basename
-        if basename == self._ffmpeg_to_avconv[kind]:
-            self.deprecated_feature(f'Support for {self._ffmpeg_to_avconv[kind]} is deprecated and '
-                                    f'may be removed in a future version. Use {kind} instead')
         return version
 
     @functools.cached_property
@@ -231,7 +221,7 @@ class FFmpegPostProcessor(PostProcessor):
         if not self.available:
             raise FFmpegPostProcessorError('ffmpeg not found. Please install or provide the path using --ffmpeg-location')
 
-        required_version = '10-0' if self.basename == 'avconv' else '1.0'
+        required_version = '1.0'
         if is_outdated_version(self._version, required_version):
             self.report_warning(f'Your copy of {self.basename} is outdated, update {self.basename} '
                                 f'to version {required_version} or newer if you encounter any errors')
@@ -743,7 +733,7 @@ class FFmpegMetadataPP(FFmpegPostProcessor):
             if value not in ('', None):
                 value = ', '.join(map(str, variadic(value)))
                 value = value.replace('\0', '')  # nul character cannot be passed in command line
-                metadata['common'].update({meta_f: value for meta_f in variadic(meta_list)})
+                metadata['common'].update(dict.fromkeys(variadic(meta_list), value))
 
         # Info on media metadata/metadata supported by ffmpeg:
         # https://wiki.multimedia.cx/index.php/FFmpeg_Metadata
@@ -842,17 +832,6 @@ class FFmpegMergerPP(FFmpegPostProcessor):
 
     def can_merge(self):
         # TODO: figure out merge-capable ffmpeg version
-        if self.basename != 'avconv':
-            return True
-
-        required_version = '10-0'
-        if is_outdated_version(
-                self._versions[self.basename], required_version):
-            warning = (f'Your copy of {self.basename} is outdated and unable to properly mux separate video and audio files, '
-                       'yt-dlp will download single file media. '
-                       f'Update {self.basename} to version {required_version} or newer to fix this.')
-            self.report_warning(warning)
-            return False
         return True
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/sponskrub.py b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/sponskrub.py
deleted file mode 100644
index ac6db1bc7b..0000000000
--- a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/sponskrub.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,97 +0,0 @@
-import os
-import shlex
-import subprocess
-
-from .common import PostProcessor
-from ..utils import (
-    Popen,
-    PostProcessingError,
-    check_executable,
-    cli_option,
-    encodeArgument,
-    prepend_extension,
-    shell_quote,
-    str_or_none,
-)
-
-
-# Deprecated in favor of the native implementation
-class SponSkrubPP(PostProcessor):
-    _temp_ext = 'spons'
-    _exe_name = 'sponskrub'
-
-    def __init__(self, downloader, path='', args=None, ignoreerror=False, cut=False, force=False, _from_cli=False):
-        PostProcessor.__init__(self, downloader)
-        self.force = force
-        self.cutout = cut
-        self.args = str_or_none(args) or ''  # For backward compatibility
-        self.path = self.get_exe(path)
-
-        if not _from_cli:
-            self.deprecation_warning(
-                'yt_dlp.postprocessor.SponSkrubPP support is deprecated and may be removed in a future version. '
-                'Use yt_dlp.postprocessor.SponsorBlock and yt_dlp.postprocessor.ModifyChaptersPP instead')
-
-        if not ignoreerror and self.path is None:
-            if path:
-                raise PostProcessingError(f'sponskrub not found in "{path}"')
-            else:
-                raise PostProcessingError('sponskrub not found. Please install or provide the path using --sponskrub-path')
-
-    def get_exe(self, path=''):
-        if not path or not check_executable(path, ['-h']):
-            path = os.path.join(path, self._exe_name)
-            if not check_executable(path, ['-h']):
-                return None
-        return path
-
-    @PostProcessor._restrict_to(images=False)
-    def run(self, information):
-        if self.path is None:
-            return [], information
-
-        filename = information['filepath']
-        if not os.path.exists(filename):  # no download
-            return [], information
-
-        if information['extractor_key'].lower() != 'youtube':
-            self.to_screen('Skipping sponskrub since it is not a YouTube video')
-            return [], information
-        if self.cutout and not self.force and not information.get('__real_download', False):
-            self.report_warning(
-                'Skipping sponskrub since the video was already downloaded. '
-                'Use --sponskrub-force to run sponskrub anyway')
-            return [], information
-
-        self.to_screen('Trying to %s sponsor sections' % ('remove' if self.cutout else 'mark'))
-        if self.cutout:
-            self.report_warning('Cutting out sponsor segments will cause the subtitles to go out of sync.')
-            if not information.get('__real_download', False):
-                self.report_warning('If sponskrub is run multiple times, unintended parts of the video could be cut out.')
-
-        temp_filename = prepend_extension(filename, self._temp_ext)
-        if os.path.exists(temp_filename):
-            os.remove(temp_filename)
-
-        cmd = [self.path]
-        if not self.cutout:
-            cmd += ['-chapter']
-        cmd += cli_option(self._downloader.params, '-proxy', 'proxy')
-        cmd += shlex.split(self.args)  # For backward compatibility
-        cmd += self._configuration_args(self._exe_name, use_compat=False)
-        cmd += ['--', information['id'], filename, temp_filename]
-        cmd = [encodeArgument(i) for i in cmd]
-
-        self.write_debug(f'sponskrub command line: {shell_quote(cmd)}')
-        stdout, _, returncode = Popen.run(cmd, text=True, stdout=None if self.get_param('verbose') else subprocess.PIPE)
-
-        if not returncode:
-            os.replace(temp_filename, filename)
-            self.to_screen('Sponsor sections have been %s' % ('removed' if self.cutout else 'marked'))
-        elif returncode == 3:
-            self.to_screen('No segments in the SponsorBlock database')
-        else:
-            raise PostProcessingError(
-                stdout.strip().splitlines()[0 if stdout.strip().lower().startswith('unrecognised') else -1]
-                or f'sponskrub failed with error code {returncode}')
-        return [], information
diff --git a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/xattrpp.py b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/xattrpp.py
index e486b797b7..52404b7d7a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/xattrpp.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/xattrpp.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import os
+import sys
 
 from .common import PostProcessor
 from ..utils import (
@@ -33,8 +34,17 @@ class XAttrMetadataPP(PostProcessor):
         # (e.g., 4kB on ext4), and we don't want to have the other ones fail
         'user.dublincore.description': 'description',
         # 'user.xdg.comment': 'description',
+        'com.apple.metadata:kMDItemWhereFroms': 'webpage_url',
     }
 
+    APPLE_PLIST_TEMPLATE = '''<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+<array>
+\t<string>%s</string>
+</array>
+</plist>'''
+
     def run(self, info):
         mtime = os.stat(info['filepath']).st_mtime
         self.to_screen('Writing metadata to file\'s xattrs')
@@ -44,6 +54,11 @@ class XAttrMetadataPP(PostProcessor):
                 if value:
                     if infoname == 'upload_date':
                         value = hyphenate_date(value)
+                    elif xattrname == 'com.apple.metadata:kMDItemWhereFroms':
+                        # Colon in xattr name throws errors on Windows/NTFS and Linux
+                        if sys.platform != 'darwin':
+                            continue
+                        value = self.APPLE_PLIST_TEMPLATE % value
                     write_xattr(info['filepath'], xattrname, value.encode())
 
             except XAttrUnavailableError as e:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/update.py b/yt_dlp/update.py
index 360f5ad58c..e33be3f7b3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/update.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/update.py
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import atexit
 import contextlib
+import datetime as dt
 import functools
 import hashlib
 import json
@@ -57,27 +58,40 @@ def _get_variant_and_executable_path():
     """@returns (variant, executable_path)"""
     if getattr(sys, 'frozen', False):
         path = sys.executable
+
+        # py2exe: No longer officially supported, but still identify it to block updates
         if not hasattr(sys, '_MEIPASS'):
             return 'py2exe', path
-        elif sys._MEIPASS == os.path.dirname(path):
-            return f'{sys.platform}_dir', path
-        elif sys.platform == 'darwin':
+
+        # staticx builds: sys.executable returns a /tmp/ path
+        # No longer officially supported, but still identify them to block updates
+        # Ref: https://staticx.readthedocs.io/en/latest/usage.html#run-time-information
+        if static_exe_path := os.getenv('STATICX_PROG_PATH'):
+            return 'linux_static_exe', static_exe_path
+
+        # We know it's a PyInstaller bundle, but is it "onedir" or "onefile"?
+        suffix = 'dir' if sys._MEIPASS == os.path.dirname(path) else 'exe'
+        system_platform = remove_end(sys.platform, '32')
+
+        if system_platform == 'darwin':
+            # darwin_legacy_exe is no longer supported, but still identify it to block updates
             machine = '_legacy' if version_tuple(platform.mac_ver()[0]) < (10, 15) else ''
-        else:
-            machine = f'_{platform.machine().lower()}'
-            is_64bits = sys.maxsize > 2**32
-            # Ref: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uname#Examples
-            if machine[1:] in ('x86', 'x86_64', 'amd64', 'i386', 'i686'):
-                machine = '_x86' if not is_64bits else ''
-            # platform.machine() on 32-bit raspbian OS may return 'aarch64', so check "64-bitness"
-            # See: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/11813
-            elif machine[1:] == 'aarch64' and not is_64bits:
-                machine = '_armv7l'
-            # sys.executable returns a /tmp/ path for staticx builds (linux_static)
-            # Ref: https://staticx.readthedocs.io/en/latest/usage.html#run-time-information
-            if static_exe_path := os.getenv('STATICX_PROG_PATH'):
-                path = static_exe_path
-        return f'{remove_end(sys.platform, "32")}{machine}_exe', path
+            return f'darwin{machine}_{suffix}', path
+
+        if system_platform == 'linux' and platform.libc_ver()[0] != 'glibc':
+            system_platform = 'musllinux'
+
+        machine = f'_{platform.machine().lower()}'
+        is_64bits = sys.maxsize > 2**32
+        # Ref: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uname#Examples
+        if machine[1:] in ('x86', 'x86_64', 'amd64', 'i386', 'i686'):
+            machine = '_x86' if not is_64bits else ''
+        # platform.machine() on 32-bit raspbian OS may return 'aarch64', so check "64-bitness"
+        # See: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/11813
+        elif machine[1:] == 'aarch64' and not is_64bits:
+            machine = '_armv7l'
+
+        return f'{system_platform}{machine}_{suffix}', path
 
     path = os.path.dirname(__file__)
     if isinstance(__loader__, zipimporter):
@@ -109,15 +123,16 @@ _FILE_SUFFIXES = {
     'zip': '',
     'win_exe': '.exe',
     'win_x86_exe': '_x86.exe',
+    'win_arm64_exe': '_arm64.exe',
     'darwin_exe': '_macos',
-    'darwin_legacy_exe': '_macos_legacy',
     'linux_exe': '_linux',
     'linux_aarch64_exe': '_linux_aarch64',
-    'linux_armv7l_exe': '_linux_armv7l',
+    'musllinux_exe': '_musllinux',
+    'musllinux_aarch64_exe': '_musllinux_aarch64',
 }
 
 _NON_UPDATEABLE_REASONS = {
-    **{variant: None for variant in _FILE_SUFFIXES},  # Updatable
+    **dict.fromkeys(_FILE_SUFFIXES),  # Updatable
     **{variant: f'Auto-update is not supported for unpackaged {name} executable; Re-download the latest release'
        for variant, name in {'win32_dir': 'Windows', 'darwin_dir': 'MacOS', 'linux_dir': 'Linux'}.items()},
     'py2exe': 'py2exe is no longer supported by yt-dlp; This executable cannot be updated',
@@ -139,7 +154,7 @@ def _get_binary_name():
 
 
 def _get_system_deprecation():
-    MIN_SUPPORTED, MIN_RECOMMENDED = (3, 9), (3, 9)
+    MIN_SUPPORTED, MIN_RECOMMENDED = (3, 9), (3, 10)
 
     if sys.version_info > MIN_RECOMMENDED:
         return None
@@ -153,6 +168,22 @@ def _get_system_deprecation():
     return f'Support for Python version {major}.{minor} has been deprecated. {PYTHON_MSG}'
 
 
+def _get_outdated_warning():
+    # Only yt-dlp guarantees a stable release at least every 90 days
+    if not ORIGIN.startswith('yt-dlp/'):
+        return None
+
+    with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
+        last_updated = dt.date(*version_tuple(__version__)[:3])
+        if last_updated < dt.datetime.now(dt.timezone.utc).date() - dt.timedelta(days=90):
+            return ('\n         '.join((
+                f'Your yt-dlp version ({__version__}) is older than 90 days!',
+                'It is strongly recommended to always use the latest version.',
+                f'{is_non_updateable() or """Run "yt-dlp --update" or "yt-dlp -U" to update"""}.',
+                'To suppress this warning, add --no-update to your command/config.')))
+    return None
+
+
 def _sha256_file(path):
     h = hashlib.sha256()
     mv = memoryview(bytearray(128 * 1024))
@@ -163,16 +194,14 @@ def _sha256_file(path):
 
 
 def _make_label(origin, tag, version=None):
-    if '/' in origin:
-        channel = _INVERSE_UPDATE_SOURCES.get(origin, origin)
-    else:
-        channel = origin
-    label = f'{channel}@{tag}'
-    if version and version != tag:
-        label += f' build {version}'
-    if channel != origin:
-        label += f' from {origin}'
-    return label
+    if tag != version:
+        if version:
+            return f'{origin}@{tag} build {version}'
+        return f'{origin}@{tag}'
+
+    if channel := _INVERSE_UPDATE_SOURCES.get(origin):
+        return f'{channel}@{tag} from {origin}'
+    return f'{origin}@{tag}'
 
 
 @dataclass
@@ -202,7 +231,7 @@ class UpdateInfo:
     requested_version: str | None = None
     commit: str | None = None
 
-    binary_name: str | None = _get_binary_name()  # noqa: RUF009: Always returns the same value
+    binary_name: str | None = _get_binary_name()  # noqa: RUF009 # Always returns the same value
     checksum: str | None = None
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/utils/_deprecated.py b/yt_dlp/utils/_deprecated.py
index e4762699b7..4797cfef53 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/utils/_deprecated.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/utils/_deprecated.py
@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
 """Deprecated - New code should avoid these"""
+import base64
+import hashlib
+import hmac
+import json
 import warnings
 
 from ..compat.compat_utils import passthrough_module
@@ -28,4 +32,18 @@ def intlist_to_bytes(xs):
     return struct.pack('%dB' % len(xs), *xs)
 
 
+def jwt_encode_hs256(payload_data, key, headers={}):
+    header_data = {
+        'alg': 'HS256',
+        'typ': 'JWT',
+    }
+    if headers:
+        header_data.update(headers)
+    header_b64 = base64.b64encode(json.dumps(header_data).encode())
+    payload_b64 = base64.b64encode(json.dumps(payload_data).encode())
+    h = hmac.new(key.encode(), header_b64 + b'.' + payload_b64, hashlib.sha256)
+    signature_b64 = base64.b64encode(h.digest())
+    return header_b64 + b'.' + payload_b64 + b'.' + signature_b64
+
+
 compiled_regex_type = type(re.compile(''))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/utils/_utils.py b/yt_dlp/utils/_utils.py
index 4093c238c2..50652c1e45 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/utils/_utils.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/utils/_utils.py
@@ -47,14 +47,15 @@ import xml.etree.ElementTree
 from . import traversal
 
 from ..compat import (
+    compat_datetime_from_timestamp,
     compat_etree_fromstring,
     compat_expanduser,
     compat_HTMLParseError,
 )
 from ..dependencies import xattr
-from ..globals import IN_CLI
+from ..globals import IN_CLI, WINDOWS_VT_MODE
 
-__name__ = __name__.rsplit('.', 1)[0]  # noqa: A001: Pretend to be the parent module
+__name__ = __name__.rsplit('.', 1)[0]  # noqa: A001 # Pretend to be the parent module
 
 
 class NO_DEFAULT:
@@ -1285,7 +1286,7 @@ def unified_timestamp(date_str, day_first=True):
 
     timetuple = email.utils.parsedate_tz(date_str)
     if timetuple:
-        return calendar.timegm(timetuple) + pm_delta * 3600 - timezone.total_seconds()
+        return calendar.timegm(timetuple) + pm_delta * 3600 - int(timezone.total_seconds())
 
 
 @partial_application
@@ -1376,6 +1377,7 @@ def datetime_round(dt_, precision='day'):
     if precision == 'microsecond':
         return dt_
 
+    time_scale = 1_000_000
     unit_seconds = {
         'day': 86400,
         'hour': 3600,
@@ -1383,8 +1385,8 @@ def datetime_round(dt_, precision='day'):
         'second': 1,
     }
     roundto = lambda x, n: ((x + n / 2) // n) * n
-    timestamp = roundto(calendar.timegm(dt_.timetuple()), unit_seconds[precision])
-    return dt.datetime.fromtimestamp(timestamp, dt.timezone.utc)
+    timestamp = roundto(calendar.timegm(dt_.timetuple()) + dt_.microsecond / time_scale, unit_seconds[precision])
+    return compat_datetime_from_timestamp(timestamp)
 
 
 def hyphenate_date(date_str):
@@ -1875,6 +1877,11 @@ def parse_resolution(s, *, lenient=False):
     if mobj:
         return {'height': int(mobj.group(1)) * 540}
 
+    if lenient:
+        mobj = re.search(r'(?<!\d)(\d{2,5})w(?![a-zA-Z0-9])', s)
+        if mobj:
+            return {'width': int(mobj.group(1))}
+
     return {}
 
 
@@ -2044,25 +2051,20 @@ def url_or_none(url):
     if not url or not isinstance(url, str):
         return None
     url = url.strip()
-    return url if re.match(r'(?:(?:https?|rt(?:m(?:pt?[es]?|fp)|sp[su]?)|mms|ftps?):)?//', url) else None
+    return url if re.match(r'(?:(?:https?|rt(?:m(?:pt?[es]?|fp)|sp[su]?)|mms|ftps?|wss?):)?//', url) else None
 
 
 def strftime_or_none(timestamp, date_format='%Y%m%d', default=None):
     datetime_object = None
     try:
         if isinstance(timestamp, (int, float)):  # unix timestamp
-            # Using naive datetime here can break timestamp() in Windows
-            # Ref: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/5185, https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/94414
-            # Also, dt.datetime.fromtimestamp breaks for negative timestamps
-            # Ref: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/6706#issuecomment-1496842642
-            datetime_object = (dt.datetime.fromtimestamp(0, dt.timezone.utc)
-                               + dt.timedelta(seconds=timestamp))
+            datetime_object = compat_datetime_from_timestamp(timestamp)
         elif isinstance(timestamp, str):  # assume YYYYMMDD
             datetime_object = dt.datetime.strptime(timestamp, '%Y%m%d')
         date_format = re.sub(  # Support %s on windows
             r'(?<!%)(%%)*%s', rf'\g<1>{int(datetime_object.timestamp())}', date_format)
         return datetime_object.strftime(date_format)
-    except (ValueError, TypeError, AttributeError):
+    except (ValueError, TypeError, AttributeError, OverflowError, OSError):
         return default
 
 
@@ -2767,7 +2769,8 @@ def js_to_json(code, vars={}, *, strict=False):
     def template_substitute(match):
         evaluated = js_to_json(match.group(1), vars, strict=strict)
         if evaluated[0] == '"':
-            return json.loads(evaluated)
+            with contextlib.suppress(json.JSONDecodeError):
+                return json.loads(evaluated)
         return evaluated
 
     def fix_kv(m):
@@ -2942,6 +2945,7 @@ def mimetype2ext(mt, default=NO_DEFAULT):
         'x-ms-asf': 'asf',
         'x-ms-wmv': 'wmv',
         'x-msvideo': 'avi',
+        'vnd.dlna.mpeg-tts': 'mpeg',
 
         # application (streaming playlists)
         'dash+xml': 'mpd',
@@ -2960,6 +2964,7 @@ def mimetype2ext(mt, default=NO_DEFAULT):
         'audio/x-matroska': 'mka',
         'audio/x-mpegurl': 'm3u',
         'aacp': 'aac',
+        'flac': 'flac',
         'midi': 'mid',
         'ogg': 'ogg',
         'wav': 'wav',
@@ -3104,21 +3109,15 @@ def get_compatible_ext(*, vcodecs, acodecs, vexts, aexts, preferences=None):
 def urlhandle_detect_ext(url_handle, default=NO_DEFAULT):
     getheader = url_handle.headers.get
 
-    cd = getheader('Content-Disposition')
-    if cd:
-        m = re.match(r'attachment;\s*filename="(?P<filename>[^"]+)"', cd)
-        if m:
-            e = determine_ext(m.group('filename'), default_ext=None)
-            if e:
-                return e
-
-    meta_ext = getheader('x-amz-meta-name')
-    if meta_ext:
-        e = meta_ext.rpartition('.')[2]
-        if e:
-            return e
+    if cd := getheader('Content-Disposition'):
+        if m := re.match(r'attachment;\s*filename="(?P<filename>[^"]+)"', cd):
+            if ext := determine_ext(m.group('filename'), default_ext=None):
+                return ext
 
-    return mimetype2ext(getheader('Content-Type'), default=default)
+    return (
+        determine_ext(getheader('x-amz-meta-name'), default_ext=None)
+        or getheader('x-amz-meta-file-type')
+        or mimetype2ext(getheader('Content-Type'), default=default))
 
 
 def encode_data_uri(data, mime_type):
@@ -3247,7 +3246,7 @@ def _match_one(filter_part, dct, incomplete):
             op = lambda attr, value: not unnegated_op(attr, value)
         else:
             op = unnegated_op
-        comparison_value = m['quotedstrval'] or m['strval'] or m['intval']
+        comparison_value = m['quotedstrval'] or m['strval']
         if m['quote']:
             comparison_value = comparison_value.replace(r'\{}'.format(m['quote']), m['quote'])
         actual_value = dct.get(m['key'])
@@ -4738,38 +4737,49 @@ def time_seconds(**kwargs):
     return time.time() + dt.timedelta(**kwargs).total_seconds()
 
 
-# create a JSON Web Signature (jws) with HS256 algorithm
-# the resulting format is in JWS Compact Serialization
 # implemented following JWT https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7519.html
 # implemented following JWS https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7515.html
-def jwt_encode_hs256(payload_data, key, headers={}):
+def jwt_encode(payload_data, key, *, alg='HS256', headers=None):
+    assert alg in ('HS256',), f'Unsupported algorithm "{alg}"'
+
+    def jwt_json_bytes(obj):
+        return json.dumps(obj, separators=(',', ':')).encode()
+
+    def jwt_b64encode(bytestring):
+        return base64.urlsafe_b64encode(bytestring).rstrip(b'=')
+
     header_data = {
-        'alg': 'HS256',
+        'alg': alg,
         'typ': 'JWT',
     }
     if headers:
-        header_data.update(headers)
-    header_b64 = base64.b64encode(json.dumps(header_data).encode())
-    payload_b64 = base64.b64encode(json.dumps(payload_data).encode())
+        # Allow re-ordering of keys if both 'alg' and 'typ' are present
+        if 'alg' in headers and 'typ' in headers:
+            header_data = headers
+        else:
+            header_data.update(headers)
+
+    header_b64 = jwt_b64encode(jwt_json_bytes(header_data))
+    payload_b64 = jwt_b64encode(jwt_json_bytes(payload_data))
+
+    # HS256 is the only algorithm currently supported
     h = hmac.new(key.encode(), header_b64 + b'.' + payload_b64, hashlib.sha256)
-    signature_b64 = base64.b64encode(h.digest())
-    return header_b64 + b'.' + payload_b64 + b'.' + signature_b64
+    signature_b64 = jwt_b64encode(h.digest())
+
+    return (header_b64 + b'.' + payload_b64 + b'.' + signature_b64).decode()
 
 
 # can be extended in future to verify the signature and parse header and return the algorithm used if it's not HS256
 def jwt_decode_hs256(jwt):
-    header_b64, payload_b64, signature_b64 = jwt.split('.')
+    _header_b64, payload_b64, _signature_b64 = jwt.split('.')
     # add trailing ='s that may have been stripped, superfluous ='s are ignored
     return json.loads(base64.urlsafe_b64decode(f'{payload_b64}==='))
 
 
-WINDOWS_VT_MODE = False if os.name == 'nt' else None
-
-
 @functools.cache
 def supports_terminal_sequences(stream):
     if os.name == 'nt':
-        if not WINDOWS_VT_MODE:
+        if not WINDOWS_VT_MODE.value:
             return False
     elif not os.getenv('TERM'):
         return False
@@ -4806,8 +4816,7 @@ def windows_enable_vt_mode():
     finally:
         os.close(handle)
 
-    global WINDOWS_VT_MODE
-    WINDOWS_VT_MODE = True
+    WINDOWS_VT_MODE.value = True
     supports_terminal_sequences.cache_clear()
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/utils/jslib/__init__.py b/yt_dlp/utils/jslib/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..19df08b120
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/utils/jslib/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Utility functions for handling web input based on commonly used JavaScript libraries
diff --git a/yt_dlp/utils/jslib/devalue.py b/yt_dlp/utils/jslib/devalue.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d82880d921
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/utils/jslib/devalue.py
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import array
+import base64
+import datetime as dt
+import math
+import re
+
+from .._utils import parse_iso8601
+
+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import collections.abc
+    import typing
+
+    T = typing.TypeVar('T')
+
+
+_ARRAY_TYPE_LOOKUP = {
+    'Int8Array': 'b',
+    'Uint8Array': 'B',
+    'Uint8ClampedArray': 'B',
+    'Int16Array': 'h',
+    'Uint16Array': 'H',
+    'Int32Array': 'i',
+    'Uint32Array': 'I',
+    'Float32Array': 'f',
+    'Float64Array': 'd',
+    'BigInt64Array': 'l',
+    'BigUint64Array': 'L',
+    'ArrayBuffer': 'B',
+}
+
+
+def parse_iter(parsed: typing.Any, /, *, revivers: dict[str, collections.abc.Callable[[list], typing.Any]] | None = None):
+    # based on https://github.com/Rich-Harris/devalue/blob/f3fd2aa93d79f21746555671f955a897335edb1b/src/parse.js
+    resolved = {
+        -1: None,
+        -2: None,
+        -3: math.nan,
+        -4: math.inf,
+        -5: -math.inf,
+        -6: -0.0,
+    }
+
+    if isinstance(parsed, int) and not isinstance(parsed, bool):
+        if parsed not in resolved or parsed == -2:
+            raise ValueError('invalid integer input')
+        return resolved[parsed]
+    elif not isinstance(parsed, list):
+        raise ValueError('expected int or list as input')
+    elif not parsed:
+        raise ValueError('expected a non-empty list as input')
+
+    if revivers is None:
+        revivers = {}
+    return_value = [None]
+    stack: list[tuple] = [(return_value, 0, 0)]
+
+    while stack:
+        target, index, source = stack.pop()
+        if isinstance(source, tuple):
+            name, source, reviver = source
+            try:
+                resolved[source] = target[index] = reviver(target[index])
+            except Exception as error:
+                yield TypeError(f'failed to parse {source} as {name!r}: {error}')
+                resolved[source] = target[index] = None
+            continue
+
+        if source in resolved:
+            target[index] = resolved[source]
+            continue
+
+        # guard against Python negative indexing
+        if source < 0:
+            yield IndexError(f'invalid index: {source!r}')
+            continue
+
+        try:
+            value = parsed[source]
+        except IndexError as error:
+            yield error
+            continue
+
+        if isinstance(value, list):
+            if value and isinstance(value[0], str):
+                # TODO: implement zips `strict=True`
+                if reviver := revivers.get(value[0]):
+                    if value[1] == source:
+                        # XXX: avoid infinite loop
+                        yield IndexError(f'{value[0]!r} cannot point to itself (index: {source})')
+                        continue
+                    # inverse order: resolve index, revive value
+                    stack.append((target, index, (value[0], value[1], reviver)))
+                    stack.append((target, index, value[1]))
+                    continue
+
+                elif value[0] == 'Date':
+                    try:
+                        result = dt.datetime.fromtimestamp(parse_iso8601(value[1]), tz=dt.timezone.utc)
+                    except Exception:
+                        yield ValueError(f'invalid date: {value[1]!r}')
+                        result = None
+
+                elif value[0] == 'Set':
+                    result = [None] * (len(value) - 1)
+                    for offset, new_source in enumerate(value[1:]):
+                        stack.append((result, offset, new_source))
+
+                elif value[0] == 'Map':
+                    result = []
+                    for key, new_source in zip(*(iter(value[1:]),) * 2):
+                        pair = [None, None]
+                        stack.append((pair, 0, key))
+                        stack.append((pair, 1, new_source))
+                        result.append(pair)
+
+                elif value[0] == 'RegExp':
+                    # XXX: use jsinterp to translate regex flags
+                    #      currently ignores `value[2]`
+                    result = re.compile(value[1])
+
+                elif value[0] == 'Object':
+                    result = value[1]
+
+                elif value[0] == 'BigInt':
+                    result = int(value[1])
+
+                elif value[0] == 'null':
+                    result = {}
+                    for key, new_source in zip(*(iter(value[1:]),) * 2):
+                        stack.append((result, key, new_source))
+
+                elif value[0] in _ARRAY_TYPE_LOOKUP:
+                    typecode = _ARRAY_TYPE_LOOKUP[value[0]]
+                    data = base64.b64decode(value[1])
+                    result = array.array(typecode, data).tolist()
+
+                else:
+                    yield TypeError(f'invalid type at {source}: {value[0]!r}')
+                    result = None
+            else:
+                result = len(value) * [None]
+                for offset, new_source in enumerate(value):
+                    stack.append((result, offset, new_source))
+
+        elif isinstance(value, dict):
+            result = {}
+            for key, new_source in value.items():
+                stack.append((result, key, new_source))
+
+        else:
+            result = value
+
+        target[index] = resolved[source] = result
+
+    return return_value[0]
+
+
+def parse(parsed: typing.Any, /, *, revivers: dict[str, collections.abc.Callable[[typing.Any], typing.Any]] | None = None):
+    generator = parse_iter(parsed, revivers=revivers)
+    while True:
+        try:
+            raise generator.send(None)
+        except StopIteration as error:
+            return error.value
diff --git a/yt_dlp/utils/networking.py b/yt_dlp/utils/networking.py
index 542abace87..44f877badb 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/utils/networking.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/utils/networking.py
@@ -10,52 +10,15 @@ import urllib.request
 if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
     T = typing.TypeVar('T')
 
-from ._utils import NO_DEFAULT, remove_start
+from ._utils import NO_DEFAULT, remove_start, format_field
+from .traversal import traverse_obj
 
 
 def random_user_agent():
-    _USER_AGENT_TPL = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/%s Safari/537.36'
-    _CHROME_VERSIONS = (
-        '90.0.4430.212',
-        '90.0.4430.24',
-        '90.0.4430.70',
-        '90.0.4430.72',
-        '90.0.4430.85',
-        '90.0.4430.93',
-        '91.0.4472.101',
-        '91.0.4472.106',
-        '91.0.4472.114',
-        '91.0.4472.124',
-        '91.0.4472.164',
-        '91.0.4472.19',
-        '91.0.4472.77',
-        '92.0.4515.107',
-        '92.0.4515.115',
-        '92.0.4515.131',
-        '92.0.4515.159',
-        '92.0.4515.43',
-        '93.0.4556.0',
-        '93.0.4577.15',
-        '93.0.4577.63',
-        '93.0.4577.82',
-        '94.0.4606.41',
-        '94.0.4606.54',
-        '94.0.4606.61',
-        '94.0.4606.71',
-        '94.0.4606.81',
-        '94.0.4606.85',
-        '95.0.4638.17',
-        '95.0.4638.50',
-        '95.0.4638.54',
-        '95.0.4638.69',
-        '95.0.4638.74',
-        '96.0.4664.18',
-        '96.0.4664.45',
-        '96.0.4664.55',
-        '96.0.4664.93',
-        '97.0.4692.20',
-    )
-    return _USER_AGENT_TPL % random.choice(_CHROME_VERSIONS)
+    USER_AGENT_TMPL = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/{} Safari/537.36'
+    # Target versions released within the last ~6 months
+    CHROME_MAJOR_VERSION_RANGE = (134, 140)
+    return USER_AGENT_TMPL.format(f'{random.randint(*CHROME_MAJOR_VERSION_RANGE)}.0.0.0')
 
 
 class HTTPHeaderDict(dict):
@@ -278,3 +241,16 @@ def normalize_url(url):
         query=escape_rfc3986(url_parsed.query),
         fragment=escape_rfc3986(url_parsed.fragment),
     ).geturl()
+
+
+def select_proxy(url, proxies):
+    """Unified proxy selector for all backends"""
+    url_components = urllib.parse.urlparse(url)
+    if 'no' in proxies:
+        hostport = url_components.hostname + format_field(url_components.port, None, ':%s')
+        if urllib.request.proxy_bypass_environment(hostport, {'no': proxies['no']}):
+            return
+        elif urllib.request.proxy_bypass(hostport):  # check system settings
+            return
+
+    return traverse_obj(proxies, url_components.scheme or 'http', 'all')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/version.py b/yt_dlp/version.py
index 7346ca49c9..83f9018e3b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/version.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/version.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # Autogenerated by devscripts/update-version.py
 
-__version__ = '2025.02.19'
+__version__ = '2025.09.23'
 
-RELEASE_GIT_HEAD = '4985a4041770eaa0016271809a1fd950dc809a55'
+RELEASE_GIT_HEAD = '2e81e298cdce23afadb06a95836284acb38f7018'
 
 VARIANT = None
 
@@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ CHANNEL = 'stable'
 
 ORIGIN = 'yt-dlp/yt-dlp'
 
-_pkg_version = '2025.02.19'
+_pkg_version = '2025.09.23'